Fix bug in WAL streaming uncompression (#11198)

Summary:
Fix a bug in the calculation of the input buffer address/offset in log_reader.cc. The bug is when consecutive fragments of a compressed record are located at the same offset in the log reader buffer, the second fragment input buffer is treated as a leftover from the previous input buffer. As a result, the offset in the `ZSTD_inBuffer` is not reset.

Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/11198

Test Plan: Add a unit test in log_test.cc that fails without the fix and passes with it.

Reviewed By: ajkr, cbi42

Differential Revision: D43102692

Pulled By: anand1976

fbshipit-source-id: aa2648f4802c33991b76a3233c5a58d4cc9e77fd

.circleci/config.yml

@@ -1,12 +1,7 @@
 version: 2.1
 
 orbs:
-  win: circleci/windows@2.4.0
-
-aliases:
-  - &notify-on-main-failure
-    fail_only: true
-    only_for_branches: main
+  win: circleci/windows@5.0.0
 
 commands:
   install-cmake-on-macos:
@@ -50,6 +45,38 @@ commands:
             echo "export LZ4_DOWNLOAD_BASE=https://rocksdb-deps.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/pkgs/lz4" >> $BASH_ENV
             echo "export ZSTD_DOWNLOAD_BASE=https://rocksdb-deps.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/pkgs/zstd" >> $BASH_ENV
 
+  windows-build-steps:
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+      - run:
+          name: "Install thirdparty dependencies"
+          command: |
+            echo "Installing CMake..."
+            choco install cmake --installargs 'ADD_CMAKE_TO_PATH=System' -y
+            mkdir $Env:THIRDPARTY_HOME
+            cd $Env:THIRDPARTY_HOME
+            echo "Building Snappy dependency..."
+            curl https://github.com/google/snappy/archive/refs/tags/1.1.8.zip -O snappy-1.1.8.zip
+            unzip -q snappy-1.1.8.zip
+            cd snappy-1.1.8
+            mkdir build
+            cd build
+            & $Env:CMAKE_BIN -G "$Env:CMAKE_GENERATOR" ..
+            msbuild.exe Snappy.sln -maxCpuCount -property:Configuration=Debug -property:Platform=x64
+      - run:
+          name: "Build RocksDB"
+          command: |
+            mkdir build
+            cd build
+            & $Env:CMAKE_BIN -G "$Env:CMAKE_GENERATOR" -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -DOPTDBG=1 -DPORTABLE=1 -DSNAPPY=1 -DJNI=1 ..
+            cd ..
+            echo "Building with VS version: $Env:CMAKE_GENERATOR"
+            msbuild.exe build/rocksdb.sln -maxCpuCount -property:Configuration=Debug -property:Platform=x64
+      - run:
+          name: "Test RocksDB"
+          shell: powershell.exe
+          command: |
+            build_tools\run_ci_db_test.ps1 -SuiteRun db_basic_test,db_test,db_test2,db_merge_operand_test,bloom_test,c_test,coding_test,crc32c_test,dynamic_bloom_test,env_basic_test,env_test,hash_test,random_test -Concurrency 16
   pre-steps-macos:
       steps:
         - pre-steps
@@ -61,61 +88,21 @@ commands:
       - store_artifacts: # store LOG for debugging if there's any
           path: LOG
       - run: # on fail, compress Test Logs for diagnosing the issue
-         name: Compress Test Logs
-         command: tar -cvzf t.tar.gz t
-         when: on_fail
+          name: Compress Test Logs
+          command: tar -cvzf t.tar.gz t
+          when: on_fail
       - store_artifacts: # on fail, store Test Logs for diagnosing the issue
           path: t.tar.gz
           destination: test_logs
           when: on_fail
-
-  install-clang-10:
-    steps:
-      - run:
-          name: Install Clang 10
+      - run: # store core dumps if there's any
           command: |
-            wget -O - https://apt.llvm.org/llvm-snapshot.gpg.key | sudo apt-key add -
-            echo "deb http://apt.llvm.org/focal/ llvm-toolchain-focal-10 main" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list
-            echo "deb-src http://apt.llvm.org/focal/ llvm-toolchain-focal-10 main" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list
-            echo "APT::Acquire::Retries \"10\";" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/80-retries # llvm.org unreliable
-            sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y clang-10
-
-  install-clang-13:
-    steps:
-      - run:
-          name: Install Clang 13
-          command: |
-            echo "deb http://apt.llvm.org/focal/ llvm-toolchain-focal-13 main" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list
-            echo "deb-src http://apt.llvm.org/focal/ llvm-toolchain-focal-13 main" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list
-            echo "APT::Acquire::Retries \"10\";" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/80-retries # llvm.org unreliable
-            wget -O - https://apt.llvm.org/llvm-snapshot.gpg.key|sudo apt-key add -
-            sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y clang-13
-
-  install-gflags:
-    steps:
-      - run:
-          name: Install gflags
-          command: |
-            sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y libgflags-dev
-
-  install-benchmark:
-    steps:
-      - run:
-          name: Install ninja build
-          command: sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y ninja-build
-      - run:
-          name: Install benchmark
-          command: |
-            git clone --depth 1 --branch v1.6.1 https://github.com/google/benchmark.git ~/benchmark
-            cd ~/benchmark && mkdir build && cd build
-            cmake .. -GNinja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DBENCHMARK_ENABLE_GTEST_TESTS=0
-            ninja && sudo ninja install
-
-  install-valgrind:
-    steps:
-      - run:
-          name: Install valgrind
-          command: sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y valgrind
+            mkdir -p /tmp/core_dumps
+            cp core.* /tmp/core_dumps
+          when: on_fail
+      - store_artifacts:
+          path: /tmp/core_dumps
+          when: on_fail
 
   upgrade-cmake:
     steps:
@@ -125,6 +112,13 @@ commands:
             sudo apt remove --purge cmake
             sudo snap install cmake --classic
 
+  install-gflags:
+    steps:
+      - run:
+          name: Install gflags
+          command: |
+            sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y libgflags-dev
+
   install-gflags-on-macos:
     steps:
       - run:
@@ -132,53 +126,20 @@ commands:
           command: |
             HOMEBREW_NO_AUTO_UPDATE=1 brew install gflags
 
-  install-gtest-parallel:
-    steps:
-      - run:
-          name: Install gtest-parallel
-          command: |
-            git clone --single-branch --branch master --depth 1 https://github.com/google/gtest-parallel.git ~/gtest-parallel
-            echo 'export PATH=$HOME/gtest-parallel:$PATH' >> $BASH_ENV
-
-  install-compression-libs:
-    steps:
-      - run:
-          name: Install compression libs
-          command: |
-            sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y libsnappy-dev zlib1g-dev libbz2-dev liblz4-dev libzstd-dev
-
-  install-streaming-compress-libs:
-    steps:
-      - run:
-          name: Install streaming compression libs
-          command: |
-            sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y libzstd-dev
-
-  install-libprotobuf-mutator:
-    steps:
-      - run:
-          name: Install libprotobuf-mutator libs
-          command: |
-            git clone -b v1.0 git@github.com:google/libprotobuf-mutator.git ~/libprotobuf-mutator
-            cd ~/libprotobuf-mutator && git checkout ffd86a32874e5c08a143019aad1aaf0907294c9f && mkdir build && cd build
-            cmake .. -GNinja -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=clang-13 -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++-13 -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DLIB_PROTO_MUTATOR_DOWNLOAD_PROTOBUF=ON
-            ninja && sudo ninja install
-      - run:
-          name: Setup environment variables
-          command: |
-            echo "export PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/usr/local/OFF/:~/libprotobuf-mutator/build/external.protobuf/lib/pkgconfig/" >> $BASH_ENV
-            echo "export PROTOC_BIN=~/libprotobuf-mutator/build/external.protobuf/bin/protoc" >> $BASH_ENV
   setup-folly:
     steps:
-      - run:
-          name: Install folly dependencies
-          command: |
-            sudo apt-get install libgoogle-glog-dev
       - run:
           name: Checkout folly sources
           command: |
             make checkout_folly
 
+  build-folly:
+    steps:
+      - run:
+          name: Build folly and dependencies
+          command: |
+            make build_folly
+
   build-for-benchmarks:
     steps:
       - pre-steps
@@ -190,14 +151,26 @@ commands:
   perform-benchmarks:
     steps:
       - run:
-          name: "Run basic benchmark, 5 min"
-          command: ./tools/benchmark.sh fillseq_enable_wal
+          name: "Test low-variance benchmarks"
+          command: ./tools/benchmark_ci.py --db_dir /tmp/rocksdb-benchmark-datadir --output_dir /tmp/benchmark-results --num_keys 10000000
           environment:
             LD_LIBRARY_PATH: /usr/local/lib
-            DB_DIR: /tmp/rocksdb-benchmark-datadir
-            WAL_DIR: /tmp/rocksdb-benchmark-waldir
-            OUTPUT_DIR: /tmp/benchmark-results
-            NUM_KEYS: 10000000
+            # How long to run parts of the test(s)
+            DURATION_RO: 400
+            DURATION_RW: 700
+            # Keep threads within physical capacity of server (much lower than default)
+            NUM_THREADS: 1
+            MAX_BACKGROUND_JOBS: 3
+            # Don't run a couple of "optional" initial tests
+            CI_TESTS_ONLY: "true"
+            # Reduce configured size of levels to ensure more levels in the leveled compaction LSM tree
+            WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE_MB: 16
+            TARGET_FILE_SIZE_BASE_MB: 16
+            MAX_BYTES_FOR_LEVEL_BASE_MB: 64
+            # The benchmark host has 32GB memory
+            # The following values are tailored to work with that
+            # Note, tests may not exercise the targeted issues if the memory is increased on new test hosts.
+
 
   post-benchmarks:
     steps:
@@ -209,15 +182,25 @@ commands:
           command: |
             set +e
             set +o pipefail
-            ./build_tools/benchmark_log_tool.py --tsvfile /tmp/benchmark-results/report.tsv --esdocument https://search-rocksdb-bench-k2izhptfeap2hjfxteolsgsynm.us-west-2.es.amazonaws.com/bench_test3/_doc
+            ./build_tools/benchmark_log_tool.py --tsvfile /tmp/benchmark-results/report.tsv --esdocument https://search-rocksdb-bench-k2izhptfeap2hjfxteolsgsynm.us-west-2.es.amazonaws.com/bench_test3_rix/_doc
             true
 
 executors:
-  windows-2xlarge:
-    machine:
-      image: 'windows-server-2019-vs2019:stable'
-      resource_class: windows.2xlarge
-      shell: bash.exe
+  linux-docker:
+    docker:
+      # The image configuration is build_tools/ubuntu20_image/Dockerfile
+      # To update and build the image:
+      #  $ cd build_tools/ubuntu20_image
+      #  $ docker build -t zjay437/rocksdb:0.5 .
+      #  $ docker push zjay437/rocksdb:0.5
+      # `zjay437` is the account name for zjay@meta.com which readwrite token is shared internally. To login:
+      #  $ docker login --username zjay437
+      # Or please feel free to change it to your docker hub account for hosting the image, meta employee should already have the account and able to login with SSO.
+      # To avoid impacting the existing CI runs, please bump the version every time creating a new image
+      # to run the CI image environment locally:
+      #  $ docker run --cap-add=SYS_PTRACE --security-opt seccomp=unconfined -it zjay437/rocksdb:0.5 bash
+      # option `--cap-add=SYS_PTRACE --security-opt seccomp=unconfined` is used to enable gdb to attach an existing process
+      - image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
 
 jobs:
   build-macos:
@@ -269,172 +252,132 @@ jobs:
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: 2xlarge
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-gflags
-      - install-streaming-compress-libs
       - run: make V=1 J=32 -j32 check
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux-encrypted_env-no_compression:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: 2xlarge
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-gflags
       - run: ENCRYPTED_ENV=1 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_SNAPPY=1 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ZLIB=1 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_BZIP=1 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_LZ4=1 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ZSTD=1 make V=1 J=32 -j32 check
       - run: |
-          ./sst_dump --help | egrep -q 'Supported compression types: kNoCompression$' # Verify no compiled in compression
+          ./sst_dump --help | grep -E -q 'Supported compression types: kNoCompression$' # Verify no compiled in compression
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux-shared_lib-alt_namespace-status_checked:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: 2xlarge
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-gflags
       - run: ASSERT_STATUS_CHECKED=1 TEST_UINT128_COMPAT=1 ROCKSDB_MODIFY_NPHASH=1 LIB_MODE=shared OPT="-DROCKSDB_NAMESPACE=alternative_rocksdb_ns" make V=1 -j32 check
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux-release:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: 2xlarge
     steps:
       - checkout # check out the code in the project directory
       - run: make V=1 -j32 release
-      - run: if ./db_stress --version; then false; else true; fi # ensure without gflags
-      - install-gflags
-      - run: make V=1 -j32 release
       - run: ./db_stress --version # ensure with gflags
+      - run: make clean
+      - run: apt-get remove -y libgflags-dev
+      - run: make V=1 -j32 release
+      - run: if ./db_stress --version; then false; else true; fi # ensure without gflags
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux-release-rtti:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: xlarge
     steps:
       - checkout # check out the code in the project directory
-      - run: make clean
-      - run: USE_RTTI=1 DEBUG_LEVEL=0 make V=1 -j16 static_lib tools db_bench
-      - run: if ./db_stress --version; then false; else true; fi # ensure without gflags
-      - run: sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y libgflags-dev
-      - run: make clean
       - run: USE_RTTI=1 DEBUG_LEVEL=0 make V=1 -j16 static_lib tools db_bench
       - run: ./db_stress --version # ensure with gflags
+      - run: make clean
+      - run: apt-get remove -y libgflags-dev
+      - run: USE_RTTI=1 DEBUG_LEVEL=0 make V=1 -j16 static_lib tools db_bench
+      - run: if ./db_stress --version; then false; else true; fi # ensure without gflags
 
   build-linux-lite:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: large
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-gflags
       - run: LITE=1 make V=1 J=8 -j8 check
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux-lite-release:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: large
     steps:
       - checkout # check out the code in the project directory
       - run: LITE=1 make V=1 -j8 release
-      - run: if ./db_stress --version; then false; else true; fi # ensure without gflags
-      - install-gflags
-      - run: LITE=1 make V=1 -j8 release
       - run: ./db_stress --version # ensure with gflags
+      - run: make clean
+      - run: apt-get remove -y libgflags-dev
+      - run: LITE=1 make V=1 -j8 release
+      - run: if ./db_stress --version; then false; else true; fi # ensure without gflags
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux-clang-no_test_run:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: xlarge
     steps:
       - checkout # check out the code in the project directory
-      - run: sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y clang libgflags-dev libtbb-dev
       - run: CC=clang CXX=clang++ USE_CLANG=1 PORTABLE=1 make V=1 -j16 all
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux-clang10-asan:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: 2xlarge
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-gflags
-      - install-clang-10
       - run: COMPILE_WITH_ASAN=1 CC=clang-10 CXX=clang++-10 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ALIGNED_NEW=1 USE_CLANG=1 make V=1 -j32 check # aligned new doesn't work for reason we haven't figured out
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux-clang10-mini-tsan:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
-    resource_class: 2xlarge
-    # find test list by `make list_all_tests`
-    parameters:
-      start_test:
-        default: ""
-        type: string
-      end_test:
-        default: ""
-        type: string
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge+
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-gflags
-      - install-clang-10
-      - install-gtest-parallel
-      - run:
-          name: "Build unit tests"
-          command: |
-            echo "env: $(env)"
-            ROCKSDBTESTS_START=<<parameters.start_test>> ROCKSDBTESTS_END=<<parameters.end_test>> ROCKSDBTESTS_SUBSET_TESTS_TO_FILE=/tmp/test_list COMPILE_WITH_TSAN=1 CC=clang-10 CXX=clang++-10 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ALIGNED_NEW=1 USE_CLANG=1 make V=1 -j32 --output-sync=target build_subset_tests
-      - run:
-          name: "Run unit tests in parallel"
-          command: |
-            sed -i 's/[[:space:]]*$//; s/ / \.\//g; s/.*/.\/&/' /tmp/test_list
-            cat /tmp/test_list
-            gtest-parallel $(</tmp/test_list) --output_dir=/tmp | cat  # pipe to cat to continuously output status on circleci UI. Otherwise, no status will be printed while the job is running.
+      - run: COMPILE_WITH_TSAN=1 CC=clang-13 CXX=clang++-13 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ALIGNED_NEW=1 USE_CLANG=1 make V=1 -j32 check
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux-clang10-ubsan:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: 2xlarge
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-gflags
-      - install-clang-10
       - run: COMPILE_WITH_UBSAN=1 OPT="-fsanitize-blacklist=.circleci/ubsan_suppression_list.txt" CC=clang-10 CXX=clang++-10 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ALIGNED_NEW=1 USE_CLANG=1 make V=1 -j32 ubsan_check # aligned new doesn't work for reason we haven't figured out
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux-valgrind:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: 2xlarge
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-gflags
-      - install-valgrind
       - run: PORTABLE=1 make V=1 -j32 valgrind_test
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux-clang10-clang-analyze:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: 2xlarge
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-gflags
-      - install-clang-10
-      - run: sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y clang-tools-10
       - run: CC=clang-10 CXX=clang++-10 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ALIGNED_NEW=1 CLANG_ANALYZER="/usr/bin/clang++-10" CLANG_SCAN_BUILD=scan-build-10 USE_CLANG=1 make V=1 -j32 analyze # aligned new doesn't work for reason we haven't figured out. For unknown, reason passing "clang++-10" as CLANG_ANALYZER doesn't work, and we need a full path.
       - post-steps
+      - run:
+          name: "compress test report"
+          command: tar -cvzf scan_build_report.tar.gz scan_build_report
+          when: on_fail
+      - store_artifacts:
+          path: scan_build_report.tar.gz
+          destination: scan_build_report
+          when: on_fail
 
   build-linux-runner:
     machine: true
@@ -449,26 +392,30 @@ jobs:
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux-cmake-with-folly:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: 2xlarge
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-gflags
-      - upgrade-cmake
       - setup-folly
-      - run: (mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DUSE_FOLLY=1 -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 .. && make V=1 -j20 && ctest -j20)
+      - build-folly
+      - run: (mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DUSE_FOLLY=1 -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 -DROCKSDB_BUILD_SHARED=0 .. && make V=1 -j20 && ctest -j20)
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-cmake-with-folly-lite-no-test:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - setup-folly
+      - run: (mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DUSE_FOLLY_LITE=1 -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 .. && make V=1 -j20)
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux-cmake-with-benchmark:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: 2xlarge
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-gflags
-      - install-benchmark
-      - run: (mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 -DWITH_BENCHMARK=1 .. && make V=1 -j20 && ctest -j20)
+      - run: mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 -DWITH_BENCHMARK=1 .. && make V=1 -j20 && ctest -j20
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux-unity-and-headers:
@@ -485,170 +432,154 @@ jobs:
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux-gcc-7-with-folly:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: 2xlarge
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - run: sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test && sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install gcc-7 g++-7 libgflags-dev
       - setup-folly
+      - build-folly
       - run: USE_FOLLY=1 CC=gcc-7 CXX=g++-7 V=1 make -j32 check
       - post-steps
 
-  build-linux-gcc-8-no_test_run:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
-    resource_class: xlarge
+  build-linux-gcc-7-with-folly-lite-no-test:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - run: sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test && sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install gcc-8 g++-8 libgflags-dev
-      - run: CC=gcc-8 CXX=g++-8 V=1 make -j16 all
+      - setup-folly
+      - run: USE_FOLLY_LITE=1 CC=gcc-7 CXX=g++-7 V=1 make -j32 all
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-gcc-8-no_test_run:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run: CC=gcc-8 CXX=g++-8 V=1 make -j32 all
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-cmake-with-folly-coroutines:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    environment:
+      CC: gcc-10
+      CXX: g++-10
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - setup-folly
+      - build-folly
+      - run: (mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DUSE_COROUTINES=1 -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 -DROCKSDB_BUILD_SHARED=0 .. && make V=1 -j20 && ctest -j20)
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux-gcc-10-cxx20-no_test_run:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
-    resource_class: xlarge
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - run: sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install gcc-10 g++-10 libgflags-dev
-      - run: CC=gcc-10 CXX=g++-10 V=1 ROCKSDB_CXX_STANDARD=c++20 make -j16 all
+      - run: CC=gcc-10 CXX=g++-10 V=1 ROCKSDB_CXX_STANDARD=c++20 make -j32 all
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux-gcc-11-no_test_run:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
-    resource_class: xlarge
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - run: sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test && sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install gcc-11 g++-11 libgflags-dev
-      - install-benchmark
-      - run: CC=gcc-11 CXX=g++-11 V=1 make -j16 all microbench
+      - run: CC=gcc-11 CXX=g++-11 V=1 make -j32 all microbench
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux-clang-13-no_test_run:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
-    resource_class: xlarge
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-clang-13
-      - install-benchmark
-      - run: CC=clang-13 CXX=clang++-13 USE_CLANG=1 make -j16 all microbench
+      - run: CC=clang-13 CXX=clang++-13 USE_CLANG=1 make -j32 all microbench
       - post-steps
 
   # Ensure ASAN+UBSAN with folly, and full testsuite with clang 13
   build-linux-clang-13-asan-ubsan-with-folly:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: 2xlarge
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-clang-13
-      - install-gflags
       - setup-folly
+      - build-folly
       - run: CC=clang-13 CXX=clang++-13 USE_CLANG=1 USE_FOLLY=1 COMPILE_WITH_UBSAN=1 COMPILE_WITH_ASAN=1 make -j32 check
       - post-steps
 
   # This job is only to make sure the microbench tests are able to run, the benchmark result is not meaningful as the CI host is changing.
   build-linux-run-microbench:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: 2xlarge
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-benchmark
       - run: DEBUG_LEVEL=0 make -j32 run_microbench
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux-mini-crashtest:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: large
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-gflags
-      - install-compression-libs
-      - run: ulimit -S -n `ulimit -H -n` && make V=1 -j8 CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS=--duration=960 blackbox_crash_test_with_atomic_flush
+      - run: ulimit -S -n `ulimit -H -n` && make V=1 -j8 CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS='--duration=960 --max_key=2500000' blackbox_crash_test_with_atomic_flush
       - post-steps
 
-  build-windows:
-    executor: windows-2xlarge
-    parameters:
-      extra_cmake_opt:
-        default: ""
-        type: string
-      vs_year:
-        default: "2019"
-        type: string
-      cmake_generator:
-        default: "Visual Studio 16 2019"
-        type: string
-    environment:
-      THIRDPARTY_HOME: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty
-      CMAKE_HOME: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/cmake-3.16.4-win64-x64
-      CMAKE_BIN: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/cmake-3.16.4-win64-x64/bin/cmake.exe
-      SNAPPY_HOME: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.7
-      SNAPPY_INCLUDE: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.7;C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.7/build
-      SNAPPY_LIB_DEBUG: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.7/build/Debug/snappy.lib
-      VS_YEAR: <<parameters.vs_year>>
-      CMAKE_GENERATOR: <<parameters.cmake_generator>>
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - run:
-          name: "Setup VS"
-          command: |
-            if [[ "${VS_YEAR}" == "2019" ]]; then
-              echo "VS2019 already present."
-            elif [[ "${VS_YEAR}" == "2017" ]]; then
-              echo "Installing VS2017..."
-              powershell .circleci/vs2017_install.ps1
-            elif [[ "${VS_YEAR}" == "2015" ]]; then
-              echo "Installing VS2015..."
-              powershell .circleci/vs2015_install.ps1
-            fi
-      - store_artifacts:
-          path: \Users\circleci\AppData\Local\Temp\vslogs.zip
-      - run:
-          name: "Install thirdparty dependencies"
-          command: |
-            mkdir ${THIRDPARTY_HOME}
-            cd ${THIRDPARTY_HOME}
-            echo "Installing CMake..."
-            curl --fail --silent --show-error --output cmake-3.16.4-win64-x64.zip --location https://github.com/Kitware/CMake/releases/download/v3.16.4/cmake-3.16.4-win64-x64.zip
-            unzip -q cmake-3.16.4-win64-x64.zip
-            echo "Building Snappy dependency..."
-            curl --fail --silent --show-error --output snappy-1.1.7.zip --location https://github.com/google/snappy/archive/1.1.7.zip
-            unzip -q snappy-1.1.7.zip
-            cd snappy-1.1.7
-            mkdir build
-            cd build
-            ${CMAKE_BIN} -G "${CMAKE_GENERATOR}" ..
-            msbuild.exe Snappy.sln -maxCpuCount -property:Configuration=Debug -property:Platform=x64
-      - run:
-          name: "Build RocksDB"
-          command: |
-            mkdir build
-            cd build
-            ${CMAKE_BIN} -G "${CMAKE_GENERATOR}" -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -DOPTDBG=1 -DPORTABLE=1 -DSNAPPY=1 -DJNI=1 << parameters.extra_cmake_opt >> ..
-            cd ..
-            echo "Building with VS version: ${CMAKE_GENERATOR}"
-            msbuild.exe build/rocksdb.sln -maxCpuCount -property:Configuration=Debug -property:Platform=x64
-      - run:
-          name: "Test RocksDB"
-          shell: powershell.exe
-          command: |
-            build_tools\run_ci_db_test.ps1 -SuiteRun db_basic_test,db_test,db_test2,db_merge_operand_test,bloom_test,c_test,coding_test,crc32c_test,dynamic_bloom_test,env_basic_test,env_test,hash_test,random_test -Concurrency 16
-
-  build-linux-java:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
-    resource_class: large
-    environment:
-      JAVA_HOME: /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.8.0-openjdk-amd64
+  build-linux-crashtest-tiered-storage-bb:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run:
+          name: "run crashtest"
+          command: ulimit -S -n `ulimit -H -n` && make V=1 -j32 CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS=--duration=10800 blackbox_crash_test_with_tiered_storage
+          no_output_timeout: 100m
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-crashtest-tiered-storage-wb:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run:
+          name: "run crashtest"
+          command: ulimit -S -n `ulimit -H -n` && make V=1 -j32 CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS=--duration=10800 whitebox_crash_test_with_tiered_storage
+          no_output_timeout: 100m
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-windows-vs2022:
+    executor:
+      name: win/server-2022
+      size: 2xlarge
+    environment:
+      THIRDPARTY_HOME: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty
+      CMAKE_HOME: C:/Program Files/CMake
+      CMAKE_BIN: C:/Program Files/CMake/bin/cmake.exe
+      SNAPPY_HOME: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8
+      SNAPPY_INCLUDE: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8;C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8/build
+      SNAPPY_LIB_DEBUG: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8/build/Debug/snappy.lib
+      CMAKE_GENERATOR: Visual Studio 17 2022
+    steps:
+      - windows-build-steps
+
+  build-windows-vs2019:
+    executor:
+      name: win/server-2019
+      size: 2xlarge
+    environment:
+      THIRDPARTY_HOME: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty
+      CMAKE_HOME: C:/Program Files/CMake
+      CMAKE_BIN: C:/Program Files/CMake/bin/cmake.exe
+      SNAPPY_HOME: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8
+      SNAPPY_INCLUDE: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8;C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8/build
+      SNAPPY_LIB_DEBUG: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8/build/Debug/snappy.lib
+      CMAKE_GENERATOR: Visual Studio 16 2019
+    steps:
+      - windows-build-steps
+
+  build-linux-java:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: large
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-gflags
       - run:
           name: "Set Java Environment"
           command: |
@@ -662,14 +593,10 @@ jobs:
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux-java-static:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: large
-    environment:
-      JAVA_HOME: /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.8.0-openjdk-amd64
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-gflags
       - run:
           name: "Set Java Environment"
           command: |
@@ -704,6 +631,7 @@ jobs:
       - run:
           name: "Test RocksDBJava"
           command: make V=1 J=16 -j16 jtest
+          no_output_timeout: 20m
       - post-steps
 
   build-macos-java-static:
@@ -728,6 +656,7 @@ jobs:
       - run:
           name: "Build RocksDBJava x86 and ARM Static Libraries"
           command: make V=1 J=16 -j16 rocksdbjavastaticosx
+          no_output_timeout: 20m
       - post-steps
 
   build-macos-java-static-universal:
@@ -752,37 +681,29 @@ jobs:
       - run:
           name: "Build RocksDBJava Universal Binary Static Library"
           command: make V=1 J=16 -j16 rocksdbjavastaticosx_ub
+          no_output_timeout: 20m
       - post-steps
 
   build-examples:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: large
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-gflags
       - run:
           name: "Build examples"
           command: |
-            OPT=-DTRAVIS V=1 make -j4 static_lib && cd examples && make -j4
+            make V=1 -j4 static_lib && cd examples && make V=1 -j4
       - post-steps
 
   build-cmake-mingw:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: large
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-gflags
-      - run: sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y mingw-w64
-      - run: sudo update-alternatives --set x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++ /usr/bin/x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++-posix
+      - run: update-alternatives --set x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++ /usr/bin/x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++-posix
       - run:
           name: "Build cmake-mingw"
           command: |
-            sudo apt-get install snapd && sudo snap install cmake --beta --classic
-            export PATH=/snap/bin:$PATH
-            sudo apt-get install -y openjdk-8-jdk
-            export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-amd64
             export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
             echo "JAVA_HOME=${JAVA_HOME}"
             which java && java -version
@@ -791,14 +712,12 @@ jobs:
       - post-steps
 
   build-linux-non-shm:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: 2xlarge
     environment:
       TEST_TMPDIR: /tmp/rocksdb_test_tmp
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-gflags
       - run: make V=1 -j32 check
       - post-steps
 
@@ -856,13 +775,10 @@ jobs:
       - post-steps
 
   build-format-compatible:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: 2xlarge
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-gflags
-      - install-compression-libs
       - run:
           name: "test"
           command: |
@@ -873,14 +789,10 @@ jobs:
       - post-steps
 
   build-fuzzers:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    executor: linux-docker
     resource_class: large
     steps:
       - pre-steps
-      - install-clang-13
-      - run: sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y cmake ninja-build binutils liblzma-dev libz-dev pkg-config autoconf libtool
-      - install-libprotobuf-mutator
       - run:
           name: "Build rocksdb lib"
           command: CC=clang-13 CXX=clang++-13 USE_CLANG=1 make -j4 static_lib
@@ -903,7 +815,10 @@ workflows:
     jobs:
       - build-linux
       - build-linux-cmake-with-folly
+      - build-linux-cmake-with-folly-lite-no-test
       - build-linux-gcc-7-with-folly
+      - build-linux-gcc-7-with-folly-lite-no-test
+      - build-linux-cmake-with-folly-coroutines
       - build-linux-cmake-with-benchmark
       - build-linux-encrypted_env-no_compression
       - build-linux-lite
@@ -911,12 +826,7 @@ workflows:
     jobs:
       - build-linux-clang10-asan
       - build-linux-clang10-ubsan
-      - build-linux-clang10-mini-tsan:
-          start_test: ""
-          end_test: "env_test"
-      - build-linux-clang10-mini-tsan:
-          start_test: "env_test"
-          end_test: ""
+      - build-linux-clang10-mini-tsan
       - build-linux-shared_lib-alt_namespace-status_checked
   jobs-linux-no-test-run:
     jobs:
@@ -938,15 +848,8 @@ workflows:
       - build-linux-mini-crashtest
   jobs-windows:
     jobs:
-      - build-windows:
-          name: "build-windows-vs2019"
-      - build-windows:
-          name: "build-windows-vs2019-cxx20"
-          extra_cmake_opt: -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=20
-      - build-windows:
-          name: "build-windows-vs2017"
-          vs_year: "2017"
-          cmake_generator: "Visual Studio 15 Win64"
+      - build-windows-vs2022
+      - build-windows-vs2019
       - build-cmake-mingw
   jobs-java:
     jobs:

.circleci/vs2015_install.ps1

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-$VS_DOWNLOAD_LINK = "https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=691126"
-$COLLECT_DOWNLOAD_LINK = "https://aka.ms/vscollect.exe"
-curl.exe --retry 3 -kL $VS_DOWNLOAD_LINK --output vs_installer.exe
-if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) {
-    echo "Download of the VS 2015 installer failed"
-    exit 1
-}
-$VS_INSTALL_ARGS = @("/Quiet", "/NoRestart")
-$process = Start-Process "${PWD}\vs_installer.exe" -ArgumentList $VS_INSTALL_ARGS -NoNewWindow -Wait -PassThru
-Remove-Item -Path vs_installer.exe -Force
-$exitCode = $process.ExitCode
-if (($exitCode -ne 0) -and ($exitCode -ne 3010)) {
-    echo "VS 2015 installer exited with code $exitCode, which should be one of [0, 3010]."
-    curl.exe --retry 3 -kL $COLLECT_DOWNLOAD_LINK --output Collect.exe
-    if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) {
-        echo "Download of the VS Collect tool failed."
-        exit 1
-    }
-    Start-Process "${PWD}\Collect.exe" -NoNewWindow -Wait -PassThru
-    New-Item -Path "C:\w\build-results" -ItemType "directory" -Force
-    Copy-Item -Path "C:\Users\circleci\AppData\Local\Temp\vslogs.zip" -Destination "C:\w\build-results\"
-    exit 1
-}
-echo "VS 2015 installed."

.circleci/vs2017_install.ps1

@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-$VS_DOWNLOAD_LINK = "https://aka.ms/vs/15/release/vs_buildtools.exe"
-$COLLECT_DOWNLOAD_LINK = "https://aka.ms/vscollect.exe"
-$VS_INSTALL_ARGS = @("--nocache","--quiet","--wait", "--add Microsoft.VisualStudio.Workload.VCTools",
-                                                     "--add Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.VC.Tools.14.13",
-                                                     "--add Microsoft.Component.MSBuild",
-                                                     "--add Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.Roslyn.Compiler",
-                                                     "--add Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.TextTemplating",
-                                                     "--add Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.VC.CoreIde",
-                                                     "--add Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.VC.Redist.14.Latest",
-                                                     "--add Microsoft.VisualStudio.ComponentGroup.NativeDesktop.Core",
-                                                     "--add Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.VC.Tools.x86.x64",
-                                                     "--add Microsoft.VisualStudio.ComponentGroup.NativeDesktop.Win81")
-
-curl.exe --retry 3 -kL $VS_DOWNLOAD_LINK --output vs_installer.exe
-if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) {
-    echo "Download of the VS 2017 installer failed"
-    exit 1
-}
-
-$process = Start-Process "${PWD}\vs_installer.exe" -ArgumentList $VS_INSTALL_ARGS -NoNewWindow -Wait -PassThru
-Remove-Item -Path vs_installer.exe -Force
-$exitCode = $process.ExitCode
-if (($exitCode -ne 0) -and ($exitCode -ne 3010)) {
-    echo "VS 2017 installer exited with code $exitCode, which should be one of [0, 3010]."
-    curl.exe --retry 3 -kL $COLLECT_DOWNLOAD_LINK --output Collect.exe
-    if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) {
-        echo "Download of the VS Collect tool failed."
-        exit 1
-    }
-    Start-Process "${PWD}\Collect.exe" -NoNewWindow -Wait -PassThru
-    New-Item -Path "C:\w\build-results" -ItemType "directory" -Force
-    Copy-Item -Path "C:\Users\circleci\AppData\Local\Temp\vslogs.zip" -Destination "C:\w\build-results\"
-    exit 1
-}
-echo "VS 2017 installed."

.github/workflows/sanity_check.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 name: Check buck targets and code format
 on: [push, pull_request]
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   check:
     name: Check TARGETS file and code format

.gitignore

@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ io_tracer_parser
 .DS_Store
 .vs
 .vscode
+.clangd
 
 java/out
 java/target

.travis.yml

@@ -1,280 +0,0 @@
-dist: xenial
-language: cpp
-os:
-  - linux
-arch:
-  - arm64
-  - ppc64le
-  - s390x
-compiler:
-  - clang
-  - gcc
-cache:
-  - ccache
-
-addons:
-  apt:
-    update: true
-    sources:
-      - ubuntu-toolchain-r-test
-    packages:
-      - libgflags-dev
-      - libbz2-dev
-      - liblz4-dev
-      - libsnappy-dev
-      - liblzma-dev  # xv
-      - libzstd-dev
-      - zlib1g-dev
-
-env:
-  - TEST_GROUP=platform_dependent # 16-18 minutes
-  - TEST_GROUP=1 # 33-35 minutes
-  - TEST_GROUP=2 # 18-20 minutes
-  - TEST_GROUP=3 # 20-22 minutes
-  - TEST_GROUP=4 # 12-14 minutes
-  # Run java tests
-  - JOB_NAME=java_test # 4-11 minutes
-  # Build ROCKSDB_LITE
-  - JOB_NAME=lite_build # 3-4 minutes
-  # Build examples
-  - JOB_NAME=examples # 5-7 minutes
-  - JOB_NAME=cmake # 3-5 minutes
-  - JOB_NAME=cmake-gcc8 # 3-5 minutes
-  - JOB_NAME=cmake-gcc9 # 3-5 minutes
-  - JOB_NAME=cmake-gcc9-c++20 # 3-5 minutes
-  - JOB_NAME=cmake-mingw # 3 minutes
-
-matrix:
-  exclude:
-  - os : linux
-    arch: arm64
-    env: JOB_NAME=cmake-mingw
-  - os: linux
-    arch: ppc64le
-    env: JOB_NAME=cmake-mingw
-  - os: linux
-    arch: s390x
-    env: JOB_NAME=cmake-mingw
-  - os: linux
-    compiler: clang
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os: linux
-    arch: arm64
-    env: TEST_GROUP=platform_dependent
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os : linux
-    arch: arm64
-    env: TEST_GROUP=1
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os: linux
-    arch: ppc64le
-    env: TEST_GROUP=1
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os: linux
-    arch: s390x
-    env: TEST_GROUP=1
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os : linux
-    arch: arm64
-    env: TEST_GROUP=2
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os: linux
-    arch: ppc64le
-    env: TEST_GROUP=2
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os: linux
-    arch: s390x
-    env: TEST_GROUP=2
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os : linux
-    arch: arm64
-    env: TEST_GROUP=3
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os: linux
-    arch: ppc64le
-    env: TEST_GROUP=3
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os: linux
-    arch: s390x
-    env: TEST_GROUP=3
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os : linux
-    arch: arm64
-    env: TEST_GROUP=4
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os: linux
-    arch: ppc64le
-    env: TEST_GROUP=4
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os: linux
-    arch: s390x
-    env: TEST_GROUP=4
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os : linux
-    arch: arm64
-    env: JOB_NAME=cmake
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/ AND commit_message !~ /java/
-    os : linux
-    arch: arm64
-    env: JOB_NAME=java_test
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/ AND commit_message !~ /java/
-    os: linux
-    arch: ppc64le
-    env: JOB_NAME=java_test
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/ AND commit_message !~ /java/
-    os: linux
-    arch: s390x
-    env: JOB_NAME=java_test
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os : linux
-    arch: arm64
-    env: JOB_NAME=lite_build
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os: linux
-    arch: ppc64le
-    env: JOB_NAME=lite_build
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os: linux
-    arch: s390x
-    env: JOB_NAME=lite_build
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os : linux
-    arch: arm64
-    env: JOB_NAME=examples
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os: linux
-    arch: ppc64le
-    env: JOB_NAME=examples
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os: linux
-    arch: s390x
-    env: JOB_NAME=examples
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os : linux
-    arch: arm64
-    env: JOB_NAME=cmake-gcc8
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os: linux
-    arch: ppc64le
-    env: JOB_NAME=cmake-gcc8
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os: linux
-    arch: s390x
-    env: JOB_NAME=cmake-gcc8
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os : linux
-    arch: arm64
-    env: JOB_NAME=cmake-gcc9
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os: linux
-    arch: ppc64le
-    env: JOB_NAME=cmake-gcc9
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os: linux
-    arch: s390x
-    env: JOB_NAME=cmake-gcc9
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os : linux
-    arch: arm64
-    env: JOB_NAME=cmake-gcc9-c++20
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os: linux
-    arch: ppc64le
-    env: JOB_NAME=cmake-gcc9-c++20
-  - if: type = pull_request AND commit_message !~ /FULL_CI/
-    os: linux
-    arch: s390x
-    env: JOB_NAME=cmake-gcc9-c++20
-
-install:
-  -  CC=gcc-7 && CXX=g++-7
-  - if [ "${JOB_NAME}" == cmake-gcc8 ]; then
-      sudo apt-get install -y g++-8 || exit $?;
-      CC=gcc-8 && CXX=g++-8;
-    fi
-  - if [ "${JOB_NAME}" == cmake-gcc9 ] || [ "${JOB_NAME}" == cmake-gcc9-c++20 ]; then
-      sudo apt-get install -y g++-9 || exit $?;
-      CC=gcc-9 && CXX=g++-9;
-    fi
-  - if [ "${JOB_NAME}" == cmake-mingw ]; then
-      sudo apt-get install -y mingw-w64 || exit $?;
-    fi
-  - if [ "${CXX}" == "g++-7" ]; then
-      sudo apt-get install -y g++-7 || exit $?;
-    fi
-  - |
-    if [[ "${JOB_NAME}" == cmake* ]]; then
-      sudo apt-get remove -y cmake cmake-data
-      export CMAKE_DEB="cmake-3.14.5-Linux-$(uname -m).deb"
-      export CMAKE_DEB_URL="https://rocksdb-deps.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/cmake/${CMAKE_DEB}"
-      curl --silent --fail --show-error --location --output "${CMAKE_DEB}" "${CMAKE_DEB_URL}" || exit $?
-      sudo dpkg -i "${CMAKE_DEB}" || exit $?
-      which cmake && cmake --version
-    fi
-  - |
-    if [[ "${JOB_NAME}" == java_test || "${JOB_NAME}" == cmake* ]]; then
-      # Ensure JDK 8
-      sudo apt-get install -y openjdk-8-jdk || exit $?
-      export PATH=/usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-$(dpkg --print-architecture)/bin:$PATH
-      export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-$(dpkg --print-architecture)
-      echo "JAVA_HOME=${JAVA_HOME}"
-      which java && java -version
-      which javac && javac -version
-    fi
-
-before_script:
-  # Increase the maximum number of open file descriptors, since some tests use
-  # more FDs than the default limit.
-  - ulimit -n 8192
-
-script:
-  - date; ${CXX} --version
-  - if [ `command -v ccache` ]; then ccache -C; fi
-  - export MK_PARALLEL=4;
-    if [[ "$TRAVIS_CPU_ARCH" == s390x ]]; then
-      export MK_PARALLEL=1;
-    fi
-  - case $TEST_GROUP in
-    platform_dependent)
-      OPT=-DTRAVIS LIB_MODE=shared V=1 ROCKSDBTESTS_PLATFORM_DEPENDENT=only make -j$MK_PARALLEL all_but_some_tests check_some
-      ;;
-    1)
-      OPT=-DTRAVIS LIB_MODE=shared V=1 ROCKSDBTESTS_PLATFORM_DEPENDENT=exclude ROCKSDBTESTS_END=backup_engine_test make -j$MK_PARALLEL check_some
-      ;;
-    2)
-      OPT="-DTRAVIS -DROCKSDB_NAMESPACE=alternative_rocksdb_ns" LIB_MODE=shared V=1 make -j$MK_PARALLEL tools && OPT="-DTRAVIS -DROCKSDB_NAMESPACE=alternative_rocksdb_ns" LIB_MODE=shared V=1 ROCKSDBTESTS_PLATFORM_DEPENDENT=exclude ROCKSDBTESTS_START=backup_engine_test ROCKSDBTESTS_END=db_universal_compaction_test make -j$MK_PARALLEL check_some
-      ;;
-    3)
-      OPT=-DTRAVIS LIB_MODE=shared V=1 ROCKSDBTESTS_PLATFORM_DEPENDENT=exclude ROCKSDBTESTS_START=db_universal_compaction_test ROCKSDBTESTS_END=table_properties_collector_test make -j$MK_PARALLEL check_some
-      ;;
-    4)
-      OPT=-DTRAVIS LIB_MODE=shared V=1 ROCKSDBTESTS_PLATFORM_DEPENDENT=exclude ROCKSDBTESTS_START=table_properties_collector_test make -j$MK_PARALLEL check_some
-      ;;
-    esac
-  - case $JOB_NAME in
-    java_test)
-      OPT=-DTRAVIS LIB_MODE=shared V=1 make rocksdbjava jtest
-      ;;
-    lite_build)
-      OPT='-DTRAVIS -DROCKSDB_LITE' LIB_MODE=shared V=1 make -j$MK_PARALLEL all
-      ;;
-    examples)
-      OPT=-DTRAVIS LIB_MODE=shared V=1 make -j$MK_PARALLEL static_lib && cd examples && make -j$MK_PARALLEL
-      ;;
-    cmake-mingw)
-      sudo update-alternatives --set x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++ /usr/bin/x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++-posix;
-      mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DJNI=1 -DWITH_GFLAGS=OFF .. -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++ -DCMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME=Windows && make -j4 rocksdb rocksdbjni
-      ;;
-    cmake*)
-      case $JOB_NAME in
-        *-c++20)
-          OPT=-DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=20
-          ;;
-      esac
-
-      mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DWITH_TESTS=0 -DWITH_GFLAGS=0 -DWITH_BENCHMARK_TOOLS=0 -DWITH_TOOLS=0 -DWITH_CORE_TOOLS=1 .. && make -j$MK_PARALLEL && cd  .. && rm -rf build && mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DJNI=1 .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release $OPT && make -j$MK_PARALLEL rocksdb rocksdbjni
-      ;;
-    esac
-notifications:
-    email:
-      - leveldb@fb.com

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ option(WITH_WINDOWS_UTF8_FILENAMES "use UTF8 as characterset for opening files,
 if (WITH_WINDOWS_UTF8_FILENAMES)
   add_definitions(-DROCKSDB_WINDOWS_UTF8_FILENAMES)
 endif()
+option(ROCKSDB_BUILD_SHARED "Build shared versions of the RocksDB libraries" ON)
 
 if ($ENV{CIRCLECI})
   message(STATUS "Build for CircieCI env, a few tests may be disabled")
@@ -249,6 +250,8 @@ option(FORCE_SSE42 "force building with SSE4.2, even when PORTABLE=ON" OFF)
 option(FORCE_AVX "force building with AVX, even when PORTABLE=ON" OFF)
 option(FORCE_AVX2 "force building with AVX2, even when PORTABLE=ON" OFF)
 if(PORTABLE)
+  add_definitions(-DROCKSDB_PORTABLE)
+
   # MSVC does not need a separate compiler flag to enable SSE4.2; if nmmintrin.h
   # is available, it is available by default.
   if(FORCE_SSE42 AND NOT MSVC)
@@ -291,8 +294,7 @@ if(NOT MSVC)
   set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS "-msse4.2 -mpclmul")
 endif()
 
-if (NOT PORTABLE OR FORCE_SSE42)
-  CHECK_CXX_SOURCE_COMPILES("
+CHECK_CXX_SOURCE_COMPILES("
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <nmmintrin.h>
 #include <wmmintrin.h>
@@ -304,12 +306,11 @@ int main() {
   auto d = _mm_cvtsi128_si64(c);
 }
 " HAVE_SSE42)
-  if(HAVE_SSE42)
-    add_definitions(-DHAVE_SSE42)
-    add_definitions(-DHAVE_PCLMUL)
-  elseif(FORCE_SSE42)
-    message(FATAL_ERROR "FORCE_SSE42=ON but unable to compile with SSE4.2 enabled")
-  endif()
+if(HAVE_SSE42)
+  add_definitions(-DHAVE_SSE42)
+  add_definitions(-DHAVE_PCLMUL)
+elseif(FORCE_SSE42)
+  message(FATAL_ERROR "FORCE_SSE42=ON but unable to compile with SSE4.2 enabled")
 endif()
 
 # Check if -latomic is required or not
@@ -584,10 +585,61 @@ endif()
 
 include_directories(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR})
 include_directories(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include)
+
+if(USE_COROUTINES)
+  if(USE_FOLLY OR USE_FOLLY_LITE)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "Please specify exactly one of USE_COROUTINES,"
+    " USE_FOLLY, and USE_FOLLY_LITE")
+  endif()
+  set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
+  set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fcoroutines -Wno-maybe-uninitialized")
+  set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -Wno-deprecated")
+  set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -Wno-redundant-move")
+  set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -Wno-invalid-memory-model")
+  add_compile_definitions(USE_COROUTINES)
+  set(USE_FOLLY 1)
+endif()
+
 if(USE_FOLLY)
-  include_directories(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/third-party/folly)
-  add_definitions(-DUSE_FOLLY -DFOLLY_NO_CONFIG)
-  list(APPEND THIRDPARTY_LIBS glog)
+  if(USE_FOLLY_LITE)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "Please specify one of USE_FOLLY or USE_FOLLY_LITE")
+  endif()
+  if(ROCKSDB_BUILD_SHARED)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "Cannot build RocksDB shared library with folly")
+  endif()
+  set(ROCKSDB_BUILD_SHARED OFF)
+  set(GFLAGS_SHARED FALSE)
+  find_package(folly)
+  # If cmake could not find the folly-config.cmake file, fall back
+  # to looking in third-party/folly for folly and its dependencies
+  if(NOT FOLLY_LIBRARIES)
+    exec_program(python3 ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/third-party/folly ARGS
+    build/fbcode_builder/getdeps.py show-inst-dir OUTPUT_VARIABLE
+    FOLLY_INST_PATH)
+    exec_program(ls ARGS -d ${FOLLY_INST_PATH}/../boost* OUTPUT_VARIABLE
+    BOOST_INST_PATH)
+    exec_program(ls ARGS -d ${FOLLY_INST_PATH}/../fmt* OUTPUT_VARIABLE
+    FMT_INST_PATH)
+    exec_program(ls ARGS -d ${FOLLY_INST_PATH}/../gflags* OUTPUT_VARIABLE
+    GFLAGS_INST_PATH)
+    set(Boost_DIR ${BOOST_INST_PATH}/lib/cmake/Boost-1.78.0)
+    if(EXISTS ${FMT_INST_PATH}/lib64)
+      set(fmt_DIR ${FMT_INST_PATH}/lib64/cmake/fmt)
+    else()
+      set(fmt_DIR ${FMT_INST_PATH}/lib/cmake/fmt)
+    endif()
+    set(gflags_DIR ${GFLAGS_INST_PATH}/lib/cmake/gflags)
+
+    exec_program(sed ARGS -i 's/gflags_shared//g'
+    ${FOLLY_INST_PATH}/lib/cmake/folly/folly-targets.cmake)
+
+    include(${FOLLY_INST_PATH}/lib/cmake/folly/folly-config.cmake)
+  endif()
+
+  add_compile_definitions(USE_FOLLY FOLLY_NO_CONFIG HAVE_CXX11_ATOMIC)
+  list(APPEND THIRDPARTY_LIBS Folly::folly)
+  set(FOLLY_LIBS Folly::folly)
+  set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS} -Wl,--copy-dt-needed-entries")
 endif()
 find_package(Threads REQUIRED)
 
@@ -598,12 +650,14 @@ set(SOURCES
         cache/cache_entry_roles.cc
         cache/cache_key.cc
         cache/cache_reservation_manager.cc
+        cache/charged_cache.cc
         cache/clock_cache.cc
         cache/compressed_secondary_cache.cc
-        cache/fast_lru_cache.cc
         cache/lru_cache.cc
+        cache/secondary_cache.cc
         cache/sharded_cache.cc
         db/arena_wrapped_db_iter.cc
+        db/blob/blob_contents.cc
         db/blob/blob_fetcher.cc
         db/blob/blob_file_addition.cc
         db/blob/blob_file_builder.cc
@@ -666,10 +720,11 @@ set(SOURCES
         db/merge_helper.cc
         db/merge_operator.cc
         db/output_validator.cc
-        db/periodic_work_scheduler.cc
+        db/periodic_task_scheduler.cc
         db/range_del_aggregator.cc
         db/range_tombstone_fragmenter.cc
         db/repair.cc
+        db/seqno_to_time_mapping.cc
         db/snapshot_impl.cc
         db/table_cache.cc
         db/table_properties_collector.cc
@@ -682,6 +737,7 @@ set(SOURCES
         db/wal_edit.cc
         db/wal_manager.cc
         db/wide/wide_column_serialization.cc
+        db/wide/wide_columns.cc
         db/write_batch.cc
         db/write_batch_base.cc
         db/write_controller.cc
@@ -824,6 +880,7 @@ set(SOURCES
         util/slice.cc
         util/file_checksum_helper.cc
         util/status.cc
+        util/stderr_logger.cc
         util/string_util.cc
         util/thread_local.cc
         util/threadpool_imp.cc
@@ -978,7 +1035,7 @@ else()
     env/io_posix.cc)
 endif()
 
-if(USE_FOLLY)
+if(USE_FOLLY_LITE)
   list(APPEND SOURCES
     third-party/folly/folly/container/detail/F14Table.cpp
     third-party/folly/folly/detail/Futex.cpp
@@ -988,13 +1045,14 @@ if(USE_FOLLY)
     third-party/folly/folly/synchronization/AtomicNotification.cpp
     third-party/folly/folly/synchronization/DistributedMutex.cpp
     third-party/folly/folly/synchronization/ParkingLot.cpp)
+  include_directories(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/third-party/folly)
+  add_definitions(-DUSE_FOLLY -DFOLLY_NO_CONFIG)
+  list(APPEND THIRDPARTY_LIBS glog)
 endif()
 
 set(ROCKSDB_STATIC_LIB rocksdb${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX})
 set(ROCKSDB_SHARED_LIB rocksdb-shared${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX})
 
-option(ROCKSDB_BUILD_SHARED "Build shared versions of the RocksDB libraries" ON)
-
 
 if(WIN32)
   set(SYSTEM_LIBS ${SYSTEM_LIBS} shlwapi.lib rpcrt4.lib)
@@ -1005,31 +1063,36 @@ endif()
 set(ROCKSDB_PLUGIN_EXTERNS "")
 set(ROCKSDB_PLUGIN_BUILTINS "")
 message(STATUS "ROCKSDB PLUGINS TO BUILD ${ROCKSDB_PLUGINS}")
-list(APPEND PLUGINS ${ROCKSDB_PLUGINS})
 foreach(PLUGIN IN LISTS PLUGINS)
-  set(PLUGIN_ROOT "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/plugin/${PLUGIN}/")
-  message("including rocksb plugin ${PLUGIN_ROOT}")
+  set(PLUGIN_ROOT "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/plugin/${PLUGIN}/")
+  message(STATUS "PLUGIN ${PLUGIN} including rocksb plugin ${PLUGIN_ROOT}")
   set(PLUGINMKFILE "${PLUGIN_ROOT}${PLUGIN}.mk")
   if (NOT EXISTS ${PLUGINMKFILE})
-    message(FATAL_ERROR "Missing plugin makefile: ${PLUGINMKFILE}")
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "PLUGIN ${PLUGIN} Missing plugin makefile: ${PLUGINMKFILE}")
   endif()
   file(READ ${PLUGINMKFILE} PLUGINMK)
+
   string(REGEX MATCH "SOURCES = ([^\n]*)" FOO ${PLUGINMK})
   set(MK_SOURCES ${CMAKE_MATCH_1})
   separate_arguments(MK_SOURCES)
   foreach(MK_FILE IN LISTS MK_SOURCES)
     list(APPEND SOURCES "${PLUGIN_ROOT}${MK_FILE}")
+    message(STATUS "PLUGIN ${PLUGIN} Appending ${PLUGIN_ROOT}${MK_FILE} to SOURCES")
   endforeach()
+
   string(REGEX MATCH "_FUNC = ([^\n]*)" FOO ${PLUGINMK})
   if (NOT ${CMAKE_MATCH_1} STREQUAL "")
     string(APPEND ROCKSDB_PLUGIN_BUILTINS "{\"${PLUGIN}\", " ${CMAKE_MATCH_1} "},")
     string(APPEND ROCKSDB_PLUGIN_EXTERNS "int " ${CMAKE_MATCH_1} "(ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ObjectLibrary&, const std::string&); ")
   endif()
+
   string(REGEX MATCH "_LIBS = ([^\n]*)" FOO ${PLUGINMK})
-  if (NOT ${CMAKE_MATCH_1} STREQUAL "")
-    list(APPEND THIRDPARTY_LIBS "${CMAKE_MATCH_1}")
-  endif()
-  message("THIRDPARTY_LIBS=${THIRDPARTY_LIBS}")
+  separate_arguments(CMAKE_MATCH_1)
+  foreach(MK_LIB IN LISTS CMAKE_MATCH_1)
+    list(APPEND THIRDPARTY_LIBS "${MK_LIB}")
+  endforeach()
+  message(STATUS "PLUGIN ${PLUGIN} THIRDPARTY_LIBS=${THIRDPARTY_LIBS}")
+
   #TODO: We need to set any compile/link-time flags and add any link libraries
 endforeach()
 
@@ -1294,8 +1357,9 @@ if(WITH_TESTS)
         db/merge_test.cc
         db/options_file_test.cc
         db/perf_context_test.cc
-        db/periodic_work_scheduler_test.cc
+        db/periodic_task_scheduler_test.cc
         db/plain_table_db_test.cc
+        db/seqno_time_test.cc
         db/prefix_test.cc
         db/range_del_aggregator_test.cc
         db/range_tombstone_fragmenter_test.cc
@@ -1420,7 +1484,7 @@ if(WITH_TESTS)
   add_custom_target(check COMMAND ${CMAKE_CTEST_COMMAND})
   set(TESTUTILLIB testutillib${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX})
   add_library(${TESTUTILLIB} STATIC ${TESTUTIL_SOURCE})
-  target_link_libraries(${TESTUTILLIB} ${ROCKSDB_LIB})
+  target_link_libraries(${TESTUTILLIB} ${ROCKSDB_LIB} ${FOLLY_LIBS})
   if(MSVC)
     set_target_properties(${TESTUTILLIB} PROPERTIES COMPILE_FLAGS "/Fd${CMAKE_CFG_INTDIR}/testutillib${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX}.pdb")
   endif()
@@ -1478,32 +1542,46 @@ if(WITH_BENCHMARK_TOOLS)
     cache/cache_bench.cc
     cache/cache_bench_tool.cc)
   target_link_libraries(cache_bench${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX}
-    ${ROCKSDB_LIB} ${GFLAGS_LIB})
+    ${ROCKSDB_LIB} ${GFLAGS_LIB} ${FOLLY_LIBS})
 
   add_executable(memtablerep_bench${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX}
     memtable/memtablerep_bench.cc)
   target_link_libraries(memtablerep_bench${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX}
-    ${ROCKSDB_LIB} ${GFLAGS_LIB})
+    ${ROCKSDB_LIB} ${GFLAGS_LIB} ${FOLLY_LIBS})
 
   add_executable(range_del_aggregator_bench${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX}
     db/range_del_aggregator_bench.cc)
   target_link_libraries(range_del_aggregator_bench${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX}
-    ${ROCKSDB_LIB} ${GFLAGS_LIB})
+    ${ROCKSDB_LIB} ${GFLAGS_LIB} ${FOLLY_LIBS})
 
   add_executable(table_reader_bench${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX}
     table/table_reader_bench.cc)
   target_link_libraries(table_reader_bench${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX}
-    ${ROCKSDB_LIB} testharness ${GFLAGS_LIB})
+    ${ROCKSDB_LIB} testharness ${GFLAGS_LIB} ${FOLLY_LIBS})
 
   add_executable(filter_bench${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX}
     util/filter_bench.cc)
   target_link_libraries(filter_bench${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX}
-    ${ROCKSDB_LIB} ${GFLAGS_LIB})
+    ${ROCKSDB_LIB} ${GFLAGS_LIB} ${FOLLY_LIBS})
 
   add_executable(hash_table_bench${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX}
     utilities/persistent_cache/hash_table_bench.cc)
   target_link_libraries(hash_table_bench${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX}
-    ${ROCKSDB_LIB} ${GFLAGS_LIB})
+    ${ROCKSDB_LIB} ${GFLAGS_LIB} ${FOLLY_LIBS})
+endif()
+
+option(WITH_TRACE_TOOLS "build with trace tools" ON)
+if(WITH_TRACE_TOOLS)
+  add_executable(block_cache_trace_analyzer${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX}
+    tools/block_cache_analyzer/block_cache_trace_analyzer_tool.cc)
+  target_link_libraries(block_cache_trace_analyzer${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX}
+    ${ROCKSDB_LIB} ${GFLAGS_LIB} ${FOLLY_LIBS})
+
+  add_executable(trace_analyzer${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX}
+    tools/trace_analyzer.cc)
+  target_link_libraries(trace_analyzer${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX}
+    ${ROCKSDB_LIB} ${GFLAGS_LIB} ${FOLLY_LIBS})
+
 endif()
 
 if(WITH_CORE_TOOLS OR WITH_TOOLS)

HISTORY.md

@@ -1,5 +1,177 @@
 # Rocksdb Change Log
 ## Unreleased
+### Bug Fixes
+* Fixed a bug in DB open/recovery from a compressed WAL that was caused due to incorrect handling of certain record fragments with the same offset within a WAL block.
+
+## 7.9.3 (02/01/2023)
+### Bug Fixes
+* Fixed a data race on `ColumnFamilyData::flush_reason` caused by concurrent flushes.
+* Fixed `DisableManualCompaction()` and `CompactRangeOptions::canceled` to cancel compactions even when they are waiting on conflicting compactions to finish
+
+## 7.9.2 (12/21/2022)
+### Bug Fixes
+* Fixed a heap use after free bug in async scan prefetching when the scan thread and another thread try to read and load the same seek block into cache.
+
+## 7.9.1 (12/8/2022)
+### Bug Fixes
+* Fixed a regression in iterator where range tombstones after `iterate_upper_bound` is processed.
+* Fixed a memory leak in MultiGet with async_io read option, caused by IO errors during table file open
+
+### Behavior changes
+* Make best-efforts recovery verify SST unique ID before Version construction (#10962)
+
+## 7.9.0 (11/21/2022)
+### Performance Improvements
+* Fixed an iterator performance regression for delete range users when scanning through a consecutive sequence of range tombstones (#10877).
+
+### Bug Fixes
+* Fix memory corruption error in scans if async_io is enabled. Memory corruption happened if there is IOError while reading the data leading to empty buffer and other buffer already in progress of async read goes again for reading.
+* Fix failed memtable flush retry bug that could cause wrongly ordered updates, which would surface to writers as `Status::Corruption` in case of `force_consistency_checks=true` (default). It affects use cases that enable both parallel flush (`max_background_flushes > 1` or `max_background_jobs >= 8`) and non-default memtable count (`max_write_buffer_number > 2`).
+* Fixed an issue where the `READ_NUM_MERGE_OPERANDS` ticker was not updated when the base key-value or tombstone was read from an SST file.
+* Fixed a memory safety bug when using a SecondaryCache with `block_cache_compressed`. `block_cache_compressed` no longer attempts to use SecondaryCache features.
+* Fixed a regression in scan for async_io. During seek, valid buffers were getting cleared causing a regression.
+* Tiered Storage: fixed excessive keys written to penultimate level in non-debug builds.
+
+### New Features
+* Add basic support for user-defined timestamp to Merge (#10819).
+* Add stats for ReadAsync time spent and async read errors.
+* Basic support for the wide-column data model is now available. Wide-column entities can be stored using the `PutEntity` API, and retrieved using `GetEntity` and the new `columns` API of iterator. For compatibility, the classic APIs `Get` and `MultiGet`, as well as iterator's `value` API return the value of the anonymous default column of wide-column entities; also, `GetEntity` and iterator's `columns` return any plain key-values in the form of an entity which only has the anonymous default column. `Merge` (and `GetMergeOperands`) currently also apply to the default column; any other columns of entities are unaffected by `Merge` operations. Note that some features like compaction filters, transactions, user-defined timestamps, and the SST file writer do not yet support wide-column entities; also, there is currently no `MultiGet`-like API to retrieve multiple entities at once. We plan to gradually close the above gaps and also implement new features like column-level operations (e.g. updating or querying only certain columns of an entity).
+* Marked HyperClockCache as a production-ready alternative to LRUCache for the block cache. HyperClockCache greatly improves hot-path CPU efficiency under high parallel load or high contention, with some documented caveats and limitations. As much as 4.5x higher ops/sec vs. LRUCache has been seen in db_bench under high parallel load.
+* Add periodic diagnostics to info_log (LOG file) for HyperClockCache block cache if performance is degraded by bad `estimated_entry_charge` option.
+
+### Public API Changes
+* Marked `block_cache_compressed` as a deprecated feature. Use SecondaryCache instead.
+* Added a `SecondaryCache::InsertSaved()` API, with default implementation depending on `Insert()`. Some implementations might need to add a custom implementation of `InsertSaved()`. (Details in API comments.)
+
+## 7.8.0 (10/22/2022)
+### New Features
+* `DeleteRange()` now supports user-defined timestamp.
+* Provide support for async_io with tailing iterators when ReadOptions.tailing is enabled during scans.
+* Tiered Storage: allow data moving up from the last level to the penultimate level if the input level is penultimate level or above.
+* Added `DB::Properties::kFastBlockCacheEntryStats`, which is similar to `DB::Properties::kBlockCacheEntryStats`, except returns cached (stale) values in more cases to reduce overhead.
+* FIFO compaction now supports migrating from a multi-level DB via DB::Open(). During the migration phase, FIFO compaction picker will:
+* picks the sst file with the smallest starting key in the bottom-most non-empty level.
+* Note that during the migration phase, the file purge order will only be an approximation of "FIFO" as files in lower-level might sometime contain newer keys than files in upper-level.
+* Added an option `ignore_max_compaction_bytes_for_input` to ignore max_compaction_bytes limit when adding files to be compacted from input level. This should help reduce write amplification. The option is enabled by default.
+* Tiered Storage: allow data moving up from the last level even if it's a last level only compaction, as long as the penultimate level is empty.
+* Add a new option IOOptions.do_not_recurse that can be used by underlying file systems to skip recursing through sub directories and list only files in GetChildren API.
+* Add option `preserve_internal_time_seconds` to preserve the time information for the latest data. Which can be used to determine the age of data when `preclude_last_level_data_seconds` is enabled. The time information is attached with SST in table property `rocksdb.seqno.time.map` which can be parsed by tool ldb or sst_dump.
+
+### Bug Fixes
+* Fix a bug in io_uring_prep_cancel in AbortIO API for posix which expects sqe->addr to match with read request submitted and wrong paramter was being passed.
+* Fixed a regression in iterator performance when the entire DB is a single memtable introduced in #10449. The fix is in #10705 and #10716.
+* Fixed an optimistic transaction validation bug caused by DBImpl::GetLatestSequenceForKey() returning non-latest seq for merge (#10724).
+* Fixed a bug in iterator refresh which could segfault for DeleteRange users (#10739).
+* Fixed a bug causing manual flush with `flush_opts.wait=false` to stall when database has stopped all writes (#10001).
+* Fixed a bug in iterator refresh that was not freeing up SuperVersion, which could cause excessive resource pinniung (#10770).
+* Fixed a bug where RocksDB could be doing compaction endlessly when allow_ingest_behind is true and the bottommost level is not filled (#10767).
+* Fixed a memory safety bug in experimental HyperClockCache (#10768)
+* Fixed some cases where `ldb update_manifest` and `ldb unsafe_remove_sst_file` are not usable because they were requiring the DB files to match the existing manifest state (before updating the manifest to match a desired state).
+
+### Performance Improvements
+* Try to align the compaction output file boundaries to the next level ones, which can reduce more than 10% compaction load for the default level compaction. The feature is enabled by default, to disable, set `AdvancedColumnFamilyOptions.level_compaction_dynamic_file_size` to false. As a side effect, it can create SSTs larger than the target_file_size (capped at 2x target_file_size) or smaller files.
+* Improve RoundRobin TTL compaction, which is going to be the same as normal RoundRobin compaction to move the compaction cursor.
+* Fix a small CPU regression caused by a change that UserComparatorWrapper was made Customizable, because Customizable itself has small CPU overhead for initialization.
+
+### Behavior Changes
+* Sanitize min_write_buffer_number_to_merge to 1 if atomic flush is enabled to prevent unexpected data loss when WAL is disabled in a multi-column-family setting (#10773).
+* With periodic stat dumper waits up every options.stats_dump_period_sec seconds, it won't dump stats for a CF if it has no change in the period, unless 7 periods have been skipped.
+* Only periodic stats dumper triggered by options.stats_dump_period_sec will update stats interval. Ones triggered by DB::GetProperty() will not update stats interval and will report based on an interval since the last time stats dump period.
+
+### Public API changes
+* Make kXXH3 checksum the new default, because it is faster on common hardware, especially with kCRC32c affected by a performance bug in some versions of clang (https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/issues/9891). DBs written with this new setting can be read by RocksDB 6.27 and newer.
+* Refactor the classes, APIs and data structures for block cache tracing to allow a user provided trace writer to be used. Introduced an abstract BlockCacheTraceWriter class that takes a structured BlockCacheTraceRecord. The BlockCacheTraceWriter implementation can then format and log the record in whatever way it sees fit. The default BlockCacheTraceWriterImpl does file tracing using a user provided TraceWriter. More details in rocksdb/includb/block_cache_trace_writer.h.
+
+## 7.7.0 (09/18/2022)
+### Bug Fixes
+* Fixed a hang when an operation such as `GetLiveFiles` or `CreateNewBackup` is asked to trigger and wait for memtable flush on a read-only DB. Such indirect requests for memtable flush are now ignored on a read-only DB.
+* Fixed bug where `FlushWAL(true /* sync */)` (used by `GetLiveFilesStorageInfo()`, which is used by checkpoint and backup) could cause parallel writes at the tail of a WAL file to never be synced.
+* Fix periodic_task unable to re-register the same task type, which may cause `SetOptions()` fail to update periodical_task time like: `stats_dump_period_sec`, `stats_persist_period_sec`.
+* Fixed a bug in the rocksdb.prefetched.bytes.discarded stat. It was counting the prefetch buffer size, rather than the actual number of bytes discarded from the buffer.
+* Fix bug where the directory containing CURRENT can left unsynced after CURRENT is updated to point to the latest MANIFEST, which leads to risk of unsync data loss of CURRENT.
+* Update rocksdb.multiget.io.batch.size stat in non-async MultiGet as well.
+* Fix a bug in key range overlap checking with concurrent compactions when user-defined timestamp is enabled. User-defined timestamps should be EXCLUDED when checking if two ranges overlap.
+* Fixed a bug where the blob cache prepopulating logic did not consider the secondary cache (see #10603).
+* Fixed the rocksdb.num.sst.read.per.level, rocksdb.num.index.and.filter.blocks.read.per.level and rocksdb.num.level.read.per.multiget stats in the MultiGet coroutines
+
+### Public API changes
+* Add `rocksdb_column_family_handle_get_id`, `rocksdb_column_family_handle_get_name` to get name, id of column family in C API
+* Add a new stat rocksdb.async.prefetch.abort.micros to measure time spent waiting for async prefetch reads to abort
+
+### Java API Changes
+* Add CompactionPriority.RoundRobin.
+* Revert to using the default metadata charge policy when creating an LRU cache via the Java API.
+
+### Behavior Change
+* DBOptions::verify_sst_unique_id_in_manifest is now an on-by-default feature that verifies SST file identity whenever they are opened by a DB, rather than only at DB::Open time.
+* Right now, when the option migration tool (OptionChangeMigration()) migrates to FIFO compaction, it compacts all the data into one single SST file and move to L0. This might create a problem for some users: the giant file may be soon deleted to satisfy max_table_files_size, and might cayse the DB to be almost empty. We change the behavior so that the files are cut to be smaller, but these files might not follow the data insertion order. With the change, after the migration, migrated data might not be dropped by insertion order by FIFO compaction.
+* When a block is firstly found from `CompressedSecondaryCache`, we just insert a dummy block into the primary cache and don’t erase the block from `CompressedSecondaryCache`. A standalone handle is returned to the caller. Only if the block is found again from `CompressedSecondaryCache` before the dummy block is evicted, we erase the block from `CompressedSecondaryCache` and insert it into the primary cache.
+* When a block is firstly evicted from the primary cache to `CompressedSecondaryCache`, we just insert a dummy block in `CompressedSecondaryCache`. Only if it is evicted again before the dummy block is evicted from the cache, it is treated as a hot block and is inserted into `CompressedSecondaryCache`.
+* Improved the estimation of memory used by cached blobs by taking into account the size of the object owning the blob value and also the allocator overhead if `malloc_usable_size` is available (see #10583).
+* Blob values now have their own category in the cache occupancy statistics, as opposed to being lumped into the "Misc" bucket (see #10601).
+* Change the optimize_multiget_for_io experimental ReadOptions flag to default on.
+
+### New Features
+*  RocksDB does internal auto prefetching if it notices 2 sequential reads if readahead_size is not specified. New option `num_file_reads_for_auto_readahead` is added in BlockBasedTableOptions which indicates after how many sequential reads internal auto prefetching should be start (default is 2).
+* Added new perf context counters `block_cache_standalone_handle_count`, `block_cache_real_handle_count`,`compressed_sec_cache_insert_real_count`, `compressed_sec_cache_insert_dummy_count`, `compressed_sec_cache_uncompressed_bytes`, and `compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes`.
+* Memory for blobs which are to be inserted into the blob cache is now allocated using the cache's allocator (see #10628 and #10647).
+* HyperClockCache is an experimental, lock-free Cache alternative for block cache that offers much improved CPU efficiency under high parallel load or high contention, with some caveats. As much as 4.5x higher ops/sec vs. LRUCache has been seen in db_bench under high parallel load.
+* `CompressedSecondaryCacheOptions::enable_custom_split_merge` is added for enabling the custom split and merge feature, which split the compressed value into chunks so that they may better fit jemalloc bins.
+
+### Performance Improvements
+* Iterator performance is improved for `DeleteRange()` users. Internally, iterator will skip to the end of a range tombstone when possible, instead of looping through each key and check individually if a key is range deleted.
+* Eliminated some allocations and copies in the blob read path. Also, `PinnableSlice` now only points to the blob value and pins the backing resource (cache entry or buffer) in all cases, instead of containing a copy of the blob value. See #10625 and #10647.
+* In case of scans with async_io enabled, few optimizations have been added to issue more asynchronous requests in parallel in order to avoid synchronous prefetching.
+* `DeleteRange()` users should see improvement in get/iterator performance from mutable memtable (see #10547).
+
+## 7.6.0 (08/19/2022)
+### New Features
+* Added `prepopulate_blob_cache` to ColumnFamilyOptions. If enabled, prepopulate warm/hot blobs which are already in memory into blob cache at the time of flush. On a flush, the blob that is in memory (in memtables) get flushed to the device. If using Direct IO, additional IO is incurred to read this blob back into memory again, which is avoided by enabling this option. This further helps if the workload exhibits high temporal locality, where most of the reads go to recently written data. This also helps in case of the remote file system since it involves network traffic and higher latencies.
+* Support using secondary cache with the blob cache. When creating a blob cache, the user can set a secondary blob cache by configuring `secondary_cache` in LRUCacheOptions.
+* Charge memory usage of blob cache when the backing cache of the blob cache and the block cache are different. If an operation reserving memory for blob cache exceeds the avaible space left in the block cache at some point (i.e, causing a cache full under `LRUCacheOptions::strict_capacity_limit` = true), creation will fail with `Status::MemoryLimit()`. To opt in this feature, enable charging `CacheEntryRole::kBlobCache` in `BlockBasedTableOptions::cache_usage_options`.
+* Improve subcompaction range partition so that it is likely to be more even. More evenly distribution of subcompaction will improve compaction throughput for some workloads. All input files' index blocks to sample some anchor key points from which we pick positions to partition the input range. This would introduce some CPU overhead in compaction preparation phase, if subcompaction is enabled, but it should be a small fraction of the CPU usage of the whole compaction process. This also brings a behavier change: subcompaction number is much more likely to maxed out than before.
+* Add CompactionPri::kRoundRobin, a compaction picking mode that cycles through all the files with a compact cursor in a round-robin manner. This feature is available since 7.5.
+* Provide support for subcompactions for user_defined_timestamp.
+* Added an option `memtable_protection_bytes_per_key` that turns on memtable per key-value checksum protection. Each memtable entry will be suffixed by a checksum that is computed during writes, and verified in reads/compaction. Detected corruption will be logged and with corruption status returned to user.
+* Added a blob-specific cache priority level - bottom level. Blobs are typically lower-value targets for caching than data blocks, since 1) with BlobDB, data blocks containing blob references conceptually form an index structure which has to be consulted before we can read the blob value, and 2) cached blobs represent only a single key-value, while cached data blocks generally contain multiple KVs. The user can specify the new option `low_pri_pool_ratio` in `LRUCacheOptions` to configure the ratio of capacity reserved for low priority cache entries (and therefore the remaining ratio is the space reserved for the bottom level), or configuring the new argument `low_pri_pool_ratio` in `NewLRUCache()` to achieve the same effect.
+
+### Public API changes
+* Removed Customizable support for RateLimiter and removed its CreateFromString() and Type() functions.
+* `CompactRangeOptions::exclusive_manual_compaction` is now false by default. This ensures RocksDB does not introduce artificial parallelism limitations by default.
+* Tiered Storage: change `bottommost_temperture` to `last_level_temperture`. The old option name is kept only for migration, please use the new option. The behavior is changed to apply temperature for the `last_level` SST files only.
+* Added a new experimental ReadOption flag called optimize_multiget_for_io, which when set attempts to reduce MultiGet latency by spawning coroutines for keys in multiple levels.
+
+### Bug Fixes
+* Fix a bug starting in 7.4.0 in which some fsync operations might be skipped in a DB after any DropColumnFamily on that DB, until it is re-opened. This can lead to data loss on power loss. (For custom FileSystem implementations, this could lead to `FSDirectory::Fsync` or `FSDirectory::Close` after the first `FSDirectory::Close`; Also, valgrind could report call to `close()` with `fd=-1`.)
+* Fix a bug where `GenericRateLimiter` could revert the bandwidth set dynamically using `SetBytesPerSecond()` when a user configures a structure enclosing it, e.g., using `GetOptionsFromString()` to configure an `Options` that references an existing `RateLimiter` object.
+* Fix race conditions in `GenericRateLimiter`.
+* Fix a bug in `FIFOCompactionPicker::PickTTLCompaction` where total_size calculating might cause underflow
+* Fix data race bug in hash linked list memtable. With this bug, read request might temporarily miss an old record in the memtable in a race condition to the hash bucket.
+* Fix a bug that `best_efforts_recovery` may fail to open the db with mmap read.
+* Fixed a bug where blobs read during compaction would pollute the cache.
+* Fixed a data race in LRUCache when used with a secondary_cache.
+* Fixed a bug where blobs read by iterators would be inserted into the cache even with the `fill_cache` read option set to false.
+* Fixed the segfault caused by `AllocateData()` in `CompressedSecondaryCache::SplitValueIntoChunks()` and `MergeChunksIntoValueTest`.
+* Fixed a bug in BlobDB where a mix of inlined and blob values could result in an incorrect value being passed to the compaction filter (see #10391).
+* Fixed a memory leak bug in stress tests caused by `FaultInjectionSecondaryCache`.
+
+### Behavior Change
+* Added checksum handshake during the copying of decompressed WAL fragment. This together with #9875, #10037, #10212, #10114 and #10319 provides end-to-end integrity protection for write batch during recovery.
+* To minimize the internal fragmentation caused by the variable size of the compressed blocks in `CompressedSecondaryCache`, the original block is split according to the jemalloc bin size in `Insert()` and then merged back in `Lookup()`.
+* PosixLogger is removed and by default EnvLogger will be used for info logging. The behavior of the two loggers should be very similar when using the default Posix Env.
+* Remove [min|max]_timestamp from VersionEdit for now since they are not tracked in MANIFEST anyway but consume two empty std::string (up to 64 bytes) for each file. Should they be added back in the future, we should store them more compactly.
+* Improve universal tiered storage compaction picker to avoid extra major compaction triggered by size amplification. If `preclude_last_level_data_seconds` is enabled, the size amplification is calculated within non last_level data only which skip the last level and use the penultimate level as the size base.
+* If an error is hit when writing to a file (append, sync, etc), RocksDB is more strict with not issuing more operations to it, except closing the file, with exceptions of some WAL file operations in error recovery path.
+* A `WriteBufferManager` constructed with `allow_stall == false` will no longer trigger write stall implicitly by thrashing until memtable count limit is reached. Instead, a column family can continue accumulating writes while that CF is flushing, which means memory may increase. Users who prefer stalling writes must now explicitly set `allow_stall == true`.
+* Add `CompressedSecondaryCache` into the stress tests.
+* Block cache keys have changed, which will cause any persistent caches to miss between versions.
+
+### Performance Improvements
+* Instead of constructing `FragmentedRangeTombstoneList` during every read operation, it is now constructed once and stored in immutable memtables. This improves speed of querying range tombstones from immutable memtables.
+* When using iterators with the integrated BlobDB implementation, blob cache handles are now released immediately when the iterator's position changes.
+* MultiGet can now do more IO in parallel by reading data blocks from SST files in multiple levels, if the optimize_multiget_for_io ReadOption flag is set.
+
+## 7.5.0 (07/15/2022)
 ### New Features
 * Mempurge option flag `experimental_mempurge_threshold` is now a ColumnFamilyOptions and can now be dynamically configured using `SetOptions()`.
 * Support backward iteration when `ReadOptions::iter_start_ts` is set.
@@ -8,6 +180,7 @@
   * User can configure the new ColumnFamilyOptions `blob_cache` to enable/disable blob caching.
   * Either sharing the backend cache with the block cache or using a completely separate cache is supported.
   * A new abstraction interface called `BlobSource` for blob read logic gives all users access to blobs, whether they are in the blob cache, secondary cache, or (remote) storage. Blobs can be potentially read both while handling user reads (`Get`, `MultiGet`, or iterator) and during compaction (while dealing with compaction filters, Merges, or garbage collection) but eventually all blob reads go through `Version::GetBlob` or, for MultiGet, `Version::MultiGetBlob` (and then get dispatched to the interface -- `BlobSource`).
+* Add experimental tiered compaction feature `AdvancedColumnFamilyOptions::preclude_last_level_data_seconds`, which makes sure the new data inserted within preclude_last_level_data_seconds won't be placed on cold tier (the feature is not complete).
 
 ### Public API changes
 * Add metadata related structs and functions in C API, including
@@ -19,6 +192,8 @@
 * When using block cache strict capacity limit (`LRUCache` with `strict_capacity_limit=true`), DB operations now fail with Status code `kAborted` subcode `kMemoryLimit` (`IsMemoryLimit()`) instead of `kIncomplete` (`IsIncomplete()`) when the capacity limit is reached, because Incomplete can mean other specific things for some operations. In more detail, `Cache::Insert()` now returns the updated Status code and this usually propagates through RocksDB to the user on failure.
 * NewClockCache calls temporarily return an LRUCache (with similar characteristics as the desired ClockCache). This is because ClockCache is being replaced by a new version (the old one had unknown bugs) but this is still under development.
 * Add two functions `int ReserveThreads(int threads_to_be_reserved)` and `int ReleaseThreads(threads_to_be_released)` into `Env` class. In the default implementation, both return 0. Newly added `xxxEnv` class that inherits `Env` should implement these two functions for thread reservation/releasing features.
+* Add `rocksdb_options_get_prepopulate_blob_cache` and `rocksdb_options_set_prepopulate_blob_cache` to C API.
+* Add `prepopulateBlobCache` and `setPrepopulateBlobCache` to Java API.
 
 ### Bug Fixes
 * Fix a bug in which backup/checkpoint can include a WAL deleted by RocksDB.
@@ -31,6 +206,11 @@
 * For track_and_verify_wals_in_manifest, revert to the original behavior before #10087: syncing of live WAL file is not tracked, and we track only the synced sizes of **closed** WALs. (PR #10330).
 * WAL compression now computes/verifies checksum during compression/decompression.
 
+### Performance Improvements
+* Rather than doing total sort against all files in a level, SortFileByOverlappingRatio() to only find the top 50 files based on score. This can improve write throughput for the use cases where data is loaded in increasing key order and there are a lot of files in one LSM-tree, where applying compaction results is the bottleneck.
+* In leveled compaction, L0->L1 trivial move will allow more than one file to be moved in one compaction. This would allow L0 files to be moved down faster when data is loaded in sequential order, making slowdown or stop condition harder to hit. Also seek L0->L1 trivial move when only some files qualify.
+* In leveled compaction, try to trivial move more than one files if possible, up to 4 files or max_compaction_bytes. This is to allow higher write throughput for some use cases where data is loaded in sequential order, where appying compaction results is the bottleneck.
+
 ## 7.4.0 (06/19/2022)
 ### Bug Fixes
 * Fixed a bug in calculating key-value integrity protection for users of in-place memtable updates. In particular, the affected users would be those who configure `protection_bytes_per_key > 0` on `WriteBatch` or `WriteOptions`, and configure `inplace_callback != nullptr`.
@@ -79,17 +259,13 @@
 
 ### Behavior changes
 * DB::Open(), DB::OpenAsSecondary() will fail if a Logger cannot be created (#9984)
+* DB::Write does not hold global `mutex_` if this db instance does not need to switch wal and mem-table (#7516).
 * Removed support for reading Bloom filters using obsolete block-based filter format. (Support for writing such filters was dropped in 7.0.) For good read performance on old DBs using these filters, a full compaction is required.
 * Per KV checksum in write batch is verified before a write batch is written to WAL to detect any corruption to the write batch (#10114).
 
 ### Performance Improvements
 * When compiled with folly (Meta-internal integration; experimental in open source build), improve the locking performance (CPU efficiency) of LRUCache by using folly DistributedMutex in place of standard mutex.
 
-### Performance Improvements
-* Rather than doing total sort against all files in a level, SortFileByOverlappingRatio() to only find the top 50 files based on score. This can improve write throughput for the use cases where data is loaded in increasing key order and there are a lot of files in one LSM-tree, where applying compaction results is the bottleneck.
-* In leveled compaction, L0->L1 trivial move will allow more than one file to be moved in one compaction. This would allow L0 files to be moved down faster when data is loaded in sequential order, making slowdown or stop condition harder to hit. Also seek L0->L1 trivial move when only some files qualify.
-* In leveled compaction, try to trivial move more than one files if possible, up to 4 files or max_compaction_bytes. This is to allow higher write throughput for some use cases where data is loaded in sequential order, where appying compaction results is the bottleneck.
-
 ## 7.3.0 (05/20/2022)
 ### Bug Fixes
 * Fixed a bug where manual flush would block forever even though flush options had wait=false.

LANGUAGE-BINDINGS.md

@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ This is the list of all known third-party language bindings for RocksDB. If some
     * http://pyrocksdb.readthedocs.org/en/latest/ (unmaintained)
 * Perl - https://metacpan.org/pod/RocksDB
 * Node.js - https://npmjs.org/package/rocksdb
-* Go - https://github.com/tecbot/gorocksdb
+* Go 
+  * https://github.com/linxGnu/grocksdb
+  * https://github.com/tecbot/gorocksdb (unmaintained)
 * Ruby - http://rubygems.org/gems/rocksdb-ruby
 * Haskell - https://hackage.haskell.org/package/rocksdb-haskell
 * PHP - https://github.com/Photonios/rocksdb-php

Makefile

@@ -139,9 +139,14 @@ endif
 GIT_COMMAND ?= git
 ifeq ($(USE_COROUTINES), 1)
 	USE_FOLLY = 1
-	OPT += -DUSE_COROUTINES
+	# glog/logging.h requires HAVE_CXX11_ATOMIC
+	OPT += -DUSE_COROUTINES -DHAVE_CXX11_ATOMIC
 	ROCKSDB_CXX_STANDARD = c++2a
 	USE_RTTI = 1
+ifneq ($(USE_CLANG), 1)
+	ROCKSDB_CXX_STANDARD = c++20
+	PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS += -fcoroutines
+endif
 endif
 
 # if we're compiling for release, compile without debug code (-DNDEBUG)
@@ -185,6 +190,16 @@ ifeq ($(USE_LTO), 1)
 	LDFLAGS += -flto -fuse-linker-plugin
 endif
 
+# `COERCE_CONTEXT_SWITCH=1` will inject spurious wakeup and
+# random length of sleep or context switch at critical
+# points (e.g, before acquring db mutex) in RocksDB.
+# In this way, it coerces as many excution orders as possible in the hope of
+# exposing the problematic excution order
+COERCE_CONTEXT_SWITCH ?= 0
+ifeq ($(COERCE_CONTEXT_SWITCH), 1)
+OPT += -DCOERCE_CONTEXT_SWITCH
+endif
+
 #-----------------------------------------------
 include src.mk
 
@@ -235,6 +250,7 @@ dummy := $(shell (export ROCKSDB_ROOT="$(CURDIR)"; \
                   export USE_CLANG="$(USE_CLANG)"; \
                   export LIB_MODE="$(LIB_MODE)"; \
 		  export ROCKSDB_CXX_STANDARD="$(ROCKSDB_CXX_STANDARD)"; \
+		  export USE_FOLLY="$(USE_FOLLY)"; \
                   "$(CURDIR)/build_tools/build_detect_platform" "$(CURDIR)/make_config.mk"))
 # this file is generated by the previous line to set build flags and sources
 include make_config.mk
@@ -415,6 +431,10 @@ ifndef DISABLE_JEMALLOC
 			PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS += -DUSE_JEMALLOC
 			PLATFORM_CCFLAGS  += -DUSE_JEMALLOC
 		endif
+		ifeq ($(USE_FOLLY_LITE),1)
+			PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS += -DUSE_JEMALLOC
+			PLATFORM_CCFLAGS  += -DUSE_JEMALLOC
+		endif
 	endif
 	ifdef WITH_JEMALLOC_FLAG
 		PLATFORM_LDFLAGS += -ljemalloc
@@ -448,10 +468,57 @@ endif
 
 # This provides a Makefile simulation of a Meta-internal folly integration.
 # It is not validated for general use.
+#
+# USE_FOLLY links the build targets with libfolly.a. The latter could be
+# built using 'make build_folly', or built externally and specified in
+# the CXXFLAGS and EXTRA_LDFLAGS env variables. The build_detect_platform
+# script tries to detect if an external folly dependency has been specified.
+# If not, it exports FOLLY_PATH to the path of the installed Folly and
+# dependency libraries.
+#
+# USE_FOLLY_LITE cherry picks source files from Folly to include in the
+# RocksDB library. Its faster and has fewer dependencies on 3rd party
+# libraries, but with limited functionality. For example, coroutine
+# functionality is not available.
 ifeq ($(USE_FOLLY),1)
-	ifeq (,$(FOLLY_DIR))
-		FOLLY_DIR = ./third-party/folly
+ifeq ($(USE_FOLLY_LITE),1)
+$(error Please specify only one of USE_FOLLY and USE_FOLLY_LITE)
+endif
+ifneq ($(strip $(FOLLY_PATH)),)
+	BOOST_PATH = $(shell (ls -d $(FOLLY_PATH)/../boost*))
+	DBL_CONV_PATH = $(shell (ls -d $(FOLLY_PATH)/../double-conversion*))
+	GFLAGS_PATH = $(shell (ls -d $(FOLLY_PATH)/../gflags*))
+	GLOG_PATH = $(shell (ls -d $(FOLLY_PATH)/../glog*))
+	LIBEVENT_PATH = $(shell (ls -d $(FOLLY_PATH)/../libevent*))
+	XZ_PATH = $(shell (ls -d $(FOLLY_PATH)/../xz*))
+	LIBSODIUM_PATH = $(shell (ls -d $(FOLLY_PATH)/../libsodium*))
+	FMT_PATH = $(shell (ls -d $(FOLLY_PATH)/../fmt*))
+
+	# For some reason, glog and fmt libraries are under either lib or lib64
+	GLOG_LIB_PATH = $(shell (ls -d $(GLOG_PATH)/lib*))
+	FMT_LIB_PATH = $(shell (ls -d $(FMT_PATH)/lib*))
+
+	# AIX: pre-defined system headers are surrounded by an extern "C" block
+	ifeq ($(PLATFORM), OS_AIX)
+		PLATFORM_CCFLAGS += -I$(BOOST_PATH)/include -I$(DBL_CONV_PATH)/include -I$(GLOG_PATH)/include -I$(LIBEVENT_PATH)/include -I$(XZ_PATH)/include -I$(LIBSODIUM_PATH)/include -I$(FOLLY_PATH)/include -I$(FMT_PATH)/include
+		PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS += -I$(BOOST_PATH)/include -I$(DBL_CONV_PATH)/include -I$(GLOG_PATH)/include -I$(LIBEVENT_PATH)/include -I$(XZ_PATH)/include -I$(LIBSODIUM_PATH)/include -I$(FOLLY_PATH)/include -I$(FMT_PATH)/include
+	else
+		PLATFORM_CCFLAGS += -isystem $(BOOST_PATH)/include -isystem $(DBL_CONV_PATH)/include -isystem $(GLOG_PATH)/include -isystem $(LIBEVENT_PATH)/include -isystem $(XZ_PATH)/include -isystem $(LIBSODIUM_PATH)/include -isystem $(FOLLY_PATH)/include -isystem $(FMT_PATH)/include
+		PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS += -isystem $(BOOST_PATH)/include -isystem $(DBL_CONV_PATH)/include -isystem $(GLOG_PATH)/include -isystem $(LIBEVENT_PATH)/include -isystem $(XZ_PATH)/include -isystem $(LIBSODIUM_PATH)/include -isystem $(FOLLY_PATH)/include -isystem $(FMT_PATH)/include
 	endif
+
+	# Add -ldl at the end as gcc resolves a symbol in a library by searching only in libraries specified later
+	# in the command line
+	PLATFORM_LDFLAGS += $(FOLLY_PATH)/lib/libfolly.a $(BOOST_PATH)/lib/libboost_context.a $(BOOST_PATH)/lib/libboost_filesystem.a $(BOOST_PATH)/lib/libboost_atomic.a $(BOOST_PATH)/lib/libboost_program_options.a $(BOOST_PATH)/lib/libboost_regex.a $(BOOST_PATH)/lib/libboost_system.a $(BOOST_PATH)/lib/libboost_thread.a $(DBL_CONV_PATH)/lib/libdouble-conversion.a $(FMT_LIB_PATH)/libfmt.a $(GLOG_LIB_PATH)/libglog.so $(GFLAGS_PATH)/lib/libgflags.so.2.2 $(LIBEVENT_PATH)/lib/libevent-2.1.so -ldl
+	PLATFORM_LDFLAGS += -Wl,-rpath=$(GFLAGS_PATH)/lib -Wl,-rpath=$(GLOG_LIB_PATH) -Wl,-rpath=$(LIBEVENT_PATH)/lib -Wl,-rpath=$(LIBSODIUM_PATH)/lib -Wl,-rpath=$(LIBEVENT_PATH)/lib
+endif
+	PLATFORM_CCFLAGS += -DUSE_FOLLY -DFOLLY_NO_CONFIG
+	PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS += -DUSE_FOLLY -DFOLLY_NO_CONFIG
+endif
+
+ifeq ($(USE_FOLLY_LITE),1)
+	# Path to the Folly source code and include files
+	FOLLY_DIR = ./third-party/folly
 	# AIX: pre-defined system headers are surrounded by an extern "C" block
 	ifeq ($(PLATFORM), OS_AIX)
 		PLATFORM_CCFLAGS += -I$(FOLLY_DIR)
@@ -550,7 +617,7 @@ LIB_OBJECTS += $(patsubst %.c, $(OBJ_DIR)/%.o, $(LIB_SOURCES_C))
 LIB_OBJECTS += $(patsubst %.S, $(OBJ_DIR)/%.o, $(LIB_SOURCES_ASM))
 endif
 
-ifeq ($(USE_FOLLY),1)
+ifeq ($(USE_FOLLY_LITE),1)
   LIB_OBJECTS += $(patsubst %.cpp, $(OBJ_DIR)/%.o, $(FOLLY_SOURCES))
 endif
 
@@ -591,7 +658,7 @@ ifneq ($(filter check-headers, $(MAKECMDGOALS)),)
 # TODO: add/support JNI headers
 	DEV_HEADER_DIRS := $(sort include/ $(dir $(ALL_SOURCES)))
 # Some headers like in port/ are platform-specific
-	DEV_HEADERS := $(shell $(FIND) $(DEV_HEADER_DIRS) -type f -name '*.h' | egrep -v 'port/|plugin/|lua/|range_tree/')
+	DEV_HEADERS := $(shell $(FIND) $(DEV_HEADER_DIRS) -type f -name '*.h' | grep -E -v 'port/|plugin/|lua/|range_tree/')
 else
 	DEV_HEADERS :=
 endif
@@ -728,9 +795,9 @@ TOOLS_LIBRARY=$(STATIC_TOOLS_LIBRARY)
 endif
 STRESS_LIBRARY=$(STATIC_STRESS_LIBRARY)
 
-ROCKSDB_MAJOR = $(shell egrep "ROCKSDB_MAJOR.[0-9]" include/rocksdb/version.h | cut -d ' ' -f 3)
-ROCKSDB_MINOR = $(shell egrep "ROCKSDB_MINOR.[0-9]" include/rocksdb/version.h | cut -d ' ' -f 3)
-ROCKSDB_PATCH = $(shell egrep "ROCKSDB_PATCH.[0-9]" include/rocksdb/version.h | cut -d ' ' -f 3)
+ROCKSDB_MAJOR = $(shell grep -E "ROCKSDB_MAJOR.[0-9]" include/rocksdb/version.h | cut -d ' ' -f 3)
+ROCKSDB_MINOR = $(shell grep -E "ROCKSDB_MINOR.[0-9]" include/rocksdb/version.h | cut -d ' ' -f 3)
+ROCKSDB_PATCH = $(shell grep -E "ROCKSDB_PATCH.[0-9]" include/rocksdb/version.h | cut -d ' ' -f 3)
 
 # If NO_UPDATE_BUILD_VERSION is set we don't update util/build_version.cc, but
 # the file needs to already exist or else the build will fail
@@ -1504,6 +1571,9 @@ db_table_properties_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/db/db_table_properties_test.o $(TEST_LIBRAR
 log_write_bench: $(OBJ_DIR)/util/log_write_bench.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
 	$(AM_LINK) $(PROFILING_FLAGS)
 
+seqno_time_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/db/seqno_time_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
+	$(AM_LINK)
+
 plain_table_db_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/db/plain_table_db_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
 	$(AM_LINK)
 
@@ -1762,7 +1832,7 @@ memtable_list_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/db/memtable_list_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY
 write_callback_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/db/write_callback_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
 	$(AM_LINK)
 
-heap_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/util/heap_test.o $(GTEST)
+heap_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/util/heap_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
 	$(AM_LINK)
 
 point_lock_manager_test: utilities/transactions/lock/point/point_lock_manager_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
@@ -1879,7 +1949,7 @@ blob_garbage_meter_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/db/blob/blob_garbage_meter_test.o $(TEST_LIB
 timer_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/util/timer_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
 	$(AM_LINK)
 
-periodic_work_scheduler_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/db/periodic_work_scheduler_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
+periodic_task_scheduler_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/db/periodic_task_scheduler_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
 	$(AM_LINK)
 
 testutil_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/test_util/testutil_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
@@ -2022,8 +2092,8 @@ ROCKSDB_JAVADOCS_JAR = rocksdbjni-$(ROCKSDB_JAVA_VERSION)-javadoc.jar
 ROCKSDB_SOURCES_JAR = rocksdbjni-$(ROCKSDB_JAVA_VERSION)-sources.jar
 SHA256_CMD = sha256sum
 
-ZLIB_VER ?= 1.2.12
-ZLIB_SHA256 ?= 91844808532e5ce316b3c010929493c0244f3d37593afd6de04f71821d5136d9
+ZLIB_VER ?= 1.2.13
+ZLIB_SHA256 ?= b3a24de97a8fdbc835b9833169501030b8977031bcb54b3b3ac13740f846ab30
 ZLIB_DOWNLOAD_BASE ?= http://zlib.net
 BZIP2_VER ?= 1.0.8
 BZIP2_SHA256 ?= ab5a03176ee106d3f0fa90e381da478ddae405918153cca248e682cd0c4a2269
@@ -2368,13 +2438,26 @@ checkout_folly:
 	@# need to worry about folly breaking our integration. Update periodically
 	cd third-party/folly && git reset --hard beacd86d63cd71c904632262e6c36f60874d78ba
 	@# A hack to remove boost dependency.
-	@# NOTE: this hack is not needed if using FBCODE compiler config
+	@# NOTE: this hack is only needed if building using USE_FOLLY_LITE
 	perl -pi -e 's/^(#include <boost)/\/\/$$1/' third-party/folly/folly/functional/Invoke.h
 	@# NOTE: this hack is required for clang in some cases
 	perl -pi -e 's/int rv = syscall/int rv = (int)syscall/' third-party/folly/folly/detail/Futex.cpp
 	@# NOTE: this hack is required for gcc in some cases
 	perl -pi -e 's/(__has_include.<experimental.memory_resource>.)/__cpp_rtti && $$1/' third-party/folly/folly/memory/MemoryResource.h
 
+build_folly:
+	FOLLY_INST_PATH=`cd third-party/folly; $(PYTHON) build/fbcode_builder/getdeps.py show-inst-dir`; \
+	if [ "$$FOLLY_INST_PATH" ]; then \
+		rm -rf $${FOLLY_INST_PATH}/../../*; \
+	else \
+		echo "Please run checkout_folly first"; \
+		false; \
+	fi
+	# Restore the original version of Invoke.h with boost dependency
+	cd third-party/folly && ${GIT_COMMAND} checkout folly/functional/Invoke.h
+	cd third-party/folly && MAYBE_AVX2=`echo $(CXXFLAGS) | grep -o -- -DHAVE_AVX2 | sed 's/-DHAVE_AVX2/-mavx2/g' || true` && \
+		CXXFLAGS=" $$MAYBE_AVX2 -DHAVE_CXX11_ATOMIC " $(PYTHON) build/fbcode_builder/getdeps.py build --no-tests
+
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #   Build size testing
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -2459,7 +2542,7 @@ endif
 ifneq ($(SKIP_DEPENDS), 1)
 DEPFILES = $(patsubst %.cc, $(OBJ_DIR)/%.cc.d, $(ALL_SOURCES))
 DEPFILES+ = $(patsubst %.c, $(OBJ_DIR)/%.c.d, $(LIB_SOURCES_C) $(TEST_MAIN_SOURCES_C))
-ifeq ($(USE_FOLLY),1)
+ifeq ($(USE_FOLLY_LITE),1)
   DEPFILES +=$(patsubst %.cpp, $(OBJ_DIR)/%.cpp.d, $(FOLLY_SOURCES))
 endif
 endif

README.md

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 ## RocksDB: A Persistent Key-Value Store for Flash and RAM Storage
 
 [![CircleCI Status](https://circleci.com/gh/facebook/rocksdb.svg?style=svg)](https://circleci.com/gh/facebook/rocksdb)
-[![TravisCI Status](https://api.travis-ci.com/facebook/rocksdb.svg?branch=main)](https://travis-ci.com/github/facebook/rocksdb)
 [![Appveyor Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/fbgfu0so3afcno78/branch/main?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/Facebook/rocksdb/branch/main)
 [![PPC64le Build Status](http://140-211-168-68-openstack.osuosl.org:8080/buildStatus/icon?job=rocksdb&style=plastic)](http://140-211-168-68-openstack.osuosl.org:8080/job/rocksdb)
 

TARGETS

@@ -13,12 +13,14 @@ cpp_library_wrapper(name="rocksdb_lib", srcs=[
         "cache/cache_entry_roles.cc",
         "cache/cache_key.cc",
         "cache/cache_reservation_manager.cc",
+        "cache/charged_cache.cc",
         "cache/clock_cache.cc",
         "cache/compressed_secondary_cache.cc",
-        "cache/fast_lru_cache.cc",
         "cache/lru_cache.cc",
+        "cache/secondary_cache.cc",
         "cache/sharded_cache.cc",
         "db/arena_wrapped_db_iter.cc",
+        "db/blob/blob_contents.cc",
         "db/blob/blob_fetcher.cc",
         "db/blob/blob_file_addition.cc",
         "db/blob/blob_file_builder.cc",
@@ -81,10 +83,11 @@ cpp_library_wrapper(name="rocksdb_lib", srcs=[
         "db/merge_helper.cc",
         "db/merge_operator.cc",
         "db/output_validator.cc",
-        "db/periodic_work_scheduler.cc",
+        "db/periodic_task_scheduler.cc",
         "db/range_del_aggregator.cc",
         "db/range_tombstone_fragmenter.cc",
         "db/repair.cc",
+        "db/seqno_to_time_mapping.cc",
         "db/snapshot_impl.cc",
         "db/table_cache.cc",
         "db/table_properties_collector.cc",
@@ -97,6 +100,7 @@ cpp_library_wrapper(name="rocksdb_lib", srcs=[
         "db/wal_edit.cc",
         "db/wal_manager.cc",
         "db/wide/wide_column_serialization.cc",
+        "db/wide/wide_columns.cc",
         "db/write_batch.cc",
         "db/write_batch_base.cc",
         "db/write_controller.cc",
@@ -249,6 +253,7 @@ cpp_library_wrapper(name="rocksdb_lib", srcs=[
         "util/ribbon_config.cc",
         "util/slice.cc",
         "util/status.cc",
+        "util/stderr_logger.cc",
         "util/string_util.cc",
         "util/thread_local.cc",
         "util/threadpool_imp.cc",
@@ -347,12 +352,14 @@ cpp_library_wrapper(name="rocksdb_whole_archive_lib", srcs=[
         "cache/cache_entry_roles.cc",
         "cache/cache_key.cc",
         "cache/cache_reservation_manager.cc",
+        "cache/charged_cache.cc",
         "cache/clock_cache.cc",
         "cache/compressed_secondary_cache.cc",
-        "cache/fast_lru_cache.cc",
         "cache/lru_cache.cc",
+        "cache/secondary_cache.cc",
         "cache/sharded_cache.cc",
         "db/arena_wrapped_db_iter.cc",
+        "db/blob/blob_contents.cc",
         "db/blob/blob_fetcher.cc",
         "db/blob/blob_file_addition.cc",
         "db/blob/blob_file_builder.cc",
@@ -415,10 +422,11 @@ cpp_library_wrapper(name="rocksdb_whole_archive_lib", srcs=[
         "db/merge_helper.cc",
         "db/merge_operator.cc",
         "db/output_validator.cc",
-        "db/periodic_work_scheduler.cc",
+        "db/periodic_task_scheduler.cc",
         "db/range_del_aggregator.cc",
         "db/range_tombstone_fragmenter.cc",
         "db/repair.cc",
+        "db/seqno_to_time_mapping.cc",
         "db/snapshot_impl.cc",
         "db/table_cache.cc",
         "db/table_properties_collector.cc",
@@ -431,6 +439,7 @@ cpp_library_wrapper(name="rocksdb_whole_archive_lib", srcs=[
         "db/wal_edit.cc",
         "db/wal_manager.cc",
         "db/wide/wide_column_serialization.cc",
+        "db/wide/wide_columns.cc",
         "db/write_batch.cc",
         "db/write_batch_base.cc",
         "db/write_controller.cc",
@@ -583,6 +592,7 @@ cpp_library_wrapper(name="rocksdb_whole_archive_lib", srcs=[
         "util/ribbon_config.cc",
         "util/slice.cc",
         "util/status.cc",
+        "util/stderr_logger.cc",
         "util/string_util.cc",
         "util/thread_local.cc",
         "util/threadpool_imp.cc",
@@ -5592,8 +5602,8 @@ cpp_unittest_wrapper(name="perf_context_test",
             extra_compiler_flags=[])
 
 
-cpp_unittest_wrapper(name="periodic_work_scheduler_test",
-            srcs=["db/periodic_work_scheduler_test.cc"],
+cpp_unittest_wrapper(name="periodic_task_scheduler_test",
+            srcs=["db/periodic_task_scheduler_test.cc"],
             deps=[":rocksdb_test_lib"],
             extra_compiler_flags=[])
 
@@ -5688,6 +5698,12 @@ cpp_unittest_wrapper(name="ribbon_test",
             extra_compiler_flags=[])
 
 
+cpp_unittest_wrapper(name="seqno_time_test",
+            srcs=["db/seqno_time_test.cc"],
+            deps=[":rocksdb_test_lib"],
+            extra_compiler_flags=[])
+
+
 cpp_unittest_wrapper(name="sim_cache_test",
             srcs=["utilities/simulator_cache/sim_cache_test.cc"],
             deps=[":rocksdb_test_lib"],

buckifier/buckify_rocksdb.py

@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 # Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import division
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 try:
     from builtins import str
 except ImportError:
     from __builtin__ import str
-from targets_builder import TARGETSBuilder
+import fnmatch
 import json
 import os
-import fnmatch
 import sys
 
+from targets_builder import TARGETSBuilder
+
 from util import ColorString
 
 # This script generates TARGETS file for Buck.
@@ -44,13 +43,13 @@ def parse_src_mk(repo_path):
     src_files = {}
     for line in open(src_mk):
         line = line.strip()
-        if len(line) == 0 or line[0] == '#':
+        if len(line) == 0 or line[0] == "#":
             continue
-        if '=' in line:
-            current_src = line.split('=')[0].strip()
+        if "=" in line:
+            current_src = line.split("=")[0].strip()
             src_files[current_src] = []
-        elif '.c' in line:
-            src_path = line.split('\\')[0].strip()
+        elif ".c" in line:
+            src_path = line.split("\\")[0].strip()
             src_files[current_src].append(src_path)
     return src_files
 
@@ -58,14 +57,16 @@ def parse_src_mk(repo_path):
 # get all .cc / .c files
 def get_cc_files(repo_path):
     cc_files = []
-    for root, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(repo_path):  # noqa: B007 T25377293 Grandfathered in
-        root = root[(len(repo_path) + 1):]
+    for root, _dirnames, filenames in os.walk(
+        repo_path
+    ):  # noqa: B007 T25377293 Grandfathered in
+        root = root[(len(repo_path) + 1) :]
         if "java" in root:
             # Skip java
             continue
-        for filename in fnmatch.filter(filenames, '*.cc'):
+        for filename in fnmatch.filter(filenames, "*.cc"):
             cc_files.append(os.path.join(root, filename))
-        for filename in fnmatch.filter(filenames, '*.c'):
+        for filename in fnmatch.filter(filenames, "*.c"):
             cc_files.append(os.path.join(root, filename))
     return cc_files
 
@@ -93,14 +94,10 @@ def get_non_parallel_tests(repo_path):
 
     return s
 
+
 # Parse extra dependencies passed by user from command line
 def get_dependencies():
-    deps_map = {
-        '': {
-            'extra_deps': [],
-            'extra_compiler_flags': []
-        }
-    }
+    deps_map = {"": {"extra_deps": [], "extra_compiler_flags": []}}
     if len(sys.argv) < 2:
         return deps_map
 
@@ -111,6 +108,7 @@ def get_dependencies():
                 v = encode_dict(v)
             rv[k] = v
         return rv
+
     extra_deps = json.loads(sys.argv[1], object_hook=encode_dict)
     for target_alias, deps in extra_deps.items():
         deps_map[target_alias] = deps
@@ -143,73 +141,73 @@ def generate_targets(repo_path, deps_map):
         "rocksdb_lib",
         src_mk["LIB_SOURCES"] +
         # always add range_tree, it's only excluded on ppc64, which we don't use internally
-        src_mk["RANGE_TREE_SOURCES"] +
-        src_mk["TOOL_LIB_SOURCES"],
+        src_mk["RANGE_TREE_SOURCES"] + src_mk["TOOL_LIB_SOURCES"],
         deps=[
             "//folly/container:f14_hash",
             "//folly/experimental/coro:blocking_wait",
             "//folly/experimental/coro:collect",
             "//folly/experimental/coro:coroutine",
             "//folly/experimental/coro:task",
-            "//folly/synchronization:distributed_mutex"])
+            "//folly/synchronization:distributed_mutex",
+        ],
+    )
     # rocksdb_whole_archive_lib
     TARGETS.add_library(
         "rocksdb_whole_archive_lib",
         src_mk["LIB_SOURCES"] +
         # always add range_tree, it's only excluded on ppc64, which we don't use internally
-        src_mk["RANGE_TREE_SOURCES"] +
-        src_mk["TOOL_LIB_SOURCES"],
+        src_mk["RANGE_TREE_SOURCES"] + src_mk["TOOL_LIB_SOURCES"],
         deps=[
             "//folly/container:f14_hash",
             "//folly/experimental/coro:blocking_wait",
             "//folly/experimental/coro:collect",
             "//folly/experimental/coro:coroutine",
             "//folly/experimental/coro:task",
-            "//folly/synchronization:distributed_mutex"],
+            "//folly/synchronization:distributed_mutex",
+        ],
         headers=None,
         extra_external_deps="",
-        link_whole=True)
+        link_whole=True,
+    )
     # rocksdb_test_lib
     TARGETS.add_library(
         "rocksdb_test_lib",
-        src_mk.get("MOCK_LIB_SOURCES", []) +
-        src_mk.get("TEST_LIB_SOURCES", []) +
-        src_mk.get("EXP_LIB_SOURCES", []) +
-        src_mk.get("ANALYZER_LIB_SOURCES", []),
+        src_mk.get("MOCK_LIB_SOURCES", [])
+        + src_mk.get("TEST_LIB_SOURCES", [])
+        + src_mk.get("EXP_LIB_SOURCES", [])
+        + src_mk.get("ANALYZER_LIB_SOURCES", []),
         [":rocksdb_lib"],
-        extra_test_libs=True
-        )
+        extra_test_libs=True,
+    )
     # rocksdb_tools_lib
     TARGETS.add_library(
         "rocksdb_tools_lib",
-        src_mk.get("BENCH_LIB_SOURCES", []) +
-        src_mk.get("ANALYZER_LIB_SOURCES", []) +
-        ["test_util/testutil.cc"],
-        [":rocksdb_lib"])
+        src_mk.get("BENCH_LIB_SOURCES", [])
+        + src_mk.get("ANALYZER_LIB_SOURCES", [])
+        + ["test_util/testutil.cc"],
+        [":rocksdb_lib"],
+    )
     # rocksdb_cache_bench_tools_lib
     TARGETS.add_library(
         "rocksdb_cache_bench_tools_lib",
         src_mk.get("CACHE_BENCH_LIB_SOURCES", []),
-        [":rocksdb_lib"])
+        [":rocksdb_lib"],
+    )
     # rocksdb_stress_lib
     TARGETS.add_rocksdb_library(
         "rocksdb_stress_lib",
         src_mk.get("ANALYZER_LIB_SOURCES", [])
-        + src_mk.get('STRESS_LIB_SOURCES', [])
-        + ["test_util/testutil.cc"])
+        + src_mk.get("STRESS_LIB_SOURCES", [])
+        + ["test_util/testutil.cc"],
+    )
     # db_stress binary
-    TARGETS.add_binary("db_stress",
-                       ["db_stress_tool/db_stress.cc"],
-                       [":rocksdb_stress_lib"])
+    TARGETS.add_binary(
+        "db_stress", ["db_stress_tool/db_stress.cc"], [":rocksdb_stress_lib"]
+    )
     # bench binaries
     for src in src_mk.get("MICROBENCH_SOURCES", []):
-        name =  src.rsplit('/',1)[1].split('.')[0] if '/' in src else src.split('.')[0]
-        TARGETS.add_binary(
-            name,
-            [src],
-            [],
-            extra_bench_libs=True
-            )
+        name = src.rsplit("/", 1)[1].split(".")[0] if "/" in src else src.split(".")[0]
+        TARGETS.add_binary(name, [src], [], extra_bench_libs=True)
     print("Extra dependencies:\n{0}".format(json.dumps(deps_map)))
 
     # Dictionary test executable name -> relative source file path
@@ -219,7 +217,7 @@ def generate_targets(repo_path, deps_map):
     # are more than one .c test file, we need to extend
     # TARGETS.add_c_test() to include other C tests too.
     for test_src in src_mk.get("TEST_MAIN_SOURCES_C", []):
-        if test_src != 'db/c_test.c':
+        if test_src != "db/c_test.c":
             print("Don't know how to deal with " + test_src)
             return False
     TARGETS.add_c_test()
@@ -229,7 +227,7 @@ def generate_targets(repo_path, deps_map):
             fast_fancy_bench_config_list = json.load(json_file)
             for config_dict in fast_fancy_bench_config_list:
                 clean_benchmarks = {}
-                benchmarks = config_dict['benchmarks']
+                benchmarks = config_dict["benchmarks"]
                 for binary, benchmark_dict in benchmarks.items():
                     clean_benchmarks[binary] = {}
                     for benchmark, overloaded_metric_list in benchmark_dict.items():
@@ -237,13 +235,20 @@ def generate_targets(repo_path, deps_map):
                         for metric in overloaded_metric_list:
                             if not isinstance(metric, dict):
                                 clean_benchmarks[binary][benchmark].append(metric)
-                TARGETS.add_fancy_bench_config(config_dict['name'], clean_benchmarks, False, config_dict['expected_runtime_one_iter'], config_dict['sl_iterations'], config_dict['regression_threshold'])
+                TARGETS.add_fancy_bench_config(
+                    config_dict["name"],
+                    clean_benchmarks,
+                    False,
+                    config_dict["expected_runtime_one_iter"],
+                    config_dict["sl_iterations"],
+                    config_dict["regression_threshold"],
+                )
 
         with open(f"{repo_path}/buckifier/bench-slow.json") as json_file:
             slow_fancy_bench_config_list = json.load(json_file)
             for config_dict in slow_fancy_bench_config_list:
                 clean_benchmarks = {}
-                benchmarks = config_dict['benchmarks']
+                benchmarks = config_dict["benchmarks"]
                 for binary, benchmark_dict in benchmarks.items():
                     clean_benchmarks[binary] = {}
                     for benchmark, overloaded_metric_list in benchmark_dict.items():
@@ -252,7 +257,14 @@ def generate_targets(repo_path, deps_map):
                             if not isinstance(metric, dict):
                                 clean_benchmarks[binary][benchmark].append(metric)
             for config_dict in slow_fancy_bench_config_list:
-                TARGETS.add_fancy_bench_config(config_dict['name']+"_slow", clean_benchmarks, True, config_dict['expected_runtime_one_iter'], config_dict['sl_iterations'], config_dict['regression_threshold'])
+                TARGETS.add_fancy_bench_config(
+                    config_dict["name"] + "_slow",
+                    clean_benchmarks,
+                    True,
+                    config_dict["expected_runtime_one_iter"],
+                    config_dict["sl_iterations"],
+                    config_dict["regression_threshold"],
+                )
     # it is better servicelab experiments break
     # than rocksdb github ci
     except Exception:
@@ -261,7 +273,7 @@ def generate_targets(repo_path, deps_map):
     TARGETS.add_test_header()
 
     for test_src in src_mk.get("TEST_MAIN_SOURCES", []):
-        test = test_src.split('.c')[0].strip().split('/')[-1].strip()
+        test = test_src.split(".c")[0].strip().split("/")[-1].strip()
         test_source_map[test] = test_src
         print("" + test + " " + test_src)
 
@@ -271,23 +283,29 @@ def generate_targets(repo_path, deps_map):
                 print(ColorString.warning("Failed to get test name for %s" % test_src))
                 continue
 
-            test_target_name = \
-                test if not target_alias else test + "_" + target_alias
+            test_target_name = test if not target_alias else test + "_" + target_alias
 
             if test in _EXPORTED_TEST_LIBS:
                 test_library = "%s_lib" % test_target_name
-                TARGETS.add_library(test_library, [test_src], deps=[":rocksdb_test_lib"], extra_test_libs=True)
+                TARGETS.add_library(
+                    test_library,
+                    [test_src],
+                    deps=[":rocksdb_test_lib"],
+                    extra_test_libs=True,
+                )
                 TARGETS.register_test(
                     test_target_name,
                     test_src,
-                    deps = json.dumps(deps['extra_deps'] + [':'+test_library]),
-                    extra_compiler_flags = json.dumps(deps['extra_compiler_flags']))
+                    deps=json.dumps(deps["extra_deps"] + [":" + test_library]),
+                    extra_compiler_flags=json.dumps(deps["extra_compiler_flags"]),
+                )
             else:
                 TARGETS.register_test(
                     test_target_name,
                     test_src,
-                    deps = json.dumps(deps['extra_deps'] + [":rocksdb_test_lib"] ),
-                    extra_compiler_flags = json.dumps(deps['extra_compiler_flags']))
+                    deps=json.dumps(deps["extra_deps"] + [":rocksdb_test_lib"]),
+                    extra_compiler_flags=json.dumps(deps["extra_compiler_flags"]),
+                )
 
     print(ColorString.info("Generated TARGETS Summary:"))
     print(ColorString.info("- %d libs" % TARGETS.total_lib))
@@ -300,8 +318,7 @@ def get_rocksdb_path():
     # rocksdb = {script_dir}/..
     script_dir = os.path.dirname(sys.argv[0])
     script_dir = os.path.abspath(script_dir)
-    rocksdb_path = os.path.abspath(
-        os.path.join(script_dir, "../"))
+    rocksdb_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(script_dir, "../"))
 
     return rocksdb_path
 
@@ -318,5 +335,6 @@ def main():
     if not ok:
         exit_with_error("Failed to generate TARGETS files")
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()

buckifier/targets_builder.py

@@ -1,113 +1,150 @@
 # Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import division
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 try:
-    from builtins import object
-    from builtins import str
+    from builtins import object, str
 except ImportError:
-    from __builtin__ import object
-    from __builtin__ import str
-import targets_cfg
+    from __builtin__ import object, str
 import pprint
 
+import targets_cfg
+
+
 def pretty_list(lst, indent=8):
     if lst is None or len(lst) == 0:
         return ""
 
     if len(lst) == 1:
-        return "\"%s\"" % lst[0]
+        return '"%s"' % lst[0]
 
-    separator = "\",\n%s\"" % (" " * indent)
+    separator = '",\n%s"' % (" " * indent)
     res = separator.join(sorted(lst))
-    res = "\n" + (" " * indent) + "\"" + res + "\",\n" + (" " * (indent - 4))
+    res = "\n" + (" " * indent) + '"' + res + '",\n' + (" " * (indent - 4))
     return res
 
 
 class TARGETSBuilder(object):
     def __init__(self, path, extra_argv):
         self.path = path
-        self.targets_file = open(path, 'wb')
         header = targets_cfg.rocksdb_target_header_template.format(
-            extra_argv=extra_argv)
-        self.targets_file.write(header.encode("utf-8"))
+            extra_argv=extra_argv
+        )
+        with open(path, "wb") as targets_file:
+            targets_file.write(header.encode("utf-8"))
         self.total_lib = 0
         self.total_bin = 0
         self.total_test = 0
         self.tests_cfg = ""
 
-    def __del__(self):
-        self.targets_file.close()
-
-    def add_library(self, name, srcs, deps=None, headers=None,
-                    extra_external_deps="", link_whole=False,
-                     external_dependencies=None, extra_test_libs=False):
+    def add_library(
+        self,
+        name,
+        srcs,
+        deps=None,
+        headers=None,
+        extra_external_deps="",
+        link_whole=False,
+        external_dependencies=None,
+        extra_test_libs=False,
+    ):
         if headers is not None:
             headers = "[" + pretty_list(headers) + "]"
-        self.targets_file.write(targets_cfg.library_template.format(
-            name=name,
-            srcs=pretty_list(srcs),
-            headers=headers,
-            deps=pretty_list(deps),
-            extra_external_deps=extra_external_deps,
-            link_whole=link_whole,
-            external_dependencies=pretty_list(external_dependencies),
-            extra_test_libs=extra_test_libs
-            ).encode("utf-8"))
-        self.total_lib = self.total_lib + 1
-
-    def add_rocksdb_library(self, name, srcs, headers=None,
-                            external_dependencies=None):
-        if headers is not None:
-            headers = "[" + pretty_list(headers) + "]"
-        self.targets_file.write(targets_cfg.rocksdb_library_template.format(
-            name=name,
-            srcs=pretty_list(srcs),
-            headers=headers,
-            external_dependencies=pretty_list(external_dependencies)
-            ).encode("utf-8")
+        with open(self.path, "ab") as targets_file:
+            targets_file.write(
+                targets_cfg.library_template.format(
+                    name=name,
+                    srcs=pretty_list(srcs),
+                    headers=headers,
+                    deps=pretty_list(deps),
+                    extra_external_deps=extra_external_deps,
+                    link_whole=link_whole,
+                    external_dependencies=pretty_list(external_dependencies),
+                    extra_test_libs=extra_test_libs,
+                ).encode("utf-8")
             )
         self.total_lib = self.total_lib + 1
 
-    def add_binary(self, name, srcs, deps=None, extra_preprocessor_flags=None,extra_bench_libs=False):
-        self.targets_file.write(targets_cfg.binary_template.format(
-            name=name,
-            srcs=pretty_list(srcs),
-            deps=pretty_list(deps),
-            extra_preprocessor_flags=pretty_list(extra_preprocessor_flags),
-            extra_bench_libs=extra_bench_libs,
-            ).encode("utf-8"))
+    def add_rocksdb_library(self, name, srcs, headers=None, external_dependencies=None):
+        if headers is not None:
+            headers = "[" + pretty_list(headers) + "]"
+        with open(self.path, "ab") as targets_file:
+            targets_file.write(
+                targets_cfg.rocksdb_library_template.format(
+                    name=name,
+                    srcs=pretty_list(srcs),
+                    headers=headers,
+                    external_dependencies=pretty_list(external_dependencies),
+                ).encode("utf-8")
+            )
+        self.total_lib = self.total_lib + 1
+
+    def add_binary(
+        self,
+        name,
+        srcs,
+        deps=None,
+        extra_preprocessor_flags=None,
+        extra_bench_libs=False,
+    ):
+        with open(self.path, "ab") as targets_file:
+            targets_file.write(
+                targets_cfg.binary_template.format(
+                    name=name,
+                    srcs=pretty_list(srcs),
+                    deps=pretty_list(deps),
+                    extra_preprocessor_flags=pretty_list(extra_preprocessor_flags),
+                    extra_bench_libs=extra_bench_libs,
+                ).encode("utf-8")
+            )
         self.total_bin = self.total_bin + 1
 
     def add_c_test(self):
-        self.targets_file.write(b"""
+        with open(self.path, "ab") as targets_file:
+            targets_file.write(
+                b"""
 add_c_test_wrapper()
-""")
+"""
+            )
 
     def add_test_header(self):
-        self.targets_file.write(b"""
+        with open(self.path, "ab") as targets_file:
+            targets_file.write(
+                b"""
         # Generate a test rule for each entry in ROCKS_TESTS
         # Do not build the tests in opt mode, since SyncPoint and other test code
         # will not be included.
-""")
+"""
+            )
 
-    def add_fancy_bench_config(self, name, bench_config, slow, expected_runtime, sl_iterations, regression_threshold):
-        self.targets_file.write(targets_cfg.fancy_bench_template.format(
+    def add_fancy_bench_config(
+        self,
+        name,
+        bench_config,
+        slow,
+        expected_runtime,
+        sl_iterations,
+        regression_threshold,
+    ):
+        with open(self.path, "ab") as targets_file:
+            targets_file.write(
+                targets_cfg.fancy_bench_template.format(
                     name=name,
                     bench_config=pprint.pformat(bench_config),
                     slow=slow,
                     expected_runtime=expected_runtime,
                     sl_iterations=sl_iterations,
-                    regression_threshold=regression_threshold
-                    ).encode("utf-8"))
+                    regression_threshold=regression_threshold,
+                ).encode("utf-8")
+            )
 
-    def register_test(self,
-                      test_name,
-                      src,
-                      deps,
-                      extra_compiler_flags):
-
-        self.targets_file.write(targets_cfg.unittests_template.format(test_name=test_name,test_cc=str(src),deps=deps,
-            extra_compiler_flags=extra_compiler_flags).encode("utf-8"))
+    def register_test(self, test_name, src, deps, extra_compiler_flags):
+        with open(self.path, "ab") as targets_file:
+            targets_file.write(
+                targets_cfg.unittests_template.format(
+                    test_name=test_name,
+                    test_cc=str(src),
+                    deps=deps,
+                    extra_compiler_flags=extra_compiler_flags,
+                ).encode("utf-8")
+            )
         self.total_test = self.total_test + 1

buckifier/targets_cfg.py

@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
 # Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import division
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals
 
-rocksdb_target_header_template = \
-    """# This file \100generated by:
+rocksdb_target_header_template = """# This file \100generated by:
 #$ python3 buckifier/buckify_rocksdb.py{extra_argv}
 # --> DO NOT EDIT MANUALLY <--
 # This file is a Facebook-specific integration for buck builds, so can
@@ -27,7 +23,6 @@ rocks_cpp_library_wrapper(name="{name}", srcs=[{srcs}], headers={headers})
 """
 
 
-
 binary_template = """
 cpp_binary_wrapper(name="{name}", srcs=[{srcs}], deps=[{deps}], extra_preprocessor_flags=[{extra_preprocessor_flags}], extra_bench_libs={extra_bench_libs})
 """

buckifier/util.py

@@ -2,37 +2,35 @@
 """
 This module keeps commonly used components.
 """
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import division
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 try:
     from builtins import object
 except ImportError:
     from __builtin__ import object
+import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
-import os
 import time
 
+
 class ColorString(object):
-    """ Generate colorful strings on terminal """
-    HEADER = '\033[95m'
-    BLUE = '\033[94m'
-    GREEN = '\033[92m'
-    WARNING = '\033[93m'
-    FAIL = '\033[91m'
-    ENDC = '\033[0m'
+    """Generate colorful strings on terminal"""
+
+    HEADER = "\033[95m"
+    BLUE = "\033[94m"
+    GREEN = "\033[92m"
+    WARNING = "\033[93m"
+    FAIL = "\033[91m"
+    ENDC = "\033[0m"
 
     @staticmethod
     def _make_color_str(text, color):
         # In Python2, default encoding for unicode string is ASCII
         if sys.version_info.major <= 2:
-            return "".join(
-                [color, text.encode('utf-8'), ColorString.ENDC])
+            return "".join([color, text.encode("utf-8"), ColorString.ENDC])
         # From Python3, default encoding for unicode string is UTF-8
-        return "".join(
-            [color, text, ColorString.ENDC])
+        return "".join([color, text, ColorString.ENDC])
 
     @staticmethod
     def ok(text):
@@ -68,37 +66,38 @@ class ColorString(object):
 
 
 def run_shell_command(shell_cmd, cmd_dir=None):
-    """ Run a single shell command.
-        @returns a tuple of shell command return code, stdout, stderr """
+    """Run a single shell command.
+    @returns a tuple of shell command return code, stdout, stderr"""
 
     if cmd_dir is not None and not os.path.exists(cmd_dir):
         run_shell_command("mkdir -p %s" % cmd_dir)
 
     start = time.time()
     print("\t>>> Running: " + shell_cmd)
-    p = subprocess.Popen(shell_cmd,
-                         shell=True,
-                         stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                         stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
-                         cwd=cmd_dir)
+    p = subprocess.Popen(  # noqa
+        shell_cmd,
+        shell=True,
+        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+        stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+        cwd=cmd_dir,
+    )
     stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
     end = time.time()
 
     # Report time if we spent more than 5 minutes executing a command
     execution_time = end - start
     if execution_time > (60 * 5):
-        mins = (execution_time / 60)
-        secs = (execution_time % 60)
+        mins = execution_time / 60
+        secs = execution_time % 60
         print("\t>time spent: %d minutes %d seconds" % (mins, secs))
 
-
     return p.returncode, stdout, stderr
 
 
 def run_shell_commands(shell_cmds, cmd_dir=None, verbose=False):
-    """ Execute a sequence of shell commands, which is equivalent to
-        running `cmd1 && cmd2 && cmd3`
-        @returns boolean indication if all commands succeeds.
+    """Execute a sequence of shell commands, which is equivalent to
+    running `cmd1 && cmd2 && cmd3`
+    @returns boolean indication if all commands succeeds.
     """
 
     if cmd_dir:

build_tools/amalgamate.py

@@ -28,14 +28,15 @@
 from __future__ import print_function
 
 import argparse
-from os import path
 import re
 import sys
+from os import path
 
 include_re = re.compile('^[ \t]*#include[ \t]+"(.*)"[ \t]*$')
 included = set()
 excluded = set()
 
+
 def find_header(name, abs_path, include_paths):
     samedir = path.join(path.dirname(abs_path), name)
     if path.exists(samedir):
@@ -46,17 +47,31 @@ def find_header(name, abs_path, include_paths):
             return include_path
     return None
 
-def expand_include(include_path, f, abs_path, source_out, header_out, include_paths, public_include_paths):
+
+def expand_include(
+    include_path,
+    f,
+    abs_path,
+    source_out,
+    header_out,
+    include_paths,
+    public_include_paths,
+):
     if include_path in included:
         return False
 
     included.add(include_path)
     with open(include_path) as f:
         print('#line 1 "{}"'.format(include_path), file=source_out)
-        process_file(f, include_path, source_out, header_out, include_paths, public_include_paths)
+        process_file(
+            f, include_path, source_out, header_out, include_paths, public_include_paths
+        )
     return True
 
-def process_file(f, abs_path, source_out, header_out, include_paths, public_include_paths):
+
+def process_file(
+    f, abs_path, source_out, header_out, include_paths, public_include_paths
+):
     for (line, text) in enumerate(f):
         m = include_re.match(text)
         if m:
@@ -68,7 +83,15 @@ def process_file(f, abs_path, source_out, header_out, include_paths, public_incl
                     source_out.write(text)
                     expanded = False
                 else:
-                    expanded = expand_include(include_path, f, abs_path, source_out, header_out, include_paths, public_include_paths)
+                    expanded = expand_include(
+                        include_path,
+                        f,
+                        abs_path,
+                        source_out,
+                        header_out,
+                        include_paths,
+                        public_include_paths,
+                    )
             else:
                 # now try public headers
                 include_path = find_header(filename, abs_path, public_include_paths)
@@ -78,23 +101,52 @@ def process_file(f, abs_path, source_out, header_out, include_paths, public_incl
                     if include_path in excluded:
                         source_out.write(text)
                     else:
-                        expand_include(include_path, f, abs_path, header_out, None, public_include_paths, [])
+                        expand_include(
+                            include_path,
+                            f,
+                            abs_path,
+                            header_out,
+                            None,
+                            public_include_paths,
+                            [],
+                        )
                 else:
-                    sys.exit("unable to find {}, included in {} on line {}".format(filename, abs_path, line))
+                    sys.exit(
+                        "unable to find {}, included in {} on line {}".format(
+                            filename, abs_path, line
+                        )
+                    )
 
             if expanded:
-                print('#line {} "{}"'.format(line+1, abs_path), file=source_out)
+                print('#line {} "{}"'.format(line + 1, abs_path), file=source_out)
         elif text != "#pragma once\n":
             source_out.write(text)
 
+
 def main():
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Transform a unity build into an amalgamation")
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Transform a unity build into an amalgamation"
+    )
     parser.add_argument("source", help="source file")
-    parser.add_argument("-I", action="append", dest="include_paths", help="include paths for private headers")
-    parser.add_argument("-i", action="append", dest="public_include_paths", help="include paths for public headers")
-    parser.add_argument("-x", action="append", dest="excluded", help="excluded header files")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-I",
+        action="append",
+        dest="include_paths",
+        help="include paths for private headers",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-i",
+        action="append",
+        dest="public_include_paths",
+        help="include paths for public headers",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-x", action="append", dest="excluded", help="excluded header files"
+    )
     parser.add_argument("-o", dest="source_out", help="output C++ file", required=True)
-    parser.add_argument("-H", dest="header_out", help="output C++ header file", required=True)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-H", dest="header_out", help="output C++ header file", required=True
+    )
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
     include_paths = list(map(path.abspath, args.include_paths or []))
@@ -102,10 +154,15 @@ def main():
     excluded.update(map(path.abspath, args.excluded or []))
     filename = args.source
     abs_path = path.abspath(filename)
-    with open(filename) as f, open(args.source_out, 'w') as source_out, open(args.header_out, 'w') as header_out:
+    with open(filename) as f, open(args.source_out, "w") as source_out, open(
+        args.header_out, "w"
+    ) as header_out:
         print('#line 1 "{}"'.format(filename), file=source_out)
         print('#include "{}"'.format(header_out.name), file=source_out)
-        process_file(f, abs_path, source_out, header_out, include_paths, public_include_paths)
+        process_file(
+            f, abs_path, source_out, header_out, include_paths, public_include_paths
+        )
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()

build_tools/benchmark_log_tool.py

@@ -4,23 +4,27 @@
 #  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
 #  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
 
-'''Access the results of benchmark runs
+"""Access the results of benchmark runs
 Send these results on to OpenSearch graphing service
-'''
+"""
 
 import argparse
 import itertools
+import logging
 import os
 import re
 import sys
+
 import requests
 from dateutil import parser
-import logging
 
 logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
+
+
 class Configuration:
-    opensearch_user = os.environ['ES_USER']
-    opensearch_pass = os.environ['ES_PASS']
+    opensearch_user = os.environ["ES_USER"]
+    opensearch_pass = os.environ["ES_PASS"]
+
 
 class BenchmarkResultException(Exception):
     def __init__(self, message, content):
@@ -30,41 +34,71 @@ class BenchmarkResultException(Exception):
 
 class BenchmarkUtils:
 
-    expected_keys = ['ops_sec', 'mb_sec',  'lsm_sz',  'blob_sz', 'c_wgb',   'w_amp',
-    'c_mbps',  'c_wsecs', 'c_csecs', 'b_rgb',   'b_wgb',   'usec_op',
-    'p50',     'p99',     'p99.9',   'p99.99', 'pmax',
-    'uptime',  'stall%', 'Nstall',  'u_cpu',   's_cpu',   'rss', 'test', 'date', 'version', 'job_id']
+    expected_keys = [
+        "ops_sec",
+        "mb_sec",
+        "lsm_sz",
+        "blob_sz",
+        "c_wgb",
+        "w_amp",
+        "c_mbps",
+        "c_wsecs",
+        "c_csecs",
+        "b_rgb",
+        "b_wgb",
+        "usec_op",
+        "p50",
+        "p99",
+        "p99.9",
+        "p99.99",
+        "pmax",
+        "uptime",
+        "stall%",
+        "Nstall",
+        "u_cpu",
+        "s_cpu",
+        "rss",
+        "test",
+        "date",
+        "version",
+        "job_id",
+    ]
 
     def sanity_check(row):
-        if not 'test' in row:
+        if "test" not in row:
             logging.debug(f"not 'test' in row: {row}")
             return False
-        if row['test'] == '':
+        if row["test"] == "":
             logging.debug(f"row['test'] == '': {row}")
             return False
-        if not 'date' in row:
+        if "date" not in row:
             logging.debug(f"not 'date' in row: {row}")
             return False
-        if not 'ops_sec' in row:
+        if "ops_sec" not in row:
             logging.debug(f"not 'ops_sec' in row: {row}")
             return False
         try:
-            v = int(row['ops_sec'])
+            _ = int(row["ops_sec"])
         except (ValueError, TypeError):
             logging.debug(f"int(row['ops_sec']): {row}")
             return False
         try:
-            (_, _) = parser.parse(row['date'], fuzzy_with_tokens=True)
+            (_, _) = parser.parse(row["date"], fuzzy_with_tokens=True)
         except (parser.ParserError):
-            logging.error(f"parser.parse((row['date']): not a valid format for date in row: {row}")
+            logging.error(
+                f"parser.parse((row['date']): not a valid format for date in row: {row}"
+            )
             return False
         return True
 
     def conform_opensearch(row):
-        (dt, _) = parser.parse(row['date'], fuzzy_with_tokens=True)
-        row['test_date'] = dt.isoformat()
-        return dict((key.replace('.', '_'), value)
-                    for (key, value) in row.items())
+        (dt, _) = parser.parse(row["date"], fuzzy_with_tokens=True)
+        # create a test_date field, which was previously what was expected
+        # repair the date field, which has what can be a WRONG ISO FORMAT, (no leading 0 on single-digit day-of-month)
+        # e.g. 2022-07-1T00:14:55 should be 2022-07-01T00:14:55
+        row["test_date"] = dt.isoformat()
+        row["date"] = dt.isoformat()
+        return {key.replace(".", "_"): value for key, value in row.items()}
 
 
 class ResultParser:
@@ -76,24 +110,24 @@ class ResultParser:
     def ignore(self, l_in: str):
         if len(l_in) == 0:
             return True
-        if l_in[0:1] == '#':
+        if l_in[0:1] == "#":
             return True
         return False
 
-    def line(self, l_in: str):
-        '''Parse a line into items
+    def line(self, line_in: str):
+        """Parse a line into items
         Being clever about separators
-        '''
-        l = l_in
+        """
+        line = line_in
         row = []
-        while l != '':
-            match_item = self.field.match(l)
+        while line != "":
+            match_item = self.field.match(line)
             if match_item:
                 item = match_item.group(0)
                 row.append(item)
-                l = l[len(item):]
+                line = line[len(item) :]
             else:
-                match_intra = self.intra.match(l)
+                match_intra = self.intra.match(line)
                 if match_intra:
                     intra = match_intra.group(0)
                     # Count the separators
@@ -103,26 +137,29 @@ class ResultParser:
                     sep_count = len(tabbed) - 1
                     if sep_count == 0:
                         sep_count = 1
-                    for i in range(sep_count-1):
-                        row.append('')
-                    l = l[len(intra):]
+                    for _ in range(sep_count - 1):
+                        row.append("")
+                    line = line[len(intra) :]
                 else:
                     raise BenchmarkResultException(
-                        'Invalid TSV line', f"{l_in} at {l}")
+                        "Invalid TSV line", f"{line_in} at {line}"
+                    )
         return row
 
     def parse(self, lines):
-        '''Parse something that iterates lines'''
+        """Parse something that iterates lines"""
         rows = [self.line(line) for line in lines if not self.ignore(line)]
         header = rows[0]
         width = len(header)
-        records = [{k: v for (k, v) in itertools.zip_longest(
-            header, row[:width])} for row in rows[1:]]
+        records = [
+            {k: v for (k, v) in itertools.zip_longest(header, row[:width])}
+            for row in rows[1:]
+        ]
         return records
 
 
 def load_report_from_tsv(filename: str):
-    file = open(filename, 'r')
+    file = open(filename, "r")
     contents = file.readlines()
     file.close()
     parser = ResultParser()
@@ -132,52 +169,70 @@ def load_report_from_tsv(filename: str):
 
 
 def push_report_to_opensearch(report, esdocument):
-    sanitized = [BenchmarkUtils.conform_opensearch(row)
-                 for row in report if BenchmarkUtils.sanity_check(row)]
-    logging.debug(f"upload {len(sanitized)} sane of {len(report)} benchmarks to opensearch")
+    sanitized = [
+        BenchmarkUtils.conform_opensearch(row)
+        for row in report
+        if BenchmarkUtils.sanity_check(row)
+    ]
+    logging.debug(
+        f"upload {len(sanitized)} sane of {len(report)} benchmarks to opensearch"
+    )
     for single_benchmark in sanitized:
         logging.debug(f"upload benchmark: {single_benchmark}")
         response = requests.post(
             esdocument,
-            json=single_benchmark, auth=(os.environ['ES_USER'], os.environ['ES_PASS']))
+            json=single_benchmark,
+            auth=(os.environ["ES_USER"], os.environ["ES_PASS"]),
+        )
         logging.debug(
-            f"Sent to OpenSearch, status: {response.status_code}, result: {response.text}")
+            f"Sent to OpenSearch, status: {response.status_code}, result: {response.text}"
+        )
         response.raise_for_status()
 
+
 def push_report_to_null(report):
-    
+
     for row in report:
         if BenchmarkUtils.sanity_check(row):
             logging.debug(f"row {row}")
             conformed = BenchmarkUtils.conform_opensearch(row)
             logging.debug(f"conformed row {conformed}")
 
+
 def main():
-    '''Tool for fetching, parsing and uploading benchmark results to OpenSearch / ElasticSearch
+    """Tool for fetching, parsing and uploading benchmark results to OpenSearch / ElasticSearch
     This tool will
 
     (1) Open a local tsv benchmark report file
     (2) Upload to OpenSearch document, via https/JSON
-    '''
+    """
 
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-        description='CircleCI benchmark scraper.')
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="CircleCI benchmark scraper.")
 
     # --tsvfile is the name of the file to read results from
     # --esdocument is the ElasticSearch document to push these results into
     #
-    parser.add_argument('--tsvfile', default='build_tools/circle_api_scraper_input.txt',
-                        help='File from which to read tsv report')
-    parser.add_argument('--esdocument', help='ElasticSearch/OpenSearch document URL to upload report into')
-    parser.add_argument('--upload', choices=['opensearch', 'none'], default='opensearch')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--tsvfile",
+        default="build_tools/circle_api_scraper_input.txt",
+        help="File from which to read tsv report",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--esdocument",
+        help="ElasticSearch/OpenSearch document URL to upload report into",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--upload", choices=["opensearch", "none"], default="opensearch"
+    )
 
     args = parser.parse_args()
     logging.debug(f"Arguments: {args}")
     reports = load_report_from_tsv(args.tsvfile)
-    if (args.upload == 'opensearch'):
+    if args.upload == "opensearch":
         push_report_to_opensearch(reports, args.esdocument)
     else:
         push_report_to_null(reports)
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     sys.exit(main())

build_tools/build_detect_platform

@@ -277,6 +277,7 @@ if [ "$CROSS_COMPILE" = "true" -o "$FBCODE_BUILD" = "true" ]; then
     if [ "$FBCODE_BUILD" = "true" ]; then
       # Enable backtrace on fbcode since the necessary libraries are present
       COMMON_FLAGS="$COMMON_FLAGS -DROCKSDB_BACKTRACE"
+      FOLLY_DIR="third-party/folly"
     fi
     true
 else
@@ -601,6 +602,17 @@ EOF
             PLATFORM_LDFLAGS="$PLATFORM_LDFLAGS -lbenchmark"
         fi
     fi
+    if test $USE_FOLLY; then
+        # Test whether libfolly library is installed
+        $CXX $PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS $COMMON_FLAGS -x c++ - -o /dev/null 2>/dev/null  <<EOF
+          #include <folly/synchronization/DistributedMutex.h>
+          int main() {}
+EOF
+        if [ "$?" != 0 ]; then
+          FOLLY_DIR="./third-party/folly"
+        fi
+    fi
+
 fi
 
 # TODO(tec): Fix -Wshorten-64-to-32 errors on FreeBSD and enable the warning.
@@ -827,6 +839,13 @@ fi
 
 rm -f test.o test_dl.o
 
+# Get the path for the folly installation dir
+if [ "$USE_FOLLY" ]; then
+  if [ "$FOLLY_DIR" ]; then
+    FOLLY_PATH=`cd $FOLLY_DIR && $PYTHON build/fbcode_builder/getdeps.py show-inst-dir folly`
+  fi
+fi
+
 PLATFORM_CCFLAGS="$PLATFORM_CCFLAGS $COMMON_FLAGS"
 PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS="$PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS $COMMON_FLAGS"
 
@@ -866,6 +885,8 @@ echo "CLANG_ANALYZER=$CLANG_ANALYZER" >> "$OUTPUT"
 echo "PROFILING_FLAGS=$PROFILING_FLAGS" >> "$OUTPUT"
 echo "FIND=$FIND" >> "$OUTPUT"
 echo "WATCH=$WATCH" >> "$OUTPUT"
+echo "FOLLY_PATH=$FOLLY_PATH" >> "$OUTPUT"
+
 # This will enable some related identifiers for the preprocessor
 if test -n "$JEMALLOC"; then
   echo "JEMALLOC=1" >> "$OUTPUT"

build_tools/dependencies_platform009.sh

@@ -19,8 +19,4 @@ BINUTILS_BASE=/mnt/gvfs/third-party2/binutils/08634589372fa5f237bfd374e8c644a836
 VALGRIND_BASE=/mnt/gvfs/third-party2/valgrind/6ae525939ad02e5e676855082fbbc7828dbafeac/3.15.0/platform009/7f3b187
 LUA_BASE=/mnt/gvfs/third-party2/lua/162efd9561a3d21f6869f4814011e9cf1b3ff4dc/5.3.4/platform009/a6271c4
 BENCHMARK_BASE=/mnt/gvfs/third-party2/benchmark/30bf49ad6414325e17f3425b0edcb64239427ae3/1.6.1/platform009/7f3b187
-BOOST_BASE=/mnt/gvfs/third-party2/boost/201b7d74941e54b436dfa364a063aa6d2cd7de4c/1.69.0/platform009/8a7ffdf
-GLOG_BASE=/mnt/gvfs/third-party2/glog/32d751bd5673375b438158717ab6a57c1cc57e3d/0.3.2_fb/platform009/10a364d/
-FMT_BASE=/mnt/gvfs/third-party2/fmt/ce0c25f67165f4d2c22a29b8ef50f5600d7873ca/6.1.1/platform009/7f3b187/
-DBL_CONV_BASE=/mnt/gvfs/third-party2/double_conversion/109b3d9696d71f1048678cd7da1e22505470543d/20141126/platform009/7f3b187/
-LIBEVENT_BASE=/mnt/gvfs/third-party2/libevent/4a4d3a79a76c2439b6bd471bf3586b3481dde75e/1.4.14b_hphp/platform009/7f3b187/
+GLOG_BASE=/mnt/gvfs/third-party2/glog/32d751bd5673375b438158717ab6a57c1cc57e3d/0.3.2_fb/platform009/10a364d

build_tools/error_filter.py

@@ -3,16 +3,13 @@
 #  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
 #  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
 
-'''Filter for error messages in test output:
+"""Filter for error messages in test output:
     - Receives merged stdout/stderr from test on stdin
     - Finds patterns of known error messages for test name (first argument)
     - Prints those error messages to stdout
-'''
+"""
 
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import division
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import re
 import sys
@@ -20,23 +17,24 @@ import sys
 
 class ErrorParserBase(object):
     def parse_error(self, line):
-        '''Parses a line of test output. If it contains an error, returns a
+        """Parses a line of test output. If it contains an error, returns a
         formatted message describing the error; otherwise, returns None.
         Subclasses must override this method.
-        '''
+        """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
 
 class GTestErrorParser(ErrorParserBase):
-    '''A parser that remembers the last test that began running so it can print
+    """A parser that remembers the last test that began running so it can print
     that test's name upon detecting failure.
-    '''
-    _GTEST_NAME_PATTERN = re.compile(r'\[ RUN      \] (\S+)$')
+    """
+
+    _GTEST_NAME_PATTERN = re.compile(r"\[ RUN      \] (\S+)$")
     # format: '<filename or "unknown file">:<line #>: Failure'
-    _GTEST_FAIL_PATTERN = re.compile(r'(unknown file|\S+:\d+): Failure$')
+    _GTEST_FAIL_PATTERN = re.compile(r"(unknown file|\S+:\d+): Failure$")
 
     def __init__(self):
-        self._last_gtest_name = 'Unknown test'
+        self._last_gtest_name = "Unknown test"
 
     def parse_error(self, line):
         gtest_name_match = self._GTEST_NAME_PATTERN.match(line)
@@ -45,14 +43,13 @@ class GTestErrorParser(ErrorParserBase):
             return None
         gtest_fail_match = self._GTEST_FAIL_PATTERN.match(line)
         if gtest_fail_match:
-            return '%s failed: %s' % (
-                    self._last_gtest_name, gtest_fail_match.group(1))
+            return "%s failed: %s" % (self._last_gtest_name, gtest_fail_match.group(1))
         return None
 
 
 class MatchErrorParser(ErrorParserBase):
-    '''A simple parser that returns the whole line if it matches the pattern.
-    '''
+    """A simple parser that returns the whole line if it matches the pattern."""
+
     def __init__(self, pattern):
         self._pattern = re.compile(pattern)
 
@@ -69,97 +66,104 @@ class CompilerErrorParser(MatchErrorParser):
         # format (link error):
         #   '<filename>:<line #>: error: <error msg>'
         # The below regex catches both
-        super(CompilerErrorParser, self).__init__(r'\S+:\d+: error:')
+        super(CompilerErrorParser, self).__init__(r"\S+:\d+: error:")
 
 
 class ScanBuildErrorParser(MatchErrorParser):
     def __init__(self):
-        super(ScanBuildErrorParser, self).__init__(
-                r'scan-build: \d+ bugs found.$')
+        super(ScanBuildErrorParser, self).__init__(r"scan-build: \d+ bugs found.$")
 
 
 class DbCrashErrorParser(MatchErrorParser):
     def __init__(self):
-        super(DbCrashErrorParser, self).__init__(r'\*\*\*.*\^$|TEST FAILED.')
+        super(DbCrashErrorParser, self).__init__(r"\*\*\*.*\^$|TEST FAILED.")
 
 
 class WriteStressErrorParser(MatchErrorParser):
     def __init__(self):
         super(WriteStressErrorParser, self).__init__(
-                r'ERROR: write_stress died with exitcode=\d+')
+            r"ERROR: write_stress died with exitcode=\d+"
+        )
 
 
 class AsanErrorParser(MatchErrorParser):
     def __init__(self):
-        super(AsanErrorParser, self).__init__(
-                r'==\d+==ERROR: AddressSanitizer:')
+        super(AsanErrorParser, self).__init__(r"==\d+==ERROR: AddressSanitizer:")
 
 
 class UbsanErrorParser(MatchErrorParser):
     def __init__(self):
         # format: '<filename>:<line #>:<column #>: runtime error: <error msg>'
-        super(UbsanErrorParser, self).__init__(r'\S+:\d+:\d+: runtime error:')
+        super(UbsanErrorParser, self).__init__(r"\S+:\d+:\d+: runtime error:")
 
 
 class ValgrindErrorParser(MatchErrorParser):
     def __init__(self):
         # just grab the summary, valgrind doesn't clearly distinguish errors
         # from other log messages.
-        super(ValgrindErrorParser, self).__init__(r'==\d+== ERROR SUMMARY:')
+        super(ValgrindErrorParser, self).__init__(r"==\d+== ERROR SUMMARY:")
 
 
 class CompatErrorParser(MatchErrorParser):
     def __init__(self):
-        super(CompatErrorParser, self).__init__(r'==== .*[Ee]rror.* ====$')
+        super(CompatErrorParser, self).__init__(r"==== .*[Ee]rror.* ====$")
 
 
 class TsanErrorParser(MatchErrorParser):
     def __init__(self):
-        super(TsanErrorParser, self).__init__(r'WARNING: ThreadSanitizer:')
+        super(TsanErrorParser, self).__init__(r"WARNING: ThreadSanitizer:")
 
 
 _TEST_NAME_TO_PARSERS = {
-    'punit': [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
-    'unit': [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
-    'release': [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
-    'unit_481': [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
-    'release_481': [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
-    'clang_unit': [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
-    'clang_release': [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
-    'clang_analyze': [CompilerErrorParser, ScanBuildErrorParser],
-    'code_cov': [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
-    'unity': [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
-    'lite': [CompilerErrorParser],
-    'lite_test': [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
-    'stress_crash': [CompilerErrorParser, DbCrashErrorParser],
-    'stress_crash_with_atomic_flush': [CompilerErrorParser, DbCrashErrorParser],
-    'stress_crash_with_txn': [CompilerErrorParser, DbCrashErrorParser],
-    'write_stress': [CompilerErrorParser, WriteStressErrorParser],
-    'asan': [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser, AsanErrorParser],
-    'asan_crash': [CompilerErrorParser, AsanErrorParser, DbCrashErrorParser],
-    'asan_crash_with_atomic_flush': [CompilerErrorParser, AsanErrorParser, DbCrashErrorParser],
-    'asan_crash_with_txn': [CompilerErrorParser, AsanErrorParser, DbCrashErrorParser],
-    'ubsan': [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser, UbsanErrorParser],
-    'ubsan_crash': [CompilerErrorParser, UbsanErrorParser, DbCrashErrorParser],
-    'ubsan_crash_with_atomic_flush': [CompilerErrorParser, UbsanErrorParser, DbCrashErrorParser],
-    'ubsan_crash_with_txn': [CompilerErrorParser, UbsanErrorParser, DbCrashErrorParser],
-    'valgrind': [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser, ValgrindErrorParser],
-    'tsan': [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser, TsanErrorParser],
-    'format_compatible': [CompilerErrorParser, CompatErrorParser],
-    'run_format_compatible': [CompilerErrorParser, CompatErrorParser],
-    'no_compression': [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
-    'run_no_compression': [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
-    'regression': [CompilerErrorParser],
-    'run_regression': [CompilerErrorParser],
+    "punit": [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
+    "unit": [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
+    "release": [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
+    "unit_481": [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
+    "release_481": [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
+    "clang_unit": [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
+    "clang_release": [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
+    "clang_analyze": [CompilerErrorParser, ScanBuildErrorParser],
+    "code_cov": [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
+    "unity": [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
+    "lite": [CompilerErrorParser],
+    "lite_test": [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
+    "stress_crash": [CompilerErrorParser, DbCrashErrorParser],
+    "stress_crash_with_atomic_flush": [CompilerErrorParser, DbCrashErrorParser],
+    "stress_crash_with_txn": [CompilerErrorParser, DbCrashErrorParser],
+    "write_stress": [CompilerErrorParser, WriteStressErrorParser],
+    "asan": [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser, AsanErrorParser],
+    "asan_crash": [CompilerErrorParser, AsanErrorParser, DbCrashErrorParser],
+    "asan_crash_with_atomic_flush": [
+        CompilerErrorParser,
+        AsanErrorParser,
+        DbCrashErrorParser,
+    ],
+    "asan_crash_with_txn": [CompilerErrorParser, AsanErrorParser, DbCrashErrorParser],
+    "ubsan": [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser, UbsanErrorParser],
+    "ubsan_crash": [CompilerErrorParser, UbsanErrorParser, DbCrashErrorParser],
+    "ubsan_crash_with_atomic_flush": [
+        CompilerErrorParser,
+        UbsanErrorParser,
+        DbCrashErrorParser,
+    ],
+    "ubsan_crash_with_txn": [CompilerErrorParser, UbsanErrorParser, DbCrashErrorParser],
+    "valgrind": [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser, ValgrindErrorParser],
+    "tsan": [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser, TsanErrorParser],
+    "format_compatible": [CompilerErrorParser, CompatErrorParser],
+    "run_format_compatible": [CompilerErrorParser, CompatErrorParser],
+    "no_compression": [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
+    "run_no_compression": [CompilerErrorParser, GTestErrorParser],
+    "regression": [CompilerErrorParser],
+    "run_regression": [CompilerErrorParser],
 }
 
 
 def main():
     if len(sys.argv) != 2:
-        return 'Usage: %s <test name>' % sys.argv[0]
+        return "Usage: %s <test name>" % sys.argv[0]
     test_name = sys.argv[1]
     if test_name not in _TEST_NAME_TO_PARSERS:
-        return 'Unknown test name: %s' % test_name
+        return "Unknown test name: %s" % test_name
 
     error_parsers = []
     for parser_cls in _TEST_NAME_TO_PARSERS[test_name]:
@@ -173,5 +177,5 @@ def main():
                 print(error_msg)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     sys.exit(main())

build_tools/fbcode_config_platform009.sh

@@ -68,20 +68,9 @@ CFLAGS+=" -DGFLAGS=gflags"
 BENCHMARK_INCLUDE=" -I $BENCHMARK_BASE/include/"
 BENCHMARK_LIBS=" $BENCHMARK_BASE/lib/libbenchmark${MAYBE_PIC}.a"
 
-BOOST_INCLUDE=" -I $BOOST_BASE/include/"
-
 GLOG_INCLUDE=" -I $GLOG_BASE/include/"
 GLOG_LIBS=" $GLOG_BASE/lib/libglog${MAYBE_PIC}.a"
 
-FMT_INCLUDE=" -I $FMT_BASE/include/"
-FMT_LIBS=" $FMT_BASE/lib/libfmt${MAYBE_PIC}.a"
-
-DBL_CONV_INCLUDE=" -I $DBL_CONV_BASE/include/"
-DBL_CONV_LIBS=" $DBL_CONV_BASE/lib/libdouble-conversion${MAYBE_PIC}.a"
-
-LIBEVENT_INCLUDE=" -I $LIBEVENT_BASE/include/"
-LIBEVENT_LIBS=" $LIBEVENT_BASE/lib/libevent${MAYBE_PIC}.a"
-
 # location of jemalloc
 JEMALLOC_INCLUDE=" -I $JEMALLOC_BASE/include/"
 JEMALLOC_LIB=" $JEMALLOC_BASE/lib/libjemalloc${MAYBE_PIC}.a"
@@ -113,7 +102,7 @@ BINUTILS="$BINUTILS_BASE/bin"
 AR="$BINUTILS/ar"
 AS="$BINUTILS/as"
 
-DEPS_INCLUDE="$SNAPPY_INCLUDE $ZLIB_INCLUDE $BZIP_INCLUDE $LZ4_INCLUDE $ZSTD_INCLUDE $GFLAGS_INCLUDE $NUMA_INCLUDE $TBB_INCLUDE $LIBURING_INCLUDE $BENCHMARK_INCLUDE $BOOST_INCLUDE $GLOG_INCLUDE $FMT_INCLUDE $DBL_CONV_INCLUDE $LIBEVENT_INCLUDE"
+DEPS_INCLUDE="$SNAPPY_INCLUDE $ZLIB_INCLUDE $BZIP_INCLUDE $LZ4_INCLUDE $ZSTD_INCLUDE $GFLAGS_INCLUDE $NUMA_INCLUDE $TBB_INCLUDE $LIBURING_INCLUDE $BENCHMARK_INCLUDE $GLOG_INCLUDE"
 
 STDLIBS="-L $GCC_BASE/lib64"
 

build_tools/format-diff.sh

@@ -170,11 +170,6 @@ echo "$diffs" |
   sed -e "s/\(^-.*$\)/`echo -e \"$COLOR_RED\1$COLOR_END\"`/" |
   sed -e "s/\(^+.*$\)/`echo -e \"$COLOR_GREEN\1$COLOR_END\"`/"
 
-if [[ "$OPT" == *"-DTRAVIS"* ]]
-then
-  exit 1
-fi
-
 echo -e "Would you like to fix the format automatically (y/n): \c"
 
 # Make sure under any mode, we can read user input.

build_tools/gnu_parallel

@@ -1170,7 +1170,7 @@ sub parse_env_var {
     # Check if any variables contain \n
     if(my @v = map { s/BASH_FUNC_(.*)\(\)/$1/; $_ } grep { $ENV{$_}=~/\n/ } @vars) {
 	# \n is bad for csh and will cause it to fail.
-	$Global::envwarn = ::shell_quote_scalar(q{echo $SHELL | egrep "/t?csh" > /dev/null && echo CSH/TCSH DO NOT SUPPORT newlines IN VARIABLES/FUNCTIONS. Unset }."@v".q{ && exec false;}."\n\n") . $Global::envwarn;
+	$Global::envwarn = ::shell_quote_scalar(q{echo $SHELL | grep -E "/t?csh" > /dev/null && echo CSH/TCSH DO NOT SUPPORT newlines IN VARIABLES/FUNCTIONS. Unset }."@v".q{ && exec false;}."\n\n") . $Global::envwarn;
     }
 
     if(not @qcsh) { push @qcsh, "true"; }
@@ -1916,7 +1916,8 @@ sub drain_job_queue {
                 } elsif (not $ps_reported and (time() - $last_progress_time) >= 60) {
                     # No progress in at least 60 seconds: run ps
                     print $Global::original_stderr "\n";
-                    system("ps", "-wf");
+                    my $script_dir = ::dirname($0);
+                    system("$script_dir/ps_with_stack || ps -wwf");
                     $ps_reported = 1;
                 }
                 $last_left = $Global::left;

build_tools/ps_with_stack

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env perl
+
+use strict;
+
+open(my $ps, "-|", "ps -wwf");
+my $cols_known = 0;
+my $cmd_col = 0;
+my $pid_col = 0;
+while (<$ps>) {
+  print;
+  my @cols = split(/\s+/);
+
+  if (!$cols_known && /CMD/) {
+    # Parse relevant ps column headers
+    for (my $i = 0; $i <= $#cols; $i++) {
+      if ($cols[$i] eq "CMD") {
+        $cmd_col = $i;
+      }
+      if ($cols[$i] eq "PID") {
+        $pid_col = $i;
+      }
+    }
+    $cols_known = 1;
+  } else {
+    my $pid = $cols[$pid_col];
+    my $cmd = $cols[$cmd_col];
+    # Match numeric PID and relative path command
+    # -> The intention is only to dump stack traces for hangs in code under
+    # test, which means we probably just built it and are executing by
+    # relative path (e.g. ./my_test or foo/bar_test) rather then by absolute
+    # path (e.g. /usr/bin/time) or PATH search (e.g. grep).
+    if ($pid =~ /^[0-9]+$/ && $cmd =~ /^[^\/ ]+[\/]/) {
+      print "Dumping stacks for $pid...\n";
+      system("pstack $pid || gdb -batch -p $pid -ex 'thread apply all bt'");
+    }
+  }
+}
+close $ps;

build_tools/ubuntu20_image/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# from official ubuntu 20.04
+FROM ubuntu:20.04
+# update system
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get upgrade -y
+# install basic tools
+RUN apt-get install -y vim wget curl
+# install tzdata noninteractive
+RUN DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive TZ=Etc/UTC apt-get -y install tzdata
+# install git and default compilers
+RUN apt-get install -y git gcc g++ clang clang-tools
+# install basic package
+RUN apt-get install -y lsb-release software-properties-common gnupg
+# install gflags, tbb
+RUN apt-get install -y libgflags-dev libtbb-dev
+# install compression libs
+RUN apt-get install -y libsnappy-dev zlib1g-dev libbz2-dev liblz4-dev libzstd-dev
+# install cmake
+RUN apt-get install -y cmake
+RUN apt-get install -y libssl-dev
+# install clang-13
+WORKDIR /root
+RUN wget https://apt.llvm.org/llvm.sh
+RUN chmod +x llvm.sh
+RUN ./llvm.sh 13 all
+# install gcc-7, 8, 10, 11, default is 9
+RUN apt-get install -y gcc-7 g++-7
+RUN apt-get install -y gcc-8 g++-8
+RUN apt-get install -y gcc-10 g++-10
+RUN add-apt-repository -y ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test
+RUN apt-get install -y gcc-11 g++-11
+# install apt-get install -y valgrind
+RUN apt-get install -y valgrind
+# install folly depencencies
+RUN apt-get install -y libgoogle-glog-dev
+# install openjdk 8
+RUN apt-get install -y openjdk-8-jdk
+ENV JAVA_HOME /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.8.0-openjdk-amd64
+# install mingw
+RUN apt-get install -y mingw-w64
+
+# install gtest-parallel package
+RUN git clone --single-branch --branch master --depth 1 https://github.com/google/gtest-parallel.git ~/gtest-parallel
+ENV PATH $PATH:/root/gtest-parallel
+
+# install libprotobuf for fuzzers test
+RUN apt-get install -y ninja-build binutils liblzma-dev libz-dev pkg-config autoconf libtool
+RUN git clone --branch v1.0 https://github.com/google/libprotobuf-mutator.git ~/libprotobuf-mutator && cd ~/libprotobuf-mutator && git checkout ffd86a32874e5c08a143019aad1aaf0907294c9f && mkdir build && cd build && cmake .. -GNinja -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=clang-13 -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++-13 -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DLIB_PROTO_MUTATOR_DOWNLOAD_PROTOBUF=ON && ninja && ninja install
+ENV PKG_CONFIG_PATH /usr/local/OFF/:/root/libprotobuf-mutator/build/external.protobuf/lib/pkgconfig/
+ENV PROTOC_BIN /root/libprotobuf-mutator/build/external.protobuf/bin/protoc
+
+# install the latest google benchmark
+RUN git clone --depth 1 --branch v1.7.0 https://github.com/google/benchmark.git ~/benchmark
+RUN cd ~/benchmark && mkdir build && cd build && cmake .. -GNinja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DBENCHMARK_ENABLE_GTEST_TESTS=0 && ninja && ninja install
+
+# clean up
+RUN rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+RUN rm -rf /root/benchmark

cache/cache.cc

@@ -33,6 +33,10 @@ static std::unordered_map<std::string, OptionTypeInfo>
          {offsetof(struct LRUCacheOptions, high_pri_pool_ratio),
           OptionType::kDouble, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
           OptionTypeFlags::kMutable}},
+        {"low_pri_pool_ratio",
+         {offsetof(struct LRUCacheOptions, low_pri_pool_ratio),
+          OptionType::kDouble, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
+          OptionTypeFlags::kMutable}},
 };
 
 static std::unordered_map<std::string, OptionTypeInfo>
@@ -54,6 +58,11 @@ static std::unordered_map<std::string, OptionTypeInfo>
                    compress_format_version),
           OptionType::kUInt32T, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
           OptionTypeFlags::kMutable}},
+        {"enable_custom_split_merge",
+         {offsetof(struct CompressedSecondaryCacheOptions,
+                   enable_custom_split_merge),
+          OptionType::kBoolean, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
+          OptionTypeFlags::kMutable}},
 };
 #endif  // ROCKSDB_LITE
 

cache/cache_bench_tool.cc

@@ -13,8 +13,6 @@
 #include <set>
 #include <sstream>
 
-#include "cache/clock_cache.h"
-#include "cache/fast_lru_cache.h"
 #include "db/db_impl/db_impl.h"
 #include "monitoring/histogram.h"
 #include "port/port.h"
@@ -74,6 +72,11 @@ DEFINE_uint32(
 DEFINE_uint32(gather_stats_entries_per_lock, 256,
               "For Cache::ApplyToAllEntries");
 DEFINE_bool(skewed, false, "If true, skew the key access distribution");
+
+DEFINE_bool(lean, false,
+            "If true, no additional computation is performed besides cache "
+            "operations.");
+
 #ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
 DEFINE_string(secondary_cache_uri, "",
               "Full URI for creating a custom secondary cache object");
@@ -109,6 +112,8 @@ DEFINE_uint32(
     "(-stress_cache_key) Simulated file size in MiB, for accounting purposes");
 DEFINE_uint32(sck_reopen_nfiles, 100,
               "(-stress_cache_key) Simulate DB re-open average every n files");
+DEFINE_uint32(sck_newdb_nreopen, 1000,
+              "(-stress_cache_key) Simulate new DB average every n re-opens");
 DEFINE_uint32(sck_restarts_per_day, 24,
               "(-stress_cache_key) Average simulated process restarts per day "
               "(across DBs)");
@@ -285,19 +290,16 @@ class CacheBench {
     }
 
     if (FLAGS_cache_type == "clock_cache") {
-      cache_ = ExperimentalNewClockCache(
-          FLAGS_cache_size, FLAGS_value_bytes, FLAGS_num_shard_bits,
-          false /*strict_capacity_limit*/, kDefaultCacheMetadataChargePolicy);
-      if (!cache_) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Clock cache not supported.\n");
-        exit(1);
-      }
-    } else if (FLAGS_cache_type == "fast_lru_cache") {
-      cache_ = NewFastLRUCache(
-          FLAGS_cache_size, FLAGS_value_bytes, FLAGS_num_shard_bits,
-          false /*strict_capacity_limit*/, kDefaultCacheMetadataChargePolicy);
+      fprintf(stderr, "Old clock cache implementation has been removed.\n");
+      exit(1);
+    } else if (FLAGS_cache_type == "hyper_clock_cache") {
+      cache_ = HyperClockCacheOptions(FLAGS_cache_size, FLAGS_value_bytes,
+                                      FLAGS_num_shard_bits)
+                   .MakeSharedCache();
     } else if (FLAGS_cache_type == "lru_cache") {
-      LRUCacheOptions opts(FLAGS_cache_size, FLAGS_num_shard_bits, false, 0.5);
+      LRUCacheOptions opts(FLAGS_cache_size, FLAGS_num_shard_bits,
+                           false /* strict_capacity_limit */,
+                           0.5 /* high_pri_pool_ratio */);
 #ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
       if (!FLAGS_secondary_cache_uri.empty()) {
         Status s = SecondaryCache::CreateFromString(
@@ -432,6 +434,8 @@ class CacheBench {
     uint64_t total_key_size = 0;
     uint64_t total_charge = 0;
     uint64_t total_entry_count = 0;
+    uint64_t table_occupancy = 0;
+    uint64_t table_size = 0;
     std::set<Cache::DeleterFn> deleters;
     StopWatchNano timer(clock);
 
@@ -447,6 +451,9 @@ class CacheBench {
             std::ostringstream ostr;
             ostr << "Most recent cache entry stats:\n"
                  << "Number of entries: " << total_entry_count << "\n"
+                 << "Table occupancy: " << table_occupancy << " / "
+                 << table_size << " = "
+                 << (100.0 * table_occupancy / table_size) << "%\n"
                  << "Total charge: " << BytesToHumanString(total_charge) << "\n"
                  << "Average key size: "
                  << (1.0 * total_key_size / total_entry_count) << "\n"
@@ -483,6 +490,8 @@ class CacheBench {
       Cache::ApplyToAllEntriesOptions opts;
       opts.average_entries_per_lock = FLAGS_gather_stats_entries_per_lock;
       shared->GetCacheBench()->cache_->ApplyToAllEntries(fn, opts);
+      table_occupancy = shared->GetCacheBench()->cache_->GetOccupancyCount();
+      table_size = shared->GetCacheBench()->cache_->GetTableAddressCount();
       stats_hist->Add(timer.ElapsedNanos() / 1000);
     }
   }
@@ -522,7 +531,6 @@ class CacheBench {
     StopWatchNano timer(clock);
 
     for (uint64_t i = 0; i < FLAGS_ops_per_thread; i++) {
-      timer.Start();
       Slice key = gen.GetRand(thread->rnd, max_key_, max_log_);
       uint64_t random_op = thread->rnd.Next();
       Cache::CreateCallback create_cb = [](const void* buf, size_t size,
@@ -534,6 +542,8 @@ class CacheBench {
         return Status::OK();
       };
 
+      timer.Start();
+
       if (random_op < lookup_insert_threshold_) {
         if (handle) {
           cache_->Release(handle);
@@ -543,9 +553,11 @@ class CacheBench {
         handle = cache_->Lookup(key, &helper2, create_cb, Cache::Priority::LOW,
                                 true);
         if (handle) {
-          // do something with the data
-          result += NPHash64(static_cast<char*>(cache_->Value(handle)),
-                             FLAGS_value_bytes);
+          if (!FLAGS_lean) {
+            // do something with the data
+            result += NPHash64(static_cast<char*>(cache_->Value(handle)),
+                               FLAGS_value_bytes);
+          }
         } else {
           // do insert
           Status s = cache_->Insert(key, createValue(thread->rnd), &helper2,
@@ -570,9 +582,11 @@ class CacheBench {
         handle = cache_->Lookup(key, &helper2, create_cb, Cache::Priority::LOW,
                                 true);
         if (handle) {
-          // do something with the data
-          result += NPHash64(static_cast<char*>(cache_->Value(handle)),
-                             FLAGS_value_bytes);
+          if (!FLAGS_lean) {
+            // do something with the data
+            result += NPHash64(static_cast<char*>(cache_->Value(handle)),
+                               FLAGS_value_bytes);
+          }
         }
       } else if (random_op < erase_threshold_) {
         // do erase
@@ -770,7 +784,7 @@ class StressCacheKey {
 
   void RunOnce() {
     // Re-initialized simulated state
-    const size_t db_count = FLAGS_sck_db_count;
+    const size_t db_count = std::max(size_t{FLAGS_sck_db_count}, size_t{1});
     dbs_.reset(new TableProperties[db_count]{});
     const size_t table_mask = (size_t{1} << FLAGS_sck_table_bits) - 1;
     table_.reset(new uint64_t[table_mask + 1]{});
@@ -787,13 +801,13 @@ class StressCacheKey {
 
     process_count_ = 0;
     session_count_ = 0;
-    ResetProcess();
+    newdb_count_ = 0;
+    ResetProcess(/*newdbs*/ true);
 
     Random64 r{std::random_device{}()};
 
     uint64_t max_file_count =
         uint64_t{FLAGS_sck_files_per_day} * FLAGS_sck_days_per_run;
-    uint64_t file_size = FLAGS_sck_file_size_mb * uint64_t{1024} * 1024U;
     uint32_t report_count = 0;
     uint32_t collisions_this_run = 0;
     size_t db_i = 0;
@@ -806,9 +820,9 @@ class StressCacheKey {
       }
       // Any other periodic actions before simulating next file
       if (!FLAGS_sck_footer_unique_id && r.OneIn(FLAGS_sck_reopen_nfiles)) {
-        ResetSession(db_i);
+        ResetSession(db_i, /*newdb*/ r.OneIn(FLAGS_sck_newdb_nreopen));
       } else if (r.OneIn(restart_nfiles_)) {
-        ResetProcess();
+        ResetProcess(/*newdbs*/ false);
       }
       // Simulate next file
       OffsetableCacheKey ock;
@@ -821,8 +835,7 @@ class StressCacheKey {
       }
       bool is_stable;
       BlockBasedTable::SetupBaseCacheKey(&dbs_[db_i], /* ignored */ "",
-                                         /* ignored */ 42, file_size, &ock,
-                                         &is_stable);
+                                         /* ignored */ 42, &ock, &is_stable);
       assert(is_stable);
       // Get a representative cache key, which later we analytically generalize
       // to a range.
@@ -832,13 +845,11 @@ class StressCacheKey {
         reduced_key = GetSliceHash64(ck.AsSlice()) >> shift_away;
       } else if (FLAGS_sck_footer_unique_id) {
         // Special case: keep only file number, not session counter
-        uint32_t a = DecodeFixed32(ck.AsSlice().data() + 4) >> shift_away_a;
-        uint32_t b = DecodeFixed32(ck.AsSlice().data() + 12) >> shift_away_b;
-        reduced_key = (uint64_t{a} << 32) + b;
+        reduced_key = DecodeFixed64(ck.AsSlice().data()) >> shift_away;
       } else {
         // Try to keep file number and session counter (shift away other bits)
         uint32_t a = DecodeFixed32(ck.AsSlice().data()) << shift_away_a;
-        uint32_t b = DecodeFixed32(ck.AsSlice().data() + 12) >> shift_away_b;
+        uint32_t b = DecodeFixed32(ck.AsSlice().data() + 4) >> shift_away_b;
         reduced_key = (uint64_t{a} << 32) + b;
       }
       if (reduced_key == 0) {
@@ -860,7 +871,7 @@ class StressCacheKey {
         // Our goal is to predict probability of no collisions, not expected
         // number of collisions. To make the distinction, we have to get rid
         // of observing correlated collisions, which this takes care of:
-        ResetProcess();
+        ResetProcess(/*newdbs*/ false);
       } else {
         // Replace (end of lifetime for file that was in this slot)
         table_[pos] = reduced_key;
@@ -878,10 +889,11 @@ class StressCacheKey {
         }
         // Report
         printf(
-            "%" PRIu64 " days, %" PRIu64 " proc, %" PRIu64
-            " sess, %u coll, occ %g%%, ejected %g%%   \r",
+            "%" PRIu64 " days, %" PRIu64 " proc, %" PRIu64 " sess, %" PRIu64
+            " newdb, %u coll, occ %g%%, ejected %g%%      \r",
             file_count / FLAGS_sck_files_per_day, process_count_,
-            session_count_, collisions_this_run, 100.0 * sampled_count / 1000.0,
+            session_count_, newdb_count_ - FLAGS_sck_db_count,
+            collisions_this_run, 100.0 * sampled_count / 1000.0,
             100.0 * (1.0 - sampled_count / 1000.0 * table_mask / file_count));
         fflush(stdout);
       }
@@ -889,16 +901,27 @@ class StressCacheKey {
     collisions_ += collisions_this_run;
   }
 
-  void ResetSession(size_t i) {
+  void ResetSession(size_t i, bool newdb) {
     dbs_[i].db_session_id = DBImpl::GenerateDbSessionId(nullptr);
+    if (newdb) {
+      ++newdb_count_;
+      if (FLAGS_sck_footer_unique_id) {
+        // Simulate how footer id would behave
+        dbs_[i].db_id = "none";
+      } else {
+        // db_id might be ignored, depending on the implementation details
+        dbs_[i].db_id = std::to_string(newdb_count_);
+        dbs_[i].orig_file_number = 0;
+      }
+    }
     session_count_++;
   }
 
-  void ResetProcess() {
+  void ResetProcess(bool newdbs) {
     process_count_++;
     DBImpl::TEST_ResetDbSessionIdGen();
     for (size_t i = 0; i < FLAGS_sck_db_count; ++i) {
-      ResetSession(i);
+      ResetSession(i, newdbs);
     }
     if (FLAGS_sck_footer_unique_id) {
       // For footer unique ID, this tracks process-wide generated SST file
@@ -913,6 +936,7 @@ class StressCacheKey {
   std::unique_ptr<uint64_t[]> table_;
   uint64_t process_count_ = 0;
   uint64_t session_count_ = 0;
+  uint64_t newdb_count_ = 0;
   uint64_t collisions_ = 0;
   uint32_t restart_nfiles_ = 0;
   double multiplier_ = 0.0;

cache/cache_entry_roles.cc

@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ std::array<std::string, kNumCacheEntryRoles> kCacheEntryRoleToCamelString{{
     "FilterConstruction",
     "BlockBasedTableReader",
     "FileMetadata",
+    "BlobValue",
+    "BlobCache",
     "Misc",
 }};
 
@@ -38,6 +40,8 @@ std::array<std::string, kNumCacheEntryRoles> kCacheEntryRoleToHyphenString{{
     "filter-construction",
     "block-based-table-reader",
     "file-metadata",
+    "blob-value",
+    "blob-cache",
     "misc",
 }};
 

cache/cache_key.cc

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
 
 // Value space plan for CacheKey:
 //
-// session_etc64_ | offset_etc64_ | Only generated by
+// file_num_etc64_ | offset_etc64_ | Only generated by
 // ---------------+---------------+------------------------------------------
 //              0 |             0 | Reserved for "empty" CacheKey()
 //              0 |  > 0, < 1<<63 | CreateUniqueForCacheLifetime
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ CacheKey CacheKey::CreateUniqueForProcessLifetime() {
   return CacheKey(0, id);
 }
 
-// Value plan for CacheKeys from OffsetableCacheKey, assuming that
+// How we generate CacheKeys and base OffsetableCacheKey, assuming that
 // db_session_ids are generated from a base_session_id and
 // session_id_counter (by SemiStructuredUniqueIdGen+EncodeSessionId
 // in DBImpl::GenerateDbSessionId):
@@ -56,63 +56,108 @@ CacheKey CacheKey::CreateUniqueForProcessLifetime() {
 //   base_session_id         (unstructured, from GenerateRawUniqueId)
 //   session_id_counter      (structured)
 //                           * usually much smaller than 2**24
-//   file_number             (structured)
+//   orig_file_number        (structured)
 //                           * usually smaller than 2**24
 //   offset_in_file          (structured, might skip lots of values)
 //                           * usually smaller than 2**32
-//   max_offset              determines placement of file_number to prevent
-//                           overlapping with offset
 //
-// Outputs come from bitwise-xor of the constituent pieces, low bits on left:
+// Overall approach (see https://github.com/pdillinger/unique_id for
+// background):
 //
-// |------------------------- session_etc64 -------------------------|
-// | +++++++++++++++ base_session_id (lower 64 bits) +++++++++++++++ |
+// First, we have three "structured" values, up to 64 bits each, that we
+// need to fit, without losses, into 128 bits. In practice, the values will
+// be small enough that they should fit. For example, applications generating
+// large SST files (large offsets) will naturally produce fewer files (small
+// file numbers). But we don't know ahead of time what bounds the values will
+// have.
+//
+// Second, we have unstructured inputs that enable distinct RocksDB processes
+// to pick a random point in space, likely very different from others. Xoring
+// the structured with the unstructured give us a cache key that is
+// structurally distinct between related keys (e.g. same file or same RocksDB
+// process) and distinct with high probability between unrelated keys.
+//
+// The problem of packing three structured values into the space for two is
+// complicated by the fact that we want to derive cache keys from SST unique
+// IDs, which have already combined structured and unstructured inputs in a
+// practically inseparable way. And we want a base cache key that works
+// with an offset of any size. So basically, we need to encode these three
+// structured values, each up to 64 bits, into 128 bits without knowing any
+// of their sizes. The DownwardInvolution() function gives us a mechanism to
+// accomplish this. (See its properties in math.h.) Specifically, for inputs
+// a, b, and c:
+//   lower64 = DownwardInvolution(a) ^ ReverseBits(b);
+//   upper64 = c ^ ReverseBits(a);
+// The 128-bit output is unique assuming there exist some i, j, and k
+// where a < 2**i, b < 2**j, c < 2**k, i <= 64, j <= 64, k <= 64, and
+// i + j + k <= 128. In other words, as long as there exist some bounds
+// that would allow us to pack the bits of a, b, and c into the output
+// if we know the bound, we can generate unique outputs without knowing
+// those bounds. To validate this claim, the inversion function (given
+// the bounds) has been implemented in CacheKeyDecoder in
+// db_block_cache_test.cc.
+//
+// With that in mind, the outputs in terms of the conceptual inputs look
+// like this, using bitwise-xor of the constituent pieces, low bits on left:
+//
+// |------------------------- file_num_etc64 -------------------------|
+// | +++++++++ base_session_id (lower 64 bits, involution) +++++++++ |
 // |-----------------------------------------------------------------|
-// | session_id_counter ...|                                         |
+// | session_id_counter (involution) ..... |                         |
 // |-----------------------------------------------------------------|
-// |                                               | ... file_number |
-// |                                               | overflow & meta |
-// |-----------------------------------------------------------------|
-//
-//
-// |------------------------- offset_etc64 --------------------------|
 // | hash of: ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ |
 // |  * base_session_id (upper ~39 bits)                             |
 // |  * db_id (~122 bits entropy)                                    |
 // |-----------------------------------------------------------------|
+// |                             | ..... orig_file_number (reversed) |
+// |-----------------------------------------------------------------|
+//
+//
+// |------------------------- offset_etc64 --------------------------|
+// | ++++++++++ base_session_id (lower 64 bits, reversed) ++++++++++ |
+// |-----------------------------------------------------------------|
+// |                           | ..... session_id_counter (reversed) |
+// |-----------------------------------------------------------------|
 // | offset_in_file ............... |                                |
 // |-----------------------------------------------------------------|
-// |                                              | file_number, 0-3 |
-// |                                              | lower bytes      |
-// |-----------------------------------------------------------------|
 //
-// Based on max_offset, a maximal number of bytes 0..3 is chosen for
-// including from lower bits of file_number in offset_etc64. The choice
-// is encoded in two bits of metadata going into session_etc64, though
-// the common case of 3 bytes is encoded as 0 so that session_etc64
-// is unmodified by file_number concerns in the common case.
+// Some oddities or inconveniences of this layout are due to deriving
+// the "base" cache key (without offset) from the SST unique ID (see
+// GetSstInternalUniqueId). Specifically,
+// * Lower 64 of base_session_id occurs in both output words (ok but
+//   weird)
+// * The inclusion of db_id is bad for the conditions under which we
+//   can guarantee uniqueness, but could be useful in some cases with
+//   few small files per process, to make up for db session id only having
+//   ~103 bits of entropy.
 //
-// There is nothing preventing "file number overflow & meta" from meeting
-// and overlapping with session_id_counter, but reaching such a case requires
-// an intractable combination of large file offsets (thus at least some large
-// files), large file numbers (thus large number of files generated), and
-// large number of session IDs generated in a single process. A trillion each
-// (2**40) of session ids, offsets, and file numbers comes to 120 bits.
-// With two bits of metadata and byte granularity, this is on the verge of
-// overlap, but even in the overlap case, it doesn't seem likely that
-// a file from billions of files or session ids ago will still be live
-// or cached.
+// In fact, if DB ids were not involved, we would be guaranteed unique
+// cache keys for files generated in a single process until total bits for
+// biggest session_id_counter, orig_file_number, and offset_in_file
+// reach 128 bits.
 //
-// In fact, if our SST files are all < 4TB (see
-// BlockBasedTable::kMaxFileSizeStandardEncoding), then SST files generated
-// in a single process are guaranteed to have unique cache keys, unless/until
-// number session ids * max file number = 2**86, e.g. 1 trillion DB::Open in
-// a single process and 64 trillion files generated. Even at that point, to
-// see a collision we would need a miraculous re-synchronization of session
-// id and file number, along with a live file or stale cache entry from
-// trillions of files ago.
+// With the DB id limitation, we only have nice guaranteed unique cache
+// keys for files generated in a single process until biggest
+// session_id_counter and offset_in_file reach combined 64 bits. This
+// is quite good in practice because we can have millions of DB Opens
+// with terabyte size SST files, or billions of DB Opens with gigabyte
+// size SST files.
 //
-// How https://github.com/pdillinger/unique_id applies here:
+// One of the considerations in the translation between existing SST unique
+// IDs and base cache keys is supporting better SST unique IDs in a future
+// format_version. If we use a process-wide file counter instead of
+// session counter and file numbers, we only need to combine two 64-bit values
+// instead of three. But we don't want to track unique ID versions in the
+// manifest, so we want to keep the same translation layer between SST unique
+// IDs and base cache keys, even with updated SST unique IDs. If the new
+// unique IDs put the file counter where the orig_file_number was, and
+// use no structured field where session_id_counter was, then our translation
+// layer works fine for two structured fields as well as three (for
+// compatibility). The small computation for the translation (one
+// DownwardInvolution(), two ReverseBits(), both ~log(64) instructions deep)
+// is negligible for computing as part of SST file reader open.
+//
+// More on how https://github.com/pdillinger/unique_id applies here:
 // Every bit of output always includes "unstructured" uniqueness bits and
 // often combines with "structured" uniqueness bits. The "unstructured" bits
 // change infrequently: only when we cannot guarantee our state tracking for
@@ -141,12 +186,11 @@ CacheKey CacheKey::CreateUniqueForProcessLifetime() {
 // 128 bits cache key size
 // - 55 <- ideal size for byte offsets + file numbers
 // -  2 <- bits for offsets and file numbers not exactly powers of two
-// -  2 <- bits for file number encoding metadata
 // +  2 <- bits saved not using byte offsets in BlockBasedTable::GetCacheKey
 // ----
-//   71 <- bits remaining for distinguishing session IDs
-// The probability of a collision in 71 bits of session ID data is less than
-// 1 in 2**(71 - (2 * 16)), or roughly 1 in a trillion. And this assumes all
+//   73 <- bits remaining for distinguishing session IDs
+// The probability of a collision in 73 bits of session ID data is less than
+// 1 in 2**(73 - (2 * 16)), or roughly 1 in a trillion. And this assumes all
 // data from the last 180 days is in cache for potential collision, and that
 // cache keys under each session id exhaustively cover the remaining 57 bits
 // while in reality they'll only cover a small fraction of it.
@@ -160,7 +204,7 @@ CacheKey CacheKey::CreateUniqueForProcessLifetime() {
 // Now suppose we have many DBs per host, say 2**10, with same host-wide write
 // rate and process/session lifetime. File numbers will be ~10 bits smaller
 // and we will have 2**10 times as many session IDs because of simultaneous
-// lifetimes. So now collision chance is less than 1 in 2**(81 - (2 * 26)),
+// lifetimes. So now collision chance is less than 1 in 2**(83 - (2 * 26)),
 // or roughly 1 in a billion.
 //
 // Suppose instead we generated random or hashed cache keys for each
@@ -176,17 +220,17 @@ CacheKey CacheKey::CreateUniqueForProcessLifetime() {
 // activity over many months, by making some pessimistic simplifying
 // assumptions. See class StressCacheKey in cache_bench_tool.cc for details.
 // Here is some sample output with
-// `./cache_bench -stress_cache_key -sck_keep_bits=40`:
+// `./cache_bench -stress_cache_key -sck_keep_bits=43`:
 //
 //   Total cache or DBs size: 32TiB  Writing 925.926 MiB/s or 76.2939TiB/day
-//   Multiply by 9.22337e+18 to correct for simulation losses (but still
+//   Multiply by 1.15292e+18 to correct for simulation losses (but still
 //   assume whole file cached)
 //
 // These come from default settings of 2.5M files per day of 32 MB each, and
-// `-sck_keep_bits=40` means that to represent a single file, we are only
-// keeping 40 bits of the 128-bit (base) cache key.  With file size of 2**25
-// contiguous keys (pessimistic), our simulation is about 2\*\*(128-40-25) or
-// about 9 billion billion times more prone to collision than reality.
+// `-sck_keep_bits=43` means that to represent a single file, we are only
+// keeping 43 bits of the 128-bit (base) cache key.  With file size of 2**25
+// contiguous keys (pessimistic), our simulation is about 2\*\*(128-43-25) or
+// about 1 billion billion times more prone to collision than reality.
 //
 // More default assumptions, relatively pessimistic:
 // * 100 DBs in same process (doesn't matter much)
@@ -194,49 +238,55 @@ CacheKey CacheKey::CreateUniqueForProcessLifetime() {
 // average every 100 files generated
 // * Restart process (all new session IDs unrelated to old) 24 times per day
 //
-// After enough data, we get a result at the end (-sck_keep_bits=40):
+// After enough data, we get a result at the end (-sck_keep_bits=43):
 //
-//   (keep 40 bits)  17 collisions after 2 x 90 days, est 10.5882 days between
-//                   (9.76592e+19 corrected)
+//   (keep 43 bits)  18 collisions after 2 x 90 days, est 10 days between
+//                   (1.15292e+19 corrected)
 //
 // If we believe the (pessimistic) simulation and the mathematical
-// extrapolation, we would need to run a billion machines all for 97 billion
+// extrapolation, we would need to run a billion machines all for 11 billion
 // days to expect a cache key collision. To help verify that our extrapolation
-// ("corrected") is robust, we can make our simulation more precise with
-// `-sck_keep_bits=41` and `42`, which takes more running time to get enough
+// ("corrected") is robust, we can make our simulation more precise by
+// increasing the "keep" bits, which takes more running time to get enough
 // collision data:
 //
-//   (keep 41 bits)  16 collisions after 4 x 90 days, est 22.5 days between
-//                   (1.03763e+20 corrected)
-//   (keep 42 bits)  19 collisions after 10 x 90 days, est 47.3684 days between
-//                   (1.09224e+20 corrected)
+//   (keep 44 bits)  16 collisions after 5 x 90 days, est 28.125 days between
+//                   (1.6213e+19 corrected)
+//   (keep 45 bits)  15 collisions after 7 x 90 days, est 42 days between
+//                   (1.21057e+19 corrected)
+//   (keep 46 bits)  15 collisions after 17 x 90 days, est 102 days between
+//                   (1.46997e+19 corrected)
+//   (keep 47 bits)  15 collisions after 49 x 90 days, est 294 days between
+//                   (2.11849e+19 corrected)
 //
-// The extrapolated prediction is very close. If anything, we might have some
-// very small losses of structured data (see class StressCacheKey in
-// cache_bench_tool.cc) leading to more accurate & more attractive prediction
-// with more bits kept.
+// The extrapolated prediction seems to be within noise (sampling error).
 //
 // With the `-sck_randomize` option, we can see that typical workloads like
 // above have lower collision probability than "random" cache keys (note:
-// offsets still non-randomized) by a modest amount (roughly 20x less collision
-// prone than random), which should make us reasonably comfortable even in
-// "degenerate" cases (e.g. repeatedly launch a process to generate 1 file
-// with SstFileWriter):
+// offsets still non-randomized) by a modest amount (roughly 2-3x less
+// collision prone than random), which should make us reasonably comfortable
+// even in "degenerate" cases (e.g. repeatedly launch a process to generate
+// one file with SstFileWriter):
 //
-//   (rand 40 bits) 197 collisions after 1 x 90 days, est 0.456853 days between
-//                  (4.21372e+18 corrected)
+//   (rand 43 bits) 22 collisions after 1 x 90 days, est 4.09091 days between
+//                  (4.7165e+18 corrected)
 //
-// We can see that with more frequent process restarts (all new session IDs),
-// we get closer to the "random" cache key performance:
+// We can see that with more frequent process restarts,
+// -sck_restarts_per_day=5000, which means more all-new session IDs, we get
+// closer to the "random" cache key performance:
 //
-//   (-sck_restarts_per_day=5000): 140 collisions after 1 x 90 days, ...
-//                  (5.92931e+18 corrected)
+// 15 collisions after 1 x 90 days, est 6 days between (6.91753e+18 corrected)
+//
+// And with less frequent process restarts and re-opens,
+// -sck_restarts_per_day=1 -sck_reopen_nfiles=1000, we get lower collision
+// probability:
+//
+// 18 collisions after 8 x 90 days, est 40 days between (4.61169e+19 corrected)
 //
 // Other tests have been run to validate other conditions behave as expected,
 // never behaving "worse than random" unless we start chopping off structured
 // data.
 //
-//
 // Conclusion: Even in extreme cases, rapidly burning through "all new" IDs
 // that only arise when a new process is started, the chance of any cache key
 // collisions in a giant fleet of machines is negligible. Especially when
@@ -249,96 +299,66 @@ CacheKey CacheKey::CreateUniqueForProcessLifetime() {
 // quantify) block cache corruptions, including collisions, should be added.
 OffsetableCacheKey::OffsetableCacheKey(const std::string &db_id,
                                        const std::string &db_session_id,
-                                       uint64_t file_number,
-                                       uint64_t max_offset) {
+                                       uint64_t file_number) {
+  UniqueId64x2 internal_id;
+  Status s = GetSstInternalUniqueId(db_id, db_session_id, file_number,
+                                    &internal_id, /*force=*/true);
+  assert(s.ok());
+  *this = FromInternalUniqueId(&internal_id);
+}
+
+OffsetableCacheKey OffsetableCacheKey::FromInternalUniqueId(UniqueIdPtr id) {
+  uint64_t session_lower = id.ptr[0];
+  uint64_t file_num_etc = id.ptr[1];
+
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-  max_offset_ = max_offset;
+  bool is_empty = session_lower == 0 && file_num_etc == 0;
 #endif
-  // Closely related to GetSstInternalUniqueId, but only need 128 bits and
-  // need to include an offset within the file.
-  // See also https://github.com/pdillinger/unique_id for background.
-  uint64_t session_upper = 0;  // Assignment to appease clang-analyze
-  uint64_t session_lower = 0;  // Assignment to appease clang-analyze
-  {
-    Status s = DecodeSessionId(db_session_id, &session_upper, &session_lower);
-    if (!s.ok()) {
-      // A reasonable fallback in case malformed
-      Hash2x64(db_session_id.data(), db_session_id.size(), &session_upper,
-               &session_lower);
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Hash the session upper (~39 bits entropy) and DB id (120+ bits entropy)
-  // for more global uniqueness entropy.
-  // (It is possible that many DBs descended from one common DB id are copied
-  // around and proliferate, in which case session id is critical, but it is
-  // more common for different DBs to have different DB ids.)
-  uint64_t db_hash = Hash64(db_id.data(), db_id.size(), session_upper);
-
-  // This establishes the db+session id part of the cache key.
-  //
-  // Exactly preserve (in common cases; see modifiers below) session lower to
-  // ensure that session ids generated during the same process lifetime are
-  // guaranteed unique.
-  //
-  // We put this first for CommonPrefixSlice(), so that a small-ish set of
-  // cache key prefixes to cover entries relevant to any DB.
-  session_etc64_ = session_lower;
-  // This provides extra entopy in case of different DB id or process
-  // generating a session id, but is also partly/variably obscured by
-  // file_number and offset (see below).
-  offset_etc64_ = db_hash;
-
-  // Into offset_etc64_ we are (eventually) going to pack & xor in an offset and
-  // a file_number, but we might need the file_number to overflow into
-  // session_etc64_. (There must only be one session_etc64_ value per
-  // file, and preferably shared among many files.)
-  //
-  // Figure out how many bytes of file_number we are going to be able to
-  // pack in with max_offset, though our encoding will only support packing
-  // in up to 3 bytes of file_number. (16M file numbers is enough for a new
-  // file number every second for half a year.)
-  int file_number_bytes_in_offset_etc =
-      (63 - FloorLog2(max_offset | 0x100000000U)) / 8;
-  int file_number_bits_in_offset_etc = file_number_bytes_in_offset_etc * 8;
-
-  // Assert two bits of metadata
-  assert(file_number_bytes_in_offset_etc >= 0 &&
-         file_number_bytes_in_offset_etc <= 3);
-  // Assert we couldn't have used a larger allowed number of bytes (shift
-  // would chop off bytes).
-  assert(file_number_bytes_in_offset_etc == 3 ||
-         (max_offset << (file_number_bits_in_offset_etc + 8) >>
-          (file_number_bits_in_offset_etc + 8)) != max_offset);
-
-  uint64_t mask = (uint64_t{1} << (file_number_bits_in_offset_etc)) - 1;
-  // Pack into high bits of etc so that offset can go in low bits of etc
-  // TODO: could be EndianSwapValue?
-  uint64_t offset_etc_modifier = ReverseBits(file_number & mask);
-  assert(offset_etc_modifier << file_number_bits_in_offset_etc == 0U);
-
-  // Overflow and 3 - byte count (likely both zero) go into session_id part
-  uint64_t session_etc_modifier =
-      (file_number >> file_number_bits_in_offset_etc << 2) |
-      static_cast<uint64_t>(3 - file_number_bytes_in_offset_etc);
-  // Packed into high bits to minimize interference with session id counter.
-  session_etc_modifier = ReverseBits(session_etc_modifier);
-
-  // Assert session_id part is only modified in extreme cases
-  assert(session_etc_modifier == 0 || file_number > /*3 bytes*/ 0xffffffU ||
-         max_offset > /*5 bytes*/ 0xffffffffffU);
-
-  // Xor in the modifiers
-  session_etc64_ ^= session_etc_modifier;
-  offset_etc64_ ^= offset_etc_modifier;
 
   // Although DBImpl guarantees (in recent versions) that session_lower is not
-  // zero, that's not entirely sufficient to guarantee that session_etc64_ is
+  // zero, that's not entirely sufficient to guarantee that file_num_etc64_ is
   // not zero (so that the 0 case can be used by CacheKey::CreateUnique*)
-  if (session_etc64_ == 0U) {
-    session_etc64_ = session_upper | 1U;
+  // However, if we are given an "empty" id as input, then we should produce
+  // "empty" as output.
+  // As a consequence, this function is only bijective assuming
+  // id[0] == 0 only if id[1] == 0.
+  if (session_lower == 0U) {
+    session_lower = file_num_etc;
   }
-  assert(session_etc64_ != 0);
+
+  // See comments above for how DownwardInvolution and ReverseBits
+  // make this function invertible under various assumptions.
+  OffsetableCacheKey rv;
+  rv.file_num_etc64_ =
+      DownwardInvolution(session_lower) ^ ReverseBits(file_num_etc);
+  rv.offset_etc64_ = ReverseBits(session_lower);
+
+  // Because of these transformations and needing to allow arbitrary
+  // offset (thus, second 64 bits of cache key might be 0), we need to
+  // make some correction to ensure the first 64 bits is not 0.
+  // Fortunately, the transformation ensures the second 64 bits is not 0
+  // for non-empty base key, so we can swap in the case one is 0 without
+  // breaking bijectivity (assuming condition above).
+  assert(is_empty || rv.offset_etc64_ > 0);
+  if (rv.file_num_etc64_ == 0) {
+    std::swap(rv.file_num_etc64_, rv.offset_etc64_);
+  }
+  assert(is_empty || rv.file_num_etc64_ > 0);
+  return rv;
+}
+
+// Inverse of FromInternalUniqueId (assuming file_num_etc64 == 0 only if
+// offset_etc64 == 0)
+UniqueId64x2 OffsetableCacheKey::ToInternalUniqueId() {
+  uint64_t a = file_num_etc64_;
+  uint64_t b = offset_etc64_;
+  if (b == 0) {
+    std::swap(a, b);
+  }
+  UniqueId64x2 rv;
+  rv[0] = ReverseBits(b);
+  rv[1] = ReverseBits(a ^ DownwardInvolution(rv[0]));
+  return rv;
 }
 
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

cache/cache_key.h

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 #include "rocksdb/rocksdb_namespace.h"
 #include "rocksdb/slice.h"
+#include "table/unique_id_impl.h"
 
 namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
 
@@ -33,10 +34,10 @@ class CacheKey {
  public:
   // For convenience, constructs an "empty" cache key that is never returned
   // by other means.
-  inline CacheKey() : session_etc64_(), offset_etc64_() {}
+  inline CacheKey() : file_num_etc64_(), offset_etc64_() {}
 
   inline bool IsEmpty() const {
-    return (session_etc64_ == 0) & (offset_etc64_ == 0);
+    return (file_num_etc64_ == 0) & (offset_etc64_ == 0);
   }
 
   // Use this cache key as a Slice (byte order is endianness-dependent)
@@ -59,9 +60,9 @@ class CacheKey {
 
  protected:
   friend class OffsetableCacheKey;
-  CacheKey(uint64_t session_etc64, uint64_t offset_etc64)
-      : session_etc64_(session_etc64), offset_etc64_(offset_etc64) {}
-  uint64_t session_etc64_;
+  CacheKey(uint64_t file_num_etc64, uint64_t offset_etc64)
+      : file_num_etc64_(file_num_etc64), offset_etc64_(offset_etc64) {}
+  uint64_t file_num_etc64_;
   uint64_t offset_etc64_;
 };
 
@@ -85,50 +86,58 @@ class OffsetableCacheKey : private CacheKey {
   inline OffsetableCacheKey() : CacheKey() {}
 
   // Constructs an OffsetableCacheKey with the given information about a file.
-  // max_offset is based on file size (see WithOffset) and is required here to
-  // choose an appropriate (sub-)encoding. This constructor never generates an
-  // "empty" base key.
+  // This constructor never generates an "empty" base key.
   OffsetableCacheKey(const std::string &db_id, const std::string &db_session_id,
-                     uint64_t file_number, uint64_t max_offset);
+                     uint64_t file_number);
+
+  // Creates an OffsetableCacheKey from an SST unique ID, so that cache keys
+  // can be derived from DB manifest data before reading the file from
+  // storage--so that every part of the file can potentially go in a persistent
+  // cache.
+  //
+  // Calling GetSstInternalUniqueId() on a db_id, db_session_id, and
+  // file_number and passing the result to this function produces the same
+  // base cache key as feeding those inputs directly to the constructor.
+  //
+  // This is a bijective transformation assuming either id is empty or
+  // lower 64 bits is non-zero:
+  // * Empty (all zeros) input -> empty (all zeros) output
+  // * Lower 64 input is non-zero -> lower 64 output (file_num_etc64_) is
+  //   non-zero
+  static OffsetableCacheKey FromInternalUniqueId(UniqueIdPtr id);
+
+  // This is the inverse transformation to the above, assuming either empty
+  // or lower 64 bits (file_num_etc64_) is non-zero. Perhaps only useful for
+  // testing.
+  UniqueId64x2 ToInternalUniqueId();
 
   inline bool IsEmpty() const {
-    bool result = session_etc64_ == 0;
+    bool result = file_num_etc64_ == 0;
     assert(!(offset_etc64_ > 0 && result));
     return result;
   }
 
-  // Construct a CacheKey for an offset within a file, which must be
-  // <= max_offset provided in constructor. An offset is not necessarily a
-  // byte offset if a smaller unique identifier of keyable offsets is used.
+  // Construct a CacheKey for an offset within a file. An offset is not
+  // necessarily a byte offset if a smaller unique identifier of keyable
+  // offsets is used.
   //
   // This class was designed to make this hot code extremely fast.
   inline CacheKey WithOffset(uint64_t offset) const {
     assert(!IsEmpty());
-    assert(offset <= max_offset_);
-    return CacheKey(session_etc64_, offset_etc64_ ^ offset);
+    return CacheKey(file_num_etc64_, offset_etc64_ ^ offset);
   }
 
-  // The "common prefix" is a shared prefix for all the returned CacheKeys,
-  // that also happens to usually be the same among many files in the same DB,
-  // so is efficient and highly accurate (not perfectly) for DB-specific cache
-  // dump selection (but not file-specific).
+  // The "common prefix" is a shared prefix for all the returned CacheKeys.
+  // It is specific to the file but the same for all offsets within the file.
   static constexpr size_t kCommonPrefixSize = 8;
   inline Slice CommonPrefixSlice() const {
-    static_assert(sizeof(session_etc64_) == kCommonPrefixSize,
+    static_assert(sizeof(file_num_etc64_) == kCommonPrefixSize,
                   "8 byte common prefix expected");
     assert(!IsEmpty());
-    assert(&this->session_etc64_ == static_cast<const void *>(this));
+    assert(&this->file_num_etc64_ == static_cast<const void *>(this));
 
     return Slice(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(this), kCommonPrefixSize);
   }
-
-  // For any max_offset <= this value, the same encoding scheme is guaranteed.
-  static constexpr uint64_t kMaxOffsetStandardEncoding = 0xffffffffffU;
-
- private:
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-  uint64_t max_offset_ = 0;
-#endif
 };
 
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

cache/cache_reservation_manager.cc

@@ -181,4 +181,5 @@ template class CacheReservationManagerImpl<CacheEntryRole::kFilterConstruction>;
 template class CacheReservationManagerImpl<CacheEntryRole::kMisc>;
 template class CacheReservationManagerImpl<CacheEntryRole::kWriteBuffer>;
 template class CacheReservationManagerImpl<CacheEntryRole::kFileMetadata>;
+template class CacheReservationManagerImpl<CacheEntryRole::kBlobCache>;
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

cache/cache_reservation_manager_test.cc

@@ -48,13 +48,13 @@ TEST_F(CacheReservationManagerTest, GenerateCacheKey) {
   // Next unique Cache key
   CacheKey ckey = CacheKey::CreateUniqueForCacheLifetime(cache.get());
   // Get to the underlying values
-  using PairU64 = std::array<uint64_t, 2>;
-  auto& ckey_pair = *reinterpret_cast<PairU64*>(&ckey);
+  uint64_t* ckey_data = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t*>(&ckey);
   // Back it up to the one used by CRM (using CacheKey implementation details)
-  ckey_pair[1]--;
+  ckey_data[1]--;
 
   // Specific key (subject to implementation details)
-  EXPECT_EQ(ckey_pair, PairU64({0, 2}));
+  EXPECT_EQ(ckey_data[0], 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(ckey_data[1], 2);
 
   Cache::Handle* handle = cache->Lookup(ckey.AsSlice());
   EXPECT_NE(handle, nullptr)
@@ -463,6 +463,7 @@ TEST(CacheReservationHandleTest, HandleTest) {
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::port::InstallStackTraceHandler();
   ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
   return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 }

cache/cache_test.cc

@@ -15,14 +15,17 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cache/clock_cache.h"
-#include "cache/fast_lru_cache.h"
 #include "cache/lru_cache.h"
 #include "port/stack_trace.h"
 #include "test_util/testharness.h"
 #include "util/coding.h"
 #include "util/string_util.h"
 
+// HyperClockCache only supports 16-byte keys, so some of the tests
+// originally written for LRUCache do not work on the other caches.
+// Those tests were adapted to use 16-byte keys. We kept the original ones.
+// TODO: Remove the original tests if they ever become unused.
+
 namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
 
 namespace {
@@ -58,17 +61,21 @@ int DecodeValue(void* v) {
   return static_cast<int>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(v));
 }
 
-const std::string kLRU = "lru";
-const std::string kClock = "clock";
-const std::string kFast = "fast";
+void DumbDeleter(const Slice& /*key*/, void* /*value*/) {}
 
-void dumbDeleter(const Slice& /*key*/, void* /*value*/) {}
-
-void eraseDeleter(const Slice& /*key*/, void* value) {
+void EraseDeleter1(const Slice& /*key*/, void* value) {
   Cache* cache = reinterpret_cast<Cache*>(value);
   cache->Erase("foo");
 }
 
+void EraseDeleter2(const Slice& /*key*/, void* value) {
+  Cache* cache = reinterpret_cast<Cache*>(value);
+  cache->Erase(EncodeKey16Bytes(1234));
+}
+
+const std::string kLRU = "lru";
+const std::string kHyperClock = "hyper_clock";
+
 }  // anonymous namespace
 
 class CacheTest : public testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
@@ -77,7 +84,7 @@ class CacheTest : public testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
   static std::string type_;
 
   static void Deleter(const Slice& key, void* v) {
-    if (type_ == kFast || type_ == kClock) {
+    if (type_ == kHyperClock) {
       current_->deleted_keys_.push_back(DecodeKey16Bytes(key));
     } else {
       current_->deleted_keys_.push_back(DecodeKey32Bits(key));
@@ -96,6 +103,8 @@ class CacheTest : public testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
   std::shared_ptr<Cache> cache_;
   std::shared_ptr<Cache> cache2_;
 
+  size_t estimated_value_size_ = 1;
+
   CacheTest()
       : cache_(NewCache(kCacheSize, kNumShardBits, false)),
         cache2_(NewCache(kCacheSize2, kNumShardBits2, false)) {
@@ -110,15 +119,10 @@ class CacheTest : public testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
     if (type == kLRU) {
       return NewLRUCache(capacity);
     }
-    if (type == kClock) {
-      return ExperimentalNewClockCache(
-          capacity, 1 /*estimated_value_size*/, -1 /*num_shard_bits*/,
-          false /*strict_capacity_limit*/, kDefaultCacheMetadataChargePolicy);
-    }
-    if (type == kFast) {
-      return NewFastLRUCache(
-          capacity, 1 /*estimated_value_size*/, -1 /*num_shard_bits*/,
-          false /*strict_capacity_limit*/, kDefaultCacheMetadataChargePolicy);
+    if (type == kHyperClock) {
+      return HyperClockCacheOptions(
+                 capacity, estimated_value_size_ /*estimated_value_size*/)
+          .MakeSharedCache();
     }
     return nullptr;
   }
@@ -136,27 +140,22 @@ class CacheTest : public testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
       co.metadata_charge_policy = charge_policy;
       return NewLRUCache(co);
     }
-    if (type == kClock) {
-      return ExperimentalNewClockCache(capacity, 1 /*estimated_value_size*/,
-                                       num_shard_bits, strict_capacity_limit,
-                                       charge_policy);
-    }
-    if (type == kFast) {
-      return NewFastLRUCache(capacity, 1 /*estimated_value_size*/,
-                             num_shard_bits, strict_capacity_limit,
-                             charge_policy);
+    if (type == kHyperClock) {
+      return HyperClockCacheOptions(capacity, 1 /*estimated_value_size*/,
+                                    num_shard_bits, strict_capacity_limit,
+                                    nullptr /*allocator*/, charge_policy)
+          .MakeSharedCache();
     }
     return nullptr;
   }
 
   // These functions encode/decode keys in tests cases that use
   // int keys.
-  // Currently, FastLRUCache requires keys to be 16B long, whereas
-  // LRUCache and ClockCache don't, so the encoding depends on
-  // the cache type.
+  // Currently, HyperClockCache requires keys to be 16B long, whereas
+  // LRUCache doesn't, so the encoding depends on the cache type.
   std::string EncodeKey(int k) {
     auto type = GetParam();
-    if (type == kFast || type == kClock) {
+    if (type == kHyperClock) {
       return EncodeKey16Bytes(k);
     } else {
       return EncodeKey32Bits(k);
@@ -165,7 +164,7 @@ class CacheTest : public testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
 
   int DecodeKey(const Slice& k) {
     auto type = GetParam();
-    if (type == kFast || type == kClock) {
+    if (type == kHyperClock) {
       return DecodeKey16Bytes(k);
     } else {
       return DecodeKey32Bits(k);
@@ -191,29 +190,21 @@ class CacheTest : public testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
     cache->Erase(EncodeKey(key));
   }
 
-  int Lookup(int key) {
-    return Lookup(cache_, key);
-  }
+  int Lookup(int key) { return Lookup(cache_, key); }
 
   void Insert(int key, int value, int charge = 1) {
     Insert(cache_, key, value, charge);
   }
 
-  void Erase(int key) {
-    Erase(cache_, key);
-  }
+  void Erase(int key) { Erase(cache_, key); }
 
-  int Lookup2(int key) {
-    return Lookup(cache2_, key);
-  }
+  int Lookup2(int key) { return Lookup(cache2_, key); }
 
   void Insert2(int key, int value, int charge = 1) {
     Insert(cache2_, key, value, charge);
   }
 
-  void Erase2(int key) {
-    Erase(cache2_, key);
-  }
+  void Erase2(int key) { Erase(cache2_, key); }
 };
 
 CacheTest* CacheTest::current_;
@@ -223,65 +214,93 @@ class LRUCacheTest : public CacheTest {};
 
 TEST_P(CacheTest, UsageTest) {
   auto type = GetParam();
-  if (type == kFast || type == kClock) {
-    ROCKSDB_GTEST_BYPASS("FastLRUCache and ClockCache require 16-byte keys.");
-    return;
-  }
 
   // cache is std::shared_ptr and will be automatically cleaned up.
-  const uint64_t kCapacity = 100000;
+  const size_t kCapacity = 100000;
   auto cache = NewCache(kCapacity, 8, false, kDontChargeCacheMetadata);
   auto precise_cache = NewCache(kCapacity, 0, false, kFullChargeCacheMetadata);
   ASSERT_EQ(0, cache->GetUsage());
-  ASSERT_EQ(0, precise_cache->GetUsage());
+  size_t baseline_meta_usage = precise_cache->GetUsage();
+  if (type != kHyperClock) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, baseline_meta_usage);
+  }
 
   size_t usage = 0;
   char value[10] = "abcdef";
   // make sure everything will be cached
   for (int i = 1; i < 100; ++i) {
-    std::string key(i, 'a');
+    std::string key;
+    if (type == kLRU) {
+      key = std::string(i, 'a');
+    } else {
+      key = EncodeKey(i);
+    }
     auto kv_size = key.size() + 5;
     ASSERT_OK(cache->Insert(key, reinterpret_cast<void*>(value), kv_size,
-                            dumbDeleter));
+                            DumbDeleter));
     ASSERT_OK(precise_cache->Insert(key, reinterpret_cast<void*>(value),
-                                    kv_size, dumbDeleter));
+                                    kv_size, DumbDeleter));
     usage += kv_size;
     ASSERT_EQ(usage, cache->GetUsage());
-    ASSERT_LT(usage, precise_cache->GetUsage());
+    if (type == kHyperClock) {
+      ASSERT_EQ(baseline_meta_usage + usage, precise_cache->GetUsage());
+    } else {
+      ASSERT_LT(usage, precise_cache->GetUsage());
+    }
   }
 
   cache->EraseUnRefEntries();
   precise_cache->EraseUnRefEntries();
   ASSERT_EQ(0, cache->GetUsage());
-  ASSERT_EQ(0, precise_cache->GetUsage());
+  ASSERT_EQ(baseline_meta_usage, precise_cache->GetUsage());
 
   // make sure the cache will be overloaded
-  for (uint64_t i = 1; i < kCapacity; ++i) {
-    auto key = std::to_string(i);
+  for (size_t i = 1; i < kCapacity; ++i) {
+    std::string key;
+    if (type == kLRU) {
+      key = std::to_string(i);
+    } else {
+      key = EncodeKey(static_cast<int>(1000 + i));
+    }
     ASSERT_OK(cache->Insert(key, reinterpret_cast<void*>(value), key.size() + 5,
-                            dumbDeleter));
+                            DumbDeleter));
     ASSERT_OK(precise_cache->Insert(key, reinterpret_cast<void*>(value),
-                                    key.size() + 5, dumbDeleter));
+                                    key.size() + 5, DumbDeleter));
   }
 
   // the usage should be close to the capacity
   ASSERT_GT(kCapacity, cache->GetUsage());
   ASSERT_GT(kCapacity, precise_cache->GetUsage());
   ASSERT_LT(kCapacity * 0.95, cache->GetUsage());
-  ASSERT_LT(kCapacity * 0.95, precise_cache->GetUsage());
+  if (type != kHyperClock) {
+    ASSERT_LT(kCapacity * 0.95, precise_cache->GetUsage());
+  } else {
+    // estimated value size of 1 is weird for clock cache, because
+    // almost all of the capacity will be used for metadata, and due to only
+    // using power of 2 table sizes, we might hit strict occupancy limit
+    // before hitting capacity limit.
+    ASSERT_LT(kCapacity * 0.80, precise_cache->GetUsage());
+  }
 }
 
+// TODO: This test takes longer than expected on ClockCache. This is
+// because the values size estimate at construction is too sloppy.
+// Fix this.
+// Why is it so slow? The cache is constructed with an estimate of 1, but
+// then the charge is claimed to be 21. This will cause the hash table
+// to be extremely sparse, which in turn means clock needs to scan too
+// many slots to find victims.
 TEST_P(CacheTest, PinnedUsageTest) {
   auto type = GetParam();
-  if (type == kFast || type == kClock) {
-    ROCKSDB_GTEST_BYPASS("FastLRUCache and ClockCache require 16-byte keys.");
-    return;
-  }
 
   // cache is std::shared_ptr and will be automatically cleaned up.
-  const uint64_t kCapacity = 200000;
+  const size_t kCapacity = 200000;
   auto cache = NewCache(kCapacity, 8, false, kDontChargeCacheMetadata);
   auto precise_cache = NewCache(kCapacity, 8, false, kFullChargeCacheMetadata);
+  size_t baseline_meta_usage = precise_cache->GetUsage();
+  if (type != kHyperClock) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, baseline_meta_usage);
+  }
 
   size_t pinned_usage = 0;
   char value[10] = "abcdef";
@@ -292,15 +311,20 @@ TEST_P(CacheTest, PinnedUsageTest) {
   // Add entries. Unpin some of them after insertion. Then, pin some of them
   // again. Check GetPinnedUsage().
   for (int i = 1; i < 100; ++i) {
-    std::string key(i, 'a');
+    std::string key;
+    if (type == kLRU) {
+      key = std::string(i, 'a');
+    } else {
+      key = EncodeKey(i);
+    }
     auto kv_size = key.size() + 5;
     Cache::Handle* handle;
     Cache::Handle* handle_in_precise_cache;
     ASSERT_OK(cache->Insert(key, reinterpret_cast<void*>(value), kv_size,
-                            dumbDeleter, &handle));
+                            DumbDeleter, &handle));
     assert(handle);
     ASSERT_OK(precise_cache->Insert(key, reinterpret_cast<void*>(value),
-                                    kv_size, dumbDeleter,
+                                    kv_size, DumbDeleter,
                                     &handle_in_precise_cache));
     assert(handle_in_precise_cache);
     pinned_usage += kv_size;
@@ -334,12 +358,17 @@ TEST_P(CacheTest, PinnedUsageTest) {
   ASSERT_LT(pinned_usage, precise_cache_pinned_usage);
 
   // check that overloading the cache does not change the pinned usage
-  for (uint64_t i = 1; i < 2 * kCapacity; ++i) {
-    auto key = std::to_string(i);
+  for (size_t i = 1; i < 2 * kCapacity; ++i) {
+    std::string key;
+    if (type == kLRU) {
+      key = std::to_string(i);
+    } else {
+      key = EncodeKey(static_cast<int>(1000 + i));
+    }
     ASSERT_OK(cache->Insert(key, reinterpret_cast<void*>(value), key.size() + 5,
-                            dumbDeleter));
+                            DumbDeleter));
     ASSERT_OK(precise_cache->Insert(key, reinterpret_cast<void*>(value),
-                                    key.size() + 5, dumbDeleter));
+                                    key.size() + 5, DumbDeleter));
   }
   ASSERT_EQ(pinned_usage, cache->GetPinnedUsage());
   ASSERT_EQ(precise_cache_pinned_usage, precise_cache->GetPinnedUsage());
@@ -361,7 +390,7 @@ TEST_P(CacheTest, PinnedUsageTest) {
   cache->EraseUnRefEntries();
   precise_cache->EraseUnRefEntries();
   ASSERT_EQ(0, cache->GetUsage());
-  ASSERT_EQ(0, precise_cache->GetUsage());
+  ASSERT_EQ(baseline_meta_usage, precise_cache->GetUsage());
 }
 
 TEST_P(CacheTest, HitAndMiss) {
@@ -369,25 +398,39 @@ TEST_P(CacheTest, HitAndMiss) {
 
   Insert(100, 101);
   ASSERT_EQ(101, Lookup(100));
-  ASSERT_EQ(-1,  Lookup(200));
-  ASSERT_EQ(-1,  Lookup(300));
+  ASSERT_EQ(-1, Lookup(200));
+  ASSERT_EQ(-1, Lookup(300));
 
   Insert(200, 201);
   ASSERT_EQ(101, Lookup(100));
   ASSERT_EQ(201, Lookup(200));
-  ASSERT_EQ(-1,  Lookup(300));
+  ASSERT_EQ(-1, Lookup(300));
 
   Insert(100, 102);
-  ASSERT_EQ(102, Lookup(100));
+  if (GetParam() == kHyperClock) {
+    // ClockCache usually doesn't overwrite on Insert
+    ASSERT_EQ(101, Lookup(100));
+  } else {
+    ASSERT_EQ(102, Lookup(100));
+  }
   ASSERT_EQ(201, Lookup(200));
-  ASSERT_EQ(-1,  Lookup(300));
+  ASSERT_EQ(-1, Lookup(300));
 
   ASSERT_EQ(1U, deleted_keys_.size());
   ASSERT_EQ(100, deleted_keys_[0]);
-  ASSERT_EQ(101, deleted_values_[0]);
+  if (GetParam() == kHyperClock) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(102, deleted_values_[0]);
+  } else {
+    ASSERT_EQ(101, deleted_values_[0]);
+  }
 }
 
 TEST_P(CacheTest, InsertSameKey) {
+  if (GetParam() == kHyperClock) {
+    ROCKSDB_GTEST_BYPASS(
+        "ClockCache doesn't guarantee Insert overwrite same key.");
+    return;
+  }
   Insert(1, 1);
   Insert(1, 2);
   ASSERT_EQ(2, Lookup(1));
@@ -400,19 +443,24 @@ TEST_P(CacheTest, Erase) {
   Insert(100, 101);
   Insert(200, 201);
   Erase(100);
-  ASSERT_EQ(-1,  Lookup(100));
+  ASSERT_EQ(-1, Lookup(100));
   ASSERT_EQ(201, Lookup(200));
   ASSERT_EQ(1U, deleted_keys_.size());
   ASSERT_EQ(100, deleted_keys_[0]);
   ASSERT_EQ(101, deleted_values_[0]);
 
   Erase(100);
-  ASSERT_EQ(-1,  Lookup(100));
+  ASSERT_EQ(-1, Lookup(100));
   ASSERT_EQ(201, Lookup(200));
   ASSERT_EQ(1U, deleted_keys_.size());
 }
 
 TEST_P(CacheTest, EntriesArePinned) {
+  if (GetParam() == kHyperClock) {
+    ROCKSDB_GTEST_BYPASS(
+        "ClockCache doesn't guarantee Insert overwrite same key.");
+    return;
+  }
   Insert(100, 101);
   Cache::Handle* h1 = cache_->Lookup(EncodeKey(100));
   ASSERT_EQ(101, DecodeValue(cache_->Value(h1)));
@@ -445,10 +493,9 @@ TEST_P(CacheTest, EntriesArePinned) {
 TEST_P(CacheTest, EvictionPolicy) {
   Insert(100, 101);
   Insert(200, 201);
-
   // Frequently used entry must be kept around
-  for (int i = 0; i < kCacheSize * 2; i++) {
-    Insert(1000+i, 2000+i);
+  for (int i = 0; i < 2 * kCacheSize; i++) {
+    Insert(1000 + i, 2000 + i);
     ASSERT_EQ(101, Lookup(100));
   }
   ASSERT_EQ(101, Lookup(100));
@@ -474,6 +521,12 @@ TEST_P(CacheTest, ExternalRefPinsEntries) {
     for (int j = 0; j < 2 * kCacheSize + 100; j++) {
       Insert(1000 + j, 2000 + j);
     }
+    // Clock cache is even more stateful and needs more churn to evict
+    if (GetParam() == kHyperClock) {
+      for (int j = 0; j < kCacheSize; j++) {
+        Insert(11000 + j, 11000 + j);
+      }
+    }
     if (i < 2) {
       ASSERT_EQ(101, Lookup(100));
     }
@@ -500,9 +553,7 @@ TEST_P(CacheTest, EvictionPolicyRef) {
   Insert(303, 104);
 
   // Insert entries much more than cache capacity.
-  double load_factor =
-      std::min(fast_lru_cache::kLoadFactor, clock_cache::kLoadFactor);
-  for (int i = 0; i < 2 * static_cast<int>(kCacheSize / load_factor); i++) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < 100 * kCacheSize; i++) {
     Insert(1000 + i, 2000 + i);
   }
 
@@ -533,31 +584,40 @@ TEST_P(CacheTest, EvictionPolicyRef) {
 
 TEST_P(CacheTest, EvictEmptyCache) {
   auto type = GetParam();
-  if (type == kFast || type == kClock) {
-    ROCKSDB_GTEST_BYPASS("FastLRUCache and ClockCache require 16-byte keys.");
-    return;
-  }
 
   // Insert item large than capacity to trigger eviction on empty cache.
   auto cache = NewCache(1, 0, false);
-  ASSERT_OK(cache->Insert("foo", nullptr, 10, dumbDeleter));
+  if (type == kLRU) {
+    ASSERT_OK(cache->Insert("foo", nullptr, 10, DumbDeleter));
+  } else {
+    ASSERT_OK(cache->Insert(EncodeKey(1000), nullptr, 10, DumbDeleter));
+  }
 }
 
 TEST_P(CacheTest, EraseFromDeleter) {
   auto type = GetParam();
-  if (type == kFast || type == kClock) {
-    ROCKSDB_GTEST_BYPASS("FastLRUCache and ClockCache require 16-byte keys.");
-    return;
-  }
 
   // Have deleter which will erase item from cache, which will re-enter
   // the cache at that point.
   std::shared_ptr<Cache> cache = NewCache(10, 0, false);
-  ASSERT_OK(cache->Insert("foo", nullptr, 1, dumbDeleter));
-  ASSERT_OK(cache->Insert("bar", cache.get(), 1, eraseDeleter));
-  cache->Erase("bar");
-  ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, cache->Lookup("foo"));
-  ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, cache->Lookup("bar"));
+  std::string foo, bar;
+  Cache::DeleterFn erase_deleter;
+  if (type == kLRU) {
+    foo = "foo";
+    bar = "bar";
+    erase_deleter = EraseDeleter1;
+  } else {
+    foo = EncodeKey(1234);
+    bar = EncodeKey(5678);
+    erase_deleter = EraseDeleter2;
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_OK(cache->Insert(foo, nullptr, 1, DumbDeleter));
+  ASSERT_OK(cache->Insert(bar, cache.get(), 1, erase_deleter));
+
+  cache->Erase(bar);
+  ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, cache->Lookup(foo));
+  ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, cache->Lookup(bar));
 }
 
 TEST_P(CacheTest, ErasedHandleState) {
@@ -590,9 +650,9 @@ TEST_P(CacheTest, HeavyEntries) {
   const int kHeavy = 10;
   int added = 0;
   int index = 0;
-  while (added < 2*kCacheSize) {
+  while (added < 2 * kCacheSize) {
     const int weight = (index & 1) ? kLight : kHeavy;
-    Insert(index, 1000+index, weight);
+    Insert(index, 1000 + index, weight);
     added += weight;
     index++;
   }
@@ -603,10 +663,10 @@ TEST_P(CacheTest, HeavyEntries) {
     int r = Lookup(i);
     if (r >= 0) {
       cached_weight += weight;
-      ASSERT_EQ(1000+i, r);
+      ASSERT_EQ(1000 + i, r);
     }
   }
-  ASSERT_LE(cached_weight, kCacheSize + kCacheSize/10);
+  ASSERT_LE(cached_weight, kCacheSize + kCacheSize / 10);
 }
 
 TEST_P(CacheTest, NewId) {
@@ -615,7 +675,6 @@ TEST_P(CacheTest, NewId) {
   ASSERT_NE(a, b);
 }
 
-
 class Value {
  public:
   explicit Value(int v) : v_(v) {}
@@ -625,7 +684,7 @@ class Value {
 
 namespace {
 void deleter(const Slice& /*key*/, void* value) {
-  delete static_cast<Value *>(value);
+  delete static_cast<Value*>(value);
 }
 }  // namespace
 
@@ -662,9 +721,10 @@ TEST_P(CacheTest, ReleaseWithoutErase) {
 
 TEST_P(CacheTest, SetCapacity) {
   auto type = GetParam();
-  if (type == kFast || type == kClock) {
+  if (type == kHyperClock) {
     ROCKSDB_GTEST_BYPASS(
-        "FastLRUCache and ClockCache don't support capacity adjustments.");
+        "FastLRUCache and HyperClockCache don't support arbitrary capacity "
+        "adjustments.");
     return;
   }
   // test1: increase capacity
@@ -715,14 +775,6 @@ TEST_P(CacheTest, SetCapacity) {
 }
 
 TEST_P(LRUCacheTest, SetStrictCapacityLimit) {
-  auto type = GetParam();
-  if (type == kFast || type == kClock) {
-    ROCKSDB_GTEST_BYPASS(
-        "FastLRUCache and ClockCache don't support an unbounded number of "
-        "inserts beyond "
-        "capacity.");
-    return;
-  }
   // test1: set the flag to false. Insert more keys than capacity. See if they
   // all go through.
   std::shared_ptr<Cache> cache = NewCache(5, 0, false);
@@ -774,18 +826,12 @@ TEST_P(LRUCacheTest, SetStrictCapacityLimit) {
 }
 
 TEST_P(CacheTest, OverCapacity) {
-  auto type = GetParam();
-  if (type == kFast || type == kClock) {
-    ROCKSDB_GTEST_BYPASS(
-        "FastLRUCache and ClockCache don't support capacity adjustments.");
-    return;
-  }
   size_t n = 10;
 
   // a LRUCache with n entries and one shard only
   std::shared_ptr<Cache> cache = NewCache(n, 0, false);
 
-  std::vector<Cache::Handle*> handles(n+1);
+  std::vector<Cache::Handle*> handles(n + 1);
 
   // Insert n+1 entries, but not releasing.
   for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(n + 1); i++) {
@@ -807,23 +853,34 @@ TEST_P(CacheTest, OverCapacity) {
   for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(n + 1); i++) {
     cache->Release(handles[i]);
   }
-  // Make sure eviction is triggered.
-  cache->SetCapacity(n);
 
-  // cache is under capacity now since elements were released
-  ASSERT_EQ(n, cache->GetUsage());
+  if (GetParam() == kHyperClock) {
+    // Make sure eviction is triggered.
+    ASSERT_OK(cache->Insert(EncodeKey(-1), nullptr, 1, &deleter, &handles[0]));
 
-  // element 0 is evicted and the rest is there
-  // This is consistent with the LRU policy since the element 0
-  // was released first
-  for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(n + 1); i++) {
-    std::string key = EncodeKey(i + 1);
-    auto h = cache->Lookup(key);
-    if (h) {
-      ASSERT_NE(static_cast<size_t>(i), 0U);
-      cache->Release(h);
-    } else {
-      ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(i), 0U);
+    // cache is under capacity now since elements were released
+    ASSERT_GE(n, cache->GetUsage());
+
+    // clean up
+    cache->Release(handles[0]);
+  } else {
+    // LRUCache checks for over-capacity in Release.
+
+    // cache is exactly at capacity now with minimal eviction
+    ASSERT_EQ(n, cache->GetUsage());
+
+    // element 0 is evicted and the rest is there
+    // This is consistent with the LRU policy since the element 0
+    // was released first
+    for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(n + 1); i++) {
+      std::string key = EncodeKey(i + 1);
+      auto h = cache->Lookup(key);
+      if (h) {
+        ASSERT_NE(static_cast<size_t>(i), 0U);
+        cache->Release(h);
+      } else {
+        ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(i), 0U);
+      }
     }
   }
 }
@@ -834,7 +891,7 @@ void legacy_callback(void* value, size_t charge) {
   legacy_callback_state.push_back(
       {DecodeValue(value), static_cast<int>(charge)});
 }
-};
+};  // namespace
 
 TEST_P(CacheTest, ApplyToAllCacheEntriesTest) {
   std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> inserted;
@@ -931,19 +988,31 @@ TEST_P(CacheTest, ApplyToAllEntriesDuringResize) {
 }
 
 TEST_P(CacheTest, DefaultShardBits) {
-  // test1: set the flag to false. Insert more keys than capacity. See if they
-  // all go through.
-  std::shared_ptr<Cache> cache = NewCache(16 * 1024L * 1024L);
-  ShardedCache* sc = dynamic_cast<ShardedCache*>(cache.get());
+  // Prevent excessive allocation (to save time & space)
+  estimated_value_size_ = 100000;
+  // Implementations use different minimum shard sizes
+  size_t min_shard_size =
+      (GetParam() == kHyperClock ? 32U * 1024U : 512U) * 1024U;
+
+  std::shared_ptr<Cache> cache = NewCache(32U * min_shard_size);
+  ShardedCacheBase* sc = dynamic_cast<ShardedCacheBase*>(cache.get());
   ASSERT_EQ(5, sc->GetNumShardBits());
 
-  cache = NewLRUCache(511 * 1024L, -1, true);
-  sc = dynamic_cast<ShardedCache*>(cache.get());
+  cache = NewCache(min_shard_size / 1000U * 999U);
+  sc = dynamic_cast<ShardedCacheBase*>(cache.get());
   ASSERT_EQ(0, sc->GetNumShardBits());
 
-  cache = NewLRUCache(1024L * 1024L * 1024L, -1, true);
-  sc = dynamic_cast<ShardedCache*>(cache.get());
+  cache = NewCache(3U * 1024U * 1024U * 1024U);
+  sc = dynamic_cast<ShardedCacheBase*>(cache.get());
+  // current maximum of 6
   ASSERT_EQ(6, sc->GetNumShardBits());
+
+  if constexpr (sizeof(size_t) > 4) {
+    cache = NewCache(128U * min_shard_size);
+    sc = dynamic_cast<ShardedCacheBase*>(cache.get());
+    // current maximum of 6
+    ASSERT_EQ(6, sc->GetNumShardBits());
+  }
 }
 
 TEST_P(CacheTest, GetChargeAndDeleter) {
@@ -955,13 +1024,9 @@ TEST_P(CacheTest, GetChargeAndDeleter) {
   cache_->Release(h1);
 }
 
-std::shared_ptr<Cache> (*new_clock_cache_func)(size_t, size_t, int, bool,
-                                               CacheMetadataChargePolicy) =
-    ExperimentalNewClockCache;
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(CacheTestInstance, CacheTest,
-                        testing::Values(kLRU, kClock, kFast));
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(CacheTestInstance, LRUCacheTest,
-                        testing::Values(kLRU, kFast));
+                        testing::Values(kLRU, kHyperClock));
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(CacheTestInstance, LRUCacheTest, testing::Values(kLRU));
 
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
 

cache/charged_cache.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+//  Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
+//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
+//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
+
+#include "cache/charged_cache.h"
+
+#include "cache/cache_reservation_manager.h"
+
+namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
+
+ChargedCache::ChargedCache(std::shared_ptr<Cache> cache,
+                           std::shared_ptr<Cache> block_cache)
+    : cache_(cache),
+      cache_res_mgr_(std::make_shared<ConcurrentCacheReservationManager>(
+          std::make_shared<
+              CacheReservationManagerImpl<CacheEntryRole::kBlobCache>>(
+              block_cache))) {}
+
+Status ChargedCache::Insert(const Slice& key, void* value, size_t charge,
+                            DeleterFn deleter, Handle** handle,
+                            Priority priority) {
+  Status s = cache_->Insert(key, value, charge, deleter, handle, priority);
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    // Insert may cause the cache entry eviction if the cache is full. So we
+    // directly call the reservation manager to update the total memory used
+    // in the cache.
+    assert(cache_res_mgr_);
+    cache_res_mgr_->UpdateCacheReservation(cache_->GetUsage())
+        .PermitUncheckedError();
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+Status ChargedCache::Insert(const Slice& key, void* value,
+                            const CacheItemHelper* helper, size_t charge,
+                            Handle** handle, Priority priority) {
+  Status s = cache_->Insert(key, value, helper, charge, handle, priority);
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    // Insert may cause the cache entry eviction if the cache is full. So we
+    // directly call the reservation manager to update the total memory used
+    // in the cache.
+    assert(cache_res_mgr_);
+    cache_res_mgr_->UpdateCacheReservation(cache_->GetUsage())
+        .PermitUncheckedError();
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+Cache::Handle* ChargedCache::Lookup(const Slice& key, Statistics* stats) {
+  return cache_->Lookup(key, stats);
+}
+
+Cache::Handle* ChargedCache::Lookup(const Slice& key,
+                                    const CacheItemHelper* helper,
+                                    const CreateCallback& create_cb,
+                                    Priority priority, bool wait,
+                                    Statistics* stats) {
+  auto handle = cache_->Lookup(key, helper, create_cb, priority, wait, stats);
+  // Lookup may promote the KV pair from the secondary cache to the primary
+  // cache. So we directly call the reservation manager to update the total
+  // memory used in the cache.
+  assert(cache_res_mgr_);
+  cache_res_mgr_->UpdateCacheReservation(cache_->GetUsage())
+      .PermitUncheckedError();
+  return handle;
+}
+
+bool ChargedCache::Release(Cache::Handle* handle, bool useful,
+                           bool erase_if_last_ref) {
+  size_t memory_used_delta = cache_->GetUsage(handle);
+  bool erased = cache_->Release(handle, useful, erase_if_last_ref);
+  if (erased) {
+    assert(cache_res_mgr_);
+    cache_res_mgr_
+        ->UpdateCacheReservation(memory_used_delta, /* increase */ false)
+        .PermitUncheckedError();
+  }
+  return erased;
+}
+
+bool ChargedCache::Release(Cache::Handle* handle, bool erase_if_last_ref) {
+  size_t memory_used_delta = cache_->GetUsage(handle);
+  bool erased = cache_->Release(handle, erase_if_last_ref);
+  if (erased) {
+    assert(cache_res_mgr_);
+    cache_res_mgr_
+        ->UpdateCacheReservation(memory_used_delta, /* increase */ false)
+        .PermitUncheckedError();
+  }
+  return erased;
+}
+
+void ChargedCache::Erase(const Slice& key) {
+  cache_->Erase(key);
+  assert(cache_res_mgr_);
+  cache_res_mgr_->UpdateCacheReservation(cache_->GetUsage())
+      .PermitUncheckedError();
+}
+
+void ChargedCache::EraseUnRefEntries() {
+  cache_->EraseUnRefEntries();
+  assert(cache_res_mgr_);
+  cache_res_mgr_->UpdateCacheReservation(cache_->GetUsage())
+      .PermitUncheckedError();
+}
+
+void ChargedCache::SetCapacity(size_t capacity) {
+  cache_->SetCapacity(capacity);
+  // SetCapacity can result in evictions when the cache capacity is decreased,
+  // so we would want to update the cache reservation here as well.
+  assert(cache_res_mgr_);
+  cache_res_mgr_->UpdateCacheReservation(cache_->GetUsage())
+      .PermitUncheckedError();
+}
+
+}  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

cache/charged_cache.h

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+//  Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
+//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
+//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include "port/port.h"
+#include "rocksdb/cache.h"
+
+namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
+
+class ConcurrentCacheReservationManager;
+
+// A cache interface which wraps around another cache and takes care of
+// reserving space in block cache towards a single global memory limit, and
+// forwards all the calls to the underlying cache.
+class ChargedCache : public Cache {
+ public:
+  ChargedCache(std::shared_ptr<Cache> cache,
+               std::shared_ptr<Cache> block_cache);
+  ~ChargedCache() override = default;
+
+  Status Insert(const Slice& key, void* value, size_t charge, DeleterFn deleter,
+                Handle** handle, Priority priority) override;
+  Status Insert(const Slice& key, void* value, const CacheItemHelper* helper,
+                size_t charge, Handle** handle = nullptr,
+                Priority priority = Priority::LOW) override;
+
+  Cache::Handle* Lookup(const Slice& key, Statistics* stats) override;
+  Cache::Handle* Lookup(const Slice& key, const CacheItemHelper* helper,
+                        const CreateCallback& create_cb, Priority priority,
+                        bool wait, Statistics* stats = nullptr) override;
+
+  bool Release(Cache::Handle* handle, bool useful,
+               bool erase_if_last_ref = false) override;
+  bool Release(Cache::Handle* handle, bool erase_if_last_ref = false) override;
+
+  void Erase(const Slice& key) override;
+  void EraseUnRefEntries() override;
+
+  static const char* kClassName() { return "ChargedCache"; }
+  const char* Name() const override { return kClassName(); }
+
+  uint64_t NewId() override { return cache_->NewId(); }
+
+  void SetCapacity(size_t capacity) override;
+
+  void SetStrictCapacityLimit(bool strict_capacity_limit) override {
+    cache_->SetStrictCapacityLimit(strict_capacity_limit);
+  }
+
+  bool HasStrictCapacityLimit() const override {
+    return cache_->HasStrictCapacityLimit();
+  }
+
+  void* Value(Cache::Handle* handle) override { return cache_->Value(handle); }
+
+  bool IsReady(Cache::Handle* handle) override {
+    return cache_->IsReady(handle);
+  }
+
+  void Wait(Cache::Handle* handle) override { cache_->Wait(handle); }
+
+  void WaitAll(std::vector<Handle*>& handles) override {
+    cache_->WaitAll(handles);
+  }
+
+  bool Ref(Cache::Handle* handle) override { return cache_->Ref(handle); }
+
+  size_t GetCapacity() const override { return cache_->GetCapacity(); }
+
+  size_t GetUsage() const override { return cache_->GetUsage(); }
+
+  size_t GetUsage(Cache::Handle* handle) const override {
+    return cache_->GetUsage(handle);
+  }
+
+  size_t GetPinnedUsage() const override { return cache_->GetPinnedUsage(); }
+
+  size_t GetCharge(Cache::Handle* handle) const override {
+    return cache_->GetCharge(handle);
+  }
+
+  Cache::DeleterFn GetDeleter(Cache::Handle* handle) const override {
+    return cache_->GetDeleter(handle);
+  }
+
+  void ApplyToAllEntries(
+      const std::function<void(const Slice& key, void* value, size_t charge,
+                               Cache::DeleterFn deleter)>& callback,
+      const Cache::ApplyToAllEntriesOptions& opts) override {
+    cache_->ApplyToAllEntries(callback, opts);
+  }
+
+  void ApplyToAllCacheEntries(void (*callback)(void* value, size_t charge),
+                              bool thread_safe) override {
+    cache_->ApplyToAllCacheEntries(callback, thread_safe);
+  }
+
+  std::string GetPrintableOptions() const override {
+    return cache_->GetPrintableOptions();
+  }
+
+  void DisownData() override { return cache_->DisownData(); }
+
+  inline Cache* GetCache() const { return cache_.get(); }
+
+  inline ConcurrentCacheReservationManager* TEST_GetCacheReservationManager()
+      const {
+    return cache_res_mgr_.get();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  std::shared_ptr<Cache> cache_;
+  std::shared_ptr<ConcurrentCacheReservationManager> cache_res_mgr_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

cache/compressed_secondary_cache.cc

@@ -5,91 +5,127 @@
 
 #include "cache/compressed_secondary_cache.h"
 
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <memory>
 
 #include "memory/memory_allocator.h"
+#include "monitoring/perf_context_imp.h"
 #include "util/compression.h"
 #include "util/string_util.h"
 
 namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
 
-namespace {
-
-void DeletionCallback(const Slice& /*key*/, void* obj) {
-  delete reinterpret_cast<CacheAllocationPtr*>(obj);
-  obj = nullptr;
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
 CompressedSecondaryCache::CompressedSecondaryCache(
     size_t capacity, int num_shard_bits, bool strict_capacity_limit,
-    double high_pri_pool_ratio,
+    double high_pri_pool_ratio, double low_pri_pool_ratio,
     std::shared_ptr<MemoryAllocator> memory_allocator, bool use_adaptive_mutex,
     CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy,
-    CompressionType compression_type, uint32_t compress_format_version)
+    CompressionType compression_type, uint32_t compress_format_version,
+    bool enable_custom_split_merge)
     : cache_options_(capacity, num_shard_bits, strict_capacity_limit,
-                     high_pri_pool_ratio, memory_allocator, use_adaptive_mutex,
-                     metadata_charge_policy, compression_type,
-                     compress_format_version) {
-  cache_ = NewLRUCache(capacity, num_shard_bits, strict_capacity_limit,
-                       high_pri_pool_ratio, memory_allocator,
-                       use_adaptive_mutex, metadata_charge_policy);
+                     high_pri_pool_ratio, low_pri_pool_ratio, memory_allocator,
+                     use_adaptive_mutex, metadata_charge_policy,
+                     compression_type, compress_format_version,
+                     enable_custom_split_merge) {
+  cache_ =
+      NewLRUCache(capacity, num_shard_bits, strict_capacity_limit,
+                  high_pri_pool_ratio, memory_allocator, use_adaptive_mutex,
+                  metadata_charge_policy, low_pri_pool_ratio);
 }
 
 CompressedSecondaryCache::~CompressedSecondaryCache() { cache_.reset(); }
 
 std::unique_ptr<SecondaryCacheResultHandle> CompressedSecondaryCache::Lookup(
     const Slice& key, const Cache::CreateCallback& create_cb, bool /*wait*/,
-    bool& is_in_sec_cache) {
+    bool advise_erase, bool& is_in_sec_cache) {
   std::unique_ptr<SecondaryCacheResultHandle> handle;
   is_in_sec_cache = false;
   Cache::Handle* lru_handle = cache_->Lookup(key);
   if (lru_handle == nullptr) {
-    return handle;
+    return nullptr;
   }
 
-  CacheAllocationPtr* ptr =
-      reinterpret_cast<CacheAllocationPtr*>(cache_->Value(lru_handle));
-  void* value = nullptr;
-  size_t charge = 0;
-  Status s;
+  void* handle_value = cache_->Value(lru_handle);
+  if (handle_value == nullptr) {
+    cache_->Release(lru_handle, /*erase_if_last_ref=*/false);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
 
+  CacheAllocationPtr* ptr{nullptr};
+  CacheAllocationPtr merged_value;
+  size_t handle_value_charge{0};
+  if (cache_options_.enable_custom_split_merge) {
+    CacheValueChunk* value_chunk_ptr =
+        reinterpret_cast<CacheValueChunk*>(handle_value);
+    merged_value = MergeChunksIntoValue(value_chunk_ptr, handle_value_charge);
+    ptr = &merged_value;
+  } else {
+    ptr = reinterpret_cast<CacheAllocationPtr*>(handle_value);
+    handle_value_charge = cache_->GetCharge(lru_handle);
+  }
+
+  Status s;
+  void* value{nullptr};
+  size_t charge{0};
   if (cache_options_.compression_type == kNoCompression) {
-    s = create_cb(ptr->get(), cache_->GetCharge(lru_handle), &value, &charge);
+    s = create_cb(ptr->get(), handle_value_charge, &value, &charge);
   } else {
     UncompressionContext uncompression_context(cache_options_.compression_type);
     UncompressionInfo uncompression_info(uncompression_context,
                                          UncompressionDict::GetEmptyDict(),
                                          cache_options_.compression_type);
 
-    size_t uncompressed_size = 0;
-    CacheAllocationPtr uncompressed;
-    uncompressed = UncompressData(
-        uncompression_info, (char*)ptr->get(), cache_->GetCharge(lru_handle),
+    size_t uncompressed_size{0};
+    CacheAllocationPtr uncompressed = UncompressData(
+        uncompression_info, (char*)ptr->get(), handle_value_charge,
         &uncompressed_size, cache_options_.compress_format_version,
         cache_options_.memory_allocator.get());
 
     if (!uncompressed) {
-      cache_->Release(lru_handle, /* erase_if_last_ref */ true);
-      return handle;
+      cache_->Release(lru_handle, /*erase_if_last_ref=*/true);
+      return nullptr;
     }
     s = create_cb(uncompressed.get(), uncompressed_size, &value, &charge);
   }
 
   if (!s.ok()) {
-    cache_->Release(lru_handle, /* erase_if_last_ref */ true);
-    return handle;
+    cache_->Release(lru_handle, /*erase_if_last_ref=*/true);
+    return nullptr;
   }
 
-  cache_->Release(lru_handle, /* erase_if_last_ref */ true);
+  if (advise_erase) {
+    cache_->Release(lru_handle, /*erase_if_last_ref=*/true);
+    // Insert a dummy handle.
+    cache_
+        ->Insert(key, /*value=*/nullptr, /*charge=*/0,
+                 GetDeletionCallback(cache_options_.enable_custom_split_merge))
+        .PermitUncheckedError();
+  } else {
+    is_in_sec_cache = true;
+    cache_->Release(lru_handle, /*erase_if_last_ref=*/false);
+  }
   handle.reset(new CompressedSecondaryCacheResultHandle(value, charge));
-
   return handle;
 }
 
 Status CompressedSecondaryCache::Insert(const Slice& key, void* value,
                                         const Cache::CacheItemHelper* helper) {
+  if (value == nullptr) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument();
+  }
+
+  Cache::Handle* lru_handle = cache_->Lookup(key);
+  Cache::DeleterFn del_cb =
+      GetDeletionCallback(cache_options_.enable_custom_split_merge);
+  if (lru_handle == nullptr) {
+    PERF_COUNTER_ADD(compressed_sec_cache_insert_dummy_count, 1);
+    // Insert a dummy handle if the handle is evicted for the first time.
+    return cache_->Insert(key, /*value=*/nullptr, /*charge=*/0, del_cb);
+  } else {
+    cache_->Release(lru_handle, /*erase_if_last_ref=*/false);
+  }
+
   size_t size = (*helper->size_cb)(value);
   CacheAllocationPtr ptr =
       AllocateBlock(size, cache_options_.memory_allocator.get());
@@ -102,9 +138,10 @@ Status CompressedSecondaryCache::Insert(const Slice& key, void* value,
 
   std::string compressed_val;
   if (cache_options_.compression_type != kNoCompression) {
+    PERF_COUNTER_ADD(compressed_sec_cache_uncompressed_bytes, size);
     CompressionOptions compression_opts;
     CompressionContext compression_context(cache_options_.compression_type);
-    uint64_t sample_for_compression = 0;
+    uint64_t sample_for_compression{0};
     CompressionInfo compression_info(
         compression_opts, compression_context, CompressionDict::GetEmptyDict(),
         cache_options_.compression_type, sample_for_compression);
@@ -119,21 +156,45 @@ Status CompressedSecondaryCache::Insert(const Slice& key, void* value,
 
     val = Slice(compressed_val);
     size = compressed_val.size();
-    ptr = AllocateBlock(size, cache_options_.memory_allocator.get());
-    memcpy(ptr.get(), compressed_val.data(), size);
+    PERF_COUNTER_ADD(compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes, size);
+
+    if (!cache_options_.enable_custom_split_merge) {
+      ptr = AllocateBlock(size, cache_options_.memory_allocator.get());
+      memcpy(ptr.get(), compressed_val.data(), size);
+    }
   }
 
-  CacheAllocationPtr* buf = new CacheAllocationPtr(std::move(ptr));
-
-  return cache_->Insert(key, buf, size, DeletionCallback);
+  PERF_COUNTER_ADD(compressed_sec_cache_insert_real_count, 1);
+  if (cache_options_.enable_custom_split_merge) {
+    size_t charge{0};
+    CacheValueChunk* value_chunks_head =
+        SplitValueIntoChunks(val, cache_options_.compression_type, charge);
+    return cache_->Insert(key, value_chunks_head, charge, del_cb);
+  } else {
+    CacheAllocationPtr* buf = new CacheAllocationPtr(std::move(ptr));
+    return cache_->Insert(key, buf, size, del_cb);
+  }
 }
 
 void CompressedSecondaryCache::Erase(const Slice& key) { cache_->Erase(key); }
 
+Status CompressedSecondaryCache::SetCapacity(size_t capacity) {
+  MutexLock l(&capacity_mutex_);
+  cache_options_.capacity = capacity;
+  cache_->SetCapacity(capacity);
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+Status CompressedSecondaryCache::GetCapacity(size_t& capacity) {
+  MutexLock l(&capacity_mutex_);
+  capacity = cache_options_.capacity;
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
 std::string CompressedSecondaryCache::GetPrintableOptions() const {
   std::string ret;
   ret.reserve(20000);
-  const int kBufferSize = 200;
+  const int kBufferSize{200};
   char buffer[kBufferSize];
   ret.append(cache_->GetPrintableOptions());
   snprintf(buffer, kBufferSize, "    compression_type : %s\n",
@@ -145,16 +206,108 @@ std::string CompressedSecondaryCache::GetPrintableOptions() const {
   return ret;
 }
 
+CompressedSecondaryCache::CacheValueChunk*
+CompressedSecondaryCache::SplitValueIntoChunks(const Slice& value,
+                                               CompressionType compression_type,
+                                               size_t& charge) {
+  assert(!value.empty());
+  const char* src_ptr = value.data();
+  size_t src_size{value.size()};
+
+  CacheValueChunk dummy_head = CacheValueChunk();
+  CacheValueChunk* current_chunk = &dummy_head;
+  // Do not split when value size is large or there is no compression.
+  size_t predicted_chunk_size{0};
+  size_t actual_chunk_size{0};
+  size_t tmp_size{0};
+  while (src_size > 0) {
+    predicted_chunk_size = sizeof(CacheValueChunk) - 1 + src_size;
+    auto upper =
+        std::upper_bound(malloc_bin_sizes_.begin(), malloc_bin_sizes_.end(),
+                         predicted_chunk_size);
+    // Do not split when value size is too small, too large, close to a bin
+    // size, or there is no compression.
+    if (upper == malloc_bin_sizes_.begin() ||
+        upper == malloc_bin_sizes_.end() ||
+        *upper - predicted_chunk_size < malloc_bin_sizes_.front() ||
+        compression_type == kNoCompression) {
+      tmp_size = predicted_chunk_size;
+    } else {
+      tmp_size = *(--upper);
+    }
+
+    CacheValueChunk* new_chunk =
+        reinterpret_cast<CacheValueChunk*>(new char[tmp_size]);
+    current_chunk->next = new_chunk;
+    current_chunk = current_chunk->next;
+    actual_chunk_size = tmp_size - sizeof(CacheValueChunk) + 1;
+    memcpy(current_chunk->data, src_ptr, actual_chunk_size);
+    current_chunk->size = actual_chunk_size;
+    src_ptr += actual_chunk_size;
+    src_size -= actual_chunk_size;
+    charge += tmp_size;
+  }
+  current_chunk->next = nullptr;
+
+  return dummy_head.next;
+}
+
+CacheAllocationPtr CompressedSecondaryCache::MergeChunksIntoValue(
+    const void* chunks_head, size_t& charge) {
+  const CacheValueChunk* head =
+      reinterpret_cast<const CacheValueChunk*>(chunks_head);
+  const CacheValueChunk* current_chunk = head;
+  charge = 0;
+  while (current_chunk != nullptr) {
+    charge += current_chunk->size;
+    current_chunk = current_chunk->next;
+  }
+
+  CacheAllocationPtr ptr =
+      AllocateBlock(charge, cache_options_.memory_allocator.get());
+  current_chunk = head;
+  size_t pos{0};
+  while (current_chunk != nullptr) {
+    memcpy(ptr.get() + pos, current_chunk->data, current_chunk->size);
+    pos += current_chunk->size;
+    current_chunk = current_chunk->next;
+  }
+
+  return ptr;
+}
+
+Cache::DeleterFn CompressedSecondaryCache::GetDeletionCallback(
+    bool enable_custom_split_merge) {
+  if (enable_custom_split_merge) {
+    return [](const Slice& /*key*/, void* obj) {
+      CacheValueChunk* chunks_head = reinterpret_cast<CacheValueChunk*>(obj);
+      while (chunks_head != nullptr) {
+        CacheValueChunk* tmp_chunk = chunks_head;
+        chunks_head = chunks_head->next;
+        tmp_chunk->Free();
+        obj = nullptr;
+      };
+    };
+  } else {
+    return [](const Slice& /*key*/, void* obj) {
+      delete reinterpret_cast<CacheAllocationPtr*>(obj);
+      obj = nullptr;
+    };
+  }
+}
+
 std::shared_ptr<SecondaryCache> NewCompressedSecondaryCache(
     size_t capacity, int num_shard_bits, bool strict_capacity_limit,
-    double high_pri_pool_ratio,
+    double high_pri_pool_ratio, double low_pri_pool_ratio,
     std::shared_ptr<MemoryAllocator> memory_allocator, bool use_adaptive_mutex,
     CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy,
-    CompressionType compression_type, uint32_t compress_format_version) {
+    CompressionType compression_type, uint32_t compress_format_version,
+    bool enable_custom_split_merge) {
   return std::make_shared<CompressedSecondaryCache>(
       capacity, num_shard_bits, strict_capacity_limit, high_pri_pool_ratio,
-      memory_allocator, use_adaptive_mutex, metadata_charge_policy,
-      compression_type, compress_format_version);
+      low_pri_pool_ratio, memory_allocator, use_adaptive_mutex,
+      metadata_charge_policy, compression_type, compress_format_version,
+      enable_custom_split_merge);
 }
 
 std::shared_ptr<SecondaryCache> NewCompressedSecondaryCache(
@@ -163,9 +316,10 @@ std::shared_ptr<SecondaryCache> NewCompressedSecondaryCache(
   assert(opts.secondary_cache == nullptr);
   return NewCompressedSecondaryCache(
       opts.capacity, opts.num_shard_bits, opts.strict_capacity_limit,
-      opts.high_pri_pool_ratio, opts.memory_allocator, opts.use_adaptive_mutex,
-      opts.metadata_charge_policy, opts.compression_type,
-      opts.compress_format_version);
+      opts.high_pri_pool_ratio, opts.low_pri_pool_ratio, opts.memory_allocator,
+      opts.use_adaptive_mutex, opts.metadata_charge_policy,
+      opts.compression_type, opts.compress_format_version,
+      opts.enable_custom_split_merge);
 }
 
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

cache/compressed_secondary_cache.h

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <array>
+#include <cstddef>
 #include <memory>
 
 #include "cache/lru_cache.h"
@@ -13,6 +15,7 @@
 #include "rocksdb/slice.h"
 #include "rocksdb/status.h"
 #include "util/compression.h"
+#include "util/mutexlock.h"
 
 namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
 
@@ -20,7 +23,7 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCacheResultHandle : public SecondaryCacheResultHandle {
  public:
   CompressedSecondaryCacheResultHandle(void* value, size_t size)
       : value_(value), size_(size) {}
-  virtual ~CompressedSecondaryCacheResultHandle() override = default;
+  ~CompressedSecondaryCacheResultHandle() override = default;
 
   CompressedSecondaryCacheResultHandle(
       const CompressedSecondaryCacheResultHandle&) = delete;
@@ -43,7 +46,21 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCacheResultHandle : public SecondaryCacheResultHandle {
 // The CompressedSecondaryCache is a concrete implementation of
 // rocksdb::SecondaryCache.
 //
-// Users can also cast a pointer to it and call methods on
+// When a block is found from CompressedSecondaryCache::Lookup, we check whether
+// there is a dummy block with the same key in the primary cache.
+// 1. If the dummy block exits, we erase the block from
+//    CompressedSecondaryCache and insert it into the primary cache.
+// 2. If not, we just insert a dummy block into the primary cache
+//    (charging the actual size of the block) and don not erase the block from
+//    CompressedSecondaryCache. A standalone handle is returned to the caller.
+//
+// When a block is evicted from the primary cache, we check whether
+// there is a dummy block with the same key in CompressedSecondaryCache.
+// 1. If the dummy block exits, the block is inserted into
+//    CompressedSecondaryCache.
+// 2. If not, we just insert a dummy block (size 0) in CompressedSecondaryCache.
+//
+// Users can also cast a pointer to CompressedSecondaryCache and call methods on
 // it directly, especially custom methods that may be added
 // in the future.  For example -
 // std::unique_ptr<rocksdb::SecondaryCache> cache =
@@ -54,14 +71,15 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCache : public SecondaryCache {
  public:
   CompressedSecondaryCache(
       size_t capacity, int num_shard_bits, bool strict_capacity_limit,
-      double high_pri_pool_ratio,
+      double high_pri_pool_ratio, double low_pri_pool_ratio,
       std::shared_ptr<MemoryAllocator> memory_allocator = nullptr,
       bool use_adaptive_mutex = kDefaultToAdaptiveMutex,
       CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy =
-          kDontChargeCacheMetadata,
+          kDefaultCacheMetadataChargePolicy,
       CompressionType compression_type = CompressionType::kLZ4Compression,
-      uint32_t compress_format_version = 2);
-  virtual ~CompressedSecondaryCache() override;
+      uint32_t compress_format_version = 2,
+      bool enable_custom_split_merge = false);
+  ~CompressedSecondaryCache() override;
 
   const char* Name() const override { return "CompressedSecondaryCache"; }
 
@@ -70,17 +88,52 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCache : public SecondaryCache {
 
   std::unique_ptr<SecondaryCacheResultHandle> Lookup(
       const Slice& key, const Cache::CreateCallback& create_cb, bool /*wait*/,
-      bool& is_in_sec_cache) override;
+      bool advise_erase, bool& is_in_sec_cache) override;
+
+  bool SupportForceErase() const override { return true; }
 
   void Erase(const Slice& key) override;
 
   void WaitAll(std::vector<SecondaryCacheResultHandle*> /*handles*/) override {}
 
+  Status SetCapacity(size_t capacity) override;
+
+  Status GetCapacity(size_t& capacity) override;
+
   std::string GetPrintableOptions() const override;
 
  private:
+  friend class CompressedSecondaryCacheTest;
+  static constexpr std::array<uint16_t, 8> malloc_bin_sizes_{
+      128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192, 16384};
+
+  struct CacheValueChunk {
+    // TODO try "CacheAllocationPtr next;".
+    CacheValueChunk* next;
+    size_t size;
+    // Beginning of the chunk data (MUST BE THE LAST FIELD IN THIS STRUCT!)
+    char data[1];
+
+    void Free() { delete[] reinterpret_cast<char*>(this); }
+  };
+
+  // Split value into chunks to better fit into jemalloc bins. The chunks
+  // are stored in CacheValueChunk and extra charge is needed for each chunk,
+  // so the cache charge is recalculated here.
+  CacheValueChunk* SplitValueIntoChunks(const Slice& value,
+                                        CompressionType compression_type,
+                                        size_t& charge);
+
+  // After merging chunks, the extra charge for each chunk is removed, so
+  // the charge is recalculated.
+  CacheAllocationPtr MergeChunksIntoValue(const void* chunks_head,
+                                          size_t& charge);
+
+  // An implementation of Cache::DeleterFn.
+  static Cache::DeleterFn GetDeletionCallback(bool enable_custom_split_merge);
   std::shared_ptr<Cache> cache_;
   CompressedSecondaryCacheOptions cache_options_;
+  mutable port::Mutex capacity_mutex_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

cache/fast_lru_cache.cc

@@ -1,609 +0,0 @@
-//  Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
-//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
-//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
-//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
-// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.
-
-#include "cache/fast_lru_cache.h"
-
-#include <cassert>
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <cstdio>
-#include <functional>
-
-#include "monitoring/perf_context_imp.h"
-#include "monitoring/statistics.h"
-#include "port/lang.h"
-#include "util/distributed_mutex.h"
-#include "util/hash.h"
-#include "util/math.h"
-#include "util/random.h"
-
-namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
-
-namespace fast_lru_cache {
-
-LRUHandleTable::LRUHandleTable(int hash_bits)
-    : length_bits_(hash_bits),
-      length_bits_mask_((uint32_t{1} << length_bits_) - 1),
-      occupancy_(0),
-      occupancy_limit_(static_cast<uint32_t>((uint32_t{1} << length_bits_) *
-                                             kStrictLoadFactor)),
-      array_(new LRUHandle[size_t{1} << length_bits_]) {
-  assert(hash_bits <= 32);
-}
-
-LRUHandleTable::~LRUHandleTable() {
-  ApplyToEntriesRange([](LRUHandle* h) { h->FreeData(); }, 0, GetTableSize());
-}
-
-LRUHandle* LRUHandleTable::Lookup(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash) {
-  int probe = 0;
-  int slot = FindVisibleElement(key, hash, probe, 0);
-  return (slot == -1) ? nullptr : &array_[slot];
-}
-
-LRUHandle* LRUHandleTable::Insert(LRUHandle* h, LRUHandle** old) {
-  int probe = 0;
-  int slot = FindVisibleElementOrAvailableSlot(h->key(), h->hash, probe,
-                                               1 /*displacement*/);
-  *old = nullptr;
-  if (slot == -1) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  if (array_[slot].IsEmpty() || array_[slot].IsTombstone()) {
-    bool empty = array_[slot].IsEmpty();
-    Assign(slot, h);
-    LRUHandle* new_entry = &array_[slot];
-    if (empty) {
-      // This used to be an empty slot.
-      return new_entry;
-    }
-    // It used to be a tombstone, so there may already be a copy of the
-    // key in the table.
-    slot = FindVisibleElement(h->key(), h->hash, probe, 0 /*displacement*/);
-    if (slot == -1) {
-      // No existing copy of the key.
-      return new_entry;
-    }
-    *old = &array_[slot];
-    return new_entry;
-  } else {
-    // There is an existing copy of the key.
-    *old = &array_[slot];
-    // Find an available slot for the new element.
-    array_[slot].displacements++;
-    slot = FindAvailableSlot(h->key(), probe, 1 /*displacement*/);
-    if (slot == -1) {
-      // No available slots. Roll back displacements.
-      probe = 0;
-      slot = FindVisibleElement(h->key(), h->hash, probe, -1);
-      array_[slot].displacements--;
-      FindAvailableSlot(h->key(), probe, -1);
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-    Assign(slot, h);
-    return &array_[slot];
-  }
-}
-
-void LRUHandleTable::Remove(LRUHandle* h) {
-  assert(h->next == nullptr &&
-         h->prev == nullptr);  // Already off the LRU list.
-  int probe = 0;
-  FindSlot(
-      h->key(), [&h](LRUHandle* e) { return e == h; }, probe,
-      -1 /*displacement*/);
-  h->SetIsVisible(false);
-  h->SetIsElement(false);
-  occupancy_--;
-}
-
-void LRUHandleTable::Assign(int slot, LRUHandle* h) {
-  LRUHandle* dst = &array_[slot];
-  uint32_t disp = dst->displacements;
-  *dst = *h;
-  dst->displacements = disp;
-  dst->SetIsVisible(true);
-  dst->SetIsElement(true);
-  occupancy_++;
-}
-
-void LRUHandleTable::Exclude(LRUHandle* h) { h->SetIsVisible(false); }
-
-int LRUHandleTable::FindVisibleElement(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash,
-                                       int& probe, int displacement) {
-  return FindSlot(
-      key,
-      [&](LRUHandle* h) { return h->Matches(key, hash) && h->IsVisible(); },
-      probe, displacement);
-}
-
-int LRUHandleTable::FindAvailableSlot(const Slice& key, int& probe,
-                                      int displacement) {
-  return FindSlot(
-      key, [](LRUHandle* h) { return h->IsEmpty() || h->IsTombstone(); }, probe,
-      displacement);
-}
-
-int LRUHandleTable::FindVisibleElementOrAvailableSlot(const Slice& key,
-                                                      uint32_t hash, int& probe,
-                                                      int displacement) {
-  return FindSlot(
-      key,
-      [&](LRUHandle* h) {
-        return h->IsEmpty() || h->IsTombstone() ||
-               (h->Matches(key, hash) && h->IsVisible());
-      },
-      probe, displacement);
-}
-
-inline int LRUHandleTable::FindSlot(const Slice& key,
-                                    std::function<bool(LRUHandle*)> cond,
-                                    int& probe, int displacement) {
-  uint32_t base = ModTableSize(Hash(key.data(), key.size(), kProbingSeed1));
-  uint32_t increment =
-      ModTableSize((Hash(key.data(), key.size(), kProbingSeed2) << 1) | 1);
-  uint32_t current = ModTableSize(base + probe * increment);
-  while (true) {
-    LRUHandle* h = &array_[current];
-    probe++;
-    if (current == base && probe > 1) {
-      // We looped back.
-      return -1;
-    }
-    if (cond(h)) {
-      return current;
-    }
-    if (h->IsEmpty()) {
-      // We check emptyness after the condition, because
-      // the condition may be emptyness.
-      return -1;
-    }
-    h->displacements += displacement;
-    current = ModTableSize(current + increment);
-  }
-}
-
-LRUCacheShard::LRUCacheShard(size_t capacity, size_t estimated_value_size,
-                             bool strict_capacity_limit,
-                             CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy)
-    : capacity_(capacity),
-      strict_capacity_limit_(strict_capacity_limit),
-      table_(
-          CalcHashBits(capacity, estimated_value_size, metadata_charge_policy)),
-      usage_(0),
-      lru_usage_(0) {
-  set_metadata_charge_policy(metadata_charge_policy);
-  // Make empty circular linked list.
-  lru_.next = &lru_;
-  lru_.prev = &lru_;
-  lru_low_pri_ = &lru_;
-}
-
-void LRUCacheShard::EraseUnRefEntries() {
-  autovector<LRUHandle> last_reference_list;
-  {
-    DMutexLock l(mutex_);
-    while (lru_.next != &lru_) {
-      LRUHandle* old = lru_.next;
-      // LRU list contains only elements which can be evicted.
-      assert(old->IsVisible() && !old->HasRefs());
-      LRU_Remove(old);
-      table_.Remove(old);
-      assert(usage_ >= old->total_charge);
-      usage_ -= old->total_charge;
-      last_reference_list.push_back(*old);
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Free the entries here outside of mutex for performance reasons.
-  for (auto& h : last_reference_list) {
-    h.FreeData();
-  }
-}
-
-void LRUCacheShard::ApplyToSomeEntries(
-    const std::function<void(const Slice& key, void* value, size_t charge,
-                             DeleterFn deleter)>& callback,
-    uint32_t average_entries_per_lock, uint32_t* state) {
-  // The state is essentially going to be the starting hash, which works
-  // nicely even if we resize between calls because we use upper-most
-  // hash bits for table indexes.
-  DMutexLock l(mutex_);
-  uint32_t length_bits = table_.GetLengthBits();
-  uint32_t length = table_.GetTableSize();
-
-  assert(average_entries_per_lock > 0);
-  // Assuming we are called with same average_entries_per_lock repeatedly,
-  // this simplifies some logic (index_end will not overflow).
-  assert(average_entries_per_lock < length || *state == 0);
-
-  uint32_t index_begin = *state >> (32 - length_bits);
-  uint32_t index_end = index_begin + average_entries_per_lock;
-  if (index_end >= length) {
-    // Going to end
-    index_end = length;
-    *state = UINT32_MAX;
-  } else {
-    *state = index_end << (32 - length_bits);
-  }
-
-  table_.ApplyToEntriesRange(
-      [callback,
-       metadata_charge_policy = metadata_charge_policy_](LRUHandle* h) {
-        callback(h->key(), h->value, h->GetCharge(metadata_charge_policy),
-                 h->deleter);
-      },
-      index_begin, index_end);
-}
-
-void LRUCacheShard::LRU_Remove(LRUHandle* h) {
-  assert(h->next != nullptr);
-  assert(h->prev != nullptr);
-  h->next->prev = h->prev;
-  h->prev->next = h->next;
-  h->prev = h->next = nullptr;
-  assert(lru_usage_ >= h->total_charge);
-  lru_usage_ -= h->total_charge;
-}
-
-void LRUCacheShard::LRU_Insert(LRUHandle* h) {
-  assert(h->next == nullptr);
-  assert(h->prev == nullptr);
-  // Insert h to head of LRU list.
-  h->next = &lru_;
-  h->prev = lru_.prev;
-  h->prev->next = h;
-  h->next->prev = h;
-  lru_usage_ += h->total_charge;
-}
-
-void LRUCacheShard::EvictFromLRU(size_t charge,
-                                 autovector<LRUHandle>* deleted) {
-  while ((usage_ + charge) > capacity_ && lru_.next != &lru_) {
-    LRUHandle* old = lru_.next;
-    // LRU list contains only elements which can be evicted.
-    assert(old->IsVisible() && !old->HasRefs());
-    LRU_Remove(old);
-    table_.Remove(old);
-    assert(usage_ >= old->total_charge);
-    usage_ -= old->total_charge;
-    deleted->push_back(*old);
-  }
-}
-
-size_t LRUCacheShard::CalcEstimatedHandleCharge(
-    size_t estimated_value_size,
-    CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy) {
-  LRUHandle h;
-  h.CalcTotalCharge(estimated_value_size, metadata_charge_policy);
-  return h.total_charge;
-}
-
-int LRUCacheShard::CalcHashBits(
-    size_t capacity, size_t estimated_value_size,
-    CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy) {
-  size_t handle_charge =
-      CalcEstimatedHandleCharge(estimated_value_size, metadata_charge_policy);
-  assert(handle_charge > 0);
-  uint32_t num_entries =
-      static_cast<uint32_t>(capacity / (kLoadFactor * handle_charge)) + 1;
-  assert(num_entries <= uint32_t{1} << 31);
-  return FloorLog2((num_entries << 1) - 1);
-}
-
-void LRUCacheShard::SetCapacity(size_t capacity) {
-  assert(false);  // Not supported. TODO(Guido) Support it?
-  autovector<LRUHandle> last_reference_list;
-  {
-    DMutexLock l(mutex_);
-    capacity_ = capacity;
-    EvictFromLRU(0, &last_reference_list);
-  }
-
-  // Free the entries here outside of mutex for performance reasons.
-  for (auto& h : last_reference_list) {
-    h.FreeData();
-  }
-}
-
-void LRUCacheShard::SetStrictCapacityLimit(bool strict_capacity_limit) {
-  DMutexLock l(mutex_);
-  strict_capacity_limit_ = strict_capacity_limit;
-}
-
-Status LRUCacheShard::Insert(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash, void* value,
-                             size_t charge, Cache::DeleterFn deleter,
-                             Cache::Handle** handle,
-                             Cache::Priority /*priority*/) {
-  if (key.size() != kCacheKeySize) {
-    return Status::NotSupported("FastLRUCache only supports key size " +
-                                std::to_string(kCacheKeySize) + "B");
-  }
-
-  LRUHandle tmp;
-  tmp.value = value;
-  tmp.deleter = deleter;
-  tmp.hash = hash;
-  tmp.CalcTotalCharge(charge, metadata_charge_policy_);
-  for (int i = 0; i < kCacheKeySize; i++) {
-    tmp.key_data[i] = key.data()[i];
-  }
-
-  Status s = Status::OK();
-  autovector<LRUHandle> last_reference_list;
-  {
-    DMutexLock l(mutex_);
-    assert(table_.GetOccupancy() <= table_.GetOccupancyLimit());
-
-    // Free the space following strict LRU policy until enough space
-    // is freed or the lru list is empty.
-    EvictFromLRU(tmp.total_charge, &last_reference_list);
-    if ((usage_ + tmp.total_charge > capacity_ &&
-         (strict_capacity_limit_ || handle == nullptr)) ||
-        table_.GetOccupancy() == table_.GetOccupancyLimit()) {
-      // There are two measures of capacity:
-      // - Space (or charge) capacity: The maximum possible sum of the charges
-      //    of the elements.
-      // - Table capacity: The number of slots in the hash table.
-      // These are incomparable, in the sense that one doesn't imply the other.
-      // Typically we will reach space capacity before table capacity---
-      // if the user always inserts values with size equal to
-      // estimated_value_size, then at most a kLoadFactor fraction of slots
-      // will ever be occupied. But in some cases we may reach table capacity
-      // before space capacity---if the user initially claims a very large
-      // estimated_value_size but then inserts tiny values, more elements than
-      // initially estimated will be inserted.
-
-      // TODO(Guido) Some tests (at least two from cache_test, as well as the
-      // stress tests) currently assume the table capacity is unbounded.
-      if (handle == nullptr) {
-        // Don't insert the entry but still return ok, as if the entry inserted
-        // into cache and get evicted immediately.
-        last_reference_list.push_back(tmp);
-      } else {
-        if (table_.GetOccupancy() == table_.GetOccupancyLimit()) {
-          // TODO: Consider using a distinct status for this case, but usually
-          // it will be handled the same way as reaching charge capacity limit
-          s = Status::MemoryLimit(
-              "Insert failed because all slots in the hash table are full.");
-        } else {
-          s = Status::MemoryLimit(
-              "Insert failed because the total charge has exceeded the "
-              "capacity.");
-        }
-      }
-    } else {
-      // Insert into the cache. Note that the cache might get larger than its
-      // capacity if not enough space was freed up.
-      LRUHandle* old;
-      LRUHandle* h = table_.Insert(&tmp, &old);
-      assert(h != nullptr);  // We're below occupancy, so this insertion should
-                             // never fail.
-      usage_ += h->total_charge;
-      if (old != nullptr) {
-        s = Status::OkOverwritten();
-        assert(old->IsVisible());
-        table_.Exclude(old);
-        if (!old->HasRefs()) {
-          // old is on LRU because it's in cache and its reference count is 0.
-          LRU_Remove(old);
-          table_.Remove(old);
-          assert(usage_ >= old->total_charge);
-          usage_ -= old->total_charge;
-          last_reference_list.push_back(*old);
-        }
-      }
-      if (handle == nullptr) {
-        LRU_Insert(h);
-      } else {
-        // If caller already holds a ref, no need to take one here.
-        if (!h->HasRefs()) {
-          h->Ref();
-        }
-        *handle = reinterpret_cast<Cache::Handle*>(h);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Free the entries here outside of mutex for performance reasons.
-  for (auto& h : last_reference_list) {
-    h.FreeData();
-  }
-
-  return s;
-}
-
-Cache::Handle* LRUCacheShard::Lookup(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash) {
-  LRUHandle* h = nullptr;
-  {
-    DMutexLock l(mutex_);
-    h = table_.Lookup(key, hash);
-    if (h != nullptr) {
-      assert(h->IsVisible());
-      if (!h->HasRefs()) {
-        // The entry is in LRU since it's in hash and has no external
-        // references.
-        LRU_Remove(h);
-      }
-      h->Ref();
-    }
-  }
-  return reinterpret_cast<Cache::Handle*>(h);
-}
-
-bool LRUCacheShard::Ref(Cache::Handle* h) {
-  LRUHandle* e = reinterpret_cast<LRUHandle*>(h);
-  DMutexLock l(mutex_);
-  // To create another reference - entry must be already externally referenced.
-  assert(e->HasRefs());
-  e->Ref();
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool LRUCacheShard::Release(Cache::Handle* handle, bool erase_if_last_ref) {
-  if (handle == nullptr) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  LRUHandle* h = reinterpret_cast<LRUHandle*>(handle);
-  LRUHandle copy;
-  bool last_reference = false;
-  {
-    DMutexLock l(mutex_);
-    last_reference = h->Unref();
-    if (last_reference && h->IsVisible()) {
-      // The item is still in cache, and nobody else holds a reference to it.
-      if (usage_ > capacity_ || erase_if_last_ref) {
-        // The LRU list must be empty since the cache is full.
-        assert(lru_.next == &lru_ || erase_if_last_ref);
-        // Take this opportunity and remove the item.
-        table_.Remove(h);
-      } else {
-        // Put the item back on the LRU list, and don't free it.
-        LRU_Insert(h);
-        last_reference = false;
-      }
-    }
-    // If it was the last reference, then decrement the cache usage.
-    if (last_reference) {
-      assert(usage_ >= h->total_charge);
-      usage_ -= h->total_charge;
-      copy = *h;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Free the entry here outside of mutex for performance reasons.
-  if (last_reference) {
-    copy.FreeData();
-  }
-  return last_reference;
-}
-
-void LRUCacheShard::Erase(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash) {
-  LRUHandle copy;
-  bool last_reference = false;
-  {
-    DMutexLock l(mutex_);
-    LRUHandle* h = table_.Lookup(key, hash);
-    if (h != nullptr) {
-      table_.Exclude(h);
-      if (!h->HasRefs()) {
-        // The entry is in LRU since it's in cache and has no external
-        // references.
-        LRU_Remove(h);
-        table_.Remove(h);
-        assert(usage_ >= h->total_charge);
-        usage_ -= h->total_charge;
-        last_reference = true;
-        copy = *h;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  // Free the entry here outside of mutex for performance reasons.
-  // last_reference will only be true if e != nullptr.
-  if (last_reference) {
-    copy.FreeData();
-  }
-}
-
-size_t LRUCacheShard::GetUsage() const {
-  DMutexLock l(mutex_);
-  return usage_;
-}
-
-size_t LRUCacheShard::GetPinnedUsage() const {
-  DMutexLock l(mutex_);
-  assert(usage_ >= lru_usage_);
-  return usage_ - lru_usage_;
-}
-
-std::string LRUCacheShard::GetPrintableOptions() const { return std::string{}; }
-
-LRUCache::LRUCache(size_t capacity, size_t estimated_value_size,
-                   int num_shard_bits, bool strict_capacity_limit,
-                   CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy)
-    : ShardedCache(capacity, num_shard_bits, strict_capacity_limit) {
-  assert(estimated_value_size > 0 ||
-         metadata_charge_policy != kDontChargeCacheMetadata);
-  num_shards_ = 1 << num_shard_bits;
-  shards_ = reinterpret_cast<LRUCacheShard*>(
-      port::cacheline_aligned_alloc(sizeof(LRUCacheShard) * num_shards_));
-  size_t per_shard = (capacity + (num_shards_ - 1)) / num_shards_;
-  for (int i = 0; i < num_shards_; i++) {
-    new (&shards_[i])
-        LRUCacheShard(per_shard, estimated_value_size, strict_capacity_limit,
-                      metadata_charge_policy);
-  }
-}
-
-LRUCache::~LRUCache() {
-  if (shards_ != nullptr) {
-    assert(num_shards_ > 0);
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_shards_; i++) {
-      shards_[i].~LRUCacheShard();
-    }
-    port::cacheline_aligned_free(shards_);
-  }
-}
-
-CacheShard* LRUCache::GetShard(uint32_t shard) {
-  return reinterpret_cast<CacheShard*>(&shards_[shard]);
-}
-
-const CacheShard* LRUCache::GetShard(uint32_t shard) const {
-  return reinterpret_cast<CacheShard*>(&shards_[shard]);
-}
-
-void* LRUCache::Value(Handle* handle) {
-  return reinterpret_cast<const LRUHandle*>(handle)->value;
-}
-
-size_t LRUCache::GetCharge(Handle* handle) const {
-  CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy = kDontChargeCacheMetadata;
-  if (num_shards_ > 0) {
-    metadata_charge_policy = shards_[0].metadata_charge_policy_;
-  }
-  return reinterpret_cast<const LRUHandle*>(handle)->GetCharge(
-      metadata_charge_policy);
-}
-
-Cache::DeleterFn LRUCache::GetDeleter(Handle* handle) const {
-  auto h = reinterpret_cast<const LRUHandle*>(handle);
-  return h->deleter;
-}
-
-uint32_t LRUCache::GetHash(Handle* handle) const {
-  return reinterpret_cast<const LRUHandle*>(handle)->hash;
-}
-
-void LRUCache::DisownData() {
-  // Leak data only if that won't generate an ASAN/valgrind warning.
-  if (!kMustFreeHeapAllocations) {
-    shards_ = nullptr;
-    num_shards_ = 0;
-  }
-}
-
-}  // namespace fast_lru_cache
-
-std::shared_ptr<Cache> NewFastLRUCache(
-    size_t capacity, size_t estimated_value_size, int num_shard_bits,
-    bool strict_capacity_limit,
-    CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy) {
-  if (num_shard_bits >= 20) {
-    return nullptr;  // The cache cannot be sharded into too many fine pieces.
-  }
-  if (num_shard_bits < 0) {
-    num_shard_bits = GetDefaultCacheShardBits(capacity);
-  }
-  return std::make_shared<fast_lru_cache::LRUCache>(
-      capacity, estimated_value_size, num_shard_bits, strict_capacity_limit,
-      metadata_charge_policy);
-}
-
-}  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

cache/fast_lru_cache.h

@@ -1,474 +0,0 @@
-//  Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved
-//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
-//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
-//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
-// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.
-#pragma once
-
-#include <array>
-#include <memory>
-#include <string>
-
-#include "cache/cache_key.h"
-#include "cache/sharded_cache.h"
-#include "port/lang.h"
-#include "port/malloc.h"
-#include "port/port.h"
-#include "rocksdb/secondary_cache.h"
-#include "util/autovector.h"
-#include "util/distributed_mutex.h"
-
-namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
-
-namespace fast_lru_cache {
-
-// Forward declaration of friend class.
-class FastLRUCacheTest;
-
-// LRU cache implementation using an open-address hash table.
-//
-// Every slot in the hash table is an LRUHandle. Because handles can be
-// referenced externally, we can't discard them immediately once they are
-// deleted (via a delete or an LRU eviction) or replaced by a new version
-// (via an insert of the same key). The state of an element is defined by
-// the following two properties:
-// (R) Referenced: An element can be referenced externally (refs > 0), or not.
-//    Importantly, an element can be evicted if and only if it's not
-//    referenced. In particular, when an element becomes referenced, it's
-//    temporarily taken out of the LRU list until all references to it
-//    are dropped.
-// (V) Visible: An element can visible for lookups (IS_VISIBLE set), or not.
-//    Initially, every element is visible. An element that is not visible is
-//    called a ghost.
-// These properties induce 4 different states, with transitions defined as
-// follows:
-// - V --> not V: When a visible element is deleted or replaced by a new
-//    version.
-// - Not V --> V: This cannot happen. A ghost remains in that state until it's
-//    not referenced any more, at which point it's ready to be removed from the
-//    hash table. (A ghost simply waits to transition to the afterlife---it will
-//    never be visible again.)
-// - R --> not R: When all references to an element are dropped.
-// - Not R --> R: When an unreferenced element becomes referenced. This can only
-//    happen if the element is V, since references to an element can only be
-//    created when it's visible.
-//
-// Internally, the cache uses an open-addressed hash table to index the handles.
-// We use tombstone counters to keep track of displacements.
-// Because of the tombstones and the two possible visibility states of an
-// element, the table slots can be in 4 different states:
-// 1. Visible element (IS_ELEMENT set and IS_VISIBLE set): The slot contains a
-//    key-value element.
-// 2. Ghost element (IS_ELEMENT set and IS_VISIBLE unset): The slot contains an
-//    element that has been removed, but it's still referenced. It's invisible
-//    to lookups.
-// 3. Tombstone (IS_ELEMENT unset and displacements > 0): The slot contains a
-//    tombstone.
-// 4. Empty (IS_ELEMENT unset and displacements == 0): The slot is unused.
-//    A slot that is an element can further have IS_VISIBLE set or not.
-// When a ghost is removed from the table, it can either transition to being a
-// tombstone or an empty slot, depending on the number of displacements of the
-// slot. In any case, the slot becomes available. When a handle is inserted
-// into that slot, it becomes a visible element again.
-
-// The load factor p is a real number in (0, 1) such that at all
-// times at most a fraction p of all slots, without counting tombstones,
-// are occupied by elements. This means that the probability that a
-// random probe hits an empty slot is at most p, and thus at most 1/p probes
-// are required on average. For example, p = 70% implies that between 1 and 2
-// probes are needed on average (bear in mind that this reasoning doesn't
-// consider the effects of clustering over time).
-// Because the size of the hash table is always rounded up to the next
-// power of 2, p is really an upper bound on the actual load factor---the
-// actual load factor is anywhere between p/2 and p. This is a bit wasteful,
-// but bear in mind that slots only hold metadata, not actual values.
-// Since space cost is dominated by the values (the LSM blocks),
-// overprovisioning the table with metadata only increases the total cache space
-// usage by a tiny fraction.
-constexpr double kLoadFactor = 0.35;
-
-// The user can exceed kLoadFactor if the sizes of the inserted values don't
-// match estimated_value_size, or if strict_capacity_limit == false. To
-// avoid performance to plunge, we set a strict upper bound on the load factor.
-constexpr double kStrictLoadFactor = 0.7;
-
-// Arbitrary seeds.
-constexpr uint32_t kProbingSeed1 = 0xbc9f1d34;
-constexpr uint32_t kProbingSeed2 = 0x7a2bb9d5;
-
-// An experimental (under development!) alternative to LRUCache
-
-struct LRUHandle {
-  void* value;
-  Cache::DeleterFn deleter;
-  LRUHandle* next;
-  LRUHandle* prev;
-  size_t total_charge;  // TODO(opt): Only allow uint32_t?
-  // The hash of key(). Used for fast sharding and comparisons.
-  uint32_t hash;
-  // The number of external refs to this entry.
-  uint32_t refs;
-
-  enum Flags : uint8_t {
-    // Whether the handle is visible to Lookups.
-    IS_VISIBLE = (1 << 0),
-    // Whether the slot is in use by an element.
-    IS_ELEMENT = (1 << 1),
-  };
-  uint8_t flags;
-
-  // The number of elements that hash to this slot or a lower one,
-  // but wind up in a higher slot.
-  uint32_t displacements;
-
-  std::array<char, kCacheKeySize> key_data;
-
-  LRUHandle() {
-    value = nullptr;
-    deleter = nullptr;
-    next = nullptr;
-    prev = nullptr;
-    total_charge = 0;
-    hash = 0;
-    refs = 0;
-    flags = 0;
-    displacements = 0;
-    key_data.fill(0);
-  }
-
-  Slice key() const { return Slice(key_data.data(), kCacheKeySize); }
-
-  // Increase the reference count by 1.
-  void Ref() { refs++; }
-
-  // Just reduce the reference count by 1. Return true if it was last reference.
-  bool Unref() {
-    assert(refs > 0);
-    refs--;
-    return refs == 0;
-  }
-
-  // Return true if there are external refs, false otherwise.
-  bool HasRefs() const { return refs > 0; }
-
-  bool IsVisible() const { return flags & IS_VISIBLE; }
-
-  void SetIsVisible(bool is_visible) {
-    if (is_visible) {
-      flags |= IS_VISIBLE;
-    } else {
-      flags &= ~IS_VISIBLE;
-    }
-  }
-
-  bool IsElement() const { return flags & IS_ELEMENT; }
-
-  void SetIsElement(bool is_element) {
-    if (is_element) {
-      flags |= IS_ELEMENT;
-    } else {
-      flags &= ~IS_ELEMENT;
-    }
-  }
-
-  void FreeData() {
-    assert(refs == 0);
-    if (deleter) {
-      (*deleter)(key(), value);
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Calculate the memory usage by metadata.
-  inline size_t CalcMetaCharge(
-      CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy) const {
-    if (metadata_charge_policy != kFullChargeCacheMetadata) {
-      return 0;
-    } else {
-      // #ifdef ROCKSDB_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
-      //       return malloc_usable_size(
-      //           const_cast<void*>(static_cast<const void*>(this)));
-      // #else
-      // TODO(Guido) malloc_usable_size only works when we call it on
-      // a pointer allocated with malloc. Because our handles are all
-      // allocated in a single shot as an array, the user can't call
-      // CalcMetaCharge (or CalcTotalCharge or GetCharge) on a handle
-      // pointer returned by the cache. Moreover, malloc_usable_size
-      // expects a heap-allocated handle, but sometimes in our code we
-      // wish to pass a stack-allocated handle (this is only a performance
-      // concern).
-      // What is the right way to compute metadata charges with pre-allocated
-      // handles?
-      return sizeof(LRUHandle);
-      // #endif
-    }
-  }
-
-  inline void CalcTotalCharge(
-      size_t charge, CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy) {
-    total_charge = charge + CalcMetaCharge(metadata_charge_policy);
-  }
-
-  inline size_t GetCharge(
-      CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy) const {
-    size_t meta_charge = CalcMetaCharge(metadata_charge_policy);
-    assert(total_charge >= meta_charge);
-    return total_charge - meta_charge;
-  }
-
-  inline bool IsEmpty() {
-    return !this->IsElement() && this->displacements == 0;
-  }
-
-  inline bool IsTombstone() {
-    return !this->IsElement() && this->displacements > 0;
-  }
-
-  inline bool Matches(const Slice& some_key, uint32_t some_hash) {
-    return this->IsElement() && this->hash == some_hash &&
-           this->key() == some_key;
-  }
-};
-
-
-class LRUHandleTable {
- public:
-  explicit LRUHandleTable(int hash_bits);
-  ~LRUHandleTable();
-
-  // Returns a pointer to a visible element matching the key/hash, or
-  // nullptr if not present.
-  LRUHandle* Lookup(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash);
-
-  // Inserts a copy of h into the hash table.
-  // Returns a pointer to the inserted handle, or nullptr if no slot
-  // available was found. If an existing visible element matching the
-  // key/hash is already present in the hash table, the argument old
-  // is set to pointe to it; otherwise, it's set to nullptr.
-  LRUHandle* Insert(LRUHandle* h, LRUHandle** old);
-
-  // Removes h from the hash table. The handle must already be off
-  // the LRU list.
-  void Remove(LRUHandle* h);
-
-  // Turns a visible element h into a ghost (i.e., not visible).
-  void Exclude(LRUHandle* h);
-
-  // Assigns a copy of h to the given slot.
-  void Assign(int slot, LRUHandle* h);
-
-  template <typename T>
-  void ApplyToEntriesRange(T func, uint32_t index_begin, uint32_t index_end) {
-    for (uint32_t i = index_begin; i < index_end; i++) {
-      LRUHandle* h = &array_[i];
-      if (h->IsVisible()) {
-        func(h);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  uint32_t GetTableSize() const { return uint32_t{1} << length_bits_; }
-
-  int GetLengthBits() const { return length_bits_; }
-
-  uint32_t GetOccupancyLimit() const { return occupancy_limit_; }
-
-  uint32_t GetOccupancy() const { return occupancy_; }
-
-  // Returns x mod 2^{length_bits_}.
-  uint32_t ModTableSize(uint32_t x) { return x & length_bits_mask_; }
-
- private:
-  int FindVisibleElement(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash, int& probe,
-                         int displacement);
-
-  int FindAvailableSlot(const Slice& key, int& probe, int displacement);
-
-  int FindVisibleElementOrAvailableSlot(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash,
-                                        int& probe, int displacement);
-
-  // Returns the index of the first slot probed (hashing with
-  // the given key) with a handle e such that cond(e) is true.
-  // Otherwise, if no match is found, returns -1.
-  // For every handle e probed except the final slot, updates
-  // e->displacements += displacement.
-  // The argument probe is modified such that consecutive calls
-  // to FindSlot continue probing right after where the previous
-  // call left.
-  int FindSlot(const Slice& key, std::function<bool(LRUHandle*)> cond,
-               int& probe, int displacement);
-
-  // Number of hash bits used for table index.
-  // The size of the table is 1 << length_bits_.
-  int length_bits_;
-
-  const uint32_t length_bits_mask_;
-
-  // Number of elements in the table.
-  uint32_t occupancy_;
-
-  // Maximum number of elements the user can store in the table.
-  uint32_t occupancy_limit_;
-
-  std::unique_ptr<LRUHandle[]> array_;
-};
-
-// A single shard of sharded cache.
-class ALIGN_AS(CACHE_LINE_SIZE) LRUCacheShard final : public CacheShard {
- public:
-  LRUCacheShard(size_t capacity, size_t estimated_value_size,
-                bool strict_capacity_limit,
-                CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy);
-  ~LRUCacheShard() override = default;
-
-  // Separate from constructor so caller can easily make an array of LRUCache
-  // if current usage is more than new capacity, the function will attempt to
-  // free the needed space.
-  void SetCapacity(size_t capacity) override;
-
-  // Set the flag to reject insertion if cache if full.
-  void SetStrictCapacityLimit(bool strict_capacity_limit) override;
-
-  // Like Cache methods, but with an extra "hash" parameter.
-  // Insert an item into the hash table and, if handle is null, insert into
-  // the LRU list. Older items are evicted as necessary. If the cache is full
-  // and free_handle_on_fail is true, the item is deleted and handle is set to
-  // nullptr.
-  Status Insert(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash, void* value, size_t charge,
-                Cache::DeleterFn deleter, Cache::Handle** handle,
-                Cache::Priority priority) override;
-
-  Status Insert(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash, void* value,
-                const Cache::CacheItemHelper* helper, size_t charge,
-                Cache::Handle** handle, Cache::Priority priority) override {
-    return Insert(key, hash, value, charge, helper->del_cb, handle, priority);
-  }
-
-  Cache::Handle* Lookup(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash,
-                        const Cache::CacheItemHelper* /*helper*/,
-                        const Cache::CreateCallback& /*create_cb*/,
-                        Cache::Priority /*priority*/, bool /*wait*/,
-                        Statistics* /*stats*/) override {
-    return Lookup(key, hash);
-  }
-  Cache::Handle* Lookup(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash) override;
-
-  bool Release(Cache::Handle* handle, bool /*useful*/,
-               bool erase_if_last_ref) override {
-    return Release(handle, erase_if_last_ref);
-  }
-  bool IsReady(Cache::Handle* /*handle*/) override { return true; }
-  void Wait(Cache::Handle* /*handle*/) override {}
-
-  bool Ref(Cache::Handle* handle) override;
-  bool Release(Cache::Handle* handle, bool erase_if_last_ref = false) override;
-  void Erase(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash) override;
-
-  size_t GetUsage() const override;
-  size_t GetPinnedUsage() const override;
-
-  void ApplyToSomeEntries(
-      const std::function<void(const Slice& key, void* value, size_t charge,
-                               DeleterFn deleter)>& callback,
-      uint32_t average_entries_per_lock, uint32_t* state) override;
-
-  void EraseUnRefEntries() override;
-
-  std::string GetPrintableOptions() const override;
-
- private:
-  friend class LRUCache;
-  friend class FastLRUCacheTest;
-
-  void LRU_Remove(LRUHandle* e);
-  void LRU_Insert(LRUHandle* e);
-
-  // Free some space following strict LRU policy until enough space
-  // to hold (usage_ + charge) is freed or the LRU list is empty
-  // This function is not thread safe - it needs to be executed while
-  // holding the mutex_.
-  void EvictFromLRU(size_t charge, autovector<LRUHandle>* deleted);
-
-  // Returns the charge of a single handle.
-  static size_t CalcEstimatedHandleCharge(
-      size_t estimated_value_size,
-      CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy);
-
-  // Returns the number of bits used to hash an element in the hash
-  // table.
-  static int CalcHashBits(size_t capacity, size_t estimated_value_size,
-                          CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy);
-
-  // Initialized before use.
-  size_t capacity_;
-
-  // Whether to reject insertion if cache reaches its full capacity.
-  bool strict_capacity_limit_;
-
-  // Dummy head of LRU list.
-  // lru.prev is newest entry, lru.next is oldest entry.
-  // LRU contains items which can be evicted, ie reference only by cache
-  LRUHandle lru_;
-
-  // Pointer to head of low-pri pool in LRU list.
-  LRUHandle* lru_low_pri_;
-
-  // ------------^^^^^^^^^^^^^-----------
-  // Not frequently modified data members
-  // ------------------------------------
-  //
-  // We separate data members that are updated frequently from the ones that
-  // are not frequently updated so that they don't share the same cache line
-  // which will lead into false cache sharing
-  //
-  // ------------------------------------
-  // Frequently modified data members
-  // ------------vvvvvvvvvvvvv-----------
-  LRUHandleTable table_;
-
-  // Memory size for entries residing in the cache.
-  size_t usage_;
-
-  // Memory size for entries residing only in the LRU list.
-  size_t lru_usage_;
-
-  // mutex_ protects the following state.
-  // We don't count mutex_ as the cache's internal state so semantically we
-  // don't mind mutex_ invoking the non-const actions.
-  mutable DMutex mutex_;
-};
-
-class LRUCache
-#ifdef NDEBUG
-    final
-#endif
-    : public ShardedCache {
- public:
-  LRUCache(size_t capacity, size_t estimated_value_size, int num_shard_bits,
-           bool strict_capacity_limit,
-           CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy =
-               kDontChargeCacheMetadata);
-  ~LRUCache() override;
-  const char* Name() const override { return "LRUCache"; }
-  CacheShard* GetShard(uint32_t shard) override;
-  const CacheShard* GetShard(uint32_t shard) const override;
-  void* Value(Handle* handle) override;
-  size_t GetCharge(Handle* handle) const override;
-  uint32_t GetHash(Handle* handle) const override;
-  DeleterFn GetDeleter(Handle* handle) const override;
-  void DisownData() override;
-
- private:
-  LRUCacheShard* shards_ = nullptr;
-  int num_shards_ = 0;
-};
-}  // namespace fast_lru_cache
-
-std::shared_ptr<Cache> NewFastLRUCache(
-    size_t capacity, size_t estimated_value_size, int num_shard_bits,
-    bool strict_capacity_limit,
-    CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy);
-
-}  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

cache/lru_cache.cc

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
 
 #include "monitoring/perf_context_imp.h"
 #include "monitoring/statistics.h"
@@ -21,6 +22,9 @@
 namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
 namespace lru_cache {
 
+// A distinct pointer value for marking "dummy" cache entries
+void* const kDummyValueMarker = const_cast<char*>("kDummyValueMarker");
+
 LRUHandleTable::LRUHandleTable(int max_upper_hash_bits)
     : length_bits_(/* historical starting size*/ 4),
       list_(new LRUHandle* [size_t{1} << length_bits_] {}),
@@ -34,7 +38,7 @@ LRUHandleTable::~LRUHandleTable() {
           h->Free();
         }
       },
-      0, uint32_t{1} << length_bits_);
+      0, size_t{1} << length_bits_);
 }
 
 LRUHandle* LRUHandleTable::Lookup(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash) {
@@ -109,26 +113,31 @@ void LRUHandleTable::Resize() {
   length_bits_ = new_length_bits;
 }
 
-LRUCacheShard::LRUCacheShard(
-    size_t capacity, bool strict_capacity_limit, double high_pri_pool_ratio,
-    bool use_adaptive_mutex, CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy,
-    int max_upper_hash_bits,
-    const std::shared_ptr<SecondaryCache>& secondary_cache)
-    : capacity_(0),
+LRUCacheShard::LRUCacheShard(size_t capacity, bool strict_capacity_limit,
+                             double high_pri_pool_ratio,
+                             double low_pri_pool_ratio, bool use_adaptive_mutex,
+                             CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy,
+                             int max_upper_hash_bits,
+                             SecondaryCache* secondary_cache)
+    : CacheShardBase(metadata_charge_policy),
+      capacity_(0),
       high_pri_pool_usage_(0),
+      low_pri_pool_usage_(0),
       strict_capacity_limit_(strict_capacity_limit),
       high_pri_pool_ratio_(high_pri_pool_ratio),
       high_pri_pool_capacity_(0),
+      low_pri_pool_ratio_(low_pri_pool_ratio),
+      low_pri_pool_capacity_(0),
       table_(max_upper_hash_bits),
       usage_(0),
       lru_usage_(0),
       mutex_(use_adaptive_mutex),
       secondary_cache_(secondary_cache) {
-  set_metadata_charge_policy(metadata_charge_policy);
   // Make empty circular linked list.
   lru_.next = &lru_;
   lru_.prev = &lru_;
   lru_low_pri_ = &lru_;
+  lru_bottom_pri_ = &lru_;
   SetCapacity(capacity);
 }
 
@@ -157,27 +166,27 @@ void LRUCacheShard::EraseUnRefEntries() {
 void LRUCacheShard::ApplyToSomeEntries(
     const std::function<void(const Slice& key, void* value, size_t charge,
                              DeleterFn deleter)>& callback,
-    uint32_t average_entries_per_lock, uint32_t* state) {
+    size_t average_entries_per_lock, size_t* state) {
   // The state is essentially going to be the starting hash, which works
   // nicely even if we resize between calls because we use upper-most
   // hash bits for table indexes.
   DMutexLock l(mutex_);
-  uint32_t length_bits = table_.GetLengthBits();
-  uint32_t length = uint32_t{1} << length_bits;
+  int length_bits = table_.GetLengthBits();
+  size_t length = size_t{1} << length_bits;
 
   assert(average_entries_per_lock > 0);
   // Assuming we are called with same average_entries_per_lock repeatedly,
   // this simplifies some logic (index_end will not overflow).
   assert(average_entries_per_lock < length || *state == 0);
 
-  uint32_t index_begin = *state >> (32 - length_bits);
-  uint32_t index_end = index_begin + average_entries_per_lock;
+  size_t index_begin = *state >> (sizeof(size_t) * 8u - length_bits);
+  size_t index_end = index_begin + average_entries_per_lock;
   if (index_end >= length) {
     // Going to end
     index_end = length;
-    *state = UINT32_MAX;
+    *state = SIZE_MAX;
   } else {
-    *state = index_end << (32 - length_bits);
+    *state = index_end << (sizeof(size_t) * 8u - length_bits);
   }
 
   table_.ApplyToEntriesRange(
@@ -192,10 +201,12 @@ void LRUCacheShard::ApplyToSomeEntries(
       index_begin, index_end);
 }
 
-void LRUCacheShard::TEST_GetLRUList(LRUHandle** lru, LRUHandle** lru_low_pri) {
+void LRUCacheShard::TEST_GetLRUList(LRUHandle** lru, LRUHandle** lru_low_pri,
+                                    LRUHandle** lru_bottom_pri) {
   DMutexLock l(mutex_);
   *lru = &lru_;
   *lru_low_pri = lru_low_pri_;
+  *lru_bottom_pri = lru_bottom_pri_;
 }
 
 size_t LRUCacheShard::TEST_GetLRUSize() {
@@ -214,20 +225,32 @@ double LRUCacheShard::GetHighPriPoolRatio() {
   return high_pri_pool_ratio_;
 }
 
+double LRUCacheShard::GetLowPriPoolRatio() {
+  DMutexLock l(mutex_);
+  return low_pri_pool_ratio_;
+}
+
 void LRUCacheShard::LRU_Remove(LRUHandle* e) {
   assert(e->next != nullptr);
   assert(e->prev != nullptr);
   if (lru_low_pri_ == e) {
     lru_low_pri_ = e->prev;
   }
+  if (lru_bottom_pri_ == e) {
+    lru_bottom_pri_ = e->prev;
+  }
   e->next->prev = e->prev;
   e->prev->next = e->next;
   e->prev = e->next = nullptr;
   assert(lru_usage_ >= e->total_charge);
   lru_usage_ -= e->total_charge;
+  assert(!e->InHighPriPool() || !e->InLowPriPool());
   if (e->InHighPriPool()) {
     assert(high_pri_pool_usage_ >= e->total_charge);
     high_pri_pool_usage_ -= e->total_charge;
+  } else if (e->InLowPriPool()) {
+    assert(low_pri_pool_usage_ >= e->total_charge);
+    low_pri_pool_usage_ -= e->total_charge;
   }
 }
 
@@ -241,17 +264,34 @@ void LRUCacheShard::LRU_Insert(LRUHandle* e) {
     e->prev->next = e;
     e->next->prev = e;
     e->SetInHighPriPool(true);
+    e->SetInLowPriPool(false);
     high_pri_pool_usage_ += e->total_charge;
     MaintainPoolSize();
-  } else {
-    // Insert "e" to the head of low-pri pool. Note that when
-    // high_pri_pool_ratio is 0, head of low-pri pool is also head of LRU list.
+  } else if (low_pri_pool_ratio_ > 0 &&
+             (e->IsHighPri() || e->IsLowPri() || e->HasHit())) {
+    // Insert "e" to the head of low-pri pool.
     e->next = lru_low_pri_->next;
     e->prev = lru_low_pri_;
     e->prev->next = e;
     e->next->prev = e;
     e->SetInHighPriPool(false);
+    e->SetInLowPriPool(true);
+    low_pri_pool_usage_ += e->total_charge;
+    MaintainPoolSize();
     lru_low_pri_ = e;
+  } else {
+    // Insert "e" to the head of bottom-pri pool.
+    e->next = lru_bottom_pri_->next;
+    e->prev = lru_bottom_pri_;
+    e->prev->next = e;
+    e->next->prev = e;
+    e->SetInHighPriPool(false);
+    e->SetInLowPriPool(false);
+    // if the low-pri pool is empty, lru_low_pri_ also needs to be updated.
+    if (lru_bottom_pri_ == lru_low_pri_) {
+      lru_low_pri_ = e;
+    }
+    lru_bottom_pri_ = e;
   }
   lru_usage_ += e->total_charge;
 }
@@ -262,8 +302,20 @@ void LRUCacheShard::MaintainPoolSize() {
     lru_low_pri_ = lru_low_pri_->next;
     assert(lru_low_pri_ != &lru_);
     lru_low_pri_->SetInHighPriPool(false);
+    lru_low_pri_->SetInLowPriPool(true);
     assert(high_pri_pool_usage_ >= lru_low_pri_->total_charge);
     high_pri_pool_usage_ -= lru_low_pri_->total_charge;
+    low_pri_pool_usage_ += lru_low_pri_->total_charge;
+  }
+
+  while (low_pri_pool_usage_ > low_pri_pool_capacity_) {
+    // Overflow last entry in low-pri pool to bottom-pri pool.
+    lru_bottom_pri_ = lru_bottom_pri_->next;
+    assert(lru_bottom_pri_ != &lru_);
+    lru_bottom_pri_->SetInHighPriPool(false);
+    lru_bottom_pri_->SetInLowPriPool(false);
+    assert(low_pri_pool_usage_ >= lru_bottom_pri_->total_charge);
+    low_pri_pool_usage_ -= lru_bottom_pri_->total_charge;
   }
 }
 
@@ -282,25 +334,30 @@ void LRUCacheShard::EvictFromLRU(size_t charge,
   }
 }
 
+void LRUCacheShard::TryInsertIntoSecondaryCache(
+    autovector<LRUHandle*> evicted_handles) {
+  for (auto entry : evicted_handles) {
+    if (secondary_cache_ && entry->IsSecondaryCacheCompatible() &&
+        !entry->IsInSecondaryCache()) {
+      secondary_cache_->Insert(entry->key(), entry->value, entry->info_.helper)
+          .PermitUncheckedError();
+    }
+    // Free the entries here outside of mutex for performance reasons.
+    entry->Free();
+  }
+}
+
 void LRUCacheShard::SetCapacity(size_t capacity) {
   autovector<LRUHandle*> last_reference_list;
   {
     DMutexLock l(mutex_);
     capacity_ = capacity;
     high_pri_pool_capacity_ = capacity_ * high_pri_pool_ratio_;
+    low_pri_pool_capacity_ = capacity_ * low_pri_pool_ratio_;
     EvictFromLRU(0, &last_reference_list);
   }
 
-  // Try to insert the evicted entries into tiered cache.
-  // Free the entries outside of mutex for performance reasons.
-  for (auto entry : last_reference_list) {
-    if (secondary_cache_ && entry->IsSecondaryCacheCompatible() &&
-        !entry->IsInSecondaryCache()) {
-      secondary_cache_->Insert(entry->key(), entry->value, entry->info_.helper)
-          .PermitUncheckedError();
-    }
-    entry->Free();
-  }
+  TryInsertIntoSecondaryCache(last_reference_list);
 }
 
 void LRUCacheShard::SetStrictCapacityLimit(bool strict_capacity_limit) {
@@ -308,7 +365,7 @@ void LRUCacheShard::SetStrictCapacityLimit(bool strict_capacity_limit) {
   strict_capacity_limit_ = strict_capacity_limit;
 }
 
-Status LRUCacheShard::InsertItem(LRUHandle* e, Cache::Handle** handle,
+Status LRUCacheShard::InsertItem(LRUHandle* e, LRUHandle** handle,
                                  bool free_handle_on_fail) {
   Status s = Status::OK();
   autovector<LRUHandle*> last_reference_list;
@@ -329,7 +386,7 @@ Status LRUCacheShard::InsertItem(LRUHandle* e, Cache::Handle** handle,
         last_reference_list.push_back(e);
       } else {
         if (free_handle_on_fail) {
-          delete[] reinterpret_cast<char*>(e);
+          free(e);
           *handle = nullptr;
         }
         s = Status::MemoryLimit("Insert failed due to LRU cache being full.");
@@ -358,21 +415,12 @@ Status LRUCacheShard::InsertItem(LRUHandle* e, Cache::Handle** handle,
         if (!e->HasRefs()) {
           e->Ref();
         }
-        *handle = reinterpret_cast<Cache::Handle*>(e);
+        *handle = e;
       }
     }
   }
 
-  // Try to insert the evicted entries into the secondary cache.
-  // Free the entries here outside of mutex for performance reasons.
-  for (auto entry : last_reference_list) {
-    if (secondary_cache_ && entry->IsSecondaryCacheCompatible() &&
-        !entry->IsInSecondaryCache()) {
-      secondary_cache_->Insert(entry->key(), entry->value, entry->info_.helper)
-          .PermitUncheckedError();
-    }
-    entry->Free();
-  }
+  TryInsertIntoSecondaryCache(last_reference_list);
 
   return s;
 }
@@ -381,58 +429,124 @@ void LRUCacheShard::Promote(LRUHandle* e) {
   SecondaryCacheResultHandle* secondary_handle = e->sec_handle;
 
   assert(secondary_handle->IsReady());
-  e->SetIncomplete(false);
-  e->SetInCache(true);
+  // e is not thread-shared here; OK to modify "immutable" fields as well as
+  // "mutable" (normally requiring mutex)
+  e->SetIsPending(false);
   e->value = secondary_handle->Value();
-  e->CalcTotalCharge(secondary_handle->Size(), metadata_charge_policy_);
+  assert(e->total_charge == 0);
+  size_t value_size = secondary_handle->Size();
   delete secondary_handle;
 
-  // This call could fail if the cache is over capacity and
-  // strict_capacity_limit_ is true. In such a case, we don't want
-  // InsertItem() to free the handle, since the item is already in memory
-  // and the caller will most likely just read from disk if we erase it here.
   if (e->value) {
-    Cache::Handle* handle = reinterpret_cast<Cache::Handle*>(e);
-    Status s = InsertItem(e, &handle, /*free_handle_on_fail=*/false);
+    e->CalcTotalCharge(value_size, metadata_charge_policy_);
+    Status s;
+    if (e->IsStandalone()) {
+      assert(secondary_cache_ && secondary_cache_->SupportForceErase());
+
+      // Insert a dummy handle and return a standalone handle to caller.
+      // Charge the standalone handle.
+      autovector<LRUHandle*> last_reference_list;
+      bool free_standalone_handle{false};
+      {
+        DMutexLock l(mutex_);
+
+        // Free the space following strict LRU policy until enough space
+        // is freed or the lru list is empty.
+        EvictFromLRU(e->total_charge, &last_reference_list);
+
+        if ((usage_ + e->total_charge) > capacity_ && strict_capacity_limit_) {
+          free_standalone_handle = true;
+        } else {
+          usage_ += e->total_charge;
+        }
+      }
+
+      TryInsertIntoSecondaryCache(last_reference_list);
+      if (free_standalone_handle) {
+        e->Unref();
+        e->Free();
+        e = nullptr;
+      } else {
+        PERF_COUNTER_ADD(block_cache_standalone_handle_count, 1);
+      }
+
+      // Insert a dummy handle into the primary cache. This dummy handle is
+      // not IsSecondaryCacheCompatible().
+      // FIXME? This should not overwrite an existing non-dummy entry in the
+      // rare case that one exists
+      Cache::Priority priority =
+          e->IsHighPri() ? Cache::Priority::HIGH : Cache::Priority::LOW;
+      s = Insert(e->key(), e->hash, kDummyValueMarker, /*charge=*/0,
+                 /*deleter=*/nullptr, /*helper=*/nullptr, /*handle=*/nullptr,
+                 priority);
+    } else {
+      e->SetInCache(true);
+      LRUHandle* handle = e;
+      // This InsertItem() could fail if the cache is over capacity and
+      // strict_capacity_limit_ is true. In such a case, we don't want
+      // InsertItem() to free the handle, since the item is already in memory
+      // and the caller will most likely just read it from disk if we erase it
+      // here.
+      s = InsertItem(e, &handle, /*free_handle_on_fail=*/false);
+      if (s.ok()) {
+        PERF_COUNTER_ADD(block_cache_real_handle_count, 1);
+      }
+    }
+
     if (!s.ok()) {
       // Item is in memory, but not accounted against the cache capacity.
       // When the handle is released, the item should get deleted.
       assert(!e->InCache());
     }
   } else {
-    // Since the secondary cache lookup failed, mark the item as not in cache
-    // Don't charge the cache as its only metadata that'll shortly be released
-    DMutexLock l(mutex_);
-    // TODO
-    e->CalcTotalCharge(0, metadata_charge_policy_);
-    e->SetInCache(false);
+    // Secondary cache lookup failed. The caller will take care of detecting
+    // this and eventually releasing e.
+    assert(!e->value);
+    assert(!e->InCache());
   }
 }
 
-Cache::Handle* LRUCacheShard::Lookup(
-    const Slice& key, uint32_t hash,
-    const ShardedCache::CacheItemHelper* helper,
-    const ShardedCache::CreateCallback& create_cb, Cache::Priority priority,
-    bool wait, Statistics* stats) {
+LRUHandle* LRUCacheShard::Lookup(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash,
+                                 const Cache::CacheItemHelper* helper,
+                                 const Cache::CreateCallback& create_cb,
+                                 Cache::Priority priority, bool wait,
+                                 Statistics* stats) {
   LRUHandle* e = nullptr;
+  bool found_dummy_entry{false};
   {
     DMutexLock l(mutex_);
     e = table_.Lookup(key, hash);
     if (e != nullptr) {
       assert(e->InCache());
-      if (!e->HasRefs()) {
-        // The entry is in LRU since it's in hash and has no external references
-        LRU_Remove(e);
+      if (e->value == kDummyValueMarker) {
+        // For a dummy handle, if it was retrieved from secondary cache,
+        // it may still exist in secondary cache.
+        // If the handle exists in secondary cache, the value should be
+        // erased from sec cache and be inserted into primary cache.
+        found_dummy_entry = true;
+        // Let the dummy entry be overwritten
+        e = nullptr;
+      } else {
+        if (!e->HasRefs()) {
+          // The entry is in LRU since it's in hash and has no external
+          // references.
+          LRU_Remove(e);
+        }
+        e->Ref();
+        e->SetHit();
       }
-      e->Ref();
-      e->SetHit();
     }
   }
 
-  // If handle table lookup failed, then allocate a handle outside the
-  // mutex if we're going to lookup in the secondary cache.
-  // Only support synchronous for now.
-  // TODO: Support asynchronous lookup in secondary cache
+  // If handle table lookup failed or the handle is a dummy one, allocate
+  // a handle outside the mutex if we re going to lookup in the secondary cache.
+  //
+  // When a block is firstly Lookup from CompressedSecondaryCache, we just
+  // insert a dummy block into the primary cache (charging the actual size of
+  // the block) and don't erase the block from CompressedSecondaryCache. A
+  // standalone handle is returned to the caller. Only if the block is hit
+  // again, we erase it from CompressedSecondaryCache and add it into the
+  // primary cache.
   if (!e && secondary_cache_ && helper && helper->saveto_cb) {
     // For objects from the secondary cache, we expect the caller to provide
     // a way to create/delete the primary cache object. The only case where
@@ -442,12 +556,13 @@ Cache::Handle* LRUCacheShard::Lookup(
     assert(create_cb && helper->del_cb);
     bool is_in_sec_cache{false};
     std::unique_ptr<SecondaryCacheResultHandle> secondary_handle =
-        secondary_cache_->Lookup(key, create_cb, wait, is_in_sec_cache);
+        secondary_cache_->Lookup(key, create_cb, wait, found_dummy_entry,
+                                 is_in_sec_cache);
     if (secondary_handle != nullptr) {
-      e = reinterpret_cast<LRUHandle*>(
-          new char[sizeof(LRUHandle) - 1 + key.size()]);
+      e = static_cast<LRUHandle*>(malloc(sizeof(LRUHandle) - 1 + key.size()));
 
-      e->flags = 0;
+      e->m_flags = 0;
+      e->im_flags = 0;
       e->SetSecondaryCacheCompatible(true);
       e->info_.helper = helper;
       e->key_length = key.size();
@@ -458,40 +573,49 @@ Cache::Handle* LRUCacheShard::Lookup(
       memcpy(e->key_data, key.data(), key.size());
       e->value = nullptr;
       e->sec_handle = secondary_handle.release();
+      e->total_charge = 0;
       e->Ref();
+      e->SetIsInSecondaryCache(is_in_sec_cache);
+      e->SetIsStandalone(secondary_cache_->SupportForceErase() &&
+                         !found_dummy_entry);
 
       if (wait) {
         Promote(e);
-        e->SetIsInSecondaryCache(is_in_sec_cache);
-        if (!e->value) {
-          // The secondary cache returned a handle, but the lookup failed.
-          e->Unref();
-          e->Free();
-          e = nullptr;
-        } else {
-          PERF_COUNTER_ADD(secondary_cache_hit_count, 1);
-          RecordTick(stats, SECONDARY_CACHE_HITS);
+        if (e) {
+          if (!e->value) {
+            // The secondary cache returned a handle, but the lookup failed.
+            e->Unref();
+            e->Free();
+            e = nullptr;
+          } else {
+            PERF_COUNTER_ADD(secondary_cache_hit_count, 1);
+            RecordTick(stats, SECONDARY_CACHE_HITS);
+          }
         }
       } else {
         // If wait is false, we always return a handle and let the caller
         // release the handle after checking for success or failure.
-        e->SetIncomplete(true);
-        e->SetIsInSecondaryCache(is_in_sec_cache);
+        e->SetIsPending(true);
         // This may be slightly inaccurate, if the lookup eventually fails.
         // But the probability is very low.
         PERF_COUNTER_ADD(secondary_cache_hit_count, 1);
         RecordTick(stats, SECONDARY_CACHE_HITS);
       }
+    } else {
+      // Caller will most likely overwrite the dummy entry with an Insert
+      // after this Lookup fails
+      assert(e == nullptr);
     }
   }
-  return reinterpret_cast<Cache::Handle*>(e);
+  return e;
 }
 
-bool LRUCacheShard::Ref(Cache::Handle* h) {
-  LRUHandle* e = reinterpret_cast<LRUHandle*>(h);
+bool LRUCacheShard::Ref(LRUHandle* e) {
   DMutexLock l(mutex_);
   // To create another reference - entry must be already externally referenced.
   assert(e->HasRefs());
+  // Pending handles are not for sharing
+  assert(!e->IsPending());
   e->Ref();
   return true;
 }
@@ -503,12 +627,22 @@ void LRUCacheShard::SetHighPriorityPoolRatio(double high_pri_pool_ratio) {
   MaintainPoolSize();
 }
 
-bool LRUCacheShard::Release(Cache::Handle* handle, bool erase_if_last_ref) {
-  if (handle == nullptr) {
+void LRUCacheShard::SetLowPriorityPoolRatio(double low_pri_pool_ratio) {
+  DMutexLock l(mutex_);
+  low_pri_pool_ratio_ = low_pri_pool_ratio;
+  low_pri_pool_capacity_ = capacity_ * low_pri_pool_ratio_;
+  MaintainPoolSize();
+}
+
+bool LRUCacheShard::Release(LRUHandle* e, bool /*useful*/,
+                            bool erase_if_last_ref) {
+  if (e == nullptr) {
     return false;
   }
-  LRUHandle* e = reinterpret_cast<LRUHandle*>(handle);
   bool last_reference = false;
+  // Must Wait or WaitAll first on pending handles. Otherwise, would leak
+  // a secondary cache handle.
+  assert(!e->IsPending());
   {
     DMutexLock l(mutex_);
     last_reference = e->Unref();
@@ -526,12 +660,8 @@ bool LRUCacheShard::Release(Cache::Handle* handle, bool erase_if_last_ref) {
         last_reference = false;
       }
     }
-    // If it was the last reference, and the entry is either not secondary
-    // cache compatible (i.e a dummy entry for accounting), or is secondary
-    // cache compatible and has a non-null value, then decrement the cache
-    // usage. If value is null in the latter case, taht means the lookup
-    // failed and we didn't charge the cache.
-    if (last_reference && (!e->IsSecondaryCacheCompatible() || e->value)) {
+    // If it was the last reference, then decrement the cache usage.
+    if (last_reference) {
       assert(usage_ >= e->total_charge);
       usage_ -= e->total_charge;
     }
@@ -548,22 +678,25 @@ Status LRUCacheShard::Insert(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash, void* value,
                              size_t charge,
                              void (*deleter)(const Slice& key, void* value),
                              const Cache::CacheItemHelper* helper,
-                             Cache::Handle** handle, Cache::Priority priority) {
+                             LRUHandle** handle, Cache::Priority priority) {
   // Allocate the memory here outside of the mutex.
   // If the cache is full, we'll have to release it.
   // It shouldn't happen very often though.
-  LRUHandle* e = reinterpret_cast<LRUHandle*>(
-      new char[sizeof(LRUHandle) - 1 + key.size()]);
+  LRUHandle* e =
+      static_cast<LRUHandle*>(malloc(sizeof(LRUHandle) - 1 + key.size()));
 
   e->value = value;
-  e->flags = 0;
+  e->m_flags = 0;
+  e->im_flags = 0;
   if (helper) {
+    // Use only one of the two parameters
+    assert(deleter == nullptr);
+    // value == nullptr is reserved for indicating failure for when secondary
+    // cache compatible
+    assert(value != nullptr);
     e->SetSecondaryCacheCompatible(true);
     e->info_.helper = helper;
   } else {
-#ifdef __SANITIZE_THREAD__
-    e->is_secondary_cache_compatible_for_tsan = false;
-#endif  // __SANITIZE_THREAD__
     e->info_.deleter = deleter;
   }
   e->key_length = key.size();
@@ -604,9 +737,7 @@ void LRUCacheShard::Erase(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash) {
   }
 }
 
-bool LRUCacheShard::IsReady(Cache::Handle* handle) {
-  LRUHandle* e = reinterpret_cast<LRUHandle*>(handle);
-  DMutexLock l(mutex_);
+bool LRUCacheShard::IsReady(LRUHandle* e) {
   bool ready = true;
   if (e->IsPending()) {
     assert(secondary_cache_);
@@ -627,67 +758,59 @@ size_t LRUCacheShard::GetPinnedUsage() const {
   return usage_ - lru_usage_;
 }
 
-std::string LRUCacheShard::GetPrintableOptions() const {
+size_t LRUCacheShard::GetOccupancyCount() const {
+  DMutexLock l(mutex_);
+  return table_.GetOccupancyCount();
+}
+
+size_t LRUCacheShard::GetTableAddressCount() const {
+  DMutexLock l(mutex_);
+  return size_t{1} << table_.GetLengthBits();
+}
+
+void LRUCacheShard::AppendPrintableOptions(std::string& str) const {
   const int kBufferSize = 200;
   char buffer[kBufferSize];
   {
     DMutexLock l(mutex_);
     snprintf(buffer, kBufferSize, "    high_pri_pool_ratio: %.3lf\n",
              high_pri_pool_ratio_);
+    snprintf(buffer + strlen(buffer), kBufferSize - strlen(buffer),
+             "    low_pri_pool_ratio: %.3lf\n", low_pri_pool_ratio_);
   }
-  return std::string(buffer);
+  str.append(buffer);
 }
 
 LRUCache::LRUCache(size_t capacity, int num_shard_bits,
                    bool strict_capacity_limit, double high_pri_pool_ratio,
+                   double low_pri_pool_ratio,
                    std::shared_ptr<MemoryAllocator> allocator,
                    bool use_adaptive_mutex,
                    CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy,
-                   const std::shared_ptr<SecondaryCache>& secondary_cache)
+                   std::shared_ptr<SecondaryCache> _secondary_cache)
     : ShardedCache(capacity, num_shard_bits, strict_capacity_limit,
-                   std::move(allocator)) {
-  num_shards_ = 1 << num_shard_bits;
-  shards_ = reinterpret_cast<LRUCacheShard*>(
-      port::cacheline_aligned_alloc(sizeof(LRUCacheShard) * num_shards_));
-  size_t per_shard = (capacity + (num_shards_ - 1)) / num_shards_;
-  for (int i = 0; i < num_shards_; i++) {
-    new (&shards_[i]) LRUCacheShard(
+                   std::move(allocator)),
+      secondary_cache_(std::move(_secondary_cache)) {
+  size_t per_shard = GetPerShardCapacity();
+  SecondaryCache* secondary_cache = secondary_cache_.get();
+  InitShards([=](LRUCacheShard* cs) {
+    new (cs) LRUCacheShard(
         per_shard, strict_capacity_limit, high_pri_pool_ratio,
-        use_adaptive_mutex, metadata_charge_policy,
+        low_pri_pool_ratio, use_adaptive_mutex, metadata_charge_policy,
         /* max_upper_hash_bits */ 32 - num_shard_bits, secondary_cache);
-  }
-  secondary_cache_ = secondary_cache;
-}
-
-LRUCache::~LRUCache() {
-  if (shards_ != nullptr) {
-    assert(num_shards_ > 0);
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_shards_; i++) {
-      shards_[i].~LRUCacheShard();
-    }
-    port::cacheline_aligned_free(shards_);
-  }
-}
-
-CacheShard* LRUCache::GetShard(uint32_t shard) {
-  return reinterpret_cast<CacheShard*>(&shards_[shard]);
-}
-
-const CacheShard* LRUCache::GetShard(uint32_t shard) const {
-  return reinterpret_cast<CacheShard*>(&shards_[shard]);
+  });
 }
 
 void* LRUCache::Value(Handle* handle) {
-  return reinterpret_cast<const LRUHandle*>(handle)->value;
+  auto h = reinterpret_cast<const LRUHandle*>(handle);
+  assert(!h->IsPending() || h->value == nullptr);
+  assert(h->value != kDummyValueMarker);
+  return h->value;
 }
 
 size_t LRUCache::GetCharge(Handle* handle) const {
-  CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy = kDontChargeCacheMetadata;
-  if (num_shards_ > 0) {
-    metadata_charge_policy = shards_[0].metadata_charge_policy_;
-  }
   return reinterpret_cast<const LRUHandle*>(handle)->GetCharge(
-      metadata_charge_policy);
+      GetShard(0).metadata_charge_policy_);
 }
 
 Cache::DeleterFn LRUCache::GetDeleter(Handle* handle) const {
@@ -699,32 +822,12 @@ Cache::DeleterFn LRUCache::GetDeleter(Handle* handle) const {
   }
 }
 
-uint32_t LRUCache::GetHash(Handle* handle) const {
-  return reinterpret_cast<const LRUHandle*>(handle)->hash;
-}
-
-void LRUCache::DisownData() {
-  // Leak data only if that won't generate an ASAN/valgrind warning.
-  if (!kMustFreeHeapAllocations) {
-    shards_ = nullptr;
-    num_shards_ = 0;
-  }
-}
-
 size_t LRUCache::TEST_GetLRUSize() {
-  size_t lru_size_of_all_shards = 0;
-  for (int i = 0; i < num_shards_; i++) {
-    lru_size_of_all_shards += shards_[i].TEST_GetLRUSize();
-  }
-  return lru_size_of_all_shards;
+  return SumOverShards([](LRUCacheShard& cs) { return cs.TEST_GetLRUSize(); });
 }
 
 double LRUCache::GetHighPriPoolRatio() {
-  double result = 0.0;
-  if (num_shards_ > 0) {
-    result = shards_[0].GetHighPriPoolRatio();
-  }
-  return result;
+  return GetShard(0).GetHighPriPoolRatio();
 }
 
 void LRUCache::WaitAll(std::vector<Handle*>& handles) {
@@ -750,22 +853,17 @@ void LRUCache::WaitAll(std::vector<Handle*>& handles) {
       if (!lru_handle->IsPending()) {
         continue;
       }
-      uint32_t hash = GetHash(handle);
-      LRUCacheShard* shard = static_cast<LRUCacheShard*>(GetShard(Shard(hash)));
-      shard->Promote(lru_handle);
+      GetShard(lru_handle->hash).Promote(lru_handle);
     }
   }
 }
 
-std::string LRUCache::GetPrintableOptions() const {
-  std::string ret;
-  ret.reserve(20000);
-  ret.append(ShardedCache::GetPrintableOptions());
+void LRUCache::AppendPrintableOptions(std::string& str) const {
+  ShardedCache::AppendPrintableOptions(str);  // options from shard
   if (secondary_cache_) {
-    ret.append("  secondary_cache:\n");
-    ret.append(secondary_cache_->GetPrintableOptions());
+    str.append("  secondary_cache:\n");
+    str.append(secondary_cache_->GetPrintableOptions());
   }
-  return ret;
 }
 
 }  // namespace lru_cache
@@ -775,7 +873,8 @@ std::shared_ptr<Cache> NewLRUCache(
     double high_pri_pool_ratio,
     std::shared_ptr<MemoryAllocator> memory_allocator, bool use_adaptive_mutex,
     CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy,
-    const std::shared_ptr<SecondaryCache>& secondary_cache) {
+    const std::shared_ptr<SecondaryCache>& secondary_cache,
+    double low_pri_pool_ratio) {
   if (num_shard_bits >= 20) {
     return nullptr;  // The cache cannot be sharded into too many fine pieces.
   }
@@ -783,30 +882,40 @@ std::shared_ptr<Cache> NewLRUCache(
     // Invalid high_pri_pool_ratio
     return nullptr;
   }
+  if (low_pri_pool_ratio < 0.0 || low_pri_pool_ratio > 1.0) {
+    // Invalid low_pri_pool_ratio
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  if (low_pri_pool_ratio + high_pri_pool_ratio > 1.0) {
+    // Invalid high_pri_pool_ratio and low_pri_pool_ratio combination
+    return nullptr;
+  }
   if (num_shard_bits < 0) {
     num_shard_bits = GetDefaultCacheShardBits(capacity);
   }
   return std::make_shared<LRUCache>(
       capacity, num_shard_bits, strict_capacity_limit, high_pri_pool_ratio,
-      std::move(memory_allocator), use_adaptive_mutex, metadata_charge_policy,
-      secondary_cache);
+      low_pri_pool_ratio, std::move(memory_allocator), use_adaptive_mutex,
+      metadata_charge_policy, secondary_cache);
 }
 
 std::shared_ptr<Cache> NewLRUCache(const LRUCacheOptions& cache_opts) {
-  return NewLRUCache(
-      cache_opts.capacity, cache_opts.num_shard_bits,
-      cache_opts.strict_capacity_limit, cache_opts.high_pri_pool_ratio,
-      cache_opts.memory_allocator, cache_opts.use_adaptive_mutex,
-      cache_opts.metadata_charge_policy, cache_opts.secondary_cache);
+  return NewLRUCache(cache_opts.capacity, cache_opts.num_shard_bits,
+                     cache_opts.strict_capacity_limit,
+                     cache_opts.high_pri_pool_ratio,
+                     cache_opts.memory_allocator, cache_opts.use_adaptive_mutex,
+                     cache_opts.metadata_charge_policy,
+                     cache_opts.secondary_cache, cache_opts.low_pri_pool_ratio);
 }
 
 std::shared_ptr<Cache> NewLRUCache(
     size_t capacity, int num_shard_bits, bool strict_capacity_limit,
     double high_pri_pool_ratio,
     std::shared_ptr<MemoryAllocator> memory_allocator, bool use_adaptive_mutex,
-    CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy) {
+    CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy,
+    double low_pri_pool_ratio) {
   return NewLRUCache(capacity, num_shard_bits, strict_capacity_limit,
                      high_pri_pool_ratio, memory_allocator, use_adaptive_mutex,
-                     metadata_charge_policy, nullptr);
+                     metadata_charge_policy, nullptr, low_pri_pool_ratio);
 }
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

cache/lru_cache.h

@@ -38,18 +38,14 @@ namespace lru_cache {
 //    (refs == 0 && in_cache == true)
 // 3. Referenced externally AND not in hash table.
 //    In that case the entry is not in the LRU list and not in hash table.
-//    The entry can be freed when refs becomes 0.
+//    The entry must be freed if refs becomes 0 in this state.
 //    (refs >= 1 && in_cache == false)
-//
-// All newly created LRUHandles are in state 1. If you call
-// LRUCacheShard::Release on entry in state 1, it will go into state 2.
-// To move from state 1 to state 3, either call LRUCacheShard::Erase or
-// LRUCacheShard::Insert with the same key (but possibly different value).
-// To move from state 2 to state 1, use LRUCacheShard::Lookup.
-// Before destruction, make sure that no handles are in state 1. This means
-// that any successful LRUCacheShard::Lookup/LRUCacheShard::Insert have a
-// matching LRUCache::Release (to move into state 2) or LRUCacheShard::Erase
-// (to move into state 3).
+// If you call LRUCacheShard::Release enough times on an entry in state 1, it
+// will go into state 2. To move from state 1 to state 3, either call
+// LRUCacheShard::Erase or LRUCacheShard::Insert with the same key (but
+// possibly different value). To move from state 2 to state 1, use
+// LRUCacheShard::Lookup.
+// While refs > 0, public properties like value and deleter must not change.
 
 struct LRUHandle {
   void* value;
@@ -57,7 +53,7 @@ struct LRUHandle {
     Info() {}
     ~Info() {}
     Cache::DeleterFn deleter;
-    const ShardedCache::CacheItemHelper* helper;
+    const Cache::CacheItemHelper* helper;
   } info_;
   // An entry is not added to the LRUHandleTable until the secondary cache
   // lookup is complete, so its safe to have this union.
@@ -74,38 +70,47 @@ struct LRUHandle {
   // The number of external refs to this entry. The cache itself is not counted.
   uint32_t refs;
 
-  enum Flags : uint8_t {
+  // Mutable flags - access controlled by mutex
+  // The m_ and M_ prefixes (and im_ and IM_ later) are to hopefully avoid
+  // checking an M_ flag on im_flags or an IM_ flag on m_flags.
+  uint8_t m_flags;
+  enum MFlags : uint8_t {
     // Whether this entry is referenced by the hash table.
-    IN_CACHE = (1 << 0),
-    // Whether this entry is high priority entry.
-    IS_HIGH_PRI = (1 << 1),
-    // Whether this entry is in high-pri pool.
-    IN_HIGH_PRI_POOL = (1 << 2),
+    M_IN_CACHE = (1 << 0),
     // Whether this entry has had any lookups (hits).
-    HAS_HIT = (1 << 3),
-    // Can this be inserted into the secondary cache.
-    IS_SECONDARY_CACHE_COMPATIBLE = (1 << 4),
-    // Is the handle still being read from a lower tier.
-    IS_PENDING = (1 << 5),
-    // Whether this handle is still in a lower tier
-    IS_IN_SECONDARY_CACHE = (1 << 6),
+    M_HAS_HIT = (1 << 1),
+    // Whether this entry is in high-pri pool.
+    M_IN_HIGH_PRI_POOL = (1 << 2),
+    // Whether this entry is in low-pri pool.
+    M_IN_LOW_PRI_POOL = (1 << 3),
   };
 
-  uint8_t flags;
-
-#ifdef __SANITIZE_THREAD__
-  // TSAN can report a false data race on flags, where one thread is writing
-  // to one of the mutable bits and another thread is reading this immutable
-  // bit. So precisely suppress that TSAN warning, we separate out this bit
-  // during TSAN runs.
-  bool is_secondary_cache_compatible_for_tsan;
-#endif  // __SANITIZE_THREAD__
+  // "Immutable" flags - only set in single-threaded context and then
+  // can be accessed without mutex
+  uint8_t im_flags;
+  enum ImFlags : uint8_t {
+    // Whether this entry is high priority entry.
+    IM_IS_HIGH_PRI = (1 << 0),
+    // Whether this entry is low priority entry.
+    IM_IS_LOW_PRI = (1 << 1),
+    // Can this be inserted into the secondary cache.
+    IM_IS_SECONDARY_CACHE_COMPATIBLE = (1 << 2),
+    // Is the handle still being read from a lower tier.
+    IM_IS_PENDING = (1 << 3),
+    // Whether this handle is still in a lower tier
+    IM_IS_IN_SECONDARY_CACHE = (1 << 4),
+    // Marks result handles that should not be inserted into cache
+    IM_IS_STANDALONE = (1 << 5),
+  };
 
   // Beginning of the key (MUST BE THE LAST FIELD IN THIS STRUCT!)
   char key_data[1];
 
   Slice key() const { return Slice(key_data, key_length); }
 
+  // For HandleImpl concept
+  uint32_t GetHash() const { return hash; }
+
   // Increase the reference count by 1.
   void Ref() { refs++; }
 
@@ -119,80 +124,95 @@ struct LRUHandle {
   // Return true if there are external refs, false otherwise.
   bool HasRefs() const { return refs > 0; }
 
-  bool InCache() const { return flags & IN_CACHE; }
-  bool IsHighPri() const { return flags & IS_HIGH_PRI; }
-  bool InHighPriPool() const { return flags & IN_HIGH_PRI_POOL; }
-  bool HasHit() const { return flags & HAS_HIT; }
+  bool InCache() const { return m_flags & M_IN_CACHE; }
+  bool IsHighPri() const { return im_flags & IM_IS_HIGH_PRI; }
+  bool InHighPriPool() const { return m_flags & M_IN_HIGH_PRI_POOL; }
+  bool IsLowPri() const { return im_flags & IM_IS_LOW_PRI; }
+  bool InLowPriPool() const { return m_flags & M_IN_LOW_PRI_POOL; }
+  bool HasHit() const { return m_flags & M_HAS_HIT; }
   bool IsSecondaryCacheCompatible() const {
-#ifdef __SANITIZE_THREAD__
-    return is_secondary_cache_compatible_for_tsan;
-#else
-    return flags & IS_SECONDARY_CACHE_COMPATIBLE;
-#endif  // __SANITIZE_THREAD__
+    return im_flags & IM_IS_SECONDARY_CACHE_COMPATIBLE;
   }
-  bool IsPending() const { return flags & IS_PENDING; }
-  bool IsInSecondaryCache() const { return flags & IS_IN_SECONDARY_CACHE; }
+  bool IsPending() const { return im_flags & IM_IS_PENDING; }
+  bool IsInSecondaryCache() const {
+    return im_flags & IM_IS_IN_SECONDARY_CACHE;
+  }
+  bool IsStandalone() const { return im_flags & IM_IS_STANDALONE; }
 
   void SetInCache(bool in_cache) {
     if (in_cache) {
-      flags |= IN_CACHE;
+      m_flags |= M_IN_CACHE;
     } else {
-      flags &= ~IN_CACHE;
+      m_flags &= ~M_IN_CACHE;
     }
   }
 
   void SetPriority(Cache::Priority priority) {
     if (priority == Cache::Priority::HIGH) {
-      flags |= IS_HIGH_PRI;
+      im_flags |= IM_IS_HIGH_PRI;
+      im_flags &= ~IM_IS_LOW_PRI;
+    } else if (priority == Cache::Priority::LOW) {
+      im_flags &= ~IM_IS_HIGH_PRI;
+      im_flags |= IM_IS_LOW_PRI;
     } else {
-      flags &= ~IS_HIGH_PRI;
+      im_flags &= ~IM_IS_HIGH_PRI;
+      im_flags &= ~IM_IS_LOW_PRI;
     }
   }
 
   void SetInHighPriPool(bool in_high_pri_pool) {
     if (in_high_pri_pool) {
-      flags |= IN_HIGH_PRI_POOL;
+      m_flags |= M_IN_HIGH_PRI_POOL;
     } else {
-      flags &= ~IN_HIGH_PRI_POOL;
+      m_flags &= ~M_IN_HIGH_PRI_POOL;
     }
   }
 
-  void SetHit() { flags |= HAS_HIT; }
+  void SetInLowPriPool(bool in_low_pri_pool) {
+    if (in_low_pri_pool) {
+      m_flags |= M_IN_LOW_PRI_POOL;
+    } else {
+      m_flags &= ~M_IN_LOW_PRI_POOL;
+    }
+  }
+
+  void SetHit() { m_flags |= M_HAS_HIT; }
 
   void SetSecondaryCacheCompatible(bool compat) {
     if (compat) {
-      flags |= IS_SECONDARY_CACHE_COMPATIBLE;
+      im_flags |= IM_IS_SECONDARY_CACHE_COMPATIBLE;
     } else {
-      flags &= ~IS_SECONDARY_CACHE_COMPATIBLE;
+      im_flags &= ~IM_IS_SECONDARY_CACHE_COMPATIBLE;
     }
-#ifdef __SANITIZE_THREAD__
-    is_secondary_cache_compatible_for_tsan = compat;
-#endif  // __SANITIZE_THREAD__
   }
 
-  void SetIncomplete(bool incomp) {
-    if (incomp) {
-      flags |= IS_PENDING;
+  void SetIsPending(bool pending) {
+    if (pending) {
+      im_flags |= IM_IS_PENDING;
     } else {
-      flags &= ~IS_PENDING;
+      im_flags &= ~IM_IS_PENDING;
     }
   }
 
   void SetIsInSecondaryCache(bool is_in_secondary_cache) {
     if (is_in_secondary_cache) {
-      flags |= IS_IN_SECONDARY_CACHE;
+      im_flags |= IM_IS_IN_SECONDARY_CACHE;
     } else {
-      flags &= ~IS_IN_SECONDARY_CACHE;
+      im_flags &= ~IM_IS_IN_SECONDARY_CACHE;
+    }
+  }
+
+  void SetIsStandalone(bool is_standalone) {
+    if (is_standalone) {
+      im_flags |= IM_IS_STANDALONE;
+    } else {
+      im_flags &= ~IM_IS_STANDALONE;
     }
   }
 
   void Free() {
     assert(refs == 0);
-#ifdef __SANITIZE_THREAD__
-    // Here we can safely assert they are the same without a data race reported
-    assert(((flags & IS_SECONDARY_CACHE_COMPATIBLE) != 0) ==
-           is_secondary_cache_compatible_for_tsan);
-#endif  // __SANITIZE_THREAD__
+
     if (!IsSecondaryCacheCompatible() && info_.deleter) {
       (*info_.deleter)(key(), value);
     } else if (IsSecondaryCacheCompatible()) {
@@ -207,7 +227,8 @@ struct LRUHandle {
         (*info_.helper->del_cb)(key(), value);
       }
     }
-    delete[] reinterpret_cast<char*>(this);
+
+    free(this);
   }
 
   inline size_t CalcuMetaCharge(
@@ -246,9 +267,6 @@ struct LRUHandle {
 // 4.4.3's builtin hashtable.
 class LRUHandleTable {
  public:
-  // If the table uses more hash bits than `max_upper_hash_bits`,
-  // it will eat into the bits used for sharding, which are constant
-  // for a given LRUHandleTable.
   explicit LRUHandleTable(int max_upper_hash_bits);
   ~LRUHandleTable();
 
@@ -257,8 +275,8 @@ class LRUHandleTable {
   LRUHandle* Remove(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash);
 
   template <typename T>
-  void ApplyToEntriesRange(T func, uint32_t index_begin, uint32_t index_end) {
-    for (uint32_t i = index_begin; i < index_end; i++) {
+  void ApplyToEntriesRange(T func, size_t index_begin, size_t index_end) {
+    for (size_t i = index_begin; i < index_end; i++) {
       LRUHandle* h = list_[i];
       while (h != nullptr) {
         auto n = h->next_hash;
@@ -271,6 +289,8 @@ class LRUHandleTable {
 
   int GetLengthBits() const { return length_bits_; }
 
+  size_t GetOccupancyCount() const { return elems_; }
+
  private:
   // Return a pointer to slot that points to a cache entry that
   // matches key/hash.  If there is no such cache entry, return a
@@ -295,97 +315,108 @@ class LRUHandleTable {
 };
 
 // A single shard of sharded cache.
-class ALIGN_AS(CACHE_LINE_SIZE) LRUCacheShard final : public CacheShard {
+class ALIGN_AS(CACHE_LINE_SIZE) LRUCacheShard final : public CacheShardBase {
  public:
   LRUCacheShard(size_t capacity, bool strict_capacity_limit,
-                double high_pri_pool_ratio, bool use_adaptive_mutex,
+                double high_pri_pool_ratio, double low_pri_pool_ratio,
+                bool use_adaptive_mutex,
                 CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy,
-                int max_upper_hash_bits,
-                const std::shared_ptr<SecondaryCache>& secondary_cache);
-  virtual ~LRUCacheShard() override = default;
+                int max_upper_hash_bits, SecondaryCache* secondary_cache);
+
+ public:  // Type definitions expected as parameter to ShardedCache
+  using HandleImpl = LRUHandle;
+  using HashVal = uint32_t;
+  using HashCref = uint32_t;
+
+ public:  // Function definitions expected as parameter to ShardedCache
+  static inline HashVal ComputeHash(const Slice& key) {
+    return Lower32of64(GetSliceNPHash64(key));
+  }
 
   // Separate from constructor so caller can easily make an array of LRUCache
   // if current usage is more than new capacity, the function will attempt to
   // free the needed space.
-  virtual void SetCapacity(size_t capacity) override;
+  void SetCapacity(size_t capacity);
 
   // Set the flag to reject insertion if cache if full.
-  virtual void SetStrictCapacityLimit(bool strict_capacity_limit) override;
+  void SetStrictCapacityLimit(bool strict_capacity_limit);
 
   // Set percentage of capacity reserved for high-pri cache entries.
   void SetHighPriorityPoolRatio(double high_pri_pool_ratio);
 
+  // Set percentage of capacity reserved for low-pri cache entries.
+  void SetLowPriorityPoolRatio(double low_pri_pool_ratio);
+
   // Like Cache methods, but with an extra "hash" parameter.
-  virtual Status Insert(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash, void* value,
-                        size_t charge, Cache::DeleterFn deleter,
-                        Cache::Handle** handle,
-                        Cache::Priority priority) override {
+  inline Status Insert(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash, void* value,
+                       size_t charge, Cache::DeleterFn deleter,
+                       LRUHandle** handle, Cache::Priority priority) {
     return Insert(key, hash, value, charge, deleter, nullptr, handle, priority);
   }
-  virtual Status Insert(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash, void* value,
-                        const Cache::CacheItemHelper* helper, size_t charge,
-                        Cache::Handle** handle,
-                        Cache::Priority priority) override {
+  inline Status Insert(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash, void* value,
+                       const Cache::CacheItemHelper* helper, size_t charge,
+                       LRUHandle** handle, Cache::Priority priority) {
     assert(helper);
     return Insert(key, hash, value, charge, nullptr, helper, handle, priority);
   }
   // If helper_cb is null, the values of the following arguments don't matter.
-  virtual Cache::Handle* Lookup(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash,
-                                const ShardedCache::CacheItemHelper* helper,
-                                const ShardedCache::CreateCallback& create_cb,
-                                ShardedCache::Priority priority, bool wait,
-                                Statistics* stats) override;
-  virtual Cache::Handle* Lookup(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash) override {
+  LRUHandle* Lookup(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash,
+                    const Cache::CacheItemHelper* helper,
+                    const Cache::CreateCallback& create_cb,
+                    Cache::Priority priority, bool wait, Statistics* stats);
+  inline LRUHandle* Lookup(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash) {
     return Lookup(key, hash, nullptr, nullptr, Cache::Priority::LOW, true,
                   nullptr);
   }
-  virtual bool Release(Cache::Handle* handle, bool /*useful*/,
-                       bool erase_if_last_ref) override {
-    return Release(handle, erase_if_last_ref);
-  }
-  virtual bool IsReady(Cache::Handle* /*handle*/) override;
-  virtual void Wait(Cache::Handle* /*handle*/) override {}
-  virtual bool Ref(Cache::Handle* handle) override;
-  virtual bool Release(Cache::Handle* handle,
-                       bool erase_if_last_ref = false) override;
-  virtual void Erase(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash) override;
+  bool Release(LRUHandle* handle, bool useful, bool erase_if_last_ref);
+  bool IsReady(LRUHandle* /*handle*/);
+  void Wait(LRUHandle* /*handle*/) {}
+  bool Ref(LRUHandle* handle);
+  void Erase(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash);
 
   // Although in some platforms the update of size_t is atomic, to make sure
   // GetUsage() and GetPinnedUsage() work correctly under any platform, we'll
   // protect them with mutex_.
 
-  virtual size_t GetUsage() const override;
-  virtual size_t GetPinnedUsage() const override;
+  size_t GetUsage() const;
+  size_t GetPinnedUsage() const;
+  size_t GetOccupancyCount() const;
+  size_t GetTableAddressCount() const;
 
-  virtual void ApplyToSomeEntries(
+  void ApplyToSomeEntries(
       const std::function<void(const Slice& key, void* value, size_t charge,
                                DeleterFn deleter)>& callback,
-      uint32_t average_entries_per_lock, uint32_t* state) override;
+      size_t average_entries_per_lock, size_t* state);
 
-  virtual void EraseUnRefEntries() override;
+  void EraseUnRefEntries();
 
-  virtual std::string GetPrintableOptions() const override;
+ public:  // other function definitions
+  void TEST_GetLRUList(LRUHandle** lru, LRUHandle** lru_low_pri,
+                       LRUHandle** lru_bottom_pri);
 
-  void TEST_GetLRUList(LRUHandle** lru, LRUHandle** lru_low_pri);
-
-  //  Retrieves number of elements in LRU, for unit test purpose only.
-  //  Not threadsafe.
+  // Retrieves number of elements in LRU, for unit test purpose only.
+  // Not threadsafe.
   size_t TEST_GetLRUSize();
 
-  //  Retrieves high pri pool ratio
+  // Retrieves high pri pool ratio
   double GetHighPriPoolRatio();
 
+  // Retrieves low pri pool ratio
+  double GetLowPriPoolRatio();
+
+  void AppendPrintableOptions(std::string& /*str*/) const;
+
  private:
   friend class LRUCache;
   // Insert an item into the hash table and, if handle is null, insert into
   // the LRU list. Older items are evicted as necessary. If the cache is full
   // and free_handle_on_fail is true, the item is deleted and handle is set to
   // nullptr.
-  Status InsertItem(LRUHandle* item, Cache::Handle** handle,
+  Status InsertItem(LRUHandle* item, LRUHandle** handle,
                     bool free_handle_on_fail);
   Status Insert(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash, void* value, size_t charge,
                 DeleterFn deleter, const Cache::CacheItemHelper* helper,
-                Cache::Handle** handle, Cache::Priority priority);
+                LRUHandle** handle, Cache::Priority priority);
   // Promote an item looked up from the secondary cache to the LRU cache.
   // The item may be still in the secondary cache.
   // It is only inserted into the hash table and not the LRU list, and only
@@ -408,12 +439,18 @@ class ALIGN_AS(CACHE_LINE_SIZE) LRUCacheShard final : public CacheShard {
   // holding the mutex_.
   void EvictFromLRU(size_t charge, autovector<LRUHandle*>* deleted);
 
+  // Try to insert the evicted handles into the secondary cache.
+  void TryInsertIntoSecondaryCache(autovector<LRUHandle*> evicted_handles);
+
   // Initialized before use.
   size_t capacity_;
 
   // Memory size for entries in high-pri pool.
   size_t high_pri_pool_usage_;
 
+  // Memory size for entries in low-pri pool.
+  size_t low_pri_pool_usage_;
+
   // Whether to reject insertion if cache reaches its full capacity.
   bool strict_capacity_limit_;
 
@@ -424,6 +461,13 @@ class ALIGN_AS(CACHE_LINE_SIZE) LRUCacheShard final : public CacheShard {
   // Remember the value to avoid recomputing each time.
   double high_pri_pool_capacity_;
 
+  // Ratio of capacity reserved for low priority cache entries.
+  double low_pri_pool_ratio_;
+
+  // Low-pri pool size, equals to capacity * low_pri_pool_ratio.
+  // Remember the value to avoid recomputing each time.
+  double low_pri_pool_capacity_;
+
   // Dummy head of LRU list.
   // lru.prev is newest entry, lru.next is oldest entry.
   // LRU contains items which can be evicted, ie reference only by cache
@@ -432,6 +476,9 @@ class ALIGN_AS(CACHE_LINE_SIZE) LRUCacheShard final : public CacheShard {
   // Pointer to head of low-pri pool in LRU list.
   LRUHandle* lru_low_pri_;
 
+  // Pointer to head of bottom-pri pool in LRU list.
+  LRUHandle* lru_bottom_pri_;
+
   // ------------^^^^^^^^^^^^^-----------
   // Not frequently modified data members
   // ------------------------------------
@@ -456,42 +503,37 @@ class ALIGN_AS(CACHE_LINE_SIZE) LRUCacheShard final : public CacheShard {
   // don't mind mutex_ invoking the non-const actions.
   mutable DMutex mutex_;
 
-  std::shared_ptr<SecondaryCache> secondary_cache_;
+  // Owned by LRUCache
+  SecondaryCache* secondary_cache_;
 };
 
 class LRUCache
 #ifdef NDEBUG
     final
 #endif
-    : public ShardedCache {
+    : public ShardedCache<LRUCacheShard> {
  public:
   LRUCache(size_t capacity, int num_shard_bits, bool strict_capacity_limit,
-           double high_pri_pool_ratio,
+           double high_pri_pool_ratio, double low_pri_pool_ratio,
            std::shared_ptr<MemoryAllocator> memory_allocator = nullptr,
            bool use_adaptive_mutex = kDefaultToAdaptiveMutex,
            CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy =
                kDontChargeCacheMetadata,
-           const std::shared_ptr<SecondaryCache>& secondary_cache = nullptr);
-  virtual ~LRUCache();
-  virtual const char* Name() const override { return "LRUCache"; }
-  virtual CacheShard* GetShard(uint32_t shard) override;
-  virtual const CacheShard* GetShard(uint32_t shard) const override;
-  virtual void* Value(Handle* handle) override;
-  virtual size_t GetCharge(Handle* handle) const override;
-  virtual uint32_t GetHash(Handle* handle) const override;
-  virtual DeleterFn GetDeleter(Handle* handle) const override;
-  virtual void DisownData() override;
-  virtual void WaitAll(std::vector<Handle*>& handles) override;
-  std::string GetPrintableOptions() const override;
+           std::shared_ptr<SecondaryCache> secondary_cache = nullptr);
+  const char* Name() const override { return "LRUCache"; }
+  void* Value(Handle* handle) override;
+  size_t GetCharge(Handle* handle) const override;
+  DeleterFn GetDeleter(Handle* handle) const override;
+  void WaitAll(std::vector<Handle*>& handles) override;
 
-  //  Retrieves number of elements in LRU, for unit test purpose only.
+  // Retrieves number of elements in LRU, for unit test purpose only.
   size_t TEST_GetLRUSize();
-  //  Retrieves high pri pool ratio.
+  // Retrieves high pri pool ratio.
   double GetHighPriPoolRatio();
 
+  void AppendPrintableOptions(std::string& str) const override;
+
  private:
-  LRUCacheShard* shards_ = nullptr;
-  int num_shards_ = 0;
   std::shared_ptr<SecondaryCache> secondary_cache_;
 };
 

cache/secondary_cache.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//  Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
+//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
+//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
+//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
+
+#include "rocksdb/secondary_cache.h"
+
+#include "cache/cache_entry_roles.h"
+
+namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
+
+namespace {
+
+size_t SliceSize(void* obj) { return static_cast<Slice*>(obj)->size(); }
+
+Status SliceSaveTo(void* from_obj, size_t from_offset, size_t length,
+                   void* out) {
+  const Slice& slice = *static_cast<Slice*>(from_obj);
+  std::memcpy(out, slice.data() + from_offset, length);
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+Status SecondaryCache::InsertSaved(const Slice& key, const Slice& saved) {
+  static Cache::CacheItemHelper helper{
+      &SliceSize, &SliceSaveTo, GetNoopDeleterForRole<CacheEntryRole::kMisc>()};
+  // NOTE: depends on Insert() being synchronous, not keeping pointer `&saved`
+  return Insert(key, const_cast<Slice*>(&saved), &helper);
+}
+
+}  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

cache/sharded_cache.cc

@@ -19,184 +19,49 @@
 
 namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
 
-namespace {
-
-inline uint32_t HashSlice(const Slice& s) {
-  return Lower32of64(GetSliceNPHash64(s));
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
-ShardedCache::ShardedCache(size_t capacity, int num_shard_bits,
-                           bool strict_capacity_limit,
-                           std::shared_ptr<MemoryAllocator> allocator)
+ShardedCacheBase::ShardedCacheBase(size_t capacity, int num_shard_bits,
+                                   bool strict_capacity_limit,
+                                   std::shared_ptr<MemoryAllocator> allocator)
     : Cache(std::move(allocator)),
+      last_id_(1),
       shard_mask_((uint32_t{1} << num_shard_bits) - 1),
-      capacity_(capacity),
       strict_capacity_limit_(strict_capacity_limit),
-      last_id_(1) {}
+      capacity_(capacity) {}
 
-void ShardedCache::SetCapacity(size_t capacity) {
+size_t ShardedCacheBase::ComputePerShardCapacity(size_t capacity) const {
   uint32_t num_shards = GetNumShards();
-  const size_t per_shard = (capacity + (num_shards - 1)) / num_shards;
-  MutexLock l(&capacity_mutex_);
-  for (uint32_t s = 0; s < num_shards; s++) {
-    GetShard(s)->SetCapacity(per_shard);
-  }
-  capacity_ = capacity;
+  return (capacity + (num_shards - 1)) / num_shards;
 }
 
-void ShardedCache::SetStrictCapacityLimit(bool strict_capacity_limit) {
-  uint32_t num_shards = GetNumShards();
-  MutexLock l(&capacity_mutex_);
-  for (uint32_t s = 0; s < num_shards; s++) {
-    GetShard(s)->SetStrictCapacityLimit(strict_capacity_limit);
-  }
-  strict_capacity_limit_ = strict_capacity_limit;
+size_t ShardedCacheBase::GetPerShardCapacity() const {
+  return ComputePerShardCapacity(GetCapacity());
 }
 
-Status ShardedCache::Insert(const Slice& key, void* value, size_t charge,
-                            DeleterFn deleter, Handle** handle,
-                            Priority priority) {
-  uint32_t hash = HashSlice(key);
-  return GetShard(Shard(hash))
-      ->Insert(key, hash, value, charge, deleter, handle, priority);
-}
-
-Status ShardedCache::Insert(const Slice& key, void* value,
-                            const CacheItemHelper* helper, size_t charge,
-                            Handle** handle, Priority priority) {
-  uint32_t hash = HashSlice(key);
-  if (!helper) {
-    return Status::InvalidArgument();
-  }
-  return GetShard(Shard(hash))
-      ->Insert(key, hash, value, helper, charge, handle, priority);
-}
-
-Cache::Handle* ShardedCache::Lookup(const Slice& key, Statistics* /*stats*/) {
-  uint32_t hash = HashSlice(key);
-  return GetShard(Shard(hash))->Lookup(key, hash);
-}
-
-Cache::Handle* ShardedCache::Lookup(const Slice& key,
-                                    const CacheItemHelper* helper,
-                                    const CreateCallback& create_cb,
-                                    Priority priority, bool wait,
-                                    Statistics* stats) {
-  uint32_t hash = HashSlice(key);
-  return GetShard(Shard(hash))
-      ->Lookup(key, hash, helper, create_cb, priority, wait, stats);
-}
-
-bool ShardedCache::IsReady(Handle* handle) {
-  uint32_t hash = GetHash(handle);
-  return GetShard(Shard(hash))->IsReady(handle);
-}
-
-void ShardedCache::Wait(Handle* handle) {
-  uint32_t hash = GetHash(handle);
-  GetShard(Shard(hash))->Wait(handle);
-}
-
-bool ShardedCache::Ref(Handle* handle) {
-  uint32_t hash = GetHash(handle);
-  return GetShard(Shard(hash))->Ref(handle);
-}
-
-bool ShardedCache::Release(Handle* handle, bool erase_if_last_ref) {
-  uint32_t hash = GetHash(handle);
-  return GetShard(Shard(hash))->Release(handle, erase_if_last_ref);
-}
-
-bool ShardedCache::Release(Handle* handle, bool useful,
-                           bool erase_if_last_ref) {
-  uint32_t hash = GetHash(handle);
-  return GetShard(Shard(hash))->Release(handle, useful, erase_if_last_ref);
-}
-
-void ShardedCache::Erase(const Slice& key) {
-  uint32_t hash = HashSlice(key);
-  GetShard(Shard(hash))->Erase(key, hash);
-}
-
-uint64_t ShardedCache::NewId() {
+uint64_t ShardedCacheBase::NewId() {
   return last_id_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
 }
 
-size_t ShardedCache::GetCapacity() const {
-  MutexLock l(&capacity_mutex_);
+size_t ShardedCacheBase::GetCapacity() const {
+  MutexLock l(&config_mutex_);
   return capacity_;
 }
 
-bool ShardedCache::HasStrictCapacityLimit() const {
-  MutexLock l(&capacity_mutex_);
+bool ShardedCacheBase::HasStrictCapacityLimit() const {
+  MutexLock l(&config_mutex_);
   return strict_capacity_limit_;
 }
 
-size_t ShardedCache::GetUsage() const {
-  // We will not lock the cache when getting the usage from shards.
-  uint32_t num_shards = GetNumShards();
-  size_t usage = 0;
-  for (uint32_t s = 0; s < num_shards; s++) {
-    usage += GetShard(s)->GetUsage();
-  }
-  return usage;
-}
-
-size_t ShardedCache::GetUsage(Handle* handle) const {
+size_t ShardedCacheBase::GetUsage(Handle* handle) const {
   return GetCharge(handle);
 }
 
-size_t ShardedCache::GetPinnedUsage() const {
-  // We will not lock the cache when getting the usage from shards.
-  uint32_t num_shards = GetNumShards();
-  size_t usage = 0;
-  for (uint32_t s = 0; s < num_shards; s++) {
-    usage += GetShard(s)->GetPinnedUsage();
-  }
-  return usage;
-}
-
-void ShardedCache::ApplyToAllEntries(
-    const std::function<void(const Slice& key, void* value, size_t charge,
-                             DeleterFn deleter)>& callback,
-    const ApplyToAllEntriesOptions& opts) {
-  uint32_t num_shards = GetNumShards();
-  // Iterate over part of each shard, rotating between shards, to
-  // minimize impact on latency of concurrent operations.
-  std::unique_ptr<uint32_t[]> states(new uint32_t[num_shards]{});
-
-  uint32_t aepl_in_32 = static_cast<uint32_t>(
-      std::min(size_t{UINT32_MAX}, opts.average_entries_per_lock));
-  aepl_in_32 = std::min(aepl_in_32, uint32_t{1});
-
-  bool remaining_work;
-  do {
-    remaining_work = false;
-    for (uint32_t s = 0; s < num_shards; s++) {
-      if (states[s] != UINT32_MAX) {
-        GetShard(s)->ApplyToSomeEntries(callback, aepl_in_32, &states[s]);
-        remaining_work |= states[s] != UINT32_MAX;
-      }
-    }
-  } while (remaining_work);
-}
-
-void ShardedCache::EraseUnRefEntries() {
-  uint32_t num_shards = GetNumShards();
-  for (uint32_t s = 0; s < num_shards; s++) {
-    GetShard(s)->EraseUnRefEntries();
-  }
-}
-
-std::string ShardedCache::GetPrintableOptions() const {
+std::string ShardedCacheBase::GetPrintableOptions() const {
   std::string ret;
   ret.reserve(20000);
   const int kBufferSize = 200;
   char buffer[kBufferSize];
   {
-    MutexLock l(&capacity_mutex_);
+    MutexLock l(&config_mutex_);
     snprintf(buffer, kBufferSize, "    capacity : %" ROCKSDB_PRIszt "\n",
              capacity_);
     ret.append(buffer);
@@ -210,12 +75,12 @@ std::string ShardedCache::GetPrintableOptions() const {
   snprintf(buffer, kBufferSize, "    memory_allocator : %s\n",
            memory_allocator() ? memory_allocator()->Name() : "None");
   ret.append(buffer);
-  ret.append(GetShard(0)->GetPrintableOptions());
+  AppendPrintableOptions(ret);
   return ret;
 }
-int GetDefaultCacheShardBits(size_t capacity) {
+
+int GetDefaultCacheShardBits(size_t capacity, size_t min_shard_size) {
   int num_shard_bits = 0;
-  size_t min_shard_size = 512L * 1024L;  // Every shard is at least 512KB.
   size_t num_shards = capacity / min_shard_size;
   while (num_shards >>= 1) {
     if (++num_shard_bits >= 6) {
@@ -226,8 +91,10 @@ int GetDefaultCacheShardBits(size_t capacity) {
   return num_shard_bits;
 }
 
-int ShardedCache::GetNumShardBits() const { return BitsSetToOne(shard_mask_); }
+int ShardedCacheBase::GetNumShardBits() const {
+  return BitsSetToOne(shard_mask_);
+}
 
-uint32_t ShardedCache::GetNumShards() const { return shard_mask_ + 1; }
+uint32_t ShardedCacheBase::GetNumShards() const { return shard_mask_ + 1; }
 
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

cache/sharded_cache.h

@@ -10,123 +10,313 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <atomic>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <string>
 
+#include "port/lang.h"
 #include "port/port.h"
 #include "rocksdb/cache.h"
+#include "util/hash.h"
+#include "util/mutexlock.h"
 
 namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
 
-// Single cache shard interface.
-class CacheShard {
+// Optional base class for classes implementing the CacheShard concept
+class CacheShardBase {
  public:
-  CacheShard() = default;
-  virtual ~CacheShard() = default;
+  explicit CacheShardBase(CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy)
+      : metadata_charge_policy_(metadata_charge_policy) {}
 
   using DeleterFn = Cache::DeleterFn;
-  virtual Status Insert(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash, void* value,
-                        size_t charge, DeleterFn deleter,
-                        Cache::Handle** handle, Cache::Priority priority) = 0;
-  virtual Status Insert(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash, void* value,
-                        const Cache::CacheItemHelper* helper, size_t charge,
-                        Cache::Handle** handle, Cache::Priority priority) = 0;
-  virtual Cache::Handle* Lookup(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash) = 0;
-  virtual Cache::Handle* Lookup(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash,
-                                const Cache::CacheItemHelper* helper,
-                                const Cache::CreateCallback& create_cb,
-                                Cache::Priority priority, bool wait,
-                                Statistics* stats) = 0;
-  virtual bool Release(Cache::Handle* handle, bool useful,
-                       bool erase_if_last_ref) = 0;
-  virtual bool IsReady(Cache::Handle* handle) = 0;
-  virtual void Wait(Cache::Handle* handle) = 0;
-  virtual bool Ref(Cache::Handle* handle) = 0;
-  virtual bool Release(Cache::Handle* handle, bool erase_if_last_ref) = 0;
-  virtual void Erase(const Slice& key, uint32_t hash) = 0;
-  virtual void SetCapacity(size_t capacity) = 0;
-  virtual void SetStrictCapacityLimit(bool strict_capacity_limit) = 0;
-  virtual size_t GetUsage() const = 0;
-  virtual size_t GetPinnedUsage() const = 0;
+
+  // Expected by concept CacheShard (TODO with C++20 support)
+  // Some Defaults
+  std::string GetPrintableOptions() const { return ""; }
+  using HashVal = uint64_t;
+  using HashCref = uint64_t;
+  static inline HashVal ComputeHash(const Slice& key) {
+    return GetSliceNPHash64(key);
+  }
+  static inline uint32_t HashPieceForSharding(HashCref hash) {
+    return Lower32of64(hash);
+  }
+  void AppendPrintableOptions(std::string& /*str*/) const {}
+
+  // Must be provided for concept CacheShard (TODO with C++20 support)
+  /*
+  struct HandleImpl {  // for concept HandleImpl
+    HashVal hash;
+    HashCref GetHash() const;
+    ...
+  };
+  Status Insert(const Slice& key, HashCref hash, void* value, size_t charge,
+                DeleterFn deleter, HandleImpl** handle,
+                Cache::Priority priority) = 0;
+  Status Insert(const Slice& key, HashCref hash, void* value,
+                const Cache::CacheItemHelper* helper, size_t charge,
+                HandleImpl** handle, Cache::Priority priority) = 0;
+  HandleImpl* Lookup(const Slice& key, HashCref hash) = 0;
+  HandleImpl* Lookup(const Slice& key, HashCref hash,
+                        const Cache::CacheItemHelper* helper,
+                        const Cache::CreateCallback& create_cb,
+                        Cache::Priority priority, bool wait,
+                        Statistics* stats) = 0;
+  bool Release(HandleImpl* handle, bool useful, bool erase_if_last_ref) = 0;
+  bool IsReady(HandleImpl* handle) = 0;
+  void Wait(HandleImpl* handle) = 0;
+  bool Ref(HandleImpl* handle) = 0;
+  void Erase(const Slice& key, HashCref hash) = 0;
+  void SetCapacity(size_t capacity) = 0;
+  void SetStrictCapacityLimit(bool strict_capacity_limit) = 0;
+  size_t GetUsage() const = 0;
+  size_t GetPinnedUsage() const = 0;
+  size_t GetOccupancyCount() const = 0;
+  size_t GetTableAddressCount() const = 0;
   // Handles iterating over roughly `average_entries_per_lock` entries, using
   // `state` to somehow record where it last ended up. Caller initially uses
-  // *state == 0 and implementation sets *state = UINT32_MAX to indicate
+  // *state == 0 and implementation sets *state = SIZE_MAX to indicate
   // completion.
-  virtual void ApplyToSomeEntries(
+  void ApplyToSomeEntries(
       const std::function<void(const Slice& key, void* value, size_t charge,
                                DeleterFn deleter)>& callback,
-      uint32_t average_entries_per_lock, uint32_t* state) = 0;
-  virtual void EraseUnRefEntries() = 0;
-  virtual std::string GetPrintableOptions() const { return ""; }
-  void set_metadata_charge_policy(
-      CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy) {
-    metadata_charge_policy_ = metadata_charge_policy;
-  }
+      size_t average_entries_per_lock, size_t* state) = 0;
+  void EraseUnRefEntries() = 0;
+  */
 
  protected:
-  CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy_ = kDontChargeCacheMetadata;
+  const CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy_;
 };
 
-// Generic cache interface which shards cache by hash of keys. 2^num_shard_bits
-// shards will be created, with capacity split evenly to each of the shards.
-// Keys are sharded by the highest num_shard_bits bits of hash value.
-class ShardedCache : public Cache {
+// Portions of ShardedCache that do not depend on the template parameter
+class ShardedCacheBase : public Cache {
  public:
-  ShardedCache(size_t capacity, int num_shard_bits, bool strict_capacity_limit,
-               std::shared_ptr<MemoryAllocator> memory_allocator = nullptr);
-  virtual ~ShardedCache() = default;
-  virtual CacheShard* GetShard(uint32_t shard) = 0;
-  virtual const CacheShard* GetShard(uint32_t shard) const = 0;
-
-  virtual uint32_t GetHash(Handle* handle) const = 0;
-
-  virtual void SetCapacity(size_t capacity) override;
-  virtual void SetStrictCapacityLimit(bool strict_capacity_limit) override;
-
-  virtual Status Insert(const Slice& key, void* value, size_t charge,
-                        DeleterFn deleter, Handle** handle,
-                        Priority priority) override;
-  virtual Status Insert(const Slice& key, void* value,
-                        const CacheItemHelper* helper, size_t chargge,
-                        Handle** handle = nullptr,
-                        Priority priority = Priority::LOW) override;
-  virtual Handle* Lookup(const Slice& key, Statistics* stats) override;
-  virtual Handle* Lookup(const Slice& key, const CacheItemHelper* helper,
-                         const CreateCallback& create_cb, Priority priority,
-                         bool wait, Statistics* stats = nullptr) override;
-  virtual bool Release(Handle* handle, bool useful,
-                       bool erase_if_last_ref = false) override;
-  virtual bool IsReady(Handle* handle) override;
-  virtual void Wait(Handle* handle) override;
-  virtual bool Ref(Handle* handle) override;
-  virtual bool Release(Handle* handle, bool erase_if_last_ref = false) override;
-  virtual void Erase(const Slice& key) override;
-  virtual uint64_t NewId() override;
-  virtual size_t GetCapacity() const override;
-  virtual bool HasStrictCapacityLimit() const override;
-  virtual size_t GetUsage() const override;
-  virtual size_t GetUsage(Handle* handle) const override;
-  virtual size_t GetPinnedUsage() const override;
-  virtual void ApplyToAllEntries(
-      const std::function<void(const Slice& key, void* value, size_t charge,
-                               DeleterFn deleter)>& callback,
-      const ApplyToAllEntriesOptions& opts) override;
-  virtual void EraseUnRefEntries() override;
-  virtual std::string GetPrintableOptions() const override;
+  ShardedCacheBase(size_t capacity, int num_shard_bits,
+                   bool strict_capacity_limit,
+                   std::shared_ptr<MemoryAllocator> memory_allocator);
+  virtual ~ShardedCacheBase() = default;
 
   int GetNumShardBits() const;
   uint32_t GetNumShards() const;
 
- protected:
-  inline uint32_t Shard(uint32_t hash) { return hash & shard_mask_; }
+  uint64_t NewId() override;
 
- private:
+  bool HasStrictCapacityLimit() const override;
+  size_t GetCapacity() const override;
+
+  using Cache::GetUsage;
+  size_t GetUsage(Handle* handle) const override;
+  std::string GetPrintableOptions() const override;
+
+ protected:  // fns
+  virtual void AppendPrintableOptions(std::string& str) const = 0;
+  size_t GetPerShardCapacity() const;
+  size_t ComputePerShardCapacity(size_t capacity) const;
+
+ protected:                        // data
+  std::atomic<uint64_t> last_id_;  // For NewId
   const uint32_t shard_mask_;
-  mutable port::Mutex capacity_mutex_;
-  size_t capacity_;
+
+  // Dynamic configuration parameters, guarded by config_mutex_
   bool strict_capacity_limit_;
-  std::atomic<uint64_t> last_id_;
+  size_t capacity_;
+  mutable port::Mutex config_mutex_;
 };
 
-extern int GetDefaultCacheShardBits(size_t capacity);
+// Generic cache interface that shards cache by hash of keys. 2^num_shard_bits
+// shards will be created, with capacity split evenly to each of the shards.
+// Keys are typically sharded by the lowest num_shard_bits bits of hash value
+// so that the upper bits of the hash value can keep a stable ordering of
+// table entries even as the table grows (using more upper hash bits).
+// See CacheShardBase above for what is expected of the CacheShard parameter.
+template <class CacheShard>
+class ShardedCache : public ShardedCacheBase {
+ public:
+  using HashVal = typename CacheShard::HashVal;
+  using HashCref = typename CacheShard::HashCref;
+  using HandleImpl = typename CacheShard::HandleImpl;
+
+  ShardedCache(size_t capacity, int num_shard_bits, bool strict_capacity_limit,
+               std::shared_ptr<MemoryAllocator> allocator)
+      : ShardedCacheBase(capacity, num_shard_bits, strict_capacity_limit,
+                         allocator),
+        shards_(reinterpret_cast<CacheShard*>(port::cacheline_aligned_alloc(
+            sizeof(CacheShard) * GetNumShards()))),
+        destroy_shards_in_dtor_(false) {}
+
+  virtual ~ShardedCache() {
+    if (destroy_shards_in_dtor_) {
+      ForEachShard([](CacheShard* cs) { cs->~CacheShard(); });
+    }
+    port::cacheline_aligned_free(shards_);
+  }
+
+  CacheShard& GetShard(HashCref hash) {
+    return shards_[CacheShard::HashPieceForSharding(hash) & shard_mask_];
+  }
+
+  const CacheShard& GetShard(HashCref hash) const {
+    return shards_[CacheShard::HashPieceForSharding(hash) & shard_mask_];
+  }
+
+  void SetCapacity(size_t capacity) override {
+    MutexLock l(&config_mutex_);
+    capacity_ = capacity;
+    auto per_shard = ComputePerShardCapacity(capacity);
+    ForEachShard([=](CacheShard* cs) { cs->SetCapacity(per_shard); });
+  }
+
+  void SetStrictCapacityLimit(bool s_c_l) override {
+    MutexLock l(&config_mutex_);
+    strict_capacity_limit_ = s_c_l;
+    ForEachShard(
+        [s_c_l](CacheShard* cs) { cs->SetStrictCapacityLimit(s_c_l); });
+  }
+
+  Status Insert(const Slice& key, void* value, size_t charge, DeleterFn deleter,
+                Handle** handle, Priority priority) override {
+    HashVal hash = CacheShard::ComputeHash(key);
+    auto h_out = reinterpret_cast<HandleImpl**>(handle);
+    return GetShard(hash).Insert(key, hash, value, charge, deleter, h_out,
+                                 priority);
+  }
+  Status Insert(const Slice& key, void* value, const CacheItemHelper* helper,
+                size_t charge, Handle** handle = nullptr,
+                Priority priority = Priority::LOW) override {
+    if (!helper) {
+      return Status::InvalidArgument();
+    }
+    HashVal hash = CacheShard::ComputeHash(key);
+    auto h_out = reinterpret_cast<HandleImpl**>(handle);
+    return GetShard(hash).Insert(key, hash, value, helper, charge, h_out,
+                                 priority);
+  }
+
+  Handle* Lookup(const Slice& key, Statistics* /*stats*/) override {
+    HashVal hash = CacheShard::ComputeHash(key);
+    HandleImpl* result = GetShard(hash).Lookup(key, hash);
+    return reinterpret_cast<Handle*>(result);
+  }
+  Handle* Lookup(const Slice& key, const CacheItemHelper* helper,
+                 const CreateCallback& create_cb, Priority priority, bool wait,
+                 Statistics* stats = nullptr) override {
+    HashVal hash = CacheShard::ComputeHash(key);
+    HandleImpl* result = GetShard(hash).Lookup(key, hash, helper, create_cb,
+                                               priority, wait, stats);
+    return reinterpret_cast<Handle*>(result);
+  }
+
+  void Erase(const Slice& key) override {
+    HashVal hash = CacheShard::ComputeHash(key);
+    GetShard(hash).Erase(key, hash);
+  }
+
+  bool Release(Handle* handle, bool useful,
+               bool erase_if_last_ref = false) override {
+    auto h = reinterpret_cast<HandleImpl*>(handle);
+    return GetShard(h->GetHash()).Release(h, useful, erase_if_last_ref);
+  }
+  bool IsReady(Handle* handle) override {
+    auto h = reinterpret_cast<HandleImpl*>(handle);
+    return GetShard(h->GetHash()).IsReady(h);
+  }
+  void Wait(Handle* handle) override {
+    auto h = reinterpret_cast<HandleImpl*>(handle);
+    GetShard(h->GetHash()).Wait(h);
+  }
+  bool Ref(Handle* handle) override {
+    auto h = reinterpret_cast<HandleImpl*>(handle);
+    return GetShard(h->GetHash()).Ref(h);
+  }
+  bool Release(Handle* handle, bool erase_if_last_ref = false) override {
+    return Release(handle, true /*useful*/, erase_if_last_ref);
+  }
+  using ShardedCacheBase::GetUsage;
+  size_t GetUsage() const override {
+    return SumOverShards2(&CacheShard::GetUsage);
+  }
+  size_t GetPinnedUsage() const override {
+    return SumOverShards2(&CacheShard::GetPinnedUsage);
+  }
+  size_t GetOccupancyCount() const override {
+    return SumOverShards2(&CacheShard::GetPinnedUsage);
+  }
+  size_t GetTableAddressCount() const override {
+    return SumOverShards2(&CacheShard::GetTableAddressCount);
+  }
+  void ApplyToAllEntries(
+      const std::function<void(const Slice& key, void* value, size_t charge,
+                               DeleterFn deleter)>& callback,
+      const ApplyToAllEntriesOptions& opts) override {
+    uint32_t num_shards = GetNumShards();
+    // Iterate over part of each shard, rotating between shards, to
+    // minimize impact on latency of concurrent operations.
+    std::unique_ptr<size_t[]> states(new size_t[num_shards]{});
+
+    size_t aepl = opts.average_entries_per_lock;
+    aepl = std::min(aepl, size_t{1});
+
+    bool remaining_work;
+    do {
+      remaining_work = false;
+      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < num_shards; i++) {
+        if (states[i] != SIZE_MAX) {
+          shards_[i].ApplyToSomeEntries(callback, aepl, &states[i]);
+          remaining_work |= states[i] != SIZE_MAX;
+        }
+      }
+    } while (remaining_work);
+  }
+
+  virtual void EraseUnRefEntries() override {
+    ForEachShard([](CacheShard* cs) { cs->EraseUnRefEntries(); });
+  }
+
+  void DisownData() override {
+    // Leak data only if that won't generate an ASAN/valgrind warning.
+    if (!kMustFreeHeapAllocations) {
+      destroy_shards_in_dtor_ = false;
+    }
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  inline void ForEachShard(const std::function<void(CacheShard*)>& fn) {
+    uint32_t num_shards = GetNumShards();
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < num_shards; i++) {
+      fn(shards_ + i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  inline size_t SumOverShards(
+      const std::function<size_t(CacheShard&)>& fn) const {
+    uint32_t num_shards = GetNumShards();
+    size_t result = 0;
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < num_shards; i++) {
+      result += fn(shards_[i]);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  inline size_t SumOverShards2(size_t (CacheShard::*fn)() const) const {
+    return SumOverShards([fn](CacheShard& cs) { return (cs.*fn)(); });
+  }
+
+  // Must be called exactly once by derived class constructor
+  void InitShards(const std::function<void(CacheShard*)>& placement_new) {
+    ForEachShard(placement_new);
+    destroy_shards_in_dtor_ = true;
+  }
+
+  void AppendPrintableOptions(std::string& str) const override {
+    shards_[0].AppendPrintableOptions(str);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  CacheShard* const shards_;
+  bool destroy_shards_in_dtor_;
+};
+
+// 512KB is traditional minimum shard size.
+int GetDefaultCacheShardBits(size_t capacity,
+                             size_t min_shard_size = 512U * 1024U);
 
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

coverage/parse_gcov_output.py

@@ -47,35 +47,39 @@ def parse_gcov_report(gcov_input):
 
     return per_file_coverage, total_coverage
 
+
 def get_option_parser():
-    usage = "Parse the gcov output and generate more human-readable code " +\
-            "coverage report."
+    usage = (
+        "Parse the gcov output and generate more human-readable code "
+        + "coverage report."
+    )
     parser = optparse.OptionParser(usage)
 
     parser.add_option(
-        "--interested-files", "-i",
+        "--interested-files",
+        "-i",
         dest="filenames",
-        help="Comma separated files names. if specified, we will display " +
-             "the coverage report only for interested source files. " +
-             "Otherwise we will display the coverage report for all " +
-             "source files."
+        help="Comma separated files names. if specified, we will display "
+        + "the coverage report only for interested source files. "
+        + "Otherwise we will display the coverage report for all "
+        + "source files.",
     )
     return parser
 
+
 def display_file_coverage(per_file_coverage, total_coverage):
     # To print out auto-adjustable column, we need to know the longest
     # length of file names.
-    max_file_name_length = max(
-        len(fname) for fname in per_file_coverage.keys()
-    )
+    max_file_name_length = max(len(fname) for fname in per_file_coverage.keys())
 
     # -- Print header
     # size of separator is determined by 3 column sizes:
     # file name, coverage percentage and lines.
-    header_template = \
-        "%" + str(max_file_name_length) + "s\t%s\t%s"
+    header_template = "%" + str(max_file_name_length) + "s\t%s\t%s"
     separator = "-" * (max_file_name_length + 10 + 20)
-    print(header_template % ("Filename", "Coverage", "Lines"))  # noqa: E999 T25377293 Grandfathered in
+    print(
+        header_template % ("Filename", "Coverage", "Lines")
+    )  # noqa: E999 T25377293 Grandfathered in
     print(separator)
 
     # -- Print body
@@ -91,13 +95,14 @@ def display_file_coverage(per_file_coverage, total_coverage):
         print(separator)
         print(record_template % ("Total", total_coverage[0], total_coverage[1]))
 
+
 def report_coverage():
     parser = get_option_parser()
     (options, args) = parser.parse_args()
 
     interested_files = set()
     if options.filenames is not None:
-        interested_files = set(f.strip() for f in options.filenames.split(','))
+        interested_files = {f.strip() for f in options.filenames.split(",")}
 
     # To make things simple, right now we only read gcov report from the input
     per_file_coverage, total_coverage = parse_gcov_report(sys.stdin)
@@ -105,7 +110,8 @@ def report_coverage():
     # Check if we need to display coverage info for interested files.
     if len(interested_files):
         per_file_coverage = dict(
-            (fname, per_file_coverage[fname]) for fname in interested_files
+            (fname, per_file_coverage[fname])
+            for fname in interested_files
             if fname in per_file_coverage
         )
         # If we only interested in several files, it makes no sense to report
@@ -117,5 +123,6 @@ def report_coverage():
         return
     display_file_coverage(per_file_coverage, total_coverage)
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     report_coverage()

crash_test.mk

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ DB_STRESS_CMD?=./db_stress
 include common.mk
 
 CRASHTEST_MAKE=$(MAKE) -f crash_test.mk
-CRASHTEST_PY=$(PYTHON) -u tools/db_crashtest.py --stress_cmd=$(DB_STRESS_CMD)
+CRASHTEST_PY=$(PYTHON) -u tools/db_crashtest.py --stress_cmd=$(DB_STRESS_CMD) --cleanup_cmd='$(DB_CLEANUP_CMD)'
 
 .PHONY: crash_test crash_test_with_atomic_flush crash_test_with_txn \
 	crash_test_with_best_efforts_recovery crash_test_with_ts \
@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@ CRASHTEST_PY=$(PYTHON) -u tools/db_crashtest.py --stress_cmd=$(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 	whitebox_crash_test whitebox_crash_test_with_atomic_flush \
 	whitebox_crash_test_with_txn whitebox_crash_test_with_ts \
 	blackbox_crash_test_with_multiops_wc_txn \
-	blackbox_crash_test_with_multiops_wp_txn
+	blackbox_crash_test_with_multiops_wp_txn \
+	crash_test_with_tiered_storage blackbox_crash_test_with_tiered_storage \
+	whitebox_crash_test_with_tiered_storage \
 
 crash_test: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 # Do not parallelize
@@ -42,6 +44,11 @@ crash_test_with_ts: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 	$(CRASHTEST_MAKE) whitebox_crash_test_with_ts
 	$(CRASHTEST_MAKE) blackbox_crash_test_with_ts
 
+crash_test_with_tiered_storage: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
+# Do not parallelize
+	$(CRASHTEST_MAKE) whitebox_crash_test_with_tiered_storage
+	$(CRASHTEST_MAKE) blackbox_crash_test_with_tiered_storage
+
 crash_test_with_multiops_wc_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 	$(CRASHTEST_MAKE) blackbox_crash_test_with_multiops_wc_txn
 
@@ -70,6 +77,9 @@ blackbox_crash_test_with_multiops_wc_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 blackbox_crash_test_with_multiops_wp_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --test_multiops_txn --write_policy write_prepared blackbox $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)
 
+blackbox_crash_test_with_tiered_storage: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
+	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --test_tiered_storage blackbox $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)
+
 ifeq ($(CRASH_TEST_KILL_ODD),)
   CRASH_TEST_KILL_ODD=888887
 endif
@@ -91,3 +101,7 @@ whitebox_crash_test_with_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 whitebox_crash_test_with_ts: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --enable_ts whitebox --random_kill_odd \
       $(CRASH_TEST_KILL_ODD) $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)
+
+whitebox_crash_test_with_tiered_storage: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
+	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --test_tiered_storage whitebox --random_kill_odd \
+      $(CRASH_TEST_KILL_ODD) $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)

db/arena_wrapped_db_iter.cc

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 // found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.
 
 #include "db/arena_wrapped_db_iter.h"
+
 #include "memory/arena.h"
 #include "rocksdb/env.h"
 #include "rocksdb/iterator.h"
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ void ArenaWrappedDBIter::Init(
   sv_number_ = version_number;
   read_options_ = read_options;
   allow_refresh_ = allow_refresh;
+  memtable_range_tombstone_iter_ = nullptr;
 }
 
 Status ArenaWrappedDBIter::Refresh() {
@@ -58,41 +60,68 @@ Status ArenaWrappedDBIter::Refresh() {
   uint64_t cur_sv_number = cfd_->GetSuperVersionNumber();
   TEST_SYNC_POINT("ArenaWrappedDBIter::Refresh:1");
   TEST_SYNC_POINT("ArenaWrappedDBIter::Refresh:2");
+  auto reinit_internal_iter = [&]() {
+    Env* env = db_iter_->env();
+    db_iter_->~DBIter();
+    arena_.~Arena();
+    new (&arena_) Arena();
+
+    SuperVersion* sv = cfd_->GetReferencedSuperVersion(db_impl_);
+    SequenceNumber latest_seq = db_impl_->GetLatestSequenceNumber();
+    if (read_callback_) {
+      read_callback_->Refresh(latest_seq);
+    }
+    Init(env, read_options_, *(cfd_->ioptions()), sv->mutable_cf_options,
+         sv->current, latest_seq,
+         sv->mutable_cf_options.max_sequential_skip_in_iterations,
+         cur_sv_number, read_callback_, db_impl_, cfd_, expose_blob_index_,
+         allow_refresh_);
+
+    InternalIterator* internal_iter = db_impl_->NewInternalIterator(
+        read_options_, cfd_, sv, &arena_, latest_seq,
+        /* allow_unprepared_value */ true, /* db_iter */ this);
+    SetIterUnderDBIter(internal_iter);
+  };
   while (true) {
     if (sv_number_ != cur_sv_number) {
-      Env* env = db_iter_->env();
-      db_iter_->~DBIter();
-      arena_.~Arena();
-      new (&arena_) Arena();
-
-      SuperVersion* sv = cfd_->GetReferencedSuperVersion(db_impl_);
-      SequenceNumber latest_seq = db_impl_->GetLatestSequenceNumber();
-      if (read_callback_) {
-        read_callback_->Refresh(latest_seq);
-      }
-      Init(env, read_options_, *(cfd_->ioptions()), sv->mutable_cf_options,
-           sv->current, latest_seq,
-           sv->mutable_cf_options.max_sequential_skip_in_iterations,
-           cur_sv_number, read_callback_, db_impl_, cfd_, expose_blob_index_,
-           allow_refresh_);
-
-      InternalIterator* internal_iter = db_impl_->NewInternalIterator(
-          read_options_, cfd_, sv, &arena_, db_iter_->GetRangeDelAggregator(),
-          latest_seq, /* allow_unprepared_value */ true);
-      SetIterUnderDBIter(internal_iter);
+      reinit_internal_iter();
       break;
     } else {
       SequenceNumber latest_seq = db_impl_->GetLatestSequenceNumber();
       // Refresh range-tombstones in MemTable
       if (!read_options_.ignore_range_deletions) {
         SuperVersion* sv = cfd_->GetThreadLocalSuperVersion(db_impl_);
-        ReadRangeDelAggregator* range_del_agg =
-            db_iter_->GetRangeDelAggregator();
-        std::unique_ptr<FragmentedRangeTombstoneIterator> range_del_iter;
-        range_del_iter.reset(
-            sv->mem->NewRangeTombstoneIterator(read_options_, latest_seq));
-        range_del_agg->AddTombstones(std::move(range_del_iter));
-        cfd_->ReturnThreadLocalSuperVersion(sv);
+        TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("ArenaWrappedDBIter::Refresh:SV", nullptr);
+        auto t = sv->mem->NewRangeTombstoneIterator(
+            read_options_, latest_seq, false /* immutable_memtable */);
+        if (!t || t->empty()) {
+          // If memtable_range_tombstone_iter_ points to a non-empty tombstone
+          // iterator, then it means sv->mem is not the memtable that
+          // memtable_range_tombstone_iter_ points to, so SV must have changed
+          // after the sv_number_ != cur_sv_number check above. We will fall
+          // back to re-init the InternalIterator, and the tombstone iterator
+          // will be freed during db_iter destruction there.
+          if (memtable_range_tombstone_iter_) {
+            assert(!*memtable_range_tombstone_iter_ ||
+                   sv_number_ != cfd_->GetSuperVersionNumber());
+          }
+          delete t;
+        } else {  // current mutable memtable has range tombstones
+          if (!memtable_range_tombstone_iter_) {
+            delete t;
+            db_impl_->ReturnAndCleanupSuperVersion(cfd_, sv);
+            // The memtable under DBIter did not have range tombstone before
+            // refresh.
+            reinit_internal_iter();
+            break;
+          } else {
+            delete *memtable_range_tombstone_iter_;
+            *memtable_range_tombstone_iter_ = new TruncatedRangeDelIterator(
+                std::unique_ptr<FragmentedRangeTombstoneIterator>(t),
+                &cfd_->internal_comparator(), nullptr, nullptr);
+          }
+        }
+        db_impl_->ReturnAndCleanupSuperVersion(cfd_, sv);
       }
       // Refresh latest sequence number
       db_iter_->set_sequence(latest_seq);

db/arena_wrapped_db_iter.h

@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@
 
 #pragma once
 #include <stdint.h>
+
 #include <string>
+
 #include "db/db_impl/db_impl.h"
 #include "db/db_iter.h"
 #include "db/range_del_aggregator.h"
@@ -44,9 +46,7 @@ class ArenaWrappedDBIter : public Iterator {
   // Get the arena to be used to allocate memory for DBIter to be wrapped,
   // as well as child iterators in it.
   virtual Arena* GetArena() { return &arena_; }
-  virtual ReadRangeDelAggregator* GetRangeDelAggregator() {
-    return db_iter_->GetRangeDelAggregator();
-  }
+
   const ReadOptions& GetReadOptions() { return read_options_; }
 
   // Set the internal iterator wrapped inside the DB Iterator. Usually it is
@@ -55,6 +55,10 @@ class ArenaWrappedDBIter : public Iterator {
     db_iter_->SetIter(iter);
   }
 
+  void SetMemtableRangetombstoneIter(TruncatedRangeDelIterator** iter) {
+    memtable_range_tombstone_iter_ = iter;
+  }
+
   bool Valid() const override { return db_iter_->Valid(); }
   void SeekToFirst() override { db_iter_->SeekToFirst(); }
   void SeekToLast() override { db_iter_->SeekToLast(); }
@@ -68,6 +72,7 @@ class ArenaWrappedDBIter : public Iterator {
   void Prev() override { db_iter_->Prev(); }
   Slice key() const override { return db_iter_->key(); }
   Slice value() const override { return db_iter_->value(); }
+  const WideColumns& columns() const override { return db_iter_->columns(); }
   Status status() const override { return db_iter_->status(); }
   Slice timestamp() const override { return db_iter_->timestamp(); }
   bool IsBlob() const { return db_iter_->IsBlob(); }
@@ -104,6 +109,9 @@ class ArenaWrappedDBIter : public Iterator {
   ReadCallback* read_callback_;
   bool expose_blob_index_ = false;
   bool allow_refresh_ = true;
+  // If this is nullptr, it means the mutable memtable does not contain range
+  // tombstone when added under this DBIter.
+  TruncatedRangeDelIterator** memtable_range_tombstone_iter_ = nullptr;
 };
 
 // Generate the arena wrapped iterator class.

db/blob/blob_contents.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+//  Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
+//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
+//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
+
+#include "db/blob/blob_contents.h"
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+#include "cache/cache_entry_roles.h"
+#include "cache/cache_helpers.h"
+#include "port/malloc.h"
+
+namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
+
+std::unique_ptr<BlobContents> BlobContents::Create(
+    CacheAllocationPtr&& allocation, size_t size) {
+  return std::unique_ptr<BlobContents>(
+      new BlobContents(std::move(allocation), size));
+}
+
+size_t BlobContents::ApproximateMemoryUsage() const {
+  size_t usage = 0;
+
+  if (allocation_) {
+    MemoryAllocator* const allocator = allocation_.get_deleter().allocator;
+
+    if (allocator) {
+      usage += allocator->UsableSize(allocation_.get(), data_.size());
+    } else {
+#ifdef ROCKSDB_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
+      usage += malloc_usable_size(allocation_.get());
+#else
+      usage += data_.size();
+#endif
+    }
+  }
+
+#ifdef ROCKSDB_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
+  usage += malloc_usable_size(const_cast<BlobContents*>(this));
+#else
+  usage += sizeof(*this);
+#endif
+
+  return usage;
+}
+
+size_t BlobContents::SizeCallback(void* obj) {
+  assert(obj);
+
+  return static_cast<const BlobContents*>(obj)->size();
+}
+
+Status BlobContents::SaveToCallback(void* from_obj, size_t from_offset,
+                                    size_t length, void* out) {
+  assert(from_obj);
+
+  const BlobContents* buf = static_cast<const BlobContents*>(from_obj);
+  assert(buf->size() >= from_offset + length);
+
+  memcpy(out, buf->data().data() + from_offset, length);
+
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+Cache::CacheItemHelper* BlobContents::GetCacheItemHelper() {
+  static Cache::CacheItemHelper cache_helper(
+      &SizeCallback, &SaveToCallback,
+      GetCacheEntryDeleterForRole<BlobContents, CacheEntryRole::kBlobValue>());
+
+  return &cache_helper;
+}
+
+Status BlobContents::CreateCallback(CacheAllocationPtr&& allocation,
+                                    const void* buf, size_t size,
+                                    void** out_obj, size_t* charge) {
+  assert(allocation);
+
+  memcpy(allocation.get(), buf, size);
+
+  std::unique_ptr<BlobContents> obj = Create(std::move(allocation), size);
+  BlobContents* const contents = obj.release();
+
+  *out_obj = contents;
+  *charge = contents->ApproximateMemoryUsage();
+
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+}  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

db/blob/blob_contents.h

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+//  Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
+//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
+//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <memory>
+
+#include "memory/memory_allocator.h"
+#include "rocksdb/cache.h"
+#include "rocksdb/rocksdb_namespace.h"
+#include "rocksdb/slice.h"
+#include "rocksdb/status.h"
+
+namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
+
+// A class representing a single uncompressed value read from a blob file.
+class BlobContents {
+ public:
+  static std::unique_ptr<BlobContents> Create(CacheAllocationPtr&& allocation,
+                                              size_t size);
+
+  BlobContents(const BlobContents&) = delete;
+  BlobContents& operator=(const BlobContents&) = delete;
+
+  BlobContents(BlobContents&&) = default;
+  BlobContents& operator=(BlobContents&&) = default;
+
+  ~BlobContents() = default;
+
+  const Slice& data() const { return data_; }
+  size_t size() const { return data_.size(); }
+
+  size_t ApproximateMemoryUsage() const;
+
+  // Callbacks for secondary cache
+  static size_t SizeCallback(void* obj);
+
+  static Status SaveToCallback(void* from_obj, size_t from_offset,
+                               size_t length, void* out);
+
+  static Cache::CacheItemHelper* GetCacheItemHelper();
+
+  static Status CreateCallback(CacheAllocationPtr&& allocation, const void* buf,
+                               size_t size, void** out_obj, size_t* charge);
+
+ private:
+  BlobContents(CacheAllocationPtr&& allocation, size_t size)
+      : allocation_(std::move(allocation)), data_(allocation_.get(), size) {}
+
+  CacheAllocationPtr allocation_;
+  Slice data_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

db/blob/blob_counting_iterator_test.cc

@@ -321,6 +321,7 @@ TEST(BlobCountingIteratorTest, CorruptBlobIndex) {
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::port::InstallStackTraceHandler();
   ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
   return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 }

db/blob/blob_file_addition_test.cc

@@ -205,6 +205,7 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileAdditionTest, ForwardIncompatibleCustomField) {
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::port::InstallStackTraceHandler();
   ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
   return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 }

db/blob/blob_file_builder.cc

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 #include <cassert>
 
+#include "db/blob/blob_contents.h"
 #include "db/blob/blob_file_addition.h"
 #include "db/blob/blob_file_completion_callback.h"
 #include "db/blob/blob_index.h"
@@ -32,9 +33,9 @@ BlobFileBuilder::BlobFileBuilder(
     VersionSet* versions, FileSystem* fs,
     const ImmutableOptions* immutable_options,
     const MutableCFOptions* mutable_cf_options, const FileOptions* file_options,
-    int job_id, uint32_t column_family_id,
-    const std::string& column_family_name, Env::IOPriority io_priority,
-    Env::WriteLifeTimeHint write_hint,
+    std::string db_id, std::string db_session_id, int job_id,
+    uint32_t column_family_id, const std::string& column_family_name,
+    Env::IOPriority io_priority, Env::WriteLifeTimeHint write_hint,
     const std::shared_ptr<IOTracer>& io_tracer,
     BlobFileCompletionCallback* blob_callback,
     BlobFileCreationReason creation_reason,
@@ -42,17 +43,18 @@ BlobFileBuilder::BlobFileBuilder(
     std::vector<BlobFileAddition>* blob_file_additions)
     : BlobFileBuilder([versions]() { return versions->NewFileNumber(); }, fs,
                       immutable_options, mutable_cf_options, file_options,
-                      job_id, column_family_id, column_family_name, io_priority,
-                      write_hint, io_tracer, blob_callback, creation_reason,
-                      blob_file_paths, blob_file_additions) {}
+                      db_id, db_session_id, job_id, column_family_id,
+                      column_family_name, io_priority, write_hint, io_tracer,
+                      blob_callback, creation_reason, blob_file_paths,
+                      blob_file_additions) {}
 
 BlobFileBuilder::BlobFileBuilder(
     std::function<uint64_t()> file_number_generator, FileSystem* fs,
     const ImmutableOptions* immutable_options,
     const MutableCFOptions* mutable_cf_options, const FileOptions* file_options,
-    int job_id, uint32_t column_family_id,
-    const std::string& column_family_name, Env::IOPriority io_priority,
-    Env::WriteLifeTimeHint write_hint,
+    std::string db_id, std::string db_session_id, int job_id,
+    uint32_t column_family_id, const std::string& column_family_name,
+    Env::IOPriority io_priority, Env::WriteLifeTimeHint write_hint,
     const std::shared_ptr<IOTracer>& io_tracer,
     BlobFileCompletionCallback* blob_callback,
     BlobFileCreationReason creation_reason,
@@ -64,7 +66,10 @@ BlobFileBuilder::BlobFileBuilder(
       min_blob_size_(mutable_cf_options->min_blob_size),
       blob_file_size_(mutable_cf_options->blob_file_size),
       blob_compression_type_(mutable_cf_options->blob_compression_type),
+      prepopulate_blob_cache_(mutable_cf_options->prepopulate_blob_cache),
       file_options_(file_options),
+      db_id_(std::move(db_id)),
+      db_session_id_(std::move(db_session_id)),
       job_id_(job_id),
       column_family_id_(column_family_id),
       column_family_name_(column_family_name),
@@ -133,6 +138,16 @@ Status BlobFileBuilder::Add(const Slice& key, const Slice& value,
     }
   }
 
+  {
+    const Status s =
+        PutBlobIntoCacheIfNeeded(value, blob_file_number, blob_offset);
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      ROCKS_LOG_WARN(immutable_options_->info_log,
+                     "Failed to pre-populate the blob into blob cache: %s",
+                     s.ToString().c_str());
+    }
+  }
+
   BlobIndex::EncodeBlob(blob_index, blob_file_number, blob_offset, blob.size(),
                         blob_compression_type_);
 
@@ -372,4 +387,60 @@ void BlobFileBuilder::Abandon(const Status& s) {
   blob_count_ = 0;
   blob_bytes_ = 0;
 }
+
+Status BlobFileBuilder::PutBlobIntoCacheIfNeeded(const Slice& blob,
+                                                 uint64_t blob_file_number,
+                                                 uint64_t blob_offset) const {
+  Status s = Status::OK();
+
+  auto blob_cache = immutable_options_->blob_cache;
+  auto statistics = immutable_options_->statistics.get();
+  bool warm_cache =
+      prepopulate_blob_cache_ == PrepopulateBlobCache::kFlushOnly &&
+      creation_reason_ == BlobFileCreationReason::kFlush;
+
+  if (blob_cache && warm_cache) {
+    const OffsetableCacheKey base_cache_key(db_id_, db_session_id_,
+                                            blob_file_number);
+    const CacheKey cache_key = base_cache_key.WithOffset(blob_offset);
+    const Slice key = cache_key.AsSlice();
+
+    const Cache::Priority priority = Cache::Priority::BOTTOM;
+
+    // Objects to be put into the cache have to be heap-allocated and
+    // self-contained, i.e. own their contents. The Cache has to be able to
+    // take unique ownership of them.
+    CacheAllocationPtr allocation =
+        AllocateBlock(blob.size(), blob_cache->memory_allocator());
+    memcpy(allocation.get(), blob.data(), blob.size());
+    std::unique_ptr<BlobContents> buf =
+        BlobContents::Create(std::move(allocation), blob.size());
+
+    Cache::CacheItemHelper* const cache_item_helper =
+        BlobContents::GetCacheItemHelper();
+    assert(cache_item_helper);
+
+    if (immutable_options_->lowest_used_cache_tier ==
+        CacheTier::kNonVolatileBlockTier) {
+      s = blob_cache->Insert(key, buf.get(), cache_item_helper,
+                             buf->ApproximateMemoryUsage(),
+                             nullptr /* cache_handle */, priority);
+    } else {
+      s = blob_cache->Insert(key, buf.get(), buf->ApproximateMemoryUsage(),
+                             cache_item_helper->del_cb,
+                             nullptr /* cache_handle */, priority);
+    }
+
+    if (s.ok()) {
+      RecordTick(statistics, BLOB_DB_CACHE_ADD);
+      RecordTick(statistics, BLOB_DB_CACHE_BYTES_WRITE, buf->size());
+      buf.release();
+    } else {
+      RecordTick(statistics, BLOB_DB_CACHE_ADD_FAILURES);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return s;
+}
+
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

db/blob/blob_file_builder.h

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "rocksdb/advanced_options.h"
 #include "rocksdb/compression_type.h"
 #include "rocksdb/env.h"
 #include "rocksdb/rocksdb_namespace.h"
@@ -35,7 +36,8 @@ class BlobFileBuilder {
   BlobFileBuilder(VersionSet* versions, FileSystem* fs,
                   const ImmutableOptions* immutable_options,
                   const MutableCFOptions* mutable_cf_options,
-                  const FileOptions* file_options, int job_id,
+                  const FileOptions* file_options, std::string db_id,
+                  std::string db_session_id, int job_id,
                   uint32_t column_family_id,
                   const std::string& column_family_name,
                   Env::IOPriority io_priority,
@@ -49,7 +51,8 @@ class BlobFileBuilder {
   BlobFileBuilder(std::function<uint64_t()> file_number_generator,
                   FileSystem* fs, const ImmutableOptions* immutable_options,
                   const MutableCFOptions* mutable_cf_options,
-                  const FileOptions* file_options, int job_id,
+                  const FileOptions* file_options, std::string db_id,
+                  std::string db_session_id, int job_id,
                   uint32_t column_family_id,
                   const std::string& column_family_name,
                   Env::IOPriority io_priority,
@@ -78,13 +81,19 @@ class BlobFileBuilder {
   Status CloseBlobFile();
   Status CloseBlobFileIfNeeded();
 
+  Status PutBlobIntoCacheIfNeeded(const Slice& blob, uint64_t blob_file_number,
+                                  uint64_t blob_offset) const;
+
   std::function<uint64_t()> file_number_generator_;
   FileSystem* fs_;
   const ImmutableOptions* immutable_options_;
   uint64_t min_blob_size_;
   uint64_t blob_file_size_;
   CompressionType blob_compression_type_;
+  PrepopulateBlobCache prepopulate_blob_cache_;
   const FileOptions* file_options_;
+  const std::string db_id_;
+  const std::string db_session_id_;
   int job_id_;
   uint32_t column_family_id_;
   std::string column_family_name_;

db/blob/blob_file_builder_test.cc

@@ -144,8 +144,9 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileBuilderTest, BuildAndCheckOneFile) {
 
   BlobFileBuilder builder(
       TestFileNumberGenerator(), fs_, &immutable_options, &mutable_cf_options,
-      &file_options_, job_id, column_family_id, column_family_name, io_priority,
-      write_hint, nullptr /*IOTracer*/, nullptr /*BlobFileCompletionCallback*/,
+      &file_options_, "" /*db_id*/, "" /*db_session_id*/, job_id,
+      column_family_id, column_family_name, io_priority, write_hint,
+      nullptr /*IOTracer*/, nullptr /*BlobFileCompletionCallback*/,
       BlobFileCreationReason::kFlush, &blob_file_paths, &blob_file_additions);
 
   std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> expected_key_value_pairs(
@@ -228,8 +229,9 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileBuilderTest, BuildAndCheckMultipleFiles) {
 
   BlobFileBuilder builder(
       TestFileNumberGenerator(), fs_, &immutable_options, &mutable_cf_options,
-      &file_options_, job_id, column_family_id, column_family_name, io_priority,
-      write_hint, nullptr /*IOTracer*/, nullptr /*BlobFileCompletionCallback*/,
+      &file_options_, "" /*db_id*/, "" /*db_session_id*/, job_id,
+      column_family_id, column_family_name, io_priority, write_hint,
+      nullptr /*IOTracer*/, nullptr /*BlobFileCompletionCallback*/,
       BlobFileCreationReason::kFlush, &blob_file_paths, &blob_file_additions);
 
   std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> expected_key_value_pairs(
@@ -315,8 +317,9 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileBuilderTest, InlinedValues) {
 
   BlobFileBuilder builder(
       TestFileNumberGenerator(), fs_, &immutable_options, &mutable_cf_options,
-      &file_options_, job_id, column_family_id, column_family_name, io_priority,
-      write_hint, nullptr /*IOTracer*/, nullptr /*BlobFileCompletionCallback*/,
+      &file_options_, "" /*db_id*/, "" /*db_session_id*/, job_id,
+      column_family_id, column_family_name, io_priority, write_hint,
+      nullptr /*IOTracer*/, nullptr /*BlobFileCompletionCallback*/,
       BlobFileCreationReason::kFlush, &blob_file_paths, &blob_file_additions);
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < number_of_blobs; ++i) {
@@ -369,8 +372,9 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileBuilderTest, Compression) {
 
   BlobFileBuilder builder(
       TestFileNumberGenerator(), fs_, &immutable_options, &mutable_cf_options,
-      &file_options_, job_id, column_family_id, column_family_name, io_priority,
-      write_hint, nullptr /*IOTracer*/, nullptr /*BlobFileCompletionCallback*/,
+      &file_options_, "" /*db_id*/, "" /*db_session_id*/, job_id,
+      column_family_id, column_family_name, io_priority, write_hint,
+      nullptr /*IOTracer*/, nullptr /*BlobFileCompletionCallback*/,
       BlobFileCreationReason::kFlush, &blob_file_paths, &blob_file_additions);
 
   const std::string key("1");
@@ -452,8 +456,9 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileBuilderTest, CompressionError) {
 
   BlobFileBuilder builder(
       TestFileNumberGenerator(), fs_, &immutable_options, &mutable_cf_options,
-      &file_options_, job_id, column_family_id, column_family_name, io_priority,
-      write_hint, nullptr /*IOTracer*/, nullptr /*BlobFileCompletionCallback*/,
+      &file_options_, "" /*db_id*/, "" /*db_session_id*/, job_id,
+      column_family_id, column_family_name, io_priority, write_hint,
+      nullptr /*IOTracer*/, nullptr /*BlobFileCompletionCallback*/,
       BlobFileCreationReason::kFlush, &blob_file_paths, &blob_file_additions);
 
   SyncPoint::GetInstance()->SetCallBack("CompressData:TamperWithReturnValue",
@@ -531,8 +536,9 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileBuilderTest, Checksum) {
 
   BlobFileBuilder builder(
       TestFileNumberGenerator(), fs_, &immutable_options, &mutable_cf_options,
-      &file_options_, job_id, column_family_id, column_family_name, io_priority,
-      write_hint, nullptr /*IOTracer*/, nullptr /*BlobFileCompletionCallback*/,
+      &file_options_, "" /*db_id*/, "" /*db_session_id*/, job_id,
+      column_family_id, column_family_name, io_priority, write_hint,
+      nullptr /*IOTracer*/, nullptr /*BlobFileCompletionCallback*/,
       BlobFileCreationReason::kFlush, &blob_file_paths, &blob_file_additions);
 
   const std::string key("1");
@@ -628,8 +634,9 @@ TEST_P(BlobFileBuilderIOErrorTest, IOError) {
 
   BlobFileBuilder builder(
       TestFileNumberGenerator(), fs_, &immutable_options, &mutable_cf_options,
-      &file_options_, job_id, column_family_id, column_family_name, io_priority,
-      write_hint, nullptr /*IOTracer*/, nullptr /*BlobFileCompletionCallback*/,
+      &file_options_, "" /*db_id*/, "" /*db_session_id*/, job_id,
+      column_family_id, column_family_name, io_priority, write_hint,
+      nullptr /*IOTracer*/, nullptr /*BlobFileCompletionCallback*/,
       BlobFileCreationReason::kFlush, &blob_file_paths, &blob_file_additions);
 
   SyncPoint::GetInstance()->SetCallBack(sync_point_, [this](void* arg) {
@@ -667,6 +674,7 @@ TEST_P(BlobFileBuilderIOErrorTest, IOError) {
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::port::InstallStackTraceHandler();
   ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
   return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 }

db/blob/blob_file_cache_test.cc

@@ -263,6 +263,7 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileCacheTest, GetBlobFileReader_CacheFull) {
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::port::InstallStackTraceHandler();
   ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
   return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 }

db/blob/blob_file_garbage_test.cc

@@ -168,6 +168,7 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileGarbageTest, ForwardIncompatibleCustomField) {
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::port::InstallStackTraceHandler();
   ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
   return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 }

db/blob/blob_file_reader.cc

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <string>
 
+#include "db/blob/blob_contents.h"
 #include "db/blob/blob_log_format.h"
 #include "file/file_prefetch_buffer.h"
 #include "file/filename.h"
@@ -283,14 +284,12 @@ BlobFileReader::BlobFileReader(
 
 BlobFileReader::~BlobFileReader() = default;
 
-Status BlobFileReader::GetBlob(const ReadOptions& read_options,
-                               const Slice& user_key, uint64_t offset,
-                               uint64_t value_size,
-                               CompressionType compression_type,
-                               FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer,
-                               PinnableSlice* value,
-                               uint64_t* bytes_read) const {
-  assert(value);
+Status BlobFileReader::GetBlob(
+    const ReadOptions& read_options, const Slice& user_key, uint64_t offset,
+    uint64_t value_size, CompressionType compression_type,
+    FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer, MemoryAllocator* allocator,
+    std::unique_ptr<BlobContents>* result, uint64_t* bytes_read) const {
+  assert(result);
 
   const uint64_t key_size = user_key.size();
 
@@ -361,8 +360,8 @@ Status BlobFileReader::GetBlob(const ReadOptions& read_options,
   const Slice value_slice(record_slice.data() + adjustment, value_size);
 
   {
-    const Status s = UncompressBlobIfNeeded(value_slice, compression_type,
-                                            clock_, statistics_, value);
+    const Status s = UncompressBlobIfNeeded(
+        value_slice, compression_type, allocator, clock_, statistics_, result);
     if (!s.ok()) {
       return s;
     }
@@ -375,16 +374,18 @@ Status BlobFileReader::GetBlob(const ReadOptions& read_options,
   return Status::OK();
 }
 
-void BlobFileReader::MultiGetBlob(const ReadOptions& read_options,
-                                  autovector<BlobReadRequest*>& blob_reqs,
-                                  uint64_t* bytes_read) const {
+void BlobFileReader::MultiGetBlob(
+    const ReadOptions& read_options, MemoryAllocator* allocator,
+    autovector<std::pair<BlobReadRequest*, std::unique_ptr<BlobContents>>>&
+        blob_reqs,
+    uint64_t* bytes_read) const {
   const size_t num_blobs = blob_reqs.size();
   assert(num_blobs > 0);
   assert(num_blobs <= MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE);
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blobs - 1; ++i) {
-    assert(blob_reqs[i]->offset <= blob_reqs[i + 1]->offset);
+    assert(blob_reqs[i].first->offset <= blob_reqs[i + 1].first->offset);
   }
 #endif  // !NDEBUG
 
@@ -393,16 +394,21 @@ void BlobFileReader::MultiGetBlob(const ReadOptions& read_options,
   uint64_t total_len = 0;
   read_reqs.reserve(num_blobs);
   for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blobs; ++i) {
-    const size_t key_size = blob_reqs[i]->user_key->size();
-    const uint64_t offset = blob_reqs[i]->offset;
-    const uint64_t value_size = blob_reqs[i]->len;
+    BlobReadRequest* const req = blob_reqs[i].first;
+    assert(req);
+    assert(req->user_key);
+    assert(req->status);
+
+    const size_t key_size = req->user_key->size();
+    const uint64_t offset = req->offset;
+    const uint64_t value_size = req->len;
 
     if (!IsValidBlobOffset(offset, key_size, value_size, file_size_)) {
-      *blob_reqs[i]->status = Status::Corruption("Invalid blob offset");
+      *req->status = Status::Corruption("Invalid blob offset");
       continue;
     }
-    if (blob_reqs[i]->compression != compression_type_) {
-      *blob_reqs[i]->status =
+    if (req->compression != compression_type_) {
+      *req->status =
           Status::Corruption("Compression type mismatch when reading a blob");
       continue;
     }
@@ -411,12 +417,12 @@ void BlobFileReader::MultiGetBlob(const ReadOptions& read_options,
         read_options.verify_checksums
             ? BlobLogRecord::CalculateAdjustmentForRecordHeader(key_size)
             : 0;
-    assert(blob_reqs[i]->offset >= adjustment);
+    assert(req->offset >= adjustment);
     adjustments.push_back(adjustment);
 
-    FSReadRequest read_req;
-    read_req.offset = blob_reqs[i]->offset - adjustment;
-    read_req.len = blob_reqs[i]->len + adjustment;
+    FSReadRequest read_req = {};
+    read_req.offset = req->offset - adjustment;
+    read_req.len = req->len + adjustment;
     read_reqs.emplace_back(read_req);
     total_len += read_req.len;
   }
@@ -450,8 +456,11 @@ void BlobFileReader::MultiGetBlob(const ReadOptions& read_options,
     for (auto& req : read_reqs) {
       req.status.PermitUncheckedError();
     }
-    for (auto& req : blob_reqs) {
+    for (auto& blob_req : blob_reqs) {
+      BlobReadRequest* const req = blob_req.first;
+      assert(req);
       assert(req->status);
+
       if (!req->status->IsCorruption()) {
         // Avoid overwriting corruption status.
         *req->status = s;
@@ -464,38 +473,42 @@ void BlobFileReader::MultiGetBlob(const ReadOptions& read_options,
 
   uint64_t total_bytes = 0;
   for (size_t i = 0, j = 0; i < num_blobs; ++i) {
-    assert(blob_reqs[i]->status);
-    if (!blob_reqs[i]->status->ok()) {
+    BlobReadRequest* const req = blob_reqs[i].first;
+    assert(req);
+    assert(req->user_key);
+    assert(req->status);
+
+    if (!req->status->ok()) {
       continue;
     }
 
     assert(j < read_reqs.size());
-    auto& req = read_reqs[j++];
-    const auto& record_slice = req.result;
-    if (req.status.ok() && record_slice.size() != req.len) {
-      req.status = IOStatus::Corruption("Failed to read data from blob file");
+    auto& read_req = read_reqs[j++];
+    const auto& record_slice = read_req.result;
+    if (read_req.status.ok() && record_slice.size() != read_req.len) {
+      read_req.status =
+          IOStatus::Corruption("Failed to read data from blob file");
     }
 
-    *blob_reqs[i]->status = req.status;
-    if (!blob_reqs[i]->status->ok()) {
+    *req->status = read_req.status;
+    if (!req->status->ok()) {
       continue;
     }
 
     // Verify checksums if enabled
     if (read_options.verify_checksums) {
-      *blob_reqs[i]->status =
-          VerifyBlob(record_slice, *blob_reqs[i]->user_key, blob_reqs[i]->len);
-      if (!blob_reqs[i]->status->ok()) {
+      *req->status = VerifyBlob(record_slice, *req->user_key, req->len);
+      if (!req->status->ok()) {
         continue;
       }
     }
 
     // Uncompress blob if needed
-    Slice value_slice(record_slice.data() + adjustments[i], blob_reqs[i]->len);
-    *blob_reqs[i]->status =
-        UncompressBlobIfNeeded(value_slice, compression_type_, clock_,
-                               statistics_, blob_reqs[i]->result);
-    if (blob_reqs[i]->status->ok()) {
+    Slice value_slice(record_slice.data() + adjustments[i], req->len);
+    *req->status =
+        UncompressBlobIfNeeded(value_slice, compression_type_, allocator,
+                               clock_, statistics_, &blob_reqs[i].second);
+    if (req->status->ok()) {
       total_bytes += record_slice.size();
     }
   }
@@ -549,15 +562,18 @@ Status BlobFileReader::VerifyBlob(const Slice& record_slice,
   return Status::OK();
 }
 
-Status BlobFileReader::UncompressBlobIfNeeded(const Slice& value_slice,
-                                              CompressionType compression_type,
-                                              SystemClock* clock,
-                                              Statistics* statistics,
-                                              PinnableSlice* value) {
-  assert(value);
+Status BlobFileReader::UncompressBlobIfNeeded(
+    const Slice& value_slice, CompressionType compression_type,
+    MemoryAllocator* allocator, SystemClock* clock, Statistics* statistics,
+    std::unique_ptr<BlobContents>* result) {
+  assert(result);
 
   if (compression_type == kNoCompression) {
-    SaveValue(value_slice, value);
+    CacheAllocationPtr allocation =
+        AllocateBlock(value_slice.size(), allocator);
+    memcpy(allocation.get(), value_slice.data(), value_slice.size());
+
+    *result = BlobContents::Create(std::move(allocation), value_slice.size());
 
     return Status::OK();
   }
@@ -568,7 +584,6 @@ Status BlobFileReader::UncompressBlobIfNeeded(const Slice& value_slice,
 
   size_t uncompressed_size = 0;
   constexpr uint32_t compression_format_version = 2;
-  constexpr MemoryAllocator* allocator = nullptr;
 
   CacheAllocationPtr output;
 
@@ -587,19 +602,9 @@ Status BlobFileReader::UncompressBlobIfNeeded(const Slice& value_slice,
     return Status::Corruption("Unable to uncompress blob");
   }
 
-  SaveValue(Slice(output.get(), uncompressed_size), value);
+  *result = BlobContents::Create(std::move(output), uncompressed_size);
 
   return Status::OK();
 }
 
-void BlobFileReader::SaveValue(const Slice& src, PinnableSlice* dst) {
-  assert(dst);
-
-  if (dst->IsPinned()) {
-    dst->Reset();
-  }
-
-  dst->PinSelf(src);
-}
-
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

db/blob/blob_file_reader.h

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class HistogramImpl;
 struct ReadOptions;
 class Slice;
 class FilePrefetchBuffer;
-class PinnableSlice;
+class BlobContents;
 class Statistics;
 
 class BlobFileReader {
@@ -44,13 +44,17 @@ class BlobFileReader {
   Status GetBlob(const ReadOptions& read_options, const Slice& user_key,
                  uint64_t offset, uint64_t value_size,
                  CompressionType compression_type,
-                 FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer, PinnableSlice* value,
+                 FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer,
+                 MemoryAllocator* allocator,
+                 std::unique_ptr<BlobContents>* result,
                  uint64_t* bytes_read) const;
 
   // offsets must be sorted in ascending order by caller.
-  void MultiGetBlob(const ReadOptions& read_options,
-                    autovector<BlobReadRequest*>& blob_reqs,
-                    uint64_t* bytes_read) const;
+  void MultiGetBlob(
+      const ReadOptions& read_options, MemoryAllocator* allocator,
+      autovector<std::pair<BlobReadRequest*, std::unique_ptr<BlobContents>>>&
+          blob_reqs,
+      uint64_t* bytes_read) const;
 
   CompressionType GetCompressionType() const { return compression_type_; }
 
@@ -89,11 +93,10 @@ class BlobFileReader {
 
   static Status UncompressBlobIfNeeded(const Slice& value_slice,
                                        CompressionType compression_type,
+                                       MemoryAllocator* allocator,
                                        SystemClock* clock,
                                        Statistics* statistics,
-                                       PinnableSlice* value);
-
-  static void SaveValue(const Slice& src, PinnableSlice* dst);
+                                       std::unique_ptr<BlobContents>* result);
 
   std::unique_ptr<RandomAccessFileReader> file_reader_;
   uint64_t file_size_;

db/blob/blob_file_reader_test.cc

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <string>
 
+#include "db/blob/blob_contents.h"
 #include "db/blob/blob_log_format.h"
 #include "db/blob/blob_log_writer.h"
 #include "env/mock_env.h"
@@ -180,15 +181,17 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileReaderTest, CreateReaderAndGetBlob) {
   read_options.verify_checksums = false;
 
   constexpr FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer = nullptr;
+  constexpr MemoryAllocator* allocator = nullptr;
 
   {
-    PinnableSlice value;
+    std::unique_ptr<BlobContents> value;
     uint64_t bytes_read = 0;
 
     ASSERT_OK(reader->GetBlob(read_options, keys[0], blob_offsets[0],
                               blob_sizes[0], kNoCompression, prefetch_buffer,
-                              &value, &bytes_read));
-    ASSERT_EQ(value, blobs[0]);
+                              allocator, &value, &bytes_read));
+    ASSERT_NE(value, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_EQ(value->data(), blobs[0]);
     ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read, blob_sizes[0]);
 
     // MultiGetBlob
@@ -196,22 +199,25 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileReaderTest, CreateReaderAndGetBlob) {
     size_t total_size = 0;
 
     std::array<Status, num_blobs> statuses_buf;
-    std::array<PinnableSlice, num_blobs> value_buf;
     std::array<BlobReadRequest, num_blobs> requests_buf;
-    autovector<BlobReadRequest*> blob_reqs;
+    autovector<std::pair<BlobReadRequest*, std::unique_ptr<BlobContents>>>
+        blob_reqs;
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blobs; ++i) {
       requests_buf[i] =
           BlobReadRequest(keys[i], blob_offsets[i], blob_sizes[i],
-                          kNoCompression, &value_buf[i], &statuses_buf[i]);
-      blob_reqs.push_back(&requests_buf[i]);
+                          kNoCompression, nullptr, &statuses_buf[i]);
+      blob_reqs.emplace_back(&requests_buf[i], std::unique_ptr<BlobContents>());
     }
 
-    reader->MultiGetBlob(read_options, blob_reqs, &bytes_read);
+    reader->MultiGetBlob(read_options, allocator, blob_reqs, &bytes_read);
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blobs; ++i) {
+      const auto& result = blob_reqs[i].second;
+
       ASSERT_OK(statuses_buf[i]);
-      ASSERT_EQ(value_buf[i], blobs[i]);
+      ASSERT_NE(result, nullptr);
+      ASSERT_EQ(result->data(), blobs[i]);
       total_size += blob_sizes[i];
     }
     ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read, total_size);
@@ -220,13 +226,14 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileReaderTest, CreateReaderAndGetBlob) {
   read_options.verify_checksums = true;
 
   {
-    PinnableSlice value;
+    std::unique_ptr<BlobContents> value;
     uint64_t bytes_read = 0;
 
     ASSERT_OK(reader->GetBlob(read_options, keys[1], blob_offsets[1],
                               blob_sizes[1], kNoCompression, prefetch_buffer,
-                              &value, &bytes_read));
-    ASSERT_EQ(value, blobs[1]);
+                              allocator, &value, &bytes_read));
+    ASSERT_NE(value, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_EQ(value->data(), blobs[1]);
 
     const uint64_t key_size = keys[1].size();
     ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read,
@@ -236,47 +243,50 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileReaderTest, CreateReaderAndGetBlob) {
 
   // Invalid offset (too close to start of file)
   {
-    PinnableSlice value;
+    std::unique_ptr<BlobContents> value;
     uint64_t bytes_read = 0;
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(reader
                     ->GetBlob(read_options, keys[0], blob_offsets[0] - 1,
                               blob_sizes[0], kNoCompression, prefetch_buffer,
-                              &value, &bytes_read)
+                              allocator, &value, &bytes_read)
                     .IsCorruption());
+    ASSERT_EQ(value, nullptr);
     ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read, 0);
   }
 
   // Invalid offset (too close to end of file)
   {
-    PinnableSlice value;
+    std::unique_ptr<BlobContents> value;
     uint64_t bytes_read = 0;
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(reader
                     ->GetBlob(read_options, keys[2], blob_offsets[2] + 1,
                               blob_sizes[2], kNoCompression, prefetch_buffer,
-                              &value, &bytes_read)
+                              allocator, &value, &bytes_read)
                     .IsCorruption());
+    ASSERT_EQ(value, nullptr);
     ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read, 0);
   }
 
   // Incorrect compression type
   {
-    PinnableSlice value;
+    std::unique_ptr<BlobContents> value;
     uint64_t bytes_read = 0;
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(reader
                     ->GetBlob(read_options, keys[0], blob_offsets[0],
-                              blob_sizes[0], kZSTD, prefetch_buffer, &value,
-                              &bytes_read)
+                              blob_sizes[0], kZSTD, prefetch_buffer, allocator,
+                              &value, &bytes_read)
                     .IsCorruption());
+    ASSERT_EQ(value, nullptr);
     ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read, 0);
   }
 
   // Incorrect key size
   {
     constexpr char shorter_key[] = "k";
-    PinnableSlice value;
+    std::unique_ptr<BlobContents> value;
     uint64_t bytes_read = 0;
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(reader
@@ -284,8 +294,9 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileReaderTest, CreateReaderAndGetBlob) {
                               blob_offsets[0] -
                                   (keys[0].size() - sizeof(shorter_key) + 1),
                               blob_sizes[0], kNoCompression, prefetch_buffer,
-                              &value, &bytes_read)
+                              allocator, &value, &bytes_read)
                     .IsCorruption());
+    ASSERT_EQ(value, nullptr);
     ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read, 0);
 
     // MultiGetBlob
@@ -302,18 +313,18 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileReaderTest, CreateReaderAndGetBlob) {
         blob_offsets[2]};
 
     std::array<Status, num_blobs> statuses_buf;
-    std::array<PinnableSlice, num_blobs> value_buf;
     std::array<BlobReadRequest, num_blobs> requests_buf;
-    autovector<BlobReadRequest*> blob_reqs;
+    autovector<std::pair<BlobReadRequest*, std::unique_ptr<BlobContents>>>
+        blob_reqs;
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blobs; ++i) {
       requests_buf[i] =
           BlobReadRequest(key_refs[i], offsets[i], blob_sizes[i],
-                          kNoCompression, &value_buf[i], &statuses_buf[i]);
-      blob_reqs.push_back(&requests_buf[i]);
+                          kNoCompression, nullptr, &statuses_buf[i]);
+      blob_reqs.emplace_back(&requests_buf[i], std::unique_ptr<BlobContents>());
     }
 
-    reader->MultiGetBlob(read_options, blob_reqs, &bytes_read);
+    reader->MultiGetBlob(read_options, allocator, blob_reqs, &bytes_read);
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blobs; ++i) {
       if (i == 1) {
@@ -327,14 +338,15 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileReaderTest, CreateReaderAndGetBlob) {
   // Incorrect key
   {
     constexpr char incorrect_key[] = "foo1";
-    PinnableSlice value;
+    std::unique_ptr<BlobContents> value;
     uint64_t bytes_read = 0;
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(reader
                     ->GetBlob(read_options, incorrect_key, blob_offsets[0],
                               blob_sizes[0], kNoCompression, prefetch_buffer,
-                              &value, &bytes_read)
+                              allocator, &value, &bytes_read)
                     .IsCorruption());
+    ASSERT_EQ(value, nullptr);
     ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read, 0);
 
     // MultiGetBlob
@@ -346,19 +358,18 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileReaderTest, CreateReaderAndGetBlob) {
     key_refs[2] = std::cref(wrong_key_slice);
 
     std::array<Status, num_blobs> statuses_buf;
-    std::array<PinnableSlice, num_blobs> value_buf;
     std::array<BlobReadRequest, num_blobs> requests_buf;
+    autovector<std::pair<BlobReadRequest*, std::unique_ptr<BlobContents>>>
+        blob_reqs;
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blobs; ++i) {
       requests_buf[i] =
           BlobReadRequest(key_refs[i], blob_offsets[i], blob_sizes[i],
-                          kNoCompression, &value_buf[i], &statuses_buf[i]);
+                          kNoCompression, nullptr, &statuses_buf[i]);
+      blob_reqs.emplace_back(&requests_buf[i], std::unique_ptr<BlobContents>());
     }
 
-    autovector<BlobReadRequest*> blob_reqs = {
-        &requests_buf[0], &requests_buf[1], &requests_buf[2]};
-
-    reader->MultiGetBlob(read_options, blob_reqs, &bytes_read);
+    reader->MultiGetBlob(read_options, allocator, blob_reqs, &bytes_read);
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blobs; ++i) {
       if (i == num_blobs - 1) {
@@ -371,14 +382,15 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileReaderTest, CreateReaderAndGetBlob) {
 
   // Incorrect value size
   {
-    PinnableSlice value;
+    std::unique_ptr<BlobContents> value;
     uint64_t bytes_read = 0;
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(reader
                     ->GetBlob(read_options, keys[1], blob_offsets[1],
                               blob_sizes[1] + 1, kNoCompression,
-                              prefetch_buffer, &value, &bytes_read)
+                              prefetch_buffer, allocator, &value, &bytes_read)
                     .IsCorruption());
+    ASSERT_EQ(value, nullptr);
     ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read, 0);
 
     // MultiGetBlob
@@ -388,23 +400,26 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileReaderTest, CreateReaderAndGetBlob) {
     }
 
     std::array<Status, num_blobs> statuses_buf;
-    std::array<PinnableSlice, num_blobs> value_buf;
     std::array<BlobReadRequest, num_blobs> requests_buf;
 
     requests_buf[0] =
         BlobReadRequest(key_refs[0], blob_offsets[0], blob_sizes[0],
-                        kNoCompression, &value_buf[0], &statuses_buf[0]);
+                        kNoCompression, nullptr, &statuses_buf[0]);
     requests_buf[1] =
         BlobReadRequest(key_refs[1], blob_offsets[1], blob_sizes[1] + 1,
-                        kNoCompression, &value_buf[1], &statuses_buf[1]);
+                        kNoCompression, nullptr, &statuses_buf[1]);
     requests_buf[2] =
         BlobReadRequest(key_refs[2], blob_offsets[2], blob_sizes[2],
-                        kNoCompression, &value_buf[2], &statuses_buf[2]);
+                        kNoCompression, nullptr, &statuses_buf[2]);
 
-    autovector<BlobReadRequest*> blob_reqs = {
-        &requests_buf[0], &requests_buf[1], &requests_buf[2]};
+    autovector<std::pair<BlobReadRequest*, std::unique_ptr<BlobContents>>>
+        blob_reqs;
 
-    reader->MultiGetBlob(read_options, blob_reqs, &bytes_read);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blobs; ++i) {
+      blob_reqs.emplace_back(&requests_buf[i], std::unique_ptr<BlobContents>());
+    }
+
+    reader->MultiGetBlob(read_options, allocator, blob_reqs, &bytes_read);
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blobs; ++i) {
       if (i != 1) {
@@ -665,14 +680,17 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileReaderTest, BlobCRCError) {
   SyncPoint::GetInstance()->EnableProcessing();
 
   constexpr FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer = nullptr;
-  PinnableSlice value;
+  constexpr MemoryAllocator* allocator = nullptr;
+
+  std::unique_ptr<BlobContents> value;
   uint64_t bytes_read = 0;
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(reader
                   ->GetBlob(ReadOptions(), key, blob_offset, blob_size,
-                            kNoCompression, prefetch_buffer, &value,
+                            kNoCompression, prefetch_buffer, allocator, &value,
                             &bytes_read)
                   .IsCorruption());
+  ASSERT_EQ(value, nullptr);
   ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read, 0);
 
   SyncPoint::GetInstance()->DisableProcessing();
@@ -720,28 +738,31 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileReaderTest, Compression) {
   read_options.verify_checksums = false;
 
   constexpr FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer = nullptr;
+  constexpr MemoryAllocator* allocator = nullptr;
 
   {
-    PinnableSlice value;
+    std::unique_ptr<BlobContents> value;
     uint64_t bytes_read = 0;
 
     ASSERT_OK(reader->GetBlob(read_options, key, blob_offset, blob_size,
-                              kSnappyCompression, prefetch_buffer, &value,
-                              &bytes_read));
-    ASSERT_EQ(value, blob);
+                              kSnappyCompression, prefetch_buffer, allocator,
+                              &value, &bytes_read));
+    ASSERT_NE(value, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_EQ(value->data(), blob);
     ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read, blob_size);
   }
 
   read_options.verify_checksums = true;
 
   {
-    PinnableSlice value;
+    std::unique_ptr<BlobContents> value;
     uint64_t bytes_read = 0;
 
     ASSERT_OK(reader->GetBlob(read_options, key, blob_offset, blob_size,
-                              kSnappyCompression, prefetch_buffer, &value,
-                              &bytes_read));
-    ASSERT_EQ(value, blob);
+                              kSnappyCompression, prefetch_buffer, allocator,
+                              &value, &bytes_read));
+    ASSERT_NE(value, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_EQ(value->data(), blob);
 
     constexpr uint64_t key_size = sizeof(key) - 1;
     ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read,
@@ -799,14 +820,17 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileReaderTest, UncompressionError) {
   SyncPoint::GetInstance()->EnableProcessing();
 
   constexpr FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer = nullptr;
-  PinnableSlice value;
+  constexpr MemoryAllocator* allocator = nullptr;
+
+  std::unique_ptr<BlobContents> value;
   uint64_t bytes_read = 0;
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(reader
                   ->GetBlob(ReadOptions(), key, blob_offset, blob_size,
-                            kSnappyCompression, prefetch_buffer, &value,
-                            &bytes_read)
+                            kSnappyCompression, prefetch_buffer, allocator,
+                            &value, &bytes_read)
                   .IsCorruption());
+  ASSERT_EQ(value, nullptr);
   ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read, 0);
 
   SyncPoint::GetInstance()->DisableProcessing();
@@ -885,14 +909,17 @@ TEST_P(BlobFileReaderIOErrorTest, IOError) {
     ASSERT_OK(s);
 
     constexpr FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer = nullptr;
-    PinnableSlice value;
+    constexpr MemoryAllocator* allocator = nullptr;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<BlobContents> value;
     uint64_t bytes_read = 0;
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(reader
                     ->GetBlob(ReadOptions(), key, blob_offset, blob_size,
-                              kNoCompression, prefetch_buffer, &value,
-                              &bytes_read)
+                              kNoCompression, prefetch_buffer, allocator,
+                              &value, &bytes_read)
                     .IsIOError());
+    ASSERT_EQ(value, nullptr);
     ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read, 0);
   }
 
@@ -970,14 +997,17 @@ TEST_P(BlobFileReaderDecodingErrorTest, DecodingError) {
     ASSERT_OK(s);
 
     constexpr FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer = nullptr;
-    PinnableSlice value;
+    constexpr MemoryAllocator* allocator = nullptr;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<BlobContents> value;
     uint64_t bytes_read = 0;
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(reader
                     ->GetBlob(ReadOptions(), key, blob_offset, blob_size,
-                              kNoCompression, prefetch_buffer, &value,
-                              &bytes_read)
+                              kNoCompression, prefetch_buffer, allocator,
+                              &value, &bytes_read)
                     .IsCorruption());
+    ASSERT_EQ(value, nullptr);
     ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read, 0);
   }
 
@@ -988,6 +1018,7 @@ TEST_P(BlobFileReaderDecodingErrorTest, DecodingError) {
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::port::InstallStackTraceHandler();
   ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
   return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 }

db/blob/blob_garbage_meter_test.cc

@@ -191,6 +191,7 @@ TEST(BlobGarbageMeterTest, InlinedTTLBlobIndex) {
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::port::InstallStackTraceHandler();
   ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
   return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 }

db/blob/blob_index.h

@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class BlobIndex {
   }
 
   Status DecodeFrom(Slice slice) {
-    static const std::string kErrorMessage = "Error while decoding blob index";
+    const char* kErrorMessage = "Error while decoding blob index";
     assert(slice.size() > 0);
     type_ = static_cast<Type>(*slice.data());
     if (type_ >= Type::kUnknown) {

db/blob/blob_log_format.cc

@@ -26,8 +26,7 @@ void BlobLogHeader::EncodeTo(std::string* dst) {
 }
 
 Status BlobLogHeader::DecodeFrom(Slice src) {
-  static const std::string kErrorMessage =
-      "Error while decoding blob log header";
+  const char* kErrorMessage = "Error while decoding blob log header";
   if (src.size() != BlobLogHeader::kSize) {
     return Status::Corruption(kErrorMessage,
                               "Unexpected blob file header size");
@@ -71,8 +70,7 @@ void BlobLogFooter::EncodeTo(std::string* dst) {
 }
 
 Status BlobLogFooter::DecodeFrom(Slice src) {
-  static const std::string kErrorMessage =
-      "Error while decoding blob log footer";
+  const char* kErrorMessage = "Error while decoding blob log footer";
   if (src.size() != BlobLogFooter::kSize) {
     return Status::Corruption(kErrorMessage,
                               "Unexpected blob file footer size");
@@ -112,7 +110,7 @@ void BlobLogRecord::EncodeHeaderTo(std::string* dst) {
 }
 
 Status BlobLogRecord::DecodeHeaderFrom(Slice src) {
-  static const std::string kErrorMessage = "Error while decoding blob record";
+  const char* kErrorMessage = "Error while decoding blob record";
   if (src.size() != BlobLogRecord::kHeaderSize) {
     return Status::Corruption(kErrorMessage,
                               "Unexpected blob record header size");

db/blob/blob_log_format.h

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ constexpr uint32_t kVersion1 = 1;
 
 using ExpirationRange = std::pair<uint64_t, uint64_t>;
 
+// clang-format off
+
 // Format of blob log file header (30 bytes):
 //
 //    +--------------+---------+---------+-------+-------------+-------------------+
@@ -35,6 +37,9 @@ using ExpirationRange = std::pair<uint64_t, uint64_t>;
 //
 // Expiration range in the header is a rough range based on
 // blob_db_options.ttl_range_secs.
+
+// clang-format on
+
 struct BlobLogHeader {
   static constexpr size_t kSize = 30;
 
@@ -57,6 +62,8 @@ struct BlobLogHeader {
   Status DecodeFrom(Slice slice);
 };
 
+// clang-format off
+
 // Format of blob log file footer (32 bytes):
 //
 //    +--------------+------------+-------------------+------------+
@@ -69,6 +76,9 @@ struct BlobLogHeader {
 //
 // Unlike the same field in file header, expiration range in the footer is the
 // range of smallest and largest expiration of the data in this file.
+
+// clang-format on
+
 struct BlobLogFooter {
   static constexpr size_t kSize = 32;
 
@@ -81,6 +91,8 @@ struct BlobLogFooter {
   Status DecodeFrom(Slice slice);
 };
 
+// clang-format off
+
 // Blob record format (32 bytes header + key + value):
 //
 //    +------------+--------------+------------+------------+----------+---------+-----------+
@@ -100,6 +112,9 @@ struct BlobLogFooter {
 //
 // We could use variable length encoding (Varint64) to save more space, but it
 // make reader more complicated.
+
+// clang-format on
+
 struct BlobLogRecord {
   // header include fields up to blob CRC
   static constexpr size_t kHeaderSize = 32;

db/blob/blob_log_writer.cc

@@ -70,32 +70,38 @@ Status BlobLogWriter::AppendFooter(BlobLogFooter& footer,
   std::string str;
   footer.EncodeTo(&str);
 
-  Status s = dest_->Append(Slice(str));
-  if (s.ok()) {
-    block_offset_ += str.size();
-
-    s = Sync();
-
+  Status s;
+  if (dest_->seen_error()) {
+    s.PermitUncheckedError();
+    return Status::IOError("Seen Error. Skip closing.");
+  } else {
+    s = dest_->Append(Slice(str));
     if (s.ok()) {
-      s = dest_->Close();
+      block_offset_ += str.size();
+
+      s = Sync();
 
       if (s.ok()) {
-        assert(!!checksum_method == !!checksum_value);
+        s = dest_->Close();
 
-        if (checksum_method) {
-          assert(checksum_method->empty());
+        if (s.ok()) {
+          assert(!!checksum_method == !!checksum_value);
 
-          std::string method = dest_->GetFileChecksumFuncName();
-          if (method != kUnknownFileChecksumFuncName) {
-            *checksum_method = std::move(method);
+          if (checksum_method) {
+            assert(checksum_method->empty());
+
+            std::string method = dest_->GetFileChecksumFuncName();
+            if (method != kUnknownFileChecksumFuncName) {
+              *checksum_method = std::move(method);
+            }
           }
-        }
-        if (checksum_value) {
-          assert(checksum_value->empty());
+          if (checksum_value) {
+            assert(checksum_value->empty());
 
-          std::string value = dest_->GetFileChecksum();
-          if (value != kUnknownFileChecksum) {
-            *checksum_value = std::move(value);
+            std::string value = dest_->GetFileChecksum();
+            if (value != kUnknownFileChecksum) {
+              *checksum_value = std::move(value);
+            }
           }
         }
       }

db/blob/blob_source.cc

@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <string>
 
+#include "cache/cache_reservation_manager.h"
+#include "cache/charged_cache.h"
+#include "db/blob/blob_contents.h"
 #include "db/blob/blob_file_reader.h"
 #include "db/blob/blob_log_format.h"
 #include "monitoring/statistics.h"
@@ -25,55 +28,79 @@ BlobSource::BlobSource(const ImmutableOptions* immutable_options,
       db_session_id_(db_session_id),
       statistics_(immutable_options->statistics.get()),
       blob_file_cache_(blob_file_cache),
-      blob_cache_(immutable_options->blob_cache) {}
+      blob_cache_(immutable_options->blob_cache),
+      lowest_used_cache_tier_(immutable_options->lowest_used_cache_tier) {
+#ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
+  auto bbto =
+      immutable_options->table_factory->GetOptions<BlockBasedTableOptions>();
+  if (bbto &&
+      bbto->cache_usage_options.options_overrides.at(CacheEntryRole::kBlobCache)
+              .charged == CacheEntryRoleOptions::Decision::kEnabled) {
+    blob_cache_ = std::make_shared<ChargedCache>(immutable_options->blob_cache,
+                                                 bbto->block_cache);
+  }
+#endif  // ROCKSDB_LITE
+}
 
 BlobSource::~BlobSource() = default;
 
-Status BlobSource::GetBlobFromCache(const Slice& cache_key,
-                                    CacheHandleGuard<std::string>* blob) const {
-  assert(blob);
-  assert(blob->IsEmpty());
+Status BlobSource::GetBlobFromCache(
+    const Slice& cache_key, CacheHandleGuard<BlobContents>* cached_blob) const {
   assert(blob_cache_);
   assert(!cache_key.empty());
+  assert(cached_blob);
+  assert(cached_blob->IsEmpty());
 
   Cache::Handle* cache_handle = nullptr;
   cache_handle = GetEntryFromCache(cache_key);
   if (cache_handle != nullptr) {
-    *blob = CacheHandleGuard<std::string>(blob_cache_.get(), cache_handle);
+    *cached_blob =
+        CacheHandleGuard<BlobContents>(blob_cache_.get(), cache_handle);
+
+    assert(cached_blob->GetValue());
+
+    PERF_COUNTER_ADD(blob_cache_hit_count, 1);
+    RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_CACHE_HIT);
+    RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_CACHE_BYTES_READ,
+               cached_blob->GetValue()->size());
+
     return Status::OK();
   }
 
-  assert(blob->IsEmpty());
+  RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_CACHE_MISS);
 
   return Status::NotFound("Blob not found in cache");
 }
 
-Status BlobSource::PutBlobIntoCache(const Slice& cache_key,
-                                    CacheHandleGuard<std::string>* cached_blob,
-                                    PinnableSlice* blob) const {
-  assert(blob);
-  assert(!cache_key.empty());
+Status BlobSource::PutBlobIntoCache(
+    const Slice& cache_key, std::unique_ptr<BlobContents>* blob,
+    CacheHandleGuard<BlobContents>* cached_blob) const {
   assert(blob_cache_);
+  assert(!cache_key.empty());
+  assert(blob);
+  assert(*blob);
+  assert(cached_blob);
+  assert(cached_blob->IsEmpty());
 
-  Status s;
-  const Cache::Priority priority = Cache::Priority::LOW;
-
-  // Objects to be put into the cache have to be heap-allocated and
-  // self-contained, i.e. own their contents. The Cache has to be able to take
-  // unique ownership of them. Therefore, we copy the blob into a string
-  // directly, and insert that into the cache.
-  std::string* buf = new std::string();
-  buf->assign(blob->data(), blob->size());
-
-  // TODO: support custom allocators and provide a better estimated memory
-  // usage using malloc_usable_size.
   Cache::Handle* cache_handle = nullptr;
-  s = InsertEntryIntoCache(cache_key, buf, buf->size(), &cache_handle,
-                           priority);
+  const Status s = InsertEntryIntoCache(cache_key, blob->get(),
+                                        (*blob)->ApproximateMemoryUsage(),
+                                        &cache_handle, Cache::Priority::BOTTOM);
   if (s.ok()) {
+    blob->release();
+
     assert(cache_handle != nullptr);
     *cached_blob =
-        CacheHandleGuard<std::string>(blob_cache_.get(), cache_handle);
+        CacheHandleGuard<BlobContents>(blob_cache_.get(), cache_handle);
+
+    assert(cached_blob->GetValue());
+
+    RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_CACHE_ADD);
+    RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_CACHE_BYTES_WRITE,
+               cached_blob->GetValue()->size());
+
+  } else {
+    RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_CACHE_ADD_FAILURES);
   }
 
   return s;
@@ -81,33 +108,81 @@ Status BlobSource::PutBlobIntoCache(const Slice& cache_key,
 
 Cache::Handle* BlobSource::GetEntryFromCache(const Slice& key) const {
   Cache::Handle* cache_handle = nullptr;
-  cache_handle = blob_cache_->Lookup(key, statistics_);
-  if (cache_handle != nullptr) {
-    PERF_COUNTER_ADD(blob_cache_hit_count, 1);
-    RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_CACHE_HIT);
-    RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_CACHE_BYTES_READ,
-               blob_cache_->GetUsage(cache_handle));
+
+  if (lowest_used_cache_tier_ == CacheTier::kNonVolatileBlockTier) {
+    Cache::CreateCallback create_cb =
+        [allocator = blob_cache_->memory_allocator()](
+            const void* buf, size_t size, void** out_obj,
+            size_t* charge) -> Status {
+      return BlobContents::CreateCallback(AllocateBlock(size, allocator), buf,
+                                          size, out_obj, charge);
+    };
+
+    cache_handle = blob_cache_->Lookup(key, BlobContents::GetCacheItemHelper(),
+                                       create_cb, Cache::Priority::BOTTOM,
+                                       true /* wait_for_cache */, statistics_);
   } else {
-    RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_CACHE_MISS);
+    cache_handle = blob_cache_->Lookup(key, statistics_);
   }
+
   return cache_handle;
 }
 
-Status BlobSource::InsertEntryIntoCache(const Slice& key, std::string* value,
+void BlobSource::PinCachedBlob(CacheHandleGuard<BlobContents>* cached_blob,
+                               PinnableSlice* value) {
+  assert(cached_blob);
+  assert(cached_blob->GetValue());
+  assert(value);
+
+  // To avoid copying the cached blob into the buffer provided by the
+  // application, we can simply transfer ownership of the cache handle to
+  // the target PinnableSlice. This has the potential to save a lot of
+  // CPU, especially with large blob values.
+
+  value->Reset();
+
+  constexpr Cleanable* cleanable = nullptr;
+  value->PinSlice(cached_blob->GetValue()->data(), cleanable);
+
+  cached_blob->TransferTo(value);
+}
+
+void BlobSource::PinOwnedBlob(std::unique_ptr<BlobContents>* owned_blob,
+                              PinnableSlice* value) {
+  assert(owned_blob);
+  assert(*owned_blob);
+  assert(value);
+
+  BlobContents* const blob = owned_blob->release();
+  assert(blob);
+
+  value->Reset();
+  value->PinSlice(
+      blob->data(),
+      [](void* arg1, void* /* arg2 */) {
+        delete static_cast<BlobContents*>(arg1);
+      },
+      blob, nullptr);
+}
+
+Status BlobSource::InsertEntryIntoCache(const Slice& key, BlobContents* value,
                                         size_t charge,
                                         Cache::Handle** cache_handle,
                                         Cache::Priority priority) const {
-  const Status s =
-      blob_cache_->Insert(key, value, charge, &DeleteCacheEntry<std::string>,
-                          cache_handle, priority);
-  if (s.ok()) {
-    assert(*cache_handle != nullptr);
-    RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_CACHE_ADD);
-    RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_CACHE_BYTES_WRITE,
-               blob_cache_->GetUsage(*cache_handle));
+  Status s;
+
+  Cache::CacheItemHelper* const cache_item_helper =
+      BlobContents::GetCacheItemHelper();
+  assert(cache_item_helper);
+
+  if (lowest_used_cache_tier_ == CacheTier::kNonVolatileBlockTier) {
+    s = blob_cache_->Insert(key, value, cache_item_helper, charge, cache_handle,
+                            priority);
   } else {
-    RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_CACHE_ADD_FAILURES);
+    s = blob_cache_->Insert(key, value, charge, cache_item_helper->del_cb,
+                            cache_handle, priority);
   }
+
   return s;
 }
 
@@ -124,7 +199,7 @@ Status BlobSource::GetBlob(const ReadOptions& read_options,
 
   const CacheKey cache_key = GetCacheKey(file_number, file_size, offset);
 
-  CacheHandleGuard<std::string> blob_handle;
+  CacheHandleGuard<BlobContents> blob_handle;
 
   // First, try to get the blob from the cache
   //
@@ -132,24 +207,8 @@ Status BlobSource::GetBlob(const ReadOptions& read_options,
   if (blob_cache_) {
     Slice key = cache_key.AsSlice();
     s = GetBlobFromCache(key, &blob_handle);
-    if (s.ok() && blob_handle.GetValue()) {
-      {
-        value->Reset();
-        // To avoid copying the cached blob into the buffer provided by the
-        // application, we can simply transfer ownership of the cache handle to
-        // the target PinnableSlice. This has the potential to save a lot of
-        // CPU, especially with large blob values.
-        value->PinSlice(
-            *blob_handle.GetValue(),
-            [](void* arg1, void* arg2) {
-              Cache* const cache = static_cast<Cache*>(arg1);
-              Cache::Handle* const handle = static_cast<Cache::Handle*>(arg2);
-              cache->Release(handle);
-            },
-            blob_handle.GetCache(), blob_handle.GetCacheHandle());
-        // Make the CacheHandleGuard relinquish ownership of the handle.
-        blob_handle.TransferTo(nullptr);
-      }
+    if (s.ok()) {
+      PinCachedBlob(&blob_handle, value);
 
       // For consistency, the size of on-disk (possibly compressed) blob record
       // is assigned to bytes_read.
@@ -178,6 +237,8 @@ Status BlobSource::GetBlob(const ReadOptions& read_options,
 
   // Can't find the blob from the cache. Since I/O is allowed, read from the
   // file.
+  std::unique_ptr<BlobContents> blob_contents;
+
   {
     CacheHandleGuard<BlobFileReader> blob_file_reader;
     s = blob_file_cache_->GetBlobFileReader(file_number, &blob_file_reader);
@@ -191,10 +252,14 @@ Status BlobSource::GetBlob(const ReadOptions& read_options,
       return Status::Corruption("Compression type mismatch when reading blob");
     }
 
+    MemoryAllocator* const allocator = (blob_cache_ && read_options.fill_cache)
+                                           ? blob_cache_->memory_allocator()
+                                           : nullptr;
+
     uint64_t read_size = 0;
     s = blob_file_reader.GetValue()->GetBlob(
         read_options, user_key, offset, value_size, compression_type,
-        prefetch_buffer, value, &read_size);
+        prefetch_buffer, allocator, &blob_contents, &read_size);
     if (!s.ok()) {
       return s;
     }
@@ -207,10 +272,14 @@ Status BlobSource::GetBlob(const ReadOptions& read_options,
     // If filling cache is allowed and a cache is configured, try to put the
     // blob to the cache.
     Slice key = cache_key.AsSlice();
-    s = PutBlobIntoCache(key, &blob_handle, value);
+    s = PutBlobIntoCache(key, &blob_contents, &blob_handle);
     if (!s.ok()) {
       return s;
     }
+
+    PinCachedBlob(&blob_handle, value);
+  } else {
+    PinOwnedBlob(&blob_contents, value);
   }
 
   assert(s.ok());
@@ -246,7 +315,7 @@ void BlobSource::MultiGetBlob(const ReadOptions& read_options,
 
 void BlobSource::MultiGetBlobFromOneFile(const ReadOptions& read_options,
                                          uint64_t file_number,
-                                         uint64_t file_size,
+                                         uint64_t /*file_size*/,
                                          autovector<BlobReadRequest>& blob_reqs,
                                          uint64_t* bytes_read) {
   const size_t num_blobs = blob_reqs.size();
@@ -263,41 +332,24 @@ void BlobSource::MultiGetBlobFromOneFile(const ReadOptions& read_options,
   Mask cache_hit_mask = 0;
 
   uint64_t total_bytes = 0;
-  const OffsetableCacheKey base_cache_key(db_id_, db_session_id_, file_number,
-                                          file_size);
+  const OffsetableCacheKey base_cache_key(db_id_, db_session_id_, file_number);
 
   if (blob_cache_) {
     size_t cached_blob_count = 0;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blobs; ++i) {
       auto& req = blob_reqs[i];
 
-      CacheHandleGuard<std::string> blob_handle;
+      CacheHandleGuard<BlobContents> blob_handle;
       const CacheKey cache_key = base_cache_key.WithOffset(req.offset);
       const Slice key = cache_key.AsSlice();
 
       const Status s = GetBlobFromCache(key, &blob_handle);
 
-      if (s.ok() && blob_handle.GetValue()) {
+      if (s.ok()) {
         assert(req.status);
         *req.status = s;
 
-        {
-          req.result->Reset();
-          // To avoid copying the cached blob into the buffer provided by the
-          // application, we can simply transfer ownership of the cache handle
-          // to the target PinnableSlice. This has the potential to save a lot
-          // of CPU, especially with large blob values.
-          req.result->PinSlice(
-              *blob_handle.GetValue(),
-              [](void* arg1, void* arg2) {
-                Cache* const cache = static_cast<Cache*>(arg1);
-                Cache::Handle* const handle = static_cast<Cache::Handle*>(arg2);
-                cache->Release(handle);
-              },
-              blob_handle.GetCache(), blob_handle.GetCacheHandle());
-          // Make the CacheHandleGuard relinquish ownership of the handle.
-          blob_handle.TransferTo(nullptr);
-        }
+        PinCachedBlob(&blob_handle, req.result);
 
         // Update the counter for the number of valid blobs read from the cache.
         ++cached_blob_count;
@@ -328,8 +380,10 @@ void BlobSource::MultiGetBlobFromOneFile(const ReadOptions& read_options,
   if (no_io) {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blobs; ++i) {
       if (!(cache_hit_mask & (Mask{1} << i))) {
-        assert(blob_reqs[i].status);
-        *blob_reqs[i].status =
+        BlobReadRequest& req = blob_reqs[i];
+        assert(req.status);
+
+        *req.status =
             Status::Incomplete("Cannot read blob(s): no disk I/O allowed");
       }
     }
@@ -338,12 +392,13 @@ void BlobSource::MultiGetBlobFromOneFile(const ReadOptions& read_options,
 
   {
     // Find the rest of blobs from the file since I/O is allowed.
-    autovector<BlobReadRequest*> _blob_reqs;
+    autovector<std::pair<BlobReadRequest*, std::unique_ptr<BlobContents>>>
+        _blob_reqs;
     uint64_t _bytes_read = 0;
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blobs; ++i) {
       if (!(cache_hit_mask & (Mask{1} << i))) {
-        _blob_reqs.push_back(&blob_reqs[i]);
+        _blob_reqs.emplace_back(&blob_reqs[i], std::unique_ptr<BlobContents>());
       }
     }
 
@@ -352,32 +407,50 @@ void BlobSource::MultiGetBlobFromOneFile(const ReadOptions& read_options,
         blob_file_cache_->GetBlobFileReader(file_number, &blob_file_reader);
     if (!s.ok()) {
       for (size_t i = 0; i < _blob_reqs.size(); ++i) {
-        assert(_blob_reqs[i]->status);
-        *_blob_reqs[i]->status = s;
+        BlobReadRequest* const req = _blob_reqs[i].first;
+        assert(req);
+        assert(req->status);
+
+        *req->status = s;
       }
       return;
     }
 
     assert(blob_file_reader.GetValue());
 
-    blob_file_reader.GetValue()->MultiGetBlob(read_options, _blob_reqs,
-                                              &_bytes_read);
+    MemoryAllocator* const allocator = (blob_cache_ && read_options.fill_cache)
+                                           ? blob_cache_->memory_allocator()
+                                           : nullptr;
+
+    blob_file_reader.GetValue()->MultiGetBlob(read_options, allocator,
+                                              _blob_reqs, &_bytes_read);
 
     if (blob_cache_ && read_options.fill_cache) {
       // If filling cache is allowed and a cache is configured, try to put
       // the blob(s) to the cache.
-      for (size_t i = 0; i < _blob_reqs.size(); ++i) {
-        if (_blob_reqs[i]->status->ok()) {
-          CacheHandleGuard<std::string> blob_handle;
-          const CacheKey cache_key =
-              base_cache_key.WithOffset(_blob_reqs[i]->offset);
+      for (auto& [req, blob_contents] : _blob_reqs) {
+        assert(req);
+
+        if (req->status->ok()) {
+          CacheHandleGuard<BlobContents> blob_handle;
+          const CacheKey cache_key = base_cache_key.WithOffset(req->offset);
           const Slice key = cache_key.AsSlice();
-          s = PutBlobIntoCache(key, &blob_handle, _blob_reqs[i]->result);
+          s = PutBlobIntoCache(key, &blob_contents, &blob_handle);
           if (!s.ok()) {
-            *_blob_reqs[i]->status = s;
+            *req->status = s;
+          } else {
+            PinCachedBlob(&blob_handle, req->result);
           }
         }
       }
+    } else {
+      for (auto& [req, blob_contents] : _blob_reqs) {
+        assert(req);
+
+        if (req->status->ok()) {
+          PinOwnedBlob(&blob_contents, req->result);
+        }
+      }
     }
 
     total_bytes += _bytes_read;
@@ -388,14 +461,24 @@ void BlobSource::MultiGetBlobFromOneFile(const ReadOptions& read_options,
 }
 
 bool BlobSource::TEST_BlobInCache(uint64_t file_number, uint64_t file_size,
-                                  uint64_t offset) const {
+                                  uint64_t offset, size_t* charge) const {
   const CacheKey cache_key = GetCacheKey(file_number, file_size, offset);
   const Slice key = cache_key.AsSlice();
 
-  CacheHandleGuard<std::string> blob_handle;
+  CacheHandleGuard<BlobContents> blob_handle;
   const Status s = GetBlobFromCache(key, &blob_handle);
 
   if (s.ok() && blob_handle.GetValue() != nullptr) {
+    if (charge) {
+      const Cache* const cache = blob_handle.GetCache();
+      assert(cache);
+
+      Cache::Handle* const handle = blob_handle.GetCacheHandle();
+      assert(handle);
+
+      *charge = cache->GetUsage(handle);
+    }
+
     return true;
   }
 

db/blob/blob_source.h

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <cinttypes>
+#include <memory>
 
 #include "cache/cache_helpers.h"
 #include "cache/cache_key.h"
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ struct ImmutableOptions;
 class Status;
 class FilePrefetchBuffer;
 class Slice;
+class BlobContents;
 
 // BlobSource is a class that provides universal access to blobs, regardless of
 // whether they are in the blob cache, secondary cache, or (remote) storage.
@@ -99,27 +101,34 @@ class BlobSource {
                                                blob_file_reader);
   }
 
+  inline Cache* GetBlobCache() const { return blob_cache_.get(); }
+
   bool TEST_BlobInCache(uint64_t file_number, uint64_t file_size,
-                        uint64_t offset) const;
+                        uint64_t offset, size_t* charge = nullptr) const;
 
  private:
   Status GetBlobFromCache(const Slice& cache_key,
-                          CacheHandleGuard<std::string>* blob) const;
+                          CacheHandleGuard<BlobContents>* cached_blob) const;
 
   Status PutBlobIntoCache(const Slice& cache_key,
-                          CacheHandleGuard<std::string>* cached_blob,
-                          PinnableSlice* blob) const;
+                          std::unique_ptr<BlobContents>* blob,
+                          CacheHandleGuard<BlobContents>* cached_blob) const;
+
+  static void PinCachedBlob(CacheHandleGuard<BlobContents>* cached_blob,
+                            PinnableSlice* value);
+
+  static void PinOwnedBlob(std::unique_ptr<BlobContents>* owned_blob,
+                           PinnableSlice* value);
 
   Cache::Handle* GetEntryFromCache(const Slice& key) const;
 
-  Status InsertEntryIntoCache(const Slice& key, std::string* value,
+  Status InsertEntryIntoCache(const Slice& key, BlobContents* value,
                               size_t charge, Cache::Handle** cache_handle,
                               Cache::Priority priority) const;
 
-  inline CacheKey GetCacheKey(uint64_t file_number, uint64_t file_size,
+  inline CacheKey GetCacheKey(uint64_t file_number, uint64_t /*file_size*/,
                               uint64_t offset) const {
-    OffsetableCacheKey base_cache_key(db_id_, db_session_id_, file_number,
-                                      file_size);
+    OffsetableCacheKey base_cache_key(db_id_, db_session_id_, file_number);
     return base_cache_key.WithOffset(offset);
   }
 
@@ -133,6 +142,12 @@ class BlobSource {
 
   // A cache to store uncompressed blobs.
   std::shared_ptr<Cache> blob_cache_;
+
+  // The control option of how the cache tiers will be used. Currently rocksdb
+  // support block/blob cache (volatile tier) and secondary cache (this tier
+  // isn't strictly speaking a non-volatile tier since the compressed cache in
+  // this tier is in volatile memory).
+  const CacheTier lowest_used_cache_tier_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

db/blob/blob_source_test.cc

@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 
+#include "cache/charged_cache.h"
+#include "cache/compressed_secondary_cache.h"
+#include "db/blob/blob_contents.h"
 #include "db/blob/blob_file_cache.h"
 #include "db/blob/blob_file_reader.h"
 #include "db/blob/blob_log_format.h"
@@ -21,6 +24,7 @@
 #include "options/cf_options.h"
 #include "rocksdb/options.h"
 #include "util/compression.h"
+#include "util/random.h"
 
 namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
 
@@ -118,6 +122,8 @@ class BlobSourceTest : public DBTestBase {
     co.capacity = 8 << 20;
     co.num_shard_bits = 2;
     co.metadata_charge_policy = kDontChargeCacheMetadata;
+    co.high_pri_pool_ratio = 0.2;
+    co.low_pri_pool_ratio = 0.2;
     options_.blob_cache = NewLRUCache(co);
     options_.lowest_used_cache_tier = CacheTier::kVolatileTier;
 
@@ -181,9 +187,10 @@ TEST_F(BlobSourceTest, GetBlobsFromCache) {
   FileOptions file_options;
   constexpr HistogramImpl* blob_file_read_hist = nullptr;
 
-  std::unique_ptr<BlobFileCache> blob_file_cache(new BlobFileCache(
-      backing_cache.get(), &immutable_options, &file_options, column_family_id,
-      blob_file_read_hist, nullptr /*IOTracer*/));
+  std::unique_ptr<BlobFileCache> blob_file_cache =
+      std::make_unique<BlobFileCache>(
+          backing_cache.get(), &immutable_options, &file_options,
+          column_family_id, blob_file_read_hist, nullptr /*IOTracer*/);
 
   BlobSource blob_source(&immutable_options, db_id_, db_session_id_,
                          blob_file_cache.get());
@@ -212,6 +219,7 @@ TEST_F(BlobSourceTest, GetBlobsFromCache) {
                                     kNoCompression, prefetch_buffer, &values[i],
                                     &bytes_read));
       ASSERT_EQ(values[i], blobs[i]);
+      ASSERT_TRUE(values[i].IsPinned());
       ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read,
                 BlobLogRecord::kHeaderSize + keys[i].size() + blob_sizes[i]);
 
@@ -249,6 +257,7 @@ TEST_F(BlobSourceTest, GetBlobsFromCache) {
                                     kNoCompression, prefetch_buffer, &values[i],
                                     &bytes_read));
       ASSERT_EQ(values[i], blobs[i]);
+      ASSERT_TRUE(values[i].IsPinned());
       ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read,
                 BlobLogRecord::kHeaderSize + keys[i].size() + blob_sizes[i]);
 
@@ -292,6 +301,7 @@ TEST_F(BlobSourceTest, GetBlobsFromCache) {
                                     kNoCompression, prefetch_buffer, &values[i],
                                     &bytes_read));
       ASSERT_EQ(values[i], blobs[i]);
+      ASSERT_TRUE(values[i].IsPinned());
       ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read,
                 BlobLogRecord::kHeaderSize + keys[i].size() + blob_sizes[i]);
 
@@ -330,6 +340,7 @@ TEST_F(BlobSourceTest, GetBlobsFromCache) {
                                     kNoCompression, prefetch_buffer, &values[i],
                                     &bytes_read));
       ASSERT_EQ(values[i], blobs[i]);
+      ASSERT_TRUE(values[i].IsPinned());
       ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read,
                 BlobLogRecord::kHeaderSize + keys[i].size() + blob_sizes[i]);
 
@@ -376,6 +387,7 @@ TEST_F(BlobSourceTest, GetBlobsFromCache) {
                                &bytes_read)
                       .IsIncomplete());
       ASSERT_TRUE(values[i].empty());
+      ASSERT_FALSE(values[i].IsPinned());
       ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read, 0);
 
       ASSERT_FALSE(blob_source.TEST_BlobInCache(blob_file_number, file_size,
@@ -417,6 +429,7 @@ TEST_F(BlobSourceTest, GetBlobsFromCache) {
                                &bytes_read)
                       .IsIOError());
       ASSERT_TRUE(values[i].empty());
+      ASSERT_FALSE(values[i].IsPinned());
       ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read, 0);
 
       ASSERT_FALSE(blob_source.TEST_BlobInCache(file_number, file_size,
@@ -479,9 +492,10 @@ TEST_F(BlobSourceTest, GetCompressedBlobs) {
   auto backing_cache = NewLRUCache(capacity);  // Blob file cache
 
   FileOptions file_options;
-  std::unique_ptr<BlobFileCache> blob_file_cache(new BlobFileCache(
-      backing_cache.get(), &immutable_options, &file_options, column_family_id,
-      nullptr /*HistogramImpl*/, nullptr /*IOTracer*/));
+  std::unique_ptr<BlobFileCache> blob_file_cache =
+      std::make_unique<BlobFileCache>(
+          backing_cache.get(), &immutable_options, &file_options,
+          column_family_id, nullptr /*HistogramImpl*/, nullptr /*IOTracer*/);
 
   BlobSource blob_source(&immutable_options, db_id_, db_session_id_,
                          blob_file_cache.get());
@@ -623,9 +637,10 @@ TEST_F(BlobSourceTest, MultiGetBlobsFromMultiFiles) {
   FileOptions file_options;
   constexpr HistogramImpl* blob_file_read_hist = nullptr;
 
-  std::unique_ptr<BlobFileCache> blob_file_cache(new BlobFileCache(
-      backing_cache.get(), &immutable_options, &file_options, column_family_id,
-      blob_file_read_hist, nullptr /*IOTracer*/));
+  std::unique_ptr<BlobFileCache> blob_file_cache =
+      std::make_unique<BlobFileCache>(
+          backing_cache.get(), &immutable_options, &file_options,
+          column_family_id, blob_file_read_hist, nullptr /*IOTracer*/);
 
   BlobSource blob_source(&immutable_options, db_id_, db_session_id_,
                          blob_file_cache.get());
@@ -805,9 +820,10 @@ TEST_F(BlobSourceTest, MultiGetBlobsFromCache) {
   FileOptions file_options;
   constexpr HistogramImpl* blob_file_read_hist = nullptr;
 
-  std::unique_ptr<BlobFileCache> blob_file_cache(new BlobFileCache(
-      backing_cache.get(), &immutable_options, &file_options, column_family_id,
-      blob_file_read_hist, nullptr /*IOTracer*/));
+  std::unique_ptr<BlobFileCache> blob_file_cache =
+      std::make_unique<BlobFileCache>(
+          backing_cache.get(), &immutable_options, &file_options,
+          column_family_id, blob_file_read_hist, nullptr /*IOTracer*/);
 
   BlobSource blob_source(&immutable_options, db_id_, db_session_id_,
                          blob_file_cache.get());
@@ -846,6 +862,7 @@ TEST_F(BlobSourceTest, MultiGetBlobsFromCache) {
       if (i % 2 == 0) {
         ASSERT_OK(statuses_buf[i]);
         ASSERT_EQ(value_buf[i], blobs[i]);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(value_buf[i].IsPinned());
         fs_read_bytes +=
             blob_sizes[i] + keys[i].size() + BlobLogRecord::kHeaderSize;
         ASSERT_TRUE(blob_source.TEST_BlobInCache(blob_file_number, file_size,
@@ -854,6 +871,7 @@ TEST_F(BlobSourceTest, MultiGetBlobsFromCache) {
       } else {
         statuses_buf[i].PermitUncheckedError();
         ASSERT_TRUE(value_buf[i].empty());
+        ASSERT_FALSE(value_buf[i].IsPinned());
         ASSERT_FALSE(blob_source.TEST_BlobInCache(blob_file_number, file_size,
                                                   blob_offsets[i]));
       }
@@ -886,6 +904,7 @@ TEST_F(BlobSourceTest, MultiGetBlobsFromCache) {
                                     kNoCompression, prefetch_buffer,
                                     &value_buf[i], &bytes_read));
       ASSERT_EQ(value_buf[i], blobs[i]);
+      ASSERT_TRUE(value_buf[i].IsPinned());
       ASSERT_EQ(bytes_read,
                 BlobLogRecord::kHeaderSize + keys[i].size() + blob_sizes[i]);
 
@@ -911,6 +930,7 @@ TEST_F(BlobSourceTest, MultiGetBlobsFromCache) {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blobs; ++i) {
       ASSERT_OK(statuses_buf[i]);
       ASSERT_EQ(value_buf[i], blobs[i]);
+      ASSERT_TRUE(value_buf[i].IsPinned());
       ASSERT_TRUE(blob_source.TEST_BlobInCache(blob_file_number, file_size,
                                                blob_offsets[i]));
       blob_bytes += blob_sizes[i];
@@ -959,6 +979,7 @@ TEST_F(BlobSourceTest, MultiGetBlobsFromCache) {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blobs; ++i) {
       ASSERT_TRUE(statuses_buf[i].IsIncomplete());
       ASSERT_TRUE(value_buf[i].empty());
+      ASSERT_FALSE(value_buf[i].IsPinned());
       ASSERT_FALSE(blob_source.TEST_BlobInCache(blob_file_number, file_size,
                                                 blob_offsets[i]));
     }
@@ -1002,6 +1023,7 @@ TEST_F(BlobSourceTest, MultiGetBlobsFromCache) {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blobs; ++i) {
       ASSERT_TRUE(statuses_buf[i].IsIOError());
       ASSERT_TRUE(value_buf[i].empty());
+      ASSERT_FALSE(value_buf[i].IsPinned());
       ASSERT_FALSE(blob_source.TEST_BlobInCache(non_existing_file_number,
                                                 file_size, blob_offsets[i]));
     }
@@ -1020,9 +1042,583 @@ TEST_F(BlobSourceTest, MultiGetBlobsFromCache) {
   }
 }
 
+class BlobSecondaryCacheTest : public DBTestBase {
+ protected:
+ public:
+  explicit BlobSecondaryCacheTest()
+      : DBTestBase("blob_secondary_cache_test", /*env_do_fsync=*/true) {
+    options_.env = env_;
+    options_.enable_blob_files = true;
+    options_.create_if_missing = true;
+
+    // Set a small cache capacity to evict entries from the cache, and to test
+    // that secondary cache is used properly.
+    lru_cache_opts_.capacity = 1024;
+    lru_cache_opts_.num_shard_bits = 0;
+    lru_cache_opts_.strict_capacity_limit = true;
+    lru_cache_opts_.metadata_charge_policy = kDontChargeCacheMetadata;
+    lru_cache_opts_.high_pri_pool_ratio = 0.2;
+    lru_cache_opts_.low_pri_pool_ratio = 0.2;
+
+    secondary_cache_opts_.capacity = 8 << 20;  // 8 MB
+    secondary_cache_opts_.num_shard_bits = 0;
+    secondary_cache_opts_.metadata_charge_policy =
+        kDefaultCacheMetadataChargePolicy;
+
+    // Read blobs from the secondary cache if they are not in the primary cache
+    options_.lowest_used_cache_tier = CacheTier::kNonVolatileBlockTier;
+
+    assert(db_->GetDbIdentity(db_id_).ok());
+    assert(db_->GetDbSessionId(db_session_id_).ok());
+  }
+
+  Options options_;
+
+  LRUCacheOptions lru_cache_opts_;
+  CompressedSecondaryCacheOptions secondary_cache_opts_;
+
+  std::string db_id_;
+  std::string db_session_id_;
+};
+
+TEST_F(BlobSecondaryCacheTest, GetBlobsFromSecondaryCache) {
+  if (!Snappy_Supported()) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  secondary_cache_opts_.compression_type = kSnappyCompression;
+  lru_cache_opts_.secondary_cache =
+      NewCompressedSecondaryCache(secondary_cache_opts_);
+  options_.blob_cache = NewLRUCache(lru_cache_opts_);
+
+  options_.cf_paths.emplace_back(
+      test::PerThreadDBPath(
+          env_, "BlobSecondaryCacheTest_GetBlobsFromSecondaryCache"),
+      0);
+
+  options_.statistics = CreateDBStatistics();
+  Statistics* statistics = options_.statistics.get();
+  assert(statistics);
+
+  DestroyAndReopen(options_);
+
+  ImmutableOptions immutable_options(options_);
+
+  constexpr uint32_t column_family_id = 1;
+  constexpr bool has_ttl = false;
+  constexpr ExpirationRange expiration_range;
+  constexpr uint64_t file_number = 1;
+
+  Random rnd(301);
+
+  std::vector<std::string> key_strs{"key0", "key1"};
+  std::vector<std::string> blob_strs{rnd.RandomString(512),
+                                     rnd.RandomString(768)};
+
+  std::vector<Slice> keys{key_strs[0], key_strs[1]};
+  std::vector<Slice> blobs{blob_strs[0], blob_strs[1]};
+
+  std::vector<uint64_t> blob_offsets(keys.size());
+  std::vector<uint64_t> blob_sizes(keys.size());
+
+  WriteBlobFile(immutable_options, column_family_id, has_ttl, expiration_range,
+                expiration_range, file_number, keys, blobs, kNoCompression,
+                blob_offsets, blob_sizes);
+
+  constexpr size_t capacity = 1024;
+  std::shared_ptr<Cache> backing_cache = NewLRUCache(capacity);
+
+  FileOptions file_options;
+  constexpr HistogramImpl* blob_file_read_hist = nullptr;
+
+  std::unique_ptr<BlobFileCache> blob_file_cache(new BlobFileCache(
+      backing_cache.get(), &immutable_options, &file_options, column_family_id,
+      blob_file_read_hist, nullptr /*IOTracer*/));
+
+  BlobSource blob_source(&immutable_options, db_id_, db_session_id_,
+                         blob_file_cache.get());
+
+  CacheHandleGuard<BlobFileReader> file_reader;
+  ASSERT_OK(blob_source.GetBlobFileReader(file_number, &file_reader));
+  ASSERT_NE(file_reader.GetValue(), nullptr);
+  const uint64_t file_size = file_reader.GetValue()->GetFileSize();
+  ASSERT_EQ(file_reader.GetValue()->GetCompressionType(), kNoCompression);
+
+  ReadOptions read_options;
+  read_options.verify_checksums = true;
+
+  auto blob_cache = options_.blob_cache;
+  auto secondary_cache = lru_cache_opts_.secondary_cache;
+
+  Cache::CreateCallback create_cb = [](const void* buf, size_t size,
+                                       void** out_obj,
+                                       size_t* charge) -> Status {
+    CacheAllocationPtr allocation(new char[size]);
+
+    return BlobContents::CreateCallback(std::move(allocation), buf, size,
+                                        out_obj, charge);
+  };
+
+  {
+    // GetBlob
+    std::vector<PinnableSlice> values(keys.size());
+
+    read_options.fill_cache = true;
+    get_perf_context()->Reset();
+
+    // key0 should be filled to the primary cache from the blob file.
+    ASSERT_OK(blob_source.GetBlob(read_options, keys[0], file_number,
+                                  blob_offsets[0], file_size, blob_sizes[0],
+                                  kNoCompression, nullptr /* prefetch_buffer */,
+                                  &values[0], nullptr /* bytes_read */));
+    // Release cache handle
+    values[0].Reset();
+
+    // key0 should be evicted and key0's dummy item is inserted into secondary
+    // cache. key1 should be filled to the primary cache from the blob file.
+    ASSERT_OK(blob_source.GetBlob(read_options, keys[1], file_number,
+                                  blob_offsets[1], file_size, blob_sizes[1],
+                                  kNoCompression, nullptr /* prefetch_buffer */,
+                                  &values[1], nullptr /* bytes_read */));
+
+    // Release cache handle
+    values[1].Reset();
+
+    // key0 should be filled to the primary cache from the blob file. key1
+    // should be evicted and key1's dummy item is inserted into secondary cache.
+    ASSERT_OK(blob_source.GetBlob(read_options, keys[0], file_number,
+                                  blob_offsets[0], file_size, blob_sizes[0],
+                                  kNoCompression, nullptr /* prefetch_buffer */,
+                                  &values[0], nullptr /* bytes_read */));
+    ASSERT_EQ(values[0], blobs[0]);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(
+        blob_source.TEST_BlobInCache(file_number, file_size, blob_offsets[0]));
+
+    // Release cache handle
+    values[0].Reset();
+
+    // key0 should be evicted and is inserted into secondary cache.
+    // key1 should be filled to the primary cache from the blob file.
+    ASSERT_OK(blob_source.GetBlob(read_options, keys[1], file_number,
+                                  blob_offsets[1], file_size, blob_sizes[1],
+                                  kNoCompression, nullptr /* prefetch_buffer */,
+                                  &values[1], nullptr /* bytes_read */));
+    ASSERT_EQ(values[1], blobs[1]);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(
+        blob_source.TEST_BlobInCache(file_number, file_size, blob_offsets[1]));
+
+    // Release cache handle
+    values[1].Reset();
+
+    OffsetableCacheKey base_cache_key(db_id_, db_session_id_, file_number);
+
+    // blob_cache here only looks at the primary cache since we didn't provide
+    // the cache item helper for the secondary cache. However, since key0 is
+    // demoted to the secondary cache, we shouldn't be able to find it in the
+    // primary cache.
+    {
+      CacheKey cache_key = base_cache_key.WithOffset(blob_offsets[0]);
+      const Slice key0 = cache_key.AsSlice();
+      auto handle0 = blob_cache->Lookup(key0, statistics);
+      ASSERT_EQ(handle0, nullptr);
+
+      // key0's item should be in the secondary cache.
+      bool is_in_sec_cache = false;
+      auto sec_handle0 =
+          secondary_cache->Lookup(key0, create_cb, true,
+                                  /*advise_erase=*/true, is_in_sec_cache);
+      ASSERT_FALSE(is_in_sec_cache);
+      ASSERT_NE(sec_handle0, nullptr);
+      ASSERT_TRUE(sec_handle0->IsReady());
+      auto value = static_cast<BlobContents*>(sec_handle0->Value());
+      ASSERT_NE(value, nullptr);
+      ASSERT_EQ(value->data(), blobs[0]);
+      delete value;
+
+      // key0 doesn't exist in the blob cache although key0's dummy
+      // item exist in the secondary cache.
+      ASSERT_FALSE(blob_source.TEST_BlobInCache(file_number, file_size,
+                                                blob_offsets[0]));
+    }
+
+    // key1 should exists in the primary cache. key1's dummy item exists
+    // in the secondary cache.
+    {
+      CacheKey cache_key = base_cache_key.WithOffset(blob_offsets[1]);
+      const Slice key1 = cache_key.AsSlice();
+      auto handle1 = blob_cache->Lookup(key1, statistics);
+      ASSERT_NE(handle1, nullptr);
+      blob_cache->Release(handle1);
+
+      bool is_in_sec_cache = false;
+      auto sec_handle1 =
+          secondary_cache->Lookup(key1, create_cb, true,
+                                  /*advise_erase=*/true, is_in_sec_cache);
+      ASSERT_FALSE(is_in_sec_cache);
+      ASSERT_EQ(sec_handle1, nullptr);
+
+      ASSERT_TRUE(blob_source.TEST_BlobInCache(file_number, file_size,
+                                               blob_offsets[1]));
+    }
+
+    {
+      // fetch key0 from the blob file to the primary cache.
+      // key1 is evicted and inserted into the secondary cache.
+      ASSERT_OK(blob_source.GetBlob(
+          read_options, keys[0], file_number, blob_offsets[0], file_size,
+          blob_sizes[0], kNoCompression, nullptr /* prefetch_buffer */,
+          &values[0], nullptr /* bytes_read */));
+      ASSERT_EQ(values[0], blobs[0]);
+
+      // Release cache handle
+      values[0].Reset();
+
+      // key0 should be in the primary cache.
+      CacheKey cache_key0 = base_cache_key.WithOffset(blob_offsets[0]);
+      const Slice key0 = cache_key0.AsSlice();
+      auto handle0 = blob_cache->Lookup(key0, statistics);
+      ASSERT_NE(handle0, nullptr);
+      auto value = static_cast<BlobContents*>(blob_cache->Value(handle0));
+      ASSERT_NE(value, nullptr);
+      ASSERT_EQ(value->data(), blobs[0]);
+      blob_cache->Release(handle0);
+
+      // key1 is not in the primary cache and is in the secondary cache.
+      CacheKey cache_key1 = base_cache_key.WithOffset(blob_offsets[1]);
+      const Slice key1 = cache_key1.AsSlice();
+      auto handle1 = blob_cache->Lookup(key1, statistics);
+      ASSERT_EQ(handle1, nullptr);
+
+      // erase key0 from the primary cache.
+      blob_cache->Erase(key0);
+      handle0 = blob_cache->Lookup(key0, statistics);
+      ASSERT_EQ(handle0, nullptr);
+
+      // key1 promotion should succeed due to the primary cache being empty. we
+      // did't call secondary cache's Lookup() here, because it will remove the
+      // key but it won't be able to promote the key to the primary cache.
+      // Instead we use the end-to-end blob source API to read key1.
+      // In function TEST_BlobInCache, key1's dummy item is inserted into the
+      // primary cache and a standalone handle is checked by GetValue().
+      ASSERT_TRUE(blob_source.TEST_BlobInCache(file_number, file_size,
+                                               blob_offsets[1]));
+
+      // key1's dummy handle is in the primary cache and key1's item is still
+      // in the secondary cache. So, the primary cache's Lookup() without
+      // secondary cache support cannot see it. (NOTE: The dummy handle used
+      // to be a leaky abstraction but not anymore.)
+      handle1 = blob_cache->Lookup(key1, statistics);
+      ASSERT_EQ(handle1, nullptr);
+
+      // But after another access, it is promoted to primary cache
+      ASSERT_TRUE(blob_source.TEST_BlobInCache(file_number, file_size,
+                                               blob_offsets[1]));
+
+      // And Lookup() can find it (without secondary cache support)
+      handle1 = blob_cache->Lookup(key1, statistics);
+      ASSERT_NE(handle1, nullptr);
+      ASSERT_NE(blob_cache->Value(handle1), nullptr);
+      blob_cache->Release(handle1);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+class BlobSourceCacheReservationTest : public DBTestBase {
+ public:
+  explicit BlobSourceCacheReservationTest()
+      : DBTestBase("blob_source_cache_reservation_test",
+                   /*env_do_fsync=*/true) {
+    options_.env = env_;
+    options_.enable_blob_files = true;
+    options_.create_if_missing = true;
+
+    LRUCacheOptions co;
+    co.capacity = kCacheCapacity;
+    co.num_shard_bits = kNumShardBits;
+    co.metadata_charge_policy = kDontChargeCacheMetadata;
+
+    co.high_pri_pool_ratio = 0.0;
+    co.low_pri_pool_ratio = 0.0;
+    std::shared_ptr<Cache> blob_cache = NewLRUCache(co);
+
+    co.high_pri_pool_ratio = 0.5;
+    co.low_pri_pool_ratio = 0.5;
+    std::shared_ptr<Cache> block_cache = NewLRUCache(co);
+
+    options_.blob_cache = blob_cache;
+    options_.lowest_used_cache_tier = CacheTier::kVolatileTier;
+
+    BlockBasedTableOptions block_based_options;
+    block_based_options.no_block_cache = false;
+    block_based_options.block_cache = block_cache;
+    block_based_options.cache_usage_options.options_overrides.insert(
+        {CacheEntryRole::kBlobCache,
+         {/* charged = */ CacheEntryRoleOptions::Decision::kEnabled}});
+    options_.table_factory.reset(
+        NewBlockBasedTableFactory(block_based_options));
+
+    assert(db_->GetDbIdentity(db_id_).ok());
+    assert(db_->GetDbSessionId(db_session_id_).ok());
+  }
+
+  void GenerateKeysAndBlobs() {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumBlobs; ++i) {
+      key_strs_.push_back("key" + std::to_string(i));
+      blob_strs_.push_back("blob" + std::to_string(i));
+    }
+
+    blob_file_size_ = BlobLogHeader::kSize;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumBlobs; ++i) {
+      keys_.push_back({key_strs_[i]});
+      blobs_.push_back({blob_strs_[i]});
+      blob_file_size_ +=
+          BlobLogRecord::kHeaderSize + keys_[i].size() + blobs_[i].size();
+    }
+    blob_file_size_ += BlobLogFooter::kSize;
+  }
+
+  static constexpr std::size_t kSizeDummyEntry = CacheReservationManagerImpl<
+      CacheEntryRole::kBlobCache>::GetDummyEntrySize();
+  static constexpr std::size_t kCacheCapacity = 1 * kSizeDummyEntry;
+  static constexpr int kNumShardBits = 0;  // 2^0 shard
+
+  static constexpr uint32_t kColumnFamilyId = 1;
+  static constexpr bool kHasTTL = false;
+  static constexpr uint64_t kBlobFileNumber = 1;
+  static constexpr size_t kNumBlobs = 16;
+
+  std::vector<Slice> keys_;
+  std::vector<Slice> blobs_;
+  std::vector<std::string> key_strs_;
+  std::vector<std::string> blob_strs_;
+  uint64_t blob_file_size_;
+
+  Options options_;
+  std::string db_id_;
+  std::string db_session_id_;
+};
+
+#ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
+TEST_F(BlobSourceCacheReservationTest, SimpleCacheReservation) {
+  options_.cf_paths.emplace_back(
+      test::PerThreadDBPath(
+          env_, "BlobSourceCacheReservationTest_SimpleCacheReservation"),
+      0);
+
+  GenerateKeysAndBlobs();
+
+  DestroyAndReopen(options_);
+
+  ImmutableOptions immutable_options(options_);
+
+  constexpr ExpirationRange expiration_range;
+
+  std::vector<uint64_t> blob_offsets(keys_.size());
+  std::vector<uint64_t> blob_sizes(keys_.size());
+
+  WriteBlobFile(immutable_options, kColumnFamilyId, kHasTTL, expiration_range,
+                expiration_range, kBlobFileNumber, keys_, blobs_,
+                kNoCompression, blob_offsets, blob_sizes);
+
+  constexpr size_t capacity = 10;
+  std::shared_ptr<Cache> backing_cache = NewLRUCache(capacity);
+
+  FileOptions file_options;
+  constexpr HistogramImpl* blob_file_read_hist = nullptr;
+
+  std::unique_ptr<BlobFileCache> blob_file_cache =
+      std::make_unique<BlobFileCache>(
+          backing_cache.get(), &immutable_options, &file_options,
+          kColumnFamilyId, blob_file_read_hist, nullptr /*IOTracer*/);
+
+  BlobSource blob_source(&immutable_options, db_id_, db_session_id_,
+                         blob_file_cache.get());
+
+  ConcurrentCacheReservationManager* cache_res_mgr =
+      static_cast<ChargedCache*>(blob_source.GetBlobCache())
+          ->TEST_GetCacheReservationManager();
+  ASSERT_NE(cache_res_mgr, nullptr);
+
+  ReadOptions read_options;
+  read_options.verify_checksums = true;
+
+  {
+    read_options.fill_cache = false;
+
+    std::vector<PinnableSlice> values(keys_.size());
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumBlobs; ++i) {
+      ASSERT_OK(blob_source.GetBlob(
+          read_options, keys_[i], kBlobFileNumber, blob_offsets[i],
+          blob_file_size_, blob_sizes[i], kNoCompression,
+          nullptr /* prefetch_buffer */, &values[i], nullptr /* bytes_read */));
+      ASSERT_EQ(cache_res_mgr->GetTotalReservedCacheSize(), 0);
+      ASSERT_EQ(cache_res_mgr->GetTotalMemoryUsed(), 0);
+    }
+  }
+
+  {
+    read_options.fill_cache = true;
+
+    std::vector<PinnableSlice> values(keys_.size());
+
+    // num_blobs is 16, so the total blob cache usage is less than a single
+    // dummy entry. Therefore, cache reservation manager only reserves one dummy
+    // entry here.
+    uint64_t blob_bytes = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumBlobs; ++i) {
+      ASSERT_OK(blob_source.GetBlob(
+          read_options, keys_[i], kBlobFileNumber, blob_offsets[i],
+          blob_file_size_, blob_sizes[i], kNoCompression,
+          nullptr /* prefetch_buffer */, &values[i], nullptr /* bytes_read */));
+
+      size_t charge = 0;
+      ASSERT_TRUE(blob_source.TEST_BlobInCache(kBlobFileNumber, blob_file_size_,
+                                               blob_offsets[i], &charge));
+
+      blob_bytes += charge;
+      ASSERT_EQ(cache_res_mgr->GetTotalReservedCacheSize(), kSizeDummyEntry);
+      ASSERT_EQ(cache_res_mgr->GetTotalMemoryUsed(), blob_bytes);
+      ASSERT_EQ(cache_res_mgr->GetTotalMemoryUsed(),
+                options_.blob_cache->GetUsage());
+    }
+  }
+
+  {
+    OffsetableCacheKey base_cache_key(db_id_, db_session_id_, kBlobFileNumber);
+    size_t blob_bytes = options_.blob_cache->GetUsage();
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumBlobs; ++i) {
+      size_t charge = 0;
+      ASSERT_TRUE(blob_source.TEST_BlobInCache(kBlobFileNumber, blob_file_size_,
+                                               blob_offsets[i], &charge));
+
+      CacheKey cache_key = base_cache_key.WithOffset(blob_offsets[i]);
+      // We didn't call options_.blob_cache->Erase() here, this is because
+      // the cache wrapper's Erase() method must be called to update the
+      // cache usage after erasing the cache entry.
+      blob_source.GetBlobCache()->Erase(cache_key.AsSlice());
+      if (i == kNumBlobs - 1) {
+        // All the blobs got removed from the cache. cache_res_mgr should not
+        // reserve any space for them.
+        ASSERT_EQ(cache_res_mgr->GetTotalReservedCacheSize(), 0);
+      } else {
+        ASSERT_EQ(cache_res_mgr->GetTotalReservedCacheSize(), kSizeDummyEntry);
+      }
+      blob_bytes -= charge;
+      ASSERT_EQ(cache_res_mgr->GetTotalMemoryUsed(), blob_bytes);
+      ASSERT_EQ(cache_res_mgr->GetTotalMemoryUsed(),
+                options_.blob_cache->GetUsage());
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_F(BlobSourceCacheReservationTest, IncreaseCacheReservationOnFullCache) {
+  options_.cf_paths.emplace_back(
+      test::PerThreadDBPath(
+          env_,
+          "BlobSourceCacheReservationTest_IncreaseCacheReservationOnFullCache"),
+      0);
+
+  GenerateKeysAndBlobs();
+
+  DestroyAndReopen(options_);
+
+  ImmutableOptions immutable_options(options_);
+  constexpr size_t blob_size = kSizeDummyEntry / (kNumBlobs / 2);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumBlobs; ++i) {
+    blob_file_size_ -= blobs_[i].size();  // old blob size
+    blob_strs_[i].resize(blob_size, '@');
+    blobs_[i] = Slice(blob_strs_[i]);
+    blob_file_size_ += blobs_[i].size();  // new blob size
+  }
+
+  std::vector<uint64_t> blob_offsets(keys_.size());
+  std::vector<uint64_t> blob_sizes(keys_.size());
+
+  constexpr ExpirationRange expiration_range;
+  WriteBlobFile(immutable_options, kColumnFamilyId, kHasTTL, expiration_range,
+                expiration_range, kBlobFileNumber, keys_, blobs_,
+                kNoCompression, blob_offsets, blob_sizes);
+
+  constexpr size_t capacity = 10;
+  std::shared_ptr<Cache> backing_cache = NewLRUCache(capacity);
+
+  FileOptions file_options;
+  constexpr HistogramImpl* blob_file_read_hist = nullptr;
+
+  std::unique_ptr<BlobFileCache> blob_file_cache =
+      std::make_unique<BlobFileCache>(
+          backing_cache.get(), &immutable_options, &file_options,
+          kColumnFamilyId, blob_file_read_hist, nullptr /*IOTracer*/);
+
+  BlobSource blob_source(&immutable_options, db_id_, db_session_id_,
+                         blob_file_cache.get());
+
+  ConcurrentCacheReservationManager* cache_res_mgr =
+      static_cast<ChargedCache*>(blob_source.GetBlobCache())
+          ->TEST_GetCacheReservationManager();
+  ASSERT_NE(cache_res_mgr, nullptr);
+
+  ReadOptions read_options;
+  read_options.verify_checksums = true;
+
+  {
+    read_options.fill_cache = false;
+
+    std::vector<PinnableSlice> values(keys_.size());
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumBlobs; ++i) {
+      ASSERT_OK(blob_source.GetBlob(
+          read_options, keys_[i], kBlobFileNumber, blob_offsets[i],
+          blob_file_size_, blob_sizes[i], kNoCompression,
+          nullptr /* prefetch_buffer */, &values[i], nullptr /* bytes_read */));
+      ASSERT_EQ(cache_res_mgr->GetTotalReservedCacheSize(), 0);
+      ASSERT_EQ(cache_res_mgr->GetTotalMemoryUsed(), 0);
+    }
+  }
+
+  {
+    read_options.fill_cache = true;
+
+    std::vector<PinnableSlice> values(keys_.size());
+
+    // Since we resized each blob to be kSizeDummyEntry / (num_blobs / 2), we
+    // can't fit all the blobs in the cache at the same time, which means we
+    // should observe cache evictions once we reach the cache's capacity.
+    // Due to the overhead of the cache and the BlobContents objects, as well as
+    // jemalloc bin sizes, this happens after inserting seven blobs.
+    uint64_t blob_bytes = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumBlobs; ++i) {
+      ASSERT_OK(blob_source.GetBlob(
+          read_options, keys_[i], kBlobFileNumber, blob_offsets[i],
+          blob_file_size_, blob_sizes[i], kNoCompression,
+          nullptr /* prefetch_buffer */, &values[i], nullptr /* bytes_read */));
+
+      // Release cache handle
+      values[i].Reset();
+
+      if (i < kNumBlobs / 2 - 1) {
+        size_t charge = 0;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(blob_source.TEST_BlobInCache(
+            kBlobFileNumber, blob_file_size_, blob_offsets[i], &charge));
+
+        blob_bytes += charge;
+      }
+
+      ASSERT_EQ(cache_res_mgr->GetTotalReservedCacheSize(), kSizeDummyEntry);
+      ASSERT_EQ(cache_res_mgr->GetTotalMemoryUsed(), blob_bytes);
+      ASSERT_EQ(cache_res_mgr->GetTotalMemoryUsed(),
+                options_.blob_cache->GetUsage());
+    }
+  }
+}
+#endif  // ROCKSDB_LITE
+
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::port::InstallStackTraceHandler();
   ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
   return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 }

db/blob/db_blob_basic_test.cc

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
 
+#include "cache/compressed_secondary_cache.h"
 #include "db/blob/blob_index.h"
 #include "db/blob/blob_log_format.h"
 #include "db/db_test_util.h"
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ TEST_F(DBBlobBasicTest, GetBlobFromCache) {
   Options options = GetDefaultOptions();
 
   LRUCacheOptions co;
-  co.capacity = 2048;
+  co.capacity = 2 << 20;  // 2MB
   co.num_shard_bits = 2;
   co.metadata_charge_policy = kDontChargeCacheMetadata;
   auto backing_cache = NewLRUCache(co);
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ TEST_F(DBBlobBasicTest, IterateBlobsFromCache) {
   Options options = GetDefaultOptions();
 
   LRUCacheOptions co;
-  co.capacity = 2048;
+  co.capacity = 2 << 20;  // 2MB
   co.num_shard_bits = 2;
   co.metadata_charge_policy = kDontChargeCacheMetadata;
   auto backing_cache = NewLRUCache(co);
@@ -135,6 +136,8 @@ TEST_F(DBBlobBasicTest, IterateBlobsFromCache) {
   block_based_options.cache_index_and_filter_blocks = true;
   options.table_factory.reset(NewBlockBasedTableFactory(block_based_options));
 
+  options.statistics = CreateDBStatistics();
+
   Reopen(options);
 
   int num_blobs = 5;
@@ -165,6 +168,7 @@ TEST_F(DBBlobBasicTest, IterateBlobsFromCache) {
       ++i;
     }
     ASSERT_EQ(i, num_blobs);
+    ASSERT_EQ(options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_ADD), 0);
   }
 
   {
@@ -180,6 +184,7 @@ TEST_F(DBBlobBasicTest, IterateBlobsFromCache) {
     iter->SeekToFirst();
     ASSERT_NOK(iter->status());
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->Valid());
+    ASSERT_EQ(options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_ADD), 0);
   }
 
   {
@@ -198,6 +203,8 @@ TEST_F(DBBlobBasicTest, IterateBlobsFromCache) {
       ++i;
     }
     ASSERT_EQ(i, num_blobs);
+    ASSERT_EQ(options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_ADD),
+              num_blobs);
   }
 
   {
@@ -217,6 +224,149 @@ TEST_F(DBBlobBasicTest, IterateBlobsFromCache) {
       ++i;
     }
     ASSERT_EQ(i, num_blobs);
+    ASSERT_EQ(options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_ADD), 0);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_F(DBBlobBasicTest, IterateBlobsFromCachePinning) {
+  constexpr size_t min_blob_size = 6;
+
+  Options options = GetDefaultOptions();
+
+  LRUCacheOptions cache_options;
+  cache_options.capacity = 2048;
+  cache_options.num_shard_bits = 0;
+  cache_options.metadata_charge_policy = kDontChargeCacheMetadata;
+
+  options.blob_cache = NewLRUCache(cache_options);
+  options.enable_blob_files = true;
+  options.min_blob_size = min_blob_size;
+
+  Reopen(options);
+
+  // Put then iterate over three key-values. The second value is below the size
+  // limit and is thus stored inline; the other two are stored separately as
+  // blobs. We expect to have something pinned in the cache iff we are
+  // positioned on a blob.
+
+  constexpr char first_key[] = "first_key";
+  constexpr char first_value[] = "long_value";
+  static_assert(sizeof(first_value) - 1 >= min_blob_size,
+                "first_value too short to be stored as blob");
+
+  ASSERT_OK(Put(first_key, first_value));
+
+  constexpr char second_key[] = "second_key";
+  constexpr char second_value[] = "short";
+  static_assert(sizeof(second_value) - 1 < min_blob_size,
+                "second_value too long to be inlined");
+
+  ASSERT_OK(Put(second_key, second_value));
+
+  constexpr char third_key[] = "third_key";
+  constexpr char third_value[] = "other_long_value";
+  static_assert(sizeof(third_value) - 1 >= min_blob_size,
+                "third_value too short to be stored as blob");
+
+  ASSERT_OK(Put(third_key, third_value));
+
+  ASSERT_OK(Flush());
+
+  {
+    ReadOptions read_options;
+    read_options.fill_cache = true;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<Iterator> iter(db_->NewIterator(read_options));
+
+    iter->SeekToFirst();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(iter->Valid());
+    ASSERT_OK(iter->status());
+    ASSERT_EQ(iter->key(), first_key);
+    ASSERT_EQ(iter->value(), first_value);
+
+    iter->Next();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(iter->Valid());
+    ASSERT_OK(iter->status());
+    ASSERT_EQ(iter->key(), second_key);
+    ASSERT_EQ(iter->value(), second_value);
+
+    iter->Next();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(iter->Valid());
+    ASSERT_OK(iter->status());
+    ASSERT_EQ(iter->key(), third_key);
+    ASSERT_EQ(iter->value(), third_value);
+
+    iter->Next();
+    ASSERT_FALSE(iter->Valid());
+    ASSERT_OK(iter->status());
+  }
+
+  {
+    ReadOptions read_options;
+    read_options.fill_cache = false;
+    read_options.read_tier = kBlockCacheTier;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<Iterator> iter(db_->NewIterator(read_options));
+
+    iter->SeekToFirst();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(iter->Valid());
+    ASSERT_OK(iter->status());
+    ASSERT_EQ(iter->key(), first_key);
+    ASSERT_EQ(iter->value(), first_value);
+    ASSERT_GT(options.blob_cache->GetPinnedUsage(), 0);
+
+    iter->Next();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(iter->Valid());
+    ASSERT_OK(iter->status());
+    ASSERT_EQ(iter->key(), second_key);
+    ASSERT_EQ(iter->value(), second_value);
+    ASSERT_EQ(options.blob_cache->GetPinnedUsage(), 0);
+
+    iter->Next();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(iter->Valid());
+    ASSERT_OK(iter->status());
+    ASSERT_EQ(iter->key(), third_key);
+    ASSERT_EQ(iter->value(), third_value);
+    ASSERT_GT(options.blob_cache->GetPinnedUsage(), 0);
+
+    iter->Next();
+    ASSERT_FALSE(iter->Valid());
+    ASSERT_OK(iter->status());
+    ASSERT_EQ(options.blob_cache->GetPinnedUsage(), 0);
+  }
+
+  {
+    ReadOptions read_options;
+    read_options.fill_cache = false;
+    read_options.read_tier = kBlockCacheTier;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<Iterator> iter(db_->NewIterator(read_options));
+
+    iter->SeekToLast();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(iter->Valid());
+    ASSERT_OK(iter->status());
+    ASSERT_EQ(iter->key(), third_key);
+    ASSERT_EQ(iter->value(), third_value);
+    ASSERT_GT(options.blob_cache->GetPinnedUsage(), 0);
+
+    iter->Prev();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(iter->Valid());
+    ASSERT_OK(iter->status());
+    ASSERT_EQ(iter->key(), second_key);
+    ASSERT_EQ(iter->value(), second_value);
+    ASSERT_EQ(options.blob_cache->GetPinnedUsage(), 0);
+
+    iter->Prev();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(iter->Valid());
+    ASSERT_OK(iter->status());
+    ASSERT_EQ(iter->key(), first_key);
+    ASSERT_EQ(iter->value(), first_value);
+    ASSERT_GT(options.blob_cache->GetPinnedUsage(), 0);
+
+    iter->Prev();
+    ASSERT_FALSE(iter->Valid());
+    ASSERT_OK(iter->status());
+    ASSERT_EQ(options.blob_cache->GetPinnedUsage(), 0);
   }
 }
 
@@ -303,7 +453,7 @@ TEST_F(DBBlobBasicTest, MultiGetBlobsFromCache) {
   Options options = GetDefaultOptions();
 
   LRUCacheOptions co;
-  co.capacity = 2048;
+  co.capacity = 2 << 20;  // 2MB
   co.num_shard_bits = 2;
   co.metadata_charge_policy = kDontChargeCacheMetadata;
   auto backing_cache = NewLRUCache(co);
@@ -629,7 +779,7 @@ TEST_F(DBBlobBasicTest, MultiGetBlobsFromMultipleFiles) {
   Options options = GetDefaultOptions();
 
   LRUCacheOptions co;
-  co.capacity = 2 << 20; // 2MB
+  co.capacity = 2 << 20;  // 2MB
   co.num_shard_bits = 2;
   co.metadata_charge_policy = kDontChargeCacheMetadata;
   auto backing_cache = NewLRUCache(co);
@@ -1432,6 +1582,203 @@ TEST_P(DBBlobBasicIOErrorTest, CompactionFilterReadBlob_IOError) {
   SyncPoint::GetInstance()->ClearAllCallBacks();
 }
 
+TEST_F(DBBlobBasicTest, WarmCacheWithBlobsDuringFlush) {
+  Options options = GetDefaultOptions();
+
+  LRUCacheOptions co;
+  co.capacity = 1 << 25;
+  co.num_shard_bits = 2;
+  co.metadata_charge_policy = kDontChargeCacheMetadata;
+  auto backing_cache = NewLRUCache(co);
+
+  options.blob_cache = backing_cache;
+
+  BlockBasedTableOptions block_based_options;
+  block_based_options.no_block_cache = false;
+  block_based_options.block_cache = backing_cache;
+  block_based_options.cache_index_and_filter_blocks = true;
+  options.table_factory.reset(NewBlockBasedTableFactory(block_based_options));
+
+  options.enable_blob_files = true;
+  options.create_if_missing = true;
+  options.disable_auto_compactions = true;
+  options.enable_blob_garbage_collection = true;
+  options.blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff = 1.0;
+  options.prepopulate_blob_cache = PrepopulateBlobCache::kFlushOnly;
+  options.statistics = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CreateDBStatistics();
+
+  DestroyAndReopen(options);
+
+  constexpr size_t kNumBlobs = 10;
+  constexpr size_t kValueSize = 100;
+
+  std::string value(kValueSize, 'a');
+
+  for (size_t i = 1; i <= kNumBlobs; i++) {
+    ASSERT_OK(Put(std::to_string(i), value));
+    ASSERT_OK(Put(std::to_string(i + kNumBlobs), value));  // Add some overlap
+    ASSERT_OK(Flush());
+    ASSERT_EQ(i * 2, options.statistics->getTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_ADD));
+    ASSERT_EQ(value, Get(std::to_string(i)));
+    ASSERT_EQ(value, Get(std::to_string(i + kNumBlobs)));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, options.statistics->getTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_MISS));
+    ASSERT_EQ(i * 2, options.statistics->getTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_HIT));
+  }
+
+  // Verify compaction not counted
+  ASSERT_OK(db_->CompactRange(CompactRangeOptions(), /*begin=*/nullptr,
+                              /*end=*/nullptr));
+  EXPECT_EQ(kNumBlobs * 2,
+            options.statistics->getTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_ADD));
+}
+
+#ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
+TEST_F(DBBlobBasicTest, DynamicallyWarmCacheDuringFlush) {
+  Options options = GetDefaultOptions();
+
+  LRUCacheOptions co;
+  co.capacity = 1 << 25;
+  co.num_shard_bits = 2;
+  co.metadata_charge_policy = kDontChargeCacheMetadata;
+  auto backing_cache = NewLRUCache(co);
+
+  options.blob_cache = backing_cache;
+
+  BlockBasedTableOptions block_based_options;
+  block_based_options.no_block_cache = false;
+  block_based_options.block_cache = backing_cache;
+  block_based_options.cache_index_and_filter_blocks = true;
+  options.table_factory.reset(NewBlockBasedTableFactory(block_based_options));
+
+  options.enable_blob_files = true;
+  options.create_if_missing = true;
+  options.disable_auto_compactions = true;
+  options.enable_blob_garbage_collection = true;
+  options.blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff = 1.0;
+  options.prepopulate_blob_cache = PrepopulateBlobCache::kFlushOnly;
+  options.statistics = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CreateDBStatistics();
+
+  DestroyAndReopen(options);
+
+  constexpr size_t kNumBlobs = 10;
+  constexpr size_t kValueSize = 100;
+
+  std::string value(kValueSize, 'a');
+
+  for (size_t i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
+    ASSERT_OK(Put(std::to_string(i), value));
+    ASSERT_OK(Put(std::to_string(i + kNumBlobs), value));  // Add some overlap
+    ASSERT_OK(Flush());
+    ASSERT_EQ(2, options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_ADD));
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(value, Get(std::to_string(i)));
+    ASSERT_EQ(value, Get(std::to_string(i + kNumBlobs)));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_ADD));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0,
+              options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_MISS));
+    ASSERT_EQ(2, options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_HIT));
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_OK(dbfull()->SetOptions({{"prepopulate_blob_cache", "kDisable"}}));
+
+  for (size_t i = 6; i <= kNumBlobs; i++) {
+    ASSERT_OK(Put(std::to_string(i), value));
+    ASSERT_OK(Put(std::to_string(i + kNumBlobs), value));  // Add some overlap
+    ASSERT_OK(Flush());
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_ADD));
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(value, Get(std::to_string(i)));
+    ASSERT_EQ(value, Get(std::to_string(i + kNumBlobs)));
+    ASSERT_EQ(2, options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_ADD));
+    ASSERT_EQ(2,
+              options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_MISS));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_HIT));
+  }
+
+  // Verify compaction not counted
+  ASSERT_OK(db_->CompactRange(CompactRangeOptions(), /*begin=*/nullptr,
+                              /*end=*/nullptr));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, options.statistics->getTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_ADD));
+}
+#endif  // !ROCKSDB_LITE
+
+TEST_F(DBBlobBasicTest, WarmCacheWithBlobsSecondary) {
+  CompressedSecondaryCacheOptions secondary_cache_opts;
+  secondary_cache_opts.capacity = 1 << 20;
+  secondary_cache_opts.num_shard_bits = 0;
+  secondary_cache_opts.metadata_charge_policy = kDontChargeCacheMetadata;
+  secondary_cache_opts.compression_type = kNoCompression;
+
+  LRUCacheOptions primary_cache_opts;
+  primary_cache_opts.capacity = 1024;
+  primary_cache_opts.num_shard_bits = 0;
+  primary_cache_opts.metadata_charge_policy = kDontChargeCacheMetadata;
+  primary_cache_opts.secondary_cache =
+      NewCompressedSecondaryCache(secondary_cache_opts);
+
+  Options options = GetDefaultOptions();
+  options.create_if_missing = true;
+  options.statistics = CreateDBStatistics();
+  options.enable_blob_files = true;
+  options.blob_cache = NewLRUCache(primary_cache_opts);
+  options.prepopulate_blob_cache = PrepopulateBlobCache::kFlushOnly;
+
+  DestroyAndReopen(options);
+
+  // Note: only one of the two blobs fit in the primary cache at any given time.
+  constexpr char first_key[] = "foo";
+  constexpr size_t first_blob_size = 512;
+  const std::string first_blob(first_blob_size, 'a');
+
+  constexpr char second_key[] = "bar";
+  constexpr size_t second_blob_size = 768;
+  const std::string second_blob(second_blob_size, 'b');
+
+  // First blob is inserted into primary cache during flush.
+  ASSERT_OK(Put(first_key, first_blob));
+  ASSERT_OK(Flush());
+  ASSERT_EQ(options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_ADD), 1);
+
+  // Second blob is inserted into primary cache during flush,
+  // First blob is evicted but only a dummy handle is inserted into secondary
+  // cache.
+  ASSERT_OK(Put(second_key, second_blob));
+  ASSERT_OK(Flush());
+  ASSERT_EQ(options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_ADD), 1);
+
+  // First blob is inserted into primary cache.
+  // Second blob is evicted but only a dummy handle is inserted into secondary
+  // cache.
+  ASSERT_EQ(Get(first_key), first_blob);
+  ASSERT_EQ(options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_MISS), 1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_HIT), 0);
+  ASSERT_EQ(options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(SECONDARY_CACHE_HITS),
+            0);
+  // Second blob is inserted into primary cache,
+  // First blob is evicted and is inserted into secondary cache.
+  ASSERT_EQ(Get(second_key), second_blob);
+  ASSERT_EQ(options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_MISS), 1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_HIT), 0);
+  ASSERT_EQ(options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(SECONDARY_CACHE_HITS),
+            0);
+
+  // First blob's dummy item is inserted into primary cache b/c of lookup.
+  // Second blob is still in primary cache.
+  ASSERT_EQ(Get(first_key), first_blob);
+  ASSERT_EQ(options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_MISS), 0);
+  ASSERT_EQ(options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_HIT), 1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(SECONDARY_CACHE_HITS),
+            1);
+
+  // First blob's item is inserted into primary cache b/c of lookup.
+  // Second blob is evicted and inserted into secondary cache.
+  ASSERT_EQ(Get(first_key), first_blob);
+  ASSERT_EQ(options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_MISS), 0);
+  ASSERT_EQ(options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_HIT), 1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(options.statistics->getAndResetTickerCount(SECONDARY_CACHE_HITS),
+            1);
+}
+
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {

db/blob/db_blob_compaction_test.cc

@@ -54,6 +54,26 @@ class FilterByKeyLength : public CompactionFilter {
   size_t length_threshold_;
 };
 
+class FilterByValueLength : public CompactionFilter {
+ public:
+  explicit FilterByValueLength(size_t len) : length_threshold_(len) {}
+  const char* Name() const override {
+    return "rocksdb.compaction.filter.by.value.length";
+  }
+  CompactionFilter::Decision FilterV2(
+      int /*level*/, const Slice& /*key*/, ValueType /*value_type*/,
+      const Slice& existing_value, std::string* /*new_value*/,
+      std::string* /*skip_until*/) const override {
+    if (existing_value.size() < length_threshold_) {
+      return CompactionFilter::Decision::kRemove;
+    }
+    return CompactionFilter::Decision::kKeep;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  size_t length_threshold_;
+};
+
 class BadBlobCompactionFilter : public CompactionFilter {
  public:
   explicit BadBlobCompactionFilter(std::string prefix,
@@ -243,6 +263,55 @@ TEST_F(DBBlobCompactionTest, FilterByKeyLength) {
   Close();
 }
 
+TEST_F(DBBlobCompactionTest, FilterByValueLength) {
+  Options options = GetDefaultOptions();
+  options.enable_blob_files = true;
+  options.min_blob_size = 5;
+  options.create_if_missing = true;
+  constexpr size_t kValueLength = 5;
+  std::unique_ptr<CompactionFilter> compaction_filter_guard(
+      new FilterByValueLength(kValueLength));
+  options.compaction_filter = compaction_filter_guard.get();
+
+  const std::vector<std::string> short_value_keys = {"a", "e", "j"};
+  constexpr char short_value[] = "val";
+  const std::vector<std::string> long_value_keys = {"b", "f", "k"};
+  constexpr char long_value[] = "valuevalue";
+
+  DestroyAndReopen(options);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < short_value_keys.size(); ++i) {
+    ASSERT_OK(Put(short_value_keys[i], short_value));
+  }
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < short_value_keys.size(); ++i) {
+    ASSERT_OK(Put(long_value_keys[i], long_value));
+  }
+  ASSERT_OK(Flush());
+  CompactRangeOptions cro;
+  ASSERT_OK(db_->CompactRange(cro, /*begin=*/nullptr, /*end=*/nullptr));
+  std::string value;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < short_value_keys.size(); ++i) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(
+        db_->Get(ReadOptions(), short_value_keys[i], &value).IsNotFound());
+    value.clear();
+  }
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < long_value_keys.size(); ++i) {
+    ASSERT_OK(db_->Get(ReadOptions(), long_value_keys[i], &value));
+    ASSERT_EQ(long_value, value);
+  }
+
+#ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
+  const auto& compaction_stats = GetCompactionStats();
+  ASSERT_GE(compaction_stats.size(), 2);
+
+  // Filter decides between kKeep and kRemove based on value;
+  // this involves reading but not writing blobs
+  ASSERT_GT(compaction_stats[1].bytes_read_blob, 0);
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction_stats[1].bytes_written_blob, 0);
+#endif  // ROCKSDB_LITE
+
+  Close();
+}
+
 #ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
 TEST_F(DBBlobCompactionTest, BlobCompactWithStartingLevel) {
   Options options = GetDefaultOptions();
@@ -798,6 +867,42 @@ TEST_F(DBBlobCompactionTest, CompactionReadaheadMerge) {
   Close();
 }
 
+TEST_F(DBBlobCompactionTest, CompactionDoNotFillCache) {
+  Options options = GetDefaultOptions();
+
+  options.enable_blob_files = true;
+  options.min_blob_size = 0;
+  options.enable_blob_garbage_collection = true;
+  options.blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff = 1.0;
+  options.disable_auto_compactions = true;
+  options.statistics = CreateDBStatistics();
+
+  LRUCacheOptions cache_options;
+  cache_options.capacity = 1 << 20;
+  cache_options.metadata_charge_policy = kDontChargeCacheMetadata;
+
+  options.blob_cache = NewLRUCache(cache_options);
+
+  Reopen(options);
+
+  ASSERT_OK(Put("key", "lime"));
+  ASSERT_OK(Put("foo", "bar"));
+  ASSERT_OK(Flush());
+
+  ASSERT_OK(Put("key", "pie"));
+  ASSERT_OK(Put("foo", "baz"));
+  ASSERT_OK(Flush());
+
+  constexpr Slice* begin = nullptr;
+  constexpr Slice* end = nullptr;
+
+  ASSERT_OK(db_->CompactRange(CompactRangeOptions(), begin, end));
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(options.statistics->getTickerCount(BLOB_DB_CACHE_ADD), 0);
+
+  Close();
+}
+
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {

db/builder.cc

@@ -66,7 +66,8 @@ Status BuildTable(
     SequenceNumber job_snapshot, SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker,
     bool paranoid_file_checks, InternalStats* internal_stats,
     IOStatus* io_status, const std::shared_ptr<IOTracer>& io_tracer,
-    BlobFileCreationReason blob_creation_reason, EventLogger* event_logger,
+    BlobFileCreationReason blob_creation_reason,
+    const SeqnoToTimeMapping& seqno_to_time_mapping, EventLogger* event_logger,
     int job_id, const Env::IOPriority io_priority,
     TableProperties* table_properties, Env::WriteLifeTimeHint write_hint,
     const std::string* full_history_ts_low,
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ Status BuildTable(
   iter->SeekToFirst();
   std::unique_ptr<CompactionRangeDelAggregator> range_del_agg(
       new CompactionRangeDelAggregator(&tboptions.internal_comparator,
-                                       snapshots));
+                                       snapshots, full_history_ts_low));
   uint64_t num_unfragmented_tombstones = 0;
   uint64_t total_tombstone_payload_bytes = 0;
   for (auto& range_del_iter : range_del_iters) {
@@ -187,10 +188,10 @@ Status BuildTable(
          blob_file_additions)
             ? new BlobFileBuilder(
                   versions, fs, &ioptions, &mutable_cf_options, &file_options,
-                  job_id, tboptions.column_family_id,
-                  tboptions.column_family_name, io_priority, write_hint,
-                  io_tracer, blob_callback, blob_creation_reason,
-                  &blob_file_paths, blob_file_additions)
+                  tboptions.db_id, tboptions.db_session_id, job_id,
+                  tboptions.column_family_id, tboptions.column_family_name,
+                  io_priority, write_hint, io_tracer, blob_callback,
+                  blob_creation_reason, &blob_file_paths, blob_file_additions)
             : nullptr);
 
     const std::atomic<bool> kManualCompactionCanceledFalse{false};
@@ -260,6 +261,15 @@ Status BuildTable(
     if (!s.ok() || empty) {
       builder->Abandon();
     } else {
+      std::string seqno_time_mapping_str;
+      seqno_to_time_mapping.Encode(
+          seqno_time_mapping_str, meta->fd.smallest_seqno,
+          meta->fd.largest_seqno, meta->file_creation_time);
+      builder->SetSeqnoTimeTableProperties(
+          seqno_time_mapping_str,
+          ioptions.compaction_style == CompactionStyle::kCompactionStyleFIFO
+              ? meta->file_creation_time
+              : meta->oldest_ancester_time);
       s = builder->Finish();
     }
     if (io_status->ok()) {
@@ -271,7 +281,8 @@ Status BuildTable(
       meta->fd.file_size = file_size;
       meta->marked_for_compaction = builder->NeedCompact();
       assert(meta->fd.GetFileSize() > 0);
-      tp = builder->GetTableProperties(); // refresh now that builder is finished
+      tp = builder
+               ->GetTableProperties();  // refresh now that builder is finished
       if (memtable_payload_bytes != nullptr &&
           memtable_garbage_bytes != nullptr) {
         const CompactionIterationStats& ci_stats = c_iter.iter_stats();

db/builder.h

@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
+
 #include "db/range_tombstone_fragmenter.h"
+#include "db/seqno_to_time_mapping.h"
 #include "db/table_properties_collector.h"
 #include "logging/event_logger.h"
 #include "options/cf_options.h"
@@ -61,6 +63,7 @@ extern Status BuildTable(
     bool paranoid_file_checks, InternalStats* internal_stats,
     IOStatus* io_status, const std::shared_ptr<IOTracer>& io_tracer,
     BlobFileCreationReason blob_creation_reason,
+    const SeqnoToTimeMapping& seqno_to_time_mapping,
     EventLogger* event_logger = nullptr, int job_id = 0,
     const Env::IOPriority io_priority = Env::IO_HIGH,
     TableProperties* table_properties = nullptr,

db/c_test.c

@@ -49,32 +49,32 @@ static void StartPhase(const char* name) {
 }
 #ifdef _MSC_VER
 #pragma warning(push)
-#pragma warning (disable: 4996) // getenv security warning
+#pragma warning(disable : 4996)  // getenv security warning
 #endif
 static const char* GetTempDir(void) {
-    const char* ret = getenv("TEST_TMPDIR");
-    if (ret == NULL || ret[0] == '\0')
+  const char* ret = getenv("TEST_TMPDIR");
+  if (ret == NULL || ret[0] == '\0')
 #ifdef OS_WIN
-      ret = getenv("TEMP");
+    ret = getenv("TEMP");
 #else
-      ret = "/tmp";
+    ret = "/tmp";
 #endif
-    return ret;
+  return ret;
 }
 #ifdef _MSC_VER
 #pragma warning(pop)
 #endif
 
-#define CheckNoError(err)                                               \
-  if ((err) != NULL) {                                                  \
+#define CheckNoError(err)                                                 \
+  if ((err) != NULL) {                                                    \
     fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: %s: %s\n", __FILE__, __LINE__, phase, (err)); \
-    abort();                                                            \
+    abort();                                                              \
   }
 
-#define CheckCondition(cond)                                            \
-  if (!(cond)) {                                                        \
+#define CheckCondition(cond)                                              \
+  if (!(cond)) {                                                          \
     fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: %s: %s\n", __FILE__, __LINE__, phase, #cond); \
-    abort();                                                            \
+    abort();                                                              \
   }
 
 static void CheckEqual(const char* expected, const char* v, size_t n) {
@@ -98,21 +98,15 @@ static void Free(char** ptr) {
   }
 }
 
-static void CheckValue(
-    char* err,
-    const char* expected,
-    char** actual,
-    size_t actual_length) {
+static void CheckValue(char* err, const char* expected, char** actual,
+                       size_t actual_length) {
   CheckNoError(err);
   CheckEqual(expected, *actual, actual_length);
   Free(actual);
 }
 
-static void CheckGet(
-    rocksdb_t* db,
-    const rocksdb_readoptions_t* options,
-    const char* key,
-    const char* expected) {
+static void CheckGet(rocksdb_t* db, const rocksdb_readoptions_t* options,
+                     const char* key, const char* expected) {
   char* err = NULL;
   size_t val_len;
   char* val;
@@ -122,12 +116,9 @@ static void CheckGet(
   Free(&val);
 }
 
-static void CheckGetCF(
-    rocksdb_t* db,
-    const rocksdb_readoptions_t* options,
-    rocksdb_column_family_handle_t* handle,
-    const char* key,
-    const char* expected) {
+static void CheckGetCF(rocksdb_t* db, const rocksdb_readoptions_t* options,
+                       rocksdb_column_family_handle_t* handle, const char* key,
+                       const char* expected) {
   char* err = NULL;
   size_t val_len;
   char* val;
@@ -174,8 +165,8 @@ static void CheckMultiGetValues(size_t num_keys, char** values,
   }
 }
 
-static void CheckIter(rocksdb_iterator_t* iter,
-                      const char* key, const char* val) {
+static void CheckIter(rocksdb_iterator_t* iter, const char* key,
+                      const char* val) {
   size_t len;
   const char* str;
   str = rocksdb_iter_key(iter, &len);
@@ -185,10 +176,9 @@ static void CheckIter(rocksdb_iterator_t* iter,
 }
 
 // Callback from rocksdb_writebatch_iterate()
-static void CheckPut(void* ptr,
-                     const char* k, size_t klen,
-                     const char* v, size_t vlen) {
-  int* state = (int*) ptr;
+static void CheckPut(void* ptr, const char* k, size_t klen, const char* v,
+                     size_t vlen) {
+  int* state = (int*)ptr;
   CheckCondition(*state < 2);
   switch (*state) {
     case 0:
@@ -205,7 +195,7 @@ static void CheckPut(void* ptr,
 
 // Callback from rocksdb_writebatch_iterate()
 static void CheckDel(void* ptr, const char* k, size_t klen) {
-  int* state = (int*) ptr;
+  int* state = (int*)ptr;
   CheckCondition(*state == 2);
   CheckEqual("bar", k, klen);
   (*state)++;
@@ -213,14 +203,16 @@ static void CheckDel(void* ptr, const char* k, size_t klen) {
 
 static void CmpDestroy(void* arg) { (void)arg; }
 
-static int CmpCompare(void* arg, const char* a, size_t alen,
-                      const char* b, size_t blen) {
+static int CmpCompare(void* arg, const char* a, size_t alen, const char* b,
+                      size_t blen) {
   (void)arg;
   size_t n = (alen < blen) ? alen : blen;
   int r = memcmp(a, b, n);
   if (r == 0) {
-    if (alen < blen) r = -1;
-    else if (alen > blen) r = +1;
+    if (alen < blen)
+      r = -1;
+    else if (alen > blen)
+      r = +1;
   }
   return r;
 }
@@ -405,11 +397,9 @@ static const char* MergeOperatorName(void* arg) {
   return "TestMergeOperator";
 }
 static char* MergeOperatorFullMerge(
-    void* arg,
-    const char* key, size_t key_length,
-    const char* existing_value, size_t existing_value_length,
-    const char* const* operands_list, const size_t* operands_list_length,
-    int num_operands,
+    void* arg, const char* key, size_t key_length, const char* existing_value,
+    size_t existing_value_length, const char* const* operands_list,
+    const size_t* operands_list_length, int num_operands,
     unsigned char* success, size_t* new_value_length) {
   (void)arg;
   (void)key;
@@ -425,12 +415,12 @@ static char* MergeOperatorFullMerge(
   memcpy(result, "fake", 4);
   return result;
 }
-static char* MergeOperatorPartialMerge(
-    void* arg,
-    const char* key, size_t key_length,
-    const char* const* operands_list, const size_t* operands_list_length,
-    int num_operands,
-    unsigned char* success, size_t* new_value_length) {
+static char* MergeOperatorPartialMerge(void* arg, const char* key,
+                                       size_t key_length,
+                                       const char* const* operands_list,
+                                       const size_t* operands_list_length,
+                                       int num_operands, unsigned char* success,
+                                       size_t* new_value_length) {
   (void)arg;
   (void)key;
   (void)key_length;
@@ -444,18 +434,16 @@ static char* MergeOperatorPartialMerge(
   return result;
 }
 
-static void CheckTxnGet(
-        rocksdb_transaction_t* txn,
-        const rocksdb_readoptions_t* options,
-        const char* key,
-        const char* expected) {
-        char* err = NULL;
-        size_t val_len;
-        char* val;
-        val = rocksdb_transaction_get(txn, options, key, strlen(key), &val_len, &err);
-        CheckNoError(err);
-        CheckEqual(expected, val, val_len);
-        Free(&val);
+static void CheckTxnGet(rocksdb_transaction_t* txn,
+                        const rocksdb_readoptions_t* options, const char* key,
+                        const char* expected) {
+  char* err = NULL;
+  size_t val_len;
+  char* val;
+  val = rocksdb_transaction_get(txn, options, key, strlen(key), &val_len, &err);
+  CheckNoError(err);
+  CheckEqual(expected, val, val_len);
+  Free(&val);
 }
 
 static void CheckTxnGetCF(rocksdb_transaction_t* txn,
@@ -502,11 +490,9 @@ static void CheckTxnPinGetCF(rocksdb_transaction_t* txn,
   rocksdb_pinnableslice_destroy(p);
 }
 
-static void CheckTxnDBGet(
-        rocksdb_transactiondb_t* txn_db,
-        const rocksdb_readoptions_t* options,
-        const char* key,
-        const char* expected) {
+static void CheckTxnDBGet(rocksdb_transactiondb_t* txn_db,
+                          const rocksdb_readoptions_t* options, const char* key,
+                          const char* expected) {
   char* err = NULL;
   size_t val_len;
   char* val;
@@ -632,7 +618,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
   rocksdb_t* db;
   rocksdb_comparator_t* cmp;
   rocksdb_cache_t* cache;
-  rocksdb_dbpath_t *dbpath;
+  rocksdb_dbpath_t* dbpath;
   rocksdb_env_t* env;
   rocksdb_options_t* options;
   rocksdb_compactoptions_t* coptions;
@@ -649,30 +635,20 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
   char* err = NULL;
   int run = -1;
 
-  snprintf(dbname, sizeof(dbname),
-           "%s/rocksdb_c_test-%d",
-           GetTempDir(),
-           ((int) geteuid()));
-
-  snprintf(dbbackupname, sizeof(dbbackupname),
-           "%s/rocksdb_c_test-%d-backup",
-           GetTempDir(),
-           ((int) geteuid()));
-
-  snprintf(dbcheckpointname, sizeof(dbcheckpointname),
-           "%s/rocksdb_c_test-%d-checkpoint",
-           GetTempDir(),
-           ((int) geteuid()));
-
-  snprintf(sstfilename, sizeof(sstfilename),
-           "%s/rocksdb_c_test-%d-sst",
-           GetTempDir(),
+  snprintf(dbname, sizeof(dbname), "%s/rocksdb_c_test-%d", GetTempDir(),
            ((int)geteuid()));
 
-  snprintf(dbpathname, sizeof(dbpathname),
-           "%s/rocksdb_c_test-%d-dbpath",
-           GetTempDir(),
-           ((int) geteuid()));
+  snprintf(dbbackupname, sizeof(dbbackupname), "%s/rocksdb_c_test-%d-backup",
+           GetTempDir(), ((int)geteuid()));
+
+  snprintf(dbcheckpointname, sizeof(dbcheckpointname),
+           "%s/rocksdb_c_test-%d-checkpoint", GetTempDir(), ((int)geteuid()));
+
+  snprintf(sstfilename, sizeof(sstfilename), "%s/rocksdb_c_test-%d-sst",
+           GetTempDir(), ((int)geteuid()));
+
+  snprintf(dbpathname, sizeof(dbpathname), "%s/rocksdb_c_test-%d-dbpath",
+           GetTempDir(), ((int)geteuid()));
 
   StartPhase("create_objects");
   cmp = rocksdb_comparator_create(NULL, CmpDestroy, CmpCompare, CmpName);
@@ -746,7 +722,8 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     rocksdb_destroy_db(options, dbbackupname, &err);
     CheckNoError(err);
 
-    rocksdb_backup_engine_t *be = rocksdb_backup_engine_open(options, dbbackupname, &err);
+    rocksdb_backup_engine_t* be =
+        rocksdb_backup_engine_open(options, dbbackupname, &err);
     CheckNoError(err);
 
     rocksdb_backup_engine_create_new_backup(be, db, &err);
@@ -759,7 +736,8 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     rocksdb_backup_engine_create_new_backup(be, db, &err);
     CheckNoError(err);
 
-    const rocksdb_backup_engine_info_t* bei = rocksdb_backup_engine_get_backup_info(be);
+    const rocksdb_backup_engine_info_t* bei =
+        rocksdb_backup_engine_get_backup_info(be);
     CheckCondition(rocksdb_backup_engine_info_count(bei) > 1);
     rocksdb_backup_engine_info_destroy(bei);
 
@@ -778,9 +756,11 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     rocksdb_destroy_db(options, dbname, &err);
     CheckNoError(err);
 
-    rocksdb_restore_options_t *restore_options = rocksdb_restore_options_create();
+    rocksdb_restore_options_t* restore_options =
+        rocksdb_restore_options_create();
     rocksdb_restore_options_set_keep_log_files(restore_options, 0);
-    rocksdb_backup_engine_restore_db_from_latest_backup(be, dbname, dbname, restore_options, &err);
+    rocksdb_backup_engine_restore_db_from_latest_backup(be, dbname, dbname,
+                                                        restore_options, &err);
     CheckNoError(err);
     rocksdb_restore_options_destroy(restore_options);
 
@@ -799,7 +779,8 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     rocksdb_destroy_db(options, dbcheckpointname, &err);
     CheckNoError(err);
 
-    rocksdb_checkpoint_t* checkpoint = rocksdb_checkpoint_object_create(db, &err);
+    rocksdb_checkpoint_t* checkpoint =
+        rocksdb_checkpoint_object_create(db, &err);
     CheckNoError(err);
 
     rocksdb_checkpoint_create(checkpoint, dbcheckpointname, 0, &err);
@@ -905,6 +886,21 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     CheckGet(db, roptions, "sstk22", "v5");
     CheckGet(db, roptions, "sstk3", "v6");
 
+    rocksdb_sstfilewriter_open(writer, sstfilename, &err);
+    CheckNoError(err);
+    rocksdb_sstfilewriter_put(writer, "abc1", 4, "v7", 2, &err);
+    CheckNoError(err);
+    rocksdb_sstfilewriter_put(writer, "abc2", 4, "v8", 2, &err);
+    CheckNoError(err);
+    rocksdb_sstfilewriter_put(writer, "abc3", 4, "v9", 2, &err);
+    CheckNoError(err);
+    rocksdb_sstfilewriter_put(writer, "abc4", 4, "v10", 3, &err);
+    CheckNoError(err);
+    rocksdb_sstfilewriter_delete_range(writer, "abc1", 4, "abc4", 4, &err);
+    CheckNoError(err);
+    rocksdb_sstfilewriter_finish(writer, &err);
+    CheckNoError(err);
+
     rocksdb_ingestexternalfileoptions_destroy(ing_opt);
     rocksdb_sstfilewriter_destroy(writer);
     rocksdb_options_destroy(io_options);
@@ -961,10 +957,10 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
   StartPhase("writebatch_vectors");
   {
     rocksdb_writebatch_t* wb = rocksdb_writebatch_create();
-    const char* k_list[2] = { "z", "ap" };
-    const size_t k_sizes[2] = { 1, 2 };
-    const char* v_list[3] = { "x", "y", "z" };
-    const size_t v_sizes[3] = { 1, 1, 1 };
+    const char* k_list[2] = {"z", "ap"};
+    const size_t k_sizes[2] = {1, 2};
+    const char* v_list[3] = {"x", "y", "z"};
+    const size_t v_sizes[3] = {1, 1, 1};
     rocksdb_writebatch_putv(wb, 2, k_list, k_sizes, 3, v_list, v_sizes);
     rocksdb_write(db, woptions, wb, &err);
     CheckNoError(err);
@@ -1026,13 +1022,17 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     CheckCondition(count == 3);
     size_t size;
     char* value;
-    value = rocksdb_writebatch_wi_get_from_batch(wbi, options, "box", 3, &size, &err);
+    value = rocksdb_writebatch_wi_get_from_batch(wbi, options, "box", 3, &size,
+                                                 &err);
     CheckValue(err, "c", &value, size);
-    value = rocksdb_writebatch_wi_get_from_batch(wbi, options, "bar", 3, &size, &err);
+    value = rocksdb_writebatch_wi_get_from_batch(wbi, options, "bar", 3, &size,
+                                                 &err);
     CheckValue(err, NULL, &value, size);
-    value = rocksdb_writebatch_wi_get_from_batch_and_db(wbi, db, roptions, "foo", 3, &size, &err);
+    value = rocksdb_writebatch_wi_get_from_batch_and_db(wbi, db, roptions,
+                                                        "foo", 3, &size, &err);
     CheckValue(err, "hello", &value, size);
-    value = rocksdb_writebatch_wi_get_from_batch_and_db(wbi, db, roptions, "box", 3, &size, &err);
+    value = rocksdb_writebatch_wi_get_from_batch_and_db(wbi, db, roptions,
+                                                        "box", 3, &size, &err);
     CheckValue(err, "c", &value, size);
     rocksdb_write_writebatch_wi(db, woptions, wbi, &err);
     CheckNoError(err);
@@ -1049,10 +1049,10 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
   StartPhase("writebatch_wi_vectors");
   {
     rocksdb_writebatch_wi_t* wb = rocksdb_writebatch_wi_create(0, 1);
-    const char* k_list[2] = { "z", "ap" };
-    const size_t k_sizes[2] = { 1, 2 };
-    const char* v_list[3] = { "x", "y", "z" };
-    const size_t v_sizes[3] = { 1, 1, 1 };
+    const char* k_list[2] = {"z", "ap"};
+    const size_t k_sizes[2] = {1, 2};
+    const char* v_list[3] = {"x", "y", "z"};
+    const size_t v_sizes[3] = {1, 1, 1};
     rocksdb_writebatch_wi_putv(wb, 2, k_list, k_sizes, 3, v_list, v_sizes);
     rocksdb_write_writebatch_wi(db, woptions, wb, &err);
     CheckNoError(err);
@@ -1141,13 +1141,14 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
 
   StartPhase("multiget");
   {
-    const char* keys[3] = { "box", "foo", "notfound" };
-    const size_t keys_sizes[3] = { 3, 3, 8 };
+    const char* keys[3] = {"box", "foo", "notfound"};
+    const size_t keys_sizes[3] = {3, 3, 8};
     char* vals[3];
     size_t vals_sizes[3];
     char* errs[3];
     const char* expected[3] = {"c", "hello", NULL};
-    rocksdb_multi_get(db, roptions, 3, keys, keys_sizes, vals, vals_sizes, errs);
+    rocksdb_multi_get(db, roptions, 3, keys, keys_sizes, vals, vals_sizes,
+                      errs);
     CheckMultiGetValues(3, vals, vals_sizes, errs, expected);
   }
 
@@ -1165,10 +1166,10 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     char keybuf[100];
     char valbuf[100];
     uint64_t sizes[2];
-    const char* start[2] = { "a", "k00000000000000010000" };
-    size_t start_len[2] = { 1, 21 };
-    const char* limit[2] = { "k00000000000000010000", "z" };
-    size_t limit_len[2] = { 21, 1 };
+    const char* start[2] = {"a", "k00000000000000010000"};
+    size_t start_len[2] = {1, 21};
+    const char* limit[2] = {"k00000000000000010000", "z"};
+    size_t limit_len[2] = {21, 1};
     rocksdb_writeoptions_set_sync(woptions, 0);
     for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       snprintf(keybuf, sizeof(keybuf), "k%020d", i);
@@ -1378,8 +1379,8 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
                                                   factory);
     db = CheckCompaction(db, options_with_filter_factory, roptions, woptions);
 
-    rocksdb_options_set_compaction_filter_factory(
-        options_with_filter_factory, NULL);
+    rocksdb_options_set_compaction_filter_factory(options_with_filter_factory,
+                                                  NULL);
     rocksdb_options_destroy(options_with_filter_factory);
   }
 
@@ -1434,7 +1435,8 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     rocksdb_close(db);
 
     size_t cflen;
-    char** column_fams = rocksdb_list_column_families(db_options, dbname, &cflen, &err);
+    char** column_fams =
+        rocksdb_list_column_families(db_options, dbname, &cflen, &err);
     CheckNoError(err);
     CheckEqual("default", column_fams[0], 7);
     CheckEqual("cf1", column_fams[1], 3);
@@ -1450,7 +1452,8 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     LoadAndCheckLatestOptions(dbname, env, false, cache, NULL, 2, cf_names,
                               NULL);
 
-    db = rocksdb_open_column_families(db_options, dbname, 2, cf_names, cf_opts, handles, &err);
+    db = rocksdb_open_column_families(db_options, dbname, 2, cf_names, cf_opts,
+                                      handles, &err);
     CheckNoError(err);
 
     rocksdb_put_cf(db, woptions, handles[1], "foo", 3, "hello", 5, &err);
@@ -1468,11 +1471,10 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
                                      &err);
     CheckNoError(err);
 
-    rocksdb_flushoptions_t *flush_options = rocksdb_flushoptions_create();
+    rocksdb_flushoptions_t* flush_options = rocksdb_flushoptions_create();
     rocksdb_flushoptions_set_wait(flush_options, 1);
     rocksdb_flush_cf(db, flush_options, handles[1], &err);
-    CheckNoError(err)
-    rocksdb_flushoptions_destroy(flush_options);
+    CheckNoError(err) rocksdb_flushoptions_destroy(flush_options);
 
     CheckGetCF(db, roptions, handles[1], "foo", "hello");
     CheckPinGetCF(db, roptions, handles[1], "foo", "hello");
@@ -1509,27 +1511,29 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     rocksdb_flush_wal(db, 1, &err);
     CheckNoError(err);
 
-    const char* keys[3] = { "box", "box", "barfooxx" };
-    const rocksdb_column_family_handle_t* get_handles[3] = { handles[0], handles[1], handles[1] };
-    const size_t keys_sizes[3] = { 3, 3, 8 };
+    const char* keys[3] = {"box", "box", "barfooxx"};
+    const rocksdb_column_family_handle_t* get_handles[3] = {
+        handles[0], handles[1], handles[1]};
+    const size_t keys_sizes[3] = {3, 3, 8};
     char* vals[3];
     size_t vals_sizes[3];
     char* errs[3];
-    rocksdb_multi_get_cf(db, roptions, get_handles, 3, keys, keys_sizes, vals, vals_sizes, errs);
+    rocksdb_multi_get_cf(db, roptions, get_handles, 3, keys, keys_sizes, vals,
+                         vals_sizes, errs);
 
     int i;
     for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
       CheckEqual(NULL, errs[i], 0);
       switch (i) {
-      case 0:
-        CheckEqual(NULL, vals[i], vals_sizes[i]); // wrong cf
-        break;
-      case 1:
-        CheckEqual("c", vals[i], vals_sizes[i]); // bingo
-        break;
-      case 2:
-        CheckEqual(NULL, vals[i], vals_sizes[i]); // normal not found
-        break;
+        case 0:
+          CheckEqual(NULL, vals[i], vals_sizes[i]);  // wrong cf
+          break;
+        case 1:
+          CheckEqual("c", vals[i], vals_sizes[i]);  // bingo
+          break;
+        case 2:
+          CheckEqual(NULL, vals[i], vals_sizes[i]);  // normal not found
+          break;
       }
       Free(&vals[i]);
     }
@@ -1577,7 +1581,8 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
       }
     }
 
-    rocksdb_iterator_t* iter = rocksdb_create_iterator_cf(db, roptions, handles[1]);
+    rocksdb_iterator_t* iter =
+        rocksdb_create_iterator_cf(db, roptions, handles[1]);
     CheckCondition(!rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
     rocksdb_iter_seek_to_first(iter);
     CheckCondition(rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
@@ -1590,9 +1595,11 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     CheckNoError(err);
     rocksdb_iter_destroy(iter);
 
-    rocksdb_column_family_handle_t* iters_cf_handles[2] = { handles[0], handles[1] };
+    rocksdb_column_family_handle_t* iters_cf_handles[2] = {handles[0],
+                                                           handles[1]};
     rocksdb_iterator_t* iters_handles[2];
-    rocksdb_create_iterators(db, roptions, iters_cf_handles, iters_handles, 2, &err);
+    rocksdb_create_iterators(db, roptions, iters_cf_handles, iters_handles, 2,
+                             &err);
     CheckNoError(err);
 
     iter = iters_handles[0];
@@ -1637,7 +1644,8 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
   {
     // Create new database
     rocksdb_options_set_allow_mmap_reads(options, 1);
-    rocksdb_options_set_prefix_extractor(options, rocksdb_slicetransform_create_fixed_prefix(3));
+    rocksdb_options_set_prefix_extractor(
+        options, rocksdb_slicetransform_create_fixed_prefix(3));
     rocksdb_options_set_hash_skip_list_rep(options, 5000, 4, 4);
     rocksdb_options_set_plain_table_factory(options, 4, 10, 0.75, 16);
     rocksdb_options_set_allow_concurrent_memtable_write(options, 0);
@@ -1732,8 +1740,9 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     // amount of memory used within memtables should grow
     CheckCondition(rocksdb_approximate_memory_usage_get_mem_table_total(mu2) >=
                    rocksdb_approximate_memory_usage_get_mem_table_total(mu1));
-    CheckCondition(rocksdb_approximate_memory_usage_get_mem_table_unflushed(mu2) >=
-                   rocksdb_approximate_memory_usage_get_mem_table_unflushed(mu1));
+    CheckCondition(
+        rocksdb_approximate_memory_usage_get_mem_table_unflushed(mu2) >=
+        rocksdb_approximate_memory_usage_get_mem_table_unflushed(mu1));
 
     rocksdb_memory_consumers_destroy(consumers);
     rocksdb_approximate_memory_usage_destroy(mu1);
@@ -2053,6 +2062,9 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     rocksdb_options_set_blob_file_starting_level(o, 5);
     CheckCondition(5 == rocksdb_options_get_blob_file_starting_level(o));
 
+    rocksdb_options_set_prepopulate_blob_cache(o, 1 /* flush only */);
+    CheckCondition(1 == rocksdb_options_get_prepopulate_blob_cache(o));
+
     // Create a copy that should be equal to the original.
     rocksdb_options_t* copy;
     copy = rocksdb_options_create_copy(o);
@@ -2821,53 +2833,57 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     db = rocksdb_open(options, dbname, &err);
     CheckNoError(err);
 
-    rocksdb_put(db, woptions, "a",    1, "0",    1, &err); CheckNoError(err);
-    rocksdb_put(db, woptions, "foo",  3, "bar",  3, &err); CheckNoError(err);
-    rocksdb_put(db, woptions, "foo1", 4, "bar1", 4, &err); CheckNoError(err);
-    rocksdb_put(db, woptions, "g1",   2, "0",    1, &err); CheckNoError(err);
+    rocksdb_put(db, woptions, "a", 1, "0", 1, &err);
+    CheckNoError(err);
+    rocksdb_put(db, woptions, "foo", 3, "bar", 3, &err);
+    CheckNoError(err);
+    rocksdb_put(db, woptions, "foo1", 4, "bar1", 4, &err);
+    CheckNoError(err);
+    rocksdb_put(db, woptions, "g1", 2, "0", 1, &err);
+    CheckNoError(err);
 
     // testing basic case with no iterate_upper_bound and no prefix_extractor
     {
-       rocksdb_readoptions_set_iterate_upper_bound(roptions, NULL, 0);
-       rocksdb_iterator_t* iter = rocksdb_create_iterator(db, roptions);
+      rocksdb_readoptions_set_iterate_upper_bound(roptions, NULL, 0);
+      rocksdb_iterator_t* iter = rocksdb_create_iterator(db, roptions);
 
-       rocksdb_iter_seek(iter, "foo", 3);
-       CheckCondition(rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
-       CheckIter(iter, "foo", "bar");
+      rocksdb_iter_seek(iter, "foo", 3);
+      CheckCondition(rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
+      CheckIter(iter, "foo", "bar");
 
-       rocksdb_iter_next(iter);
-       CheckCondition(rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
-       CheckIter(iter, "foo1", "bar1");
+      rocksdb_iter_next(iter);
+      CheckCondition(rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
+      CheckIter(iter, "foo1", "bar1");
 
-       rocksdb_iter_next(iter);
-       CheckCondition(rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
-       CheckIter(iter, "g1", "0");
+      rocksdb_iter_next(iter);
+      CheckCondition(rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
+      CheckIter(iter, "g1", "0");
 
-       rocksdb_iter_destroy(iter);
+      rocksdb_iter_destroy(iter);
     }
 
     // testing iterate_upper_bound and forward iterator
     // to make sure it stops at bound
     {
-       // iterate_upper_bound points beyond the last expected entry
-       rocksdb_readoptions_set_iterate_upper_bound(roptions, "foo2", 4);
+      // iterate_upper_bound points beyond the last expected entry
+      rocksdb_readoptions_set_iterate_upper_bound(roptions, "foo2", 4);
 
-       rocksdb_iterator_t* iter = rocksdb_create_iterator(db, roptions);
+      rocksdb_iterator_t* iter = rocksdb_create_iterator(db, roptions);
 
-       rocksdb_iter_seek(iter, "foo", 3);
-       CheckCondition(rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
-       CheckIter(iter, "foo", "bar");
+      rocksdb_iter_seek(iter, "foo", 3);
+      CheckCondition(rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
+      CheckIter(iter, "foo", "bar");
 
-       rocksdb_iter_next(iter);
-       CheckCondition(rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
-       CheckIter(iter, "foo1", "bar1");
+      rocksdb_iter_next(iter);
+      CheckCondition(rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
+      CheckIter(iter, "foo1", "bar1");
 
-       rocksdb_iter_next(iter);
-       // should stop here...
-       CheckCondition(!rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
+      rocksdb_iter_next(iter);
+      // should stop here...
+      CheckCondition(!rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
 
-       rocksdb_iter_destroy(iter);
-       rocksdb_readoptions_set_iterate_upper_bound(roptions, NULL, 0);
+      rocksdb_iter_destroy(iter);
+      rocksdb_readoptions_set_iterate_upper_bound(roptions, NULL, 0);
     }
   }
 
@@ -2991,7 +3007,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     snapshot = rocksdb_transactiondb_create_snapshot(txn_db);
     rocksdb_readoptions_set_snapshot(roptions, snapshot);
 
-    rocksdb_transactiondb_put(txn_db, woptions, "foo", 3, "hey", 3,  &err);
+    rocksdb_transactiondb_put(txn_db, woptions, "foo", 3, "hey", 3, &err);
     CheckNoError(err);
 
     CheckTxnDBGet(txn_db, roptions, "foo", "hello");
@@ -3003,7 +3019,8 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
 
     // iterate
     rocksdb_transaction_put(txn, "bar", 3, "hi", 2, &err);
-    rocksdb_iterator_t* iter = rocksdb_transaction_create_iterator(txn, roptions);
+    rocksdb_iterator_t* iter =
+        rocksdb_transaction_create_iterator(txn, roptions);
     CheckCondition(!rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
     rocksdb_iter_seek_to_first(iter);
     CheckCondition(rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));

db/column_family.cc

@@ -192,8 +192,7 @@ Status CheckCFPathsSupported(const DBOptions& db_options,
       return Status::NotSupported(
           "More than one CF paths are only supported in "
           "universal and level compaction styles. ");
-    } else if (cf_options.cf_paths.empty() &&
-               db_options.db_paths.size() > 1) {
+    } else if (cf_options.cf_paths.empty() && db_options.db_paths.size() > 1) {
       return Status::NotSupported(
           "More than one DB paths are only supported in "
           "universal and level compaction styles. ");
@@ -205,7 +204,7 @@ Status CheckCFPathsSupported(const DBOptions& db_options,
 namespace {
 const uint64_t kDefaultTtl = 0xfffffffffffffffe;
 const uint64_t kDefaultPeriodicCompSecs = 0xfffffffffffffffe;
-}  // namespace
+}  // anonymous namespace
 
 ColumnFamilyOptions SanitizeOptions(const ImmutableDBOptions& db_options,
                                     const ColumnFamilyOptions& src) {
@@ -233,6 +232,21 @@ ColumnFamilyOptions SanitizeOptions(const ImmutableDBOptions& db_options,
     result.min_write_buffer_number_to_merge = 1;
   }
 
+  if (db_options.atomic_flush && result.min_write_buffer_number_to_merge > 1) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_WARN(
+        db_options.logger,
+        "Currently, if atomic_flush is true, then triggering flush for any "
+        "column family internally (non-manual flush) will trigger flushing "
+        "all column families even if the number of memtables is smaller "
+        "min_write_buffer_number_to_merge. Therefore, configuring "
+        "min_write_buffer_number_to_merge > 1 is not compatible and should "
+        "be satinized to 1. Not doing so will lead to data loss and "
+        "inconsistent state across multiple column families when WAL is "
+        "disabled, which is a common setting for atomic flush");
+
+    result.min_write_buffer_number_to_merge = 1;
+  }
+
   if (result.num_levels < 1) {
     result.num_levels = 1;
   }
@@ -276,7 +290,6 @@ ColumnFamilyOptions SanitizeOptions(const ImmutableDBOptions& db_options,
   }
 
   if (result.compaction_style == kCompactionStyleFIFO) {
-    result.num_levels = 1;
     // since we delete level0 files in FIFO compaction when there are too many
     // of them, these options don't really mean anything
     result.level0_slowdown_writes_trigger = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
@@ -339,7 +352,8 @@ ColumnFamilyOptions SanitizeOptions(const ImmutableDBOptions& db_options,
   // were not deleted yet, when we open the DB we will find these .trash files
   // and schedule them to be deleted (or delete immediately if SstFileManager
   // was not used)
-  auto sfm = static_cast<SstFileManagerImpl*>(db_options.sst_file_manager.get());
+  auto sfm =
+      static_cast<SstFileManagerImpl*>(db_options.sst_file_manager.get());
   for (size_t i = 0; i < result.cf_paths.size(); i++) {
     DeleteScheduler::CleanupDirectory(db_options.env, sfm,
                                       result.cf_paths[i].path)
@@ -543,7 +557,6 @@ ColumnFamilyData::ColumnFamilyData(
       next_(nullptr),
       prev_(nullptr),
       log_number_(0),
-      flush_reason_(FlushReason::kOthers),
       column_family_set_(column_family_set),
       queued_for_flush_(false),
       queued_for_compaction_(false),
@@ -596,8 +609,8 @@ ColumnFamilyData::ColumnFamilyData(
       compaction_picker_.reset(
           new FIFOCompactionPicker(ioptions_, &internal_comparator_));
     } else if (ioptions_.compaction_style == kCompactionStyleNone) {
-      compaction_picker_.reset(new NullCompactionPicker(
-          ioptions_, &internal_comparator_));
+      compaction_picker_.reset(
+          new NullCompactionPicker(ioptions_, &internal_comparator_));
       ROCKS_LOG_WARN(ioptions_.logger,
                      "Column family %s does not use any background compaction. "
                      "Compactions can only be done via CompactFiles\n",
@@ -699,19 +712,6 @@ ColumnFamilyData::~ColumnFamilyData() {
           id_, name_.c_str());
     }
   }
-
-  if (data_dirs_.size()) {  // Explicitly close data directories
-    Status s = Status::OK();
-    for (auto& data_dir_ptr : data_dirs_) {
-      if (data_dir_ptr) {
-        s = data_dir_ptr->Close(IOOptions(), nullptr);
-        if (!s.ok()) {
-          // TODO(zichen): add `Status Close()` and `CloseDirectories()
-          s.PermitUncheckedError();
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
 }
 
 bool ColumnFamilyData::UnrefAndTryDelete() {
@@ -786,13 +786,13 @@ namespace {
 std::unique_ptr<WriteControllerToken> SetupDelay(
     WriteController* write_controller, uint64_t compaction_needed_bytes,
     uint64_t prev_compaction_need_bytes, bool penalize_stop,
-    bool auto_comapctions_disabled) {
+    bool auto_compactions_disabled) {
   const uint64_t kMinWriteRate = 16 * 1024u;  // Minimum write rate 16KB/s.
 
   uint64_t max_write_rate = write_controller->max_delayed_write_rate();
   uint64_t write_rate = write_controller->delayed_write_rate();
 
-  if (auto_comapctions_disabled) {
+  if (auto_compactions_disabled) {
     // When auto compaction is disabled, always use the value user gave.
     write_rate = max_write_rate;
   } else if (write_controller->NeedsDelay() && max_write_rate > kMinWriteRate) {
@@ -877,7 +877,7 @@ int GetL0ThresholdSpeedupCompaction(int level0_file_num_compaction_trigger,
     return static_cast<int>(res);
   }
 }
-}  // namespace
+}  // anonymous namespace
 
 std::pair<WriteStallCondition, ColumnFamilyData::WriteStallCause>
 ColumnFamilyData::GetWriteStallConditionAndCause(
@@ -918,7 +918,7 @@ ColumnFamilyData::GetWriteStallConditionAndCause(
 }
 
 WriteStallCondition ColumnFamilyData::RecalculateWriteStallConditions(
-      const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options) {
+    const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options) {
   auto write_stall_condition = WriteStallCondition::kNormal;
   if (current_ != nullptr) {
     auto* vstorage = current_->storage_info();
@@ -1011,7 +1011,8 @@ WriteStallCondition ColumnFamilyData::RecalculateWriteStallConditions(
           mutable_cf_options.hard_pending_compaction_bytes_limit > 0 &&
           (compaction_needed_bytes -
            mutable_cf_options.soft_pending_compaction_bytes_limit) >
-              3 * (mutable_cf_options.hard_pending_compaction_bytes_limit -
+              3 *
+                  (mutable_cf_options.hard_pending_compaction_bytes_limit -
                    mutable_cf_options.soft_pending_compaction_bytes_limit) /
                   4;
 
@@ -1157,13 +1158,14 @@ Status ColumnFamilyData::RangesOverlapWithMemtables(
   MergeIteratorBuilder merge_iter_builder(&internal_comparator_, &arena);
   merge_iter_builder.AddIterator(
       super_version->mem->NewIterator(read_opts, &arena));
-  super_version->imm->AddIterators(read_opts, &merge_iter_builder);
+  super_version->imm->AddIterators(read_opts, &merge_iter_builder,
+                                   false /* add_range_tombstone_iter */);
   ScopedArenaIterator memtable_iter(merge_iter_builder.Finish());
 
   auto read_seq = super_version->current->version_set()->LastSequence();
   ReadRangeDelAggregator range_del_agg(&internal_comparator_, read_seq);
-  auto* active_range_del_iter =
-      super_version->mem->NewRangeTombstoneIterator(read_opts, read_seq);
+  auto* active_range_del_iter = super_version->mem->NewRangeTombstoneIterator(
+      read_opts, read_seq, false /* immutable_memtable */);
   range_del_agg.AddTombstones(
       std::unique_ptr<FragmentedRangeTombstoneIterator>(active_range_del_iter));
   Status status;
@@ -1217,6 +1219,7 @@ Compaction* ColumnFamilyData::CompactRange(
   if (result != nullptr) {
     result->SetInputVersion(current_);
   }
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT("ColumnFamilyData::CompactRange:Return");
   return result;
 }
 
@@ -1300,8 +1303,8 @@ bool ColumnFamilyData::ReturnThreadLocalSuperVersion(SuperVersion* sv) {
   return false;
 }
 
-void ColumnFamilyData::InstallSuperVersion(
-    SuperVersionContext* sv_context, InstrumentedMutex* db_mutex) {
+void ColumnFamilyData::InstallSuperVersion(SuperVersionContext* sv_context,
+                                           InstrumentedMutex* db_mutex) {
   db_mutex->AssertHeld();
   return InstallSuperVersion(sv_context, mutable_cf_options_);
 }
@@ -1428,6 +1431,14 @@ Status ColumnFamilyData::ValidateOptions(
         "FIFO compaction only supported with max_open_files = -1.");
   }
 
+  std::vector<uint32_t> supported{0, 1, 2, 4, 8};
+  if (std::find(supported.begin(), supported.end(),
+                cf_options.memtable_protection_bytes_per_key) ==
+      supported.end()) {
+    return Status::NotSupported(
+        "Memtable per key-value checksum protection only supports 0, 1, 2, 4 "
+        "or 8 bytes per key.");
+  }
   return s;
 }
 
@@ -1470,8 +1481,8 @@ Env::WriteLifeTimeHint ColumnFamilyData::CalculateSSTWriteHint(int level) {
     // than base_level.
     return Env::WLTH_MEDIUM;
   }
-  return static_cast<Env::WriteLifeTimeHint>(level - base_level +
-                            static_cast<int>(Env::WLTH_MEDIUM));
+  return static_cast<Env::WriteLifeTimeHint>(
+      level - base_level + static_cast<int>(Env::WLTH_MEDIUM));
 }
 
 Status ColumnFamilyData::AddDirectories(
@@ -1567,8 +1578,8 @@ ColumnFamilyData* ColumnFamilySet::GetColumnFamily(uint32_t id) const {
   }
 }
 
-ColumnFamilyData* ColumnFamilySet::GetColumnFamily(const std::string& name)
-    const {
+ColumnFamilyData* ColumnFamilySet::GetColumnFamily(
+    const std::string& name) const {
   auto cfd_iter = column_families_.find(name);
   if (cfd_iter != column_families_.end()) {
     auto cfd = GetColumnFamily(cfd_iter->second);

db/column_family.h

@@ -163,8 +163,8 @@ extern const double kIncSlowdownRatio;
 class ColumnFamilyHandleImpl : public ColumnFamilyHandle {
  public:
   // create while holding the mutex
-  ColumnFamilyHandleImpl(
-      ColumnFamilyData* cfd, DBImpl* db, InstrumentedMutex* mutex);
+  ColumnFamilyHandleImpl(ColumnFamilyData* cfd, DBImpl* db,
+                         InstrumentedMutex* mutex);
   // destroy without mutex
   virtual ~ColumnFamilyHandleImpl();
   virtual ColumnFamilyData* cfd() const { return cfd_; }
@@ -189,7 +189,8 @@ class ColumnFamilyHandleImpl : public ColumnFamilyHandle {
 class ColumnFamilyHandleInternal : public ColumnFamilyHandleImpl {
  public:
   ColumnFamilyHandleInternal()
-      : ColumnFamilyHandleImpl(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr), internal_cfd_(nullptr) {}
+      : ColumnFamilyHandleImpl(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr),
+        internal_cfd_(nullptr) {}
 
   void SetCFD(ColumnFamilyData* _cfd) { internal_cfd_ = _cfd; }
   virtual ColumnFamilyData* cfd() const override { return internal_cfd_; }
@@ -309,10 +310,6 @@ class ColumnFamilyData {
   void SetLogNumber(uint64_t log_number) { log_number_ = log_number; }
   uint64_t GetLogNumber() const { return log_number_; }
 
-  void SetFlushReason(FlushReason flush_reason) {
-    flush_reason_ = flush_reason;
-  }
-  FlushReason GetFlushReason() const { return flush_reason_; }
   // thread-safe
   const FileOptions* soptions() const;
   const ImmutableOptions* ioptions() const { return &ioptions_; }
@@ -357,7 +354,7 @@ class ColumnFamilyData {
   Version* current() { return current_; }
   Version* dummy_versions() { return dummy_versions_; }
   void SetCurrent(Version* _current);
-  uint64_t GetNumLiveVersions() const;  // REQUIRE: DB mutex held
+  uint64_t GetNumLiveVersions() const;    // REQUIRE: DB mutex held
   uint64_t GetTotalSstFilesSize() const;  // REQUIRE: DB mutex held
   uint64_t GetLiveSstFilesSize() const;   // REQUIRE: DB mutex held
   uint64_t GetTotalBlobFileSize() const;  // REQUIRE: DB mutex held
@@ -524,6 +521,8 @@ class ColumnFamilyData {
     return file_metadata_cache_res_mgr_;
   }
 
+  SequenceNumber GetFirstMemtableSequenceNumber() const;
+
   static const uint32_t kDummyColumnFamilyDataId;
 
   // Keep track of whether the mempurge feature was ever used.
@@ -550,7 +549,7 @@ class ColumnFamilyData {
   Version* dummy_versions_;  // Head of circular doubly-linked list of versions.
   Version* current_;         // == dummy_versions->prev_
 
-  std::atomic<int> refs_;      // outstanding references to ColumnFamilyData
+  std::atomic<int> refs_;  // outstanding references to ColumnFamilyData
   std::atomic<bool> initialized_;
   std::atomic<bool> dropped_;  // true if client dropped it
 
@@ -595,8 +594,6 @@ class ColumnFamilyData {
   // recovered from
   uint64_t log_number_;
 
-  std::atomic<FlushReason> flush_reason_;
-
   // An object that keeps all the compaction stats
   // and picks the next compaction
   std::unique_ptr<CompactionPicker> compaction_picker_;
@@ -654,8 +651,7 @@ class ColumnFamilySet {
   // ColumnFamilySet supports iteration
   class iterator {
    public:
-    explicit iterator(ColumnFamilyData* cfd)
-        : current_(cfd) {}
+    explicit iterator(ColumnFamilyData* cfd) : current_(cfd) {}
     // NOTE: minimum operators for for-loop iteration
     iterator& operator++() {
       current_ = current_->next_;

db/column_family_test.cc

@@ -39,9 +39,7 @@ class EnvCounter : public SpecialEnv {
  public:
   explicit EnvCounter(Env* base)
       : SpecialEnv(base), num_new_writable_file_(0) {}
-  int GetNumberOfNewWritableFileCalls() {
-    return num_new_writable_file_;
-  }
+  int GetNumberOfNewWritableFileCalls() { return num_new_writable_file_; }
   Status NewWritableFile(const std::string& f, std::unique_ptr<WritableFile>* r,
                          const EnvOptions& soptions) override {
     ++num_new_writable_file_;
@@ -187,7 +185,7 @@ class ColumnFamilyTestBase : public testing::Test {
   }
 
   Status OpenReadOnly(std::vector<std::string> cf,
-                         std::vector<ColumnFamilyOptions> options = {}) {
+                      std::vector<ColumnFamilyOptions> options = {}) {
     std::vector<ColumnFamilyDescriptor> column_families;
     names_.clear();
     for (size_t i = 0; i < cf.size(); ++i) {
@@ -201,20 +199,17 @@ class ColumnFamilyTestBase : public testing::Test {
 
 #ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE  // ReadOnlyDB is not supported
   void AssertOpenReadOnly(std::vector<std::string> cf,
-                    std::vector<ColumnFamilyOptions> options = {}) {
+                          std::vector<ColumnFamilyOptions> options = {}) {
     ASSERT_OK(OpenReadOnly(cf, options));
   }
 #endif  // !ROCKSDB_LITE
 
-
   void Open(std::vector<std::string> cf,
             std::vector<ColumnFamilyOptions> options = {}) {
     ASSERT_OK(TryOpen(cf, options));
   }
 
-  void Open() {
-    Open({"default"});
-  }
+  void Open() { Open({"default"}); }
 
   DBImpl* dbfull() { return static_cast_with_check<DBImpl>(db_); }
 
@@ -253,7 +248,7 @@ class ColumnFamilyTestBase : public testing::Test {
   }
 
   void Destroy(const std::vector<ColumnFamilyDescriptor>& column_families =
-                  std::vector<ColumnFamilyDescriptor>()) {
+                   std::vector<ColumnFamilyDescriptor>()) {
     Close();
     ASSERT_OK(DestroyDB(dbname_, Options(db_options_, column_family_options_),
                         column_families));
@@ -335,9 +330,7 @@ class ColumnFamilyTestBase : public testing::Test {
     ASSERT_OK(dbfull()->TEST_WaitForFlushMemTable(handles_[cf]));
   }
 
-  void WaitForCompaction() {
-    ASSERT_OK(dbfull()->TEST_WaitForCompact());
-  }
+  void WaitForCompaction() { ASSERT_OK(dbfull()->TEST_WaitForCompact()); }
 
   uint64_t MaxTotalInMemoryState() {
     return dbfull()->TEST_MaxTotalInMemoryState();
@@ -354,9 +347,7 @@ class ColumnFamilyTestBase : public testing::Test {
   Status Merge(int cf, const std::string& key, const std::string& value) {
     return db_->Merge(WriteOptions(), handles_[cf], Slice(key), Slice(value));
   }
-  Status Flush(int cf) {
-    return db_->Flush(FlushOptions(), handles_[cf]);
-  }
+  Status Flush(int cf) { return db_->Flush(FlushOptions(), handles_[cf]); }
 
   std::string Get(int cf, const std::string& key) {
     ReadOptions options;
@@ -409,8 +400,8 @@ class ColumnFamilyTestBase : public testing::Test {
 #ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
     ASSERT_EQ(value, FilesPerLevel(cf));
 #else
-    (void) value;
-    (void) cf;
+    (void)value;
+    (void)cf;
 #endif
   }
 
@@ -426,7 +417,7 @@ class ColumnFamilyTestBase : public testing::Test {
 #ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
     ASSERT_EQ(expected_value, CountLiveFiles());
 #else
-    (void) expected_value;
+    (void)expected_value;
 #endif
   }
 
@@ -476,7 +467,7 @@ class ColumnFamilyTestBase : public testing::Test {
 #ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE  // GetSortedWalFiles is not supported
     ASSERT_EQ(value, CountLiveLogFiles());
 #else
-    (void) value;
+    (void)value;
 #endif  // !ROCKSDB_LITE
   }
 
@@ -521,14 +512,14 @@ class ColumnFamilyTestBase : public testing::Test {
     return static_cast<int>(files.size());
   }
 
-  void RecalculateWriteStallConditions(ColumnFamilyData* cfd,
-      const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options)  {
+  void RecalculateWriteStallConditions(
+      ColumnFamilyData* cfd, const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options) {
     // add lock to avoid race condition between
     // `RecalculateWriteStallConditions` which writes to CFStats and
     // background `DBImpl::DumpStats()` threads which read CFStats
     dbfull()->TEST_LockMutex();
     cfd->RecalculateWriteStallConditions(mutable_cf_options);
-    dbfull()-> TEST_UnlockMutex();
+    dbfull()->TEST_UnlockMutex();
   }
 
   std::vector<ColumnFamilyHandle*> handles_;
@@ -970,8 +961,7 @@ TEST_P(ColumnFamilyTest, FlushTest) {
     }
 
     for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
-      uint64_t max_total_in_memory_state =
-          MaxTotalInMemoryState();
+      uint64_t max_total_in_memory_state = MaxTotalInMemoryState();
       ASSERT_OK(Flush(i));
       AssertMaxTotalInMemoryState(max_total_in_memory_state);
     }
@@ -1116,7 +1106,7 @@ TEST_P(ColumnFamilyTest, DifferentWriteBufferSizes) {
   CreateColumnFamilies({"one", "two", "three"});
   ColumnFamilyOptions default_cf, one, two, three;
   // setup options. all column families have max_write_buffer_number setup to 10
-  // "default" -> 100KB memtable, start flushing immediatelly
+  // "default" -> 100KB memtable, start flushing immediately
   // "one" -> 200KB memtable, start flushing with two immutable memtables
   // "two" -> 1MB memtable, start flushing with three immutable memtables
   // "three" -> 90KB memtable, start flushing with four immutable memtables
@@ -1209,7 +1199,7 @@ TEST_P(ColumnFamilyTest, DifferentWriteBufferSizes) {
   WaitForFlush(2);
   AssertNumberOfImmutableMemtables({0, 0, 0, 0});
   AssertCountLiveLogFiles(12);
-  PutRandomData(1, 2*200, 1000);
+  PutRandomData(1, 2 * 200, 1000);
   WaitForFlush(1);
   AssertNumberOfImmutableMemtables({0, 0, 0, 0});
   AssertCountLiveLogFiles(7);
@@ -2123,7 +2113,6 @@ TEST_P(ColumnFamilyTest, ReadOnlyDBTest) {
   ASSERT_EQ("bla", Get(1, "foo"));
   ASSERT_EQ("blablablabla", Get(2, "foo"));
 
-
   // test newiterators
   {
     std::vector<Iterator*> iterators;
@@ -2207,9 +2196,22 @@ TEST_P(ColumnFamilyTest, FlushStaleColumnFamilies) {
   PutRandomData(0, 100, 1000);  // flush
   WaitForFlush(0);
   WaitForFlush(2);
-  // 3 files for default column families, 1 file for column family [two], zero
-  // files for column family [one], because it's empty
-  AssertCountLiveFiles(4);
+  // at least 3 files for default column families, 1 file for column family
+  // [two], zero files for column family [one], because it's empty
+  std::vector<LiveFileMetaData> metadata;
+  db_->GetLiveFilesMetaData(&metadata);
+  ASSERT_GE(metadata.size(), 4);
+  bool has_cf1_sst = false;
+  bool has_cf2_sst = false;
+  for (const auto& file : metadata) {
+    if (file.column_family_name == "one") {
+      has_cf1_sst = true;
+    } else if (file.column_family_name == "two") {
+      has_cf2_sst = true;
+    }
+  }
+  ASSERT_FALSE(has_cf1_sst);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(has_cf2_sst);
 
   ASSERT_OK(Flush(0));
   ASSERT_EQ(0, dbfull()->TEST_total_log_size());
@@ -2475,7 +2477,7 @@ void DropSingleColumnFamily(ColumnFamilyTest* cf_test, int cf_id,
   }
   test_stage = kChildThreadFinishDroppingColumnFamily;
 }
-}  // namespace
+}  // anonymous namespace
 
 TEST_P(ColumnFamilyTest, CreateAndDropRace) {
   const int kCfCount = 5;
@@ -2926,7 +2928,7 @@ TEST_P(ColumnFamilyTest, CompactionSpeedupTwoColumnFamilies) {
   ASSERT_EQ(1, dbfull()->TEST_BGCompactionsAllowed());
 }
 
-TEST_P(ColumnFamilyTest, CreateAndDestoryOptions) {
+TEST_P(ColumnFamilyTest, CreateAndDestroyOptions) {
   std::unique_ptr<ColumnFamilyOptions> cfo(new ColumnFamilyOptions());
   ColumnFamilyHandle* cfh;
   Open();
@@ -3420,6 +3422,27 @@ TEST(ColumnFamilyTest, ValidateBlobGCForceThreshold) {
                   .IsInvalidArgument());
 }
 
+TEST(ColumnFamilyTest, ValidateMemtableKVChecksumOption) {
+  DBOptions db_options;
+
+  ColumnFamilyOptions cf_options;
+  ASSERT_OK(ColumnFamilyData::ValidateOptions(db_options, cf_options));
+
+  cf_options.memtable_protection_bytes_per_key = 5;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(ColumnFamilyData::ValidateOptions(db_options, cf_options)
+                  .IsNotSupported());
+
+  cf_options.memtable_protection_bytes_per_key = 1;
+  ASSERT_OK(ColumnFamilyData::ValidateOptions(db_options, cf_options));
+
+  cf_options.memtable_protection_bytes_per_key = 16;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(ColumnFamilyData::ValidateOptions(db_options, cf_options)
+                  .IsNotSupported());
+
+  cf_options.memtable_protection_bytes_per_key = 0;
+  ASSERT_OK(ColumnFamilyData::ValidateOptions(db_options, cf_options));
+}
+
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {

db/compact_files_test.cc

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactFilesTest, L0ConflictsFiles) {
   options.compression = kNoCompression;
 
   DB* db = nullptr;
-  DestroyDB(db_name_, options);
+  ASSERT_OK(DestroyDB(db_name_, options));
   Status s = DB::Open(options, db_name_, &db);
   assert(s.ok());
   assert(db);
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactFilesTest, MultipleLevel) {
   options.listeners.emplace_back(collector);
 
   DB* db = nullptr;
-  DestroyDB(db_name_, options);
+  ASSERT_OK(DestroyDB(db_name_, options));
   Status s = DB::Open(options, db_name_, &db);
   ASSERT_OK(s);
   ASSERT_NE(db, nullptr);
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactFilesTest, ObsoleteFiles) {
   options.listeners.emplace_back(collector);
 
   DB* db = nullptr;
-  DestroyDB(db_name_, options);
+  ASSERT_OK(DestroyDB(db_name_, options));
   Status s = DB::Open(options, db_name_, &db);
   ASSERT_OK(s);
   ASSERT_NE(db, nullptr);
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactFilesTest, NotCutOutputOnLevel0) {
   options.listeners.emplace_back(collector);
 
   DB* db = nullptr;
-  DestroyDB(db_name_, options);
+  ASSERT_OK(DestroyDB(db_name_, options));
   Status s = DB::Open(options, db_name_, &db);
   assert(s.ok());
   assert(db);
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactFilesTest, CapturingPendingFiles) {
   options.listeners.emplace_back(collector);
 
   DB* db = nullptr;
-  DestroyDB(db_name_, options);
+  ASSERT_OK(DestroyDB(db_name_, options));
   Status s = DB::Open(options, db_name_, &db);
   ASSERT_OK(s);
   assert(db);
@@ -348,9 +348,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactFilesTest, CompactionFilterWithGetSv) {
       return true;
     }
 
-    void SetDB(DB* db) {
-      db_ = db;
-    }
+    void SetDB(DB* db) { db_ = db; }
 
     const char* Name() const override { return "FilterWithGet"; }
 
@@ -358,7 +356,6 @@ TEST_F(CompactFilesTest, CompactionFilterWithGetSv) {
     DB* db_;
   };
 
-
   std::shared_ptr<FilterWithGet> cf(new FilterWithGet());
 
   Options options;
@@ -366,7 +363,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactFilesTest, CompactionFilterWithGetSv) {
   options.compaction_filter = cf.get();
 
   DB* db = nullptr;
-  DestroyDB(db_name_, options);
+  ASSERT_OK(DestroyDB(db_name_, options));
   Status s = DB::Open(options, db_name_, &db);
   ASSERT_OK(s);
 
@@ -385,7 +382,6 @@ TEST_F(CompactFilesTest, CompactionFilterWithGetSv) {
         db->CompactFiles(ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CompactionOptions(), {fname}, 0));
   }
 
-
   delete db;
 }
 
@@ -400,11 +396,10 @@ TEST_F(CompactFilesTest, SentinelCompressionType) {
   }
   // Check that passing `CompressionType::kDisableCompressionOption` to
   // `CompactFiles` causes it to use the column family compression options.
-  for (auto compaction_style :
-       {CompactionStyle::kCompactionStyleLevel,
-        CompactionStyle::kCompactionStyleUniversal,
-        CompactionStyle::kCompactionStyleNone}) {
-    DestroyDB(db_name_, Options());
+  for (auto compaction_style : {CompactionStyle::kCompactionStyleLevel,
+                                CompactionStyle::kCompactionStyleUniversal,
+                                CompactionStyle::kCompactionStyleNone}) {
+    ASSERT_OK(DestroyDB(db_name_, Options()));
     Options options;
     options.compaction_style = compaction_style;
     // L0: Snappy, L1: ZSTD, L2: Snappy
@@ -458,7 +453,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactFilesTest, GetCompactionJobInfo) {
   options.listeners.emplace_back(collector);
 
   DB* db = nullptr;
-  DestroyDB(db_name_, options);
+  ASSERT_OK(DestroyDB(db_name_, options));
   Status s = DB::Open(options, db_name_, &db);
   ASSERT_OK(s);
   assert(db);
@@ -490,6 +485,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactFilesTest, GetCompactionJobInfo) {
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::port::InstallStackTraceHandler();
   ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
   return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 }

db/compaction/clipping_iterator_test.cc

@@ -253,6 +253,7 @@ INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::port::InstallStackTraceHandler();
   ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
   return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 }

db/compaction/compaction.cc

@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ Compaction::Compaction(
     : input_vstorage_(vstorage),
       start_level_(_inputs[0].level),
       output_level_(_output_level),
-      max_output_file_size_(_target_file_size),
+      target_output_file_size_(_target_file_size),
       max_compaction_bytes_(_max_compaction_bytes),
       max_subcompactions_(_max_subcompactions),
       immutable_options_(_immutable_options),
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ Compaction::Compaction(
               ? mutable_cf_options()->blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff
               : _blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff),
       penultimate_level_(EvaluatePenultimateLevel(
-          immutable_options_, start_level_, output_level_)) {
+          vstorage, immutable_options_, start_level_, output_level_)) {
   MarkFilesBeingCompacted(true);
   if (is_manual_compaction_) {
     compaction_reason_ = CompactionReason::kManualCompaction;
@@ -268,6 +268,14 @@ Compaction::Compaction(
     max_subcompactions_ = _mutable_db_options.max_subcompactions;
   }
 
+  // for the non-bottommost levels, it tries to build files match the target
+  // file size, but not guaranteed. It could be 2x the size of the target size.
+  max_output_file_size_ =
+      bottommost_level_ || grandparents_.empty() ||
+              !_immutable_options.level_compaction_dynamic_file_size
+          ? target_output_file_size_
+          : 2 * target_output_file_size_;
+
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   for (size_t i = 1; i < inputs_.size(); ++i) {
     assert(inputs_[i].level > inputs_[i - 1].level);
@@ -314,9 +322,67 @@ void Compaction::PopulatePenultimateLevelOutputRange() {
     return;
   }
 
+  // exclude the last level, the range of all input levels is the safe range
+  // of keys that can be moved up.
+  int exclude_level = number_levels_ - 1;
+  penultimate_output_range_type_ = PenultimateOutputRangeType::kNonLastRange;
+
+  // For universal compaction, the penultimate_output_range could be extended if
+  // all penultimate level files are included in the compaction (which includes
+  // the case that the penultimate level is empty).
+  if (immutable_options_.compaction_style == kCompactionStyleUniversal) {
+    exclude_level = kInvalidLevel;
+    std::set<uint64_t> penultimate_inputs;
+    for (const auto& input_lvl : inputs_) {
+      if (input_lvl.level == penultimate_level_) {
+        for (const auto& file : input_lvl.files) {
+          penultimate_inputs.emplace(file->fd.GetNumber());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    auto penultimate_files = input_vstorage_->LevelFiles(penultimate_level_);
+    for (const auto& file : penultimate_files) {
+      if (penultimate_inputs.find(file->fd.GetNumber()) ==
+          penultimate_inputs.end()) {
+        exclude_level = number_levels_ - 1;
+        penultimate_output_range_type_ = PenultimateOutputRangeType::kFullRange;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
   GetBoundaryKeys(input_vstorage_, inputs_,
                   &penultimate_level_smallest_user_key_,
-                  &penultimate_level_largest_user_key_, number_levels_ - 1);
+                  &penultimate_level_largest_user_key_, exclude_level);
+
+  // If there's a case that the penultimate level output range is overlapping
+  // with the existing files, disable the penultimate level output by setting
+  // the range to empty. One example is the range delete could have overlap
+  // boundary with the next file. (which is actually a false overlap)
+  // TODO: Exclude such false overlap, so it won't disable the penultimate
+  //  output.
+  std::set<uint64_t> penultimate_inputs;
+  for (const auto& input_lvl : inputs_) {
+    if (input_lvl.level == penultimate_level_) {
+      for (const auto& file : input_lvl.files) {
+        penultimate_inputs.emplace(file->fd.GetNumber());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  auto penultimate_files = input_vstorage_->LevelFiles(penultimate_level_);
+  for (const auto& file : penultimate_files) {
+    if (penultimate_inputs.find(file->fd.GetNumber()) ==
+            penultimate_inputs.end() &&
+        OverlapPenultimateLevelOutputRange(file->smallest.user_key(),
+                                           file->largest.user_key())) {
+      // basically disable the penultimate range output. which should be rare
+      // or a false overlap caused by range del
+      penultimate_level_smallest_user_key_ = "";
+      penultimate_level_largest_user_key_ = "";
+      penultimate_output_range_type_ = PenultimateOutputRangeType::kDisabled;
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 Compaction::~Compaction() {
@@ -334,6 +400,8 @@ bool Compaction::SupportsPerKeyPlacement() const {
 
 int Compaction::GetPenultimateLevel() const { return penultimate_level_; }
 
+// smallest_key and largest_key include timestamps if user-defined timestamp is
+// enabled.
 bool Compaction::OverlapPenultimateLevelOutputRange(
     const Slice& smallest_key, const Slice& largest_key) const {
   if (!SupportsPerKeyPlacement()) {
@@ -342,21 +410,30 @@ bool Compaction::OverlapPenultimateLevelOutputRange(
   const Comparator* ucmp =
       input_vstorage_->InternalComparator()->user_comparator();
 
-  return ucmp->Compare(smallest_key, penultimate_level_largest_user_key_) <=
-             0 &&
-         ucmp->Compare(largest_key, penultimate_level_smallest_user_key_) >= 0;
+  return ucmp->CompareWithoutTimestamp(
+             smallest_key, penultimate_level_largest_user_key_) <= 0 &&
+         ucmp->CompareWithoutTimestamp(
+             largest_key, penultimate_level_smallest_user_key_) >= 0;
 }
 
+// key includes timestamp if user-defined timestamp is enabled.
 bool Compaction::WithinPenultimateLevelOutputRange(const Slice& key) const {
   if (!SupportsPerKeyPlacement()) {
     return false;
   }
 
+  if (penultimate_level_smallest_user_key_.empty() ||
+      penultimate_level_largest_user_key_.empty()) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
   const Comparator* ucmp =
       input_vstorage_->InternalComparator()->user_comparator();
 
-  return ucmp->Compare(key, penultimate_level_smallest_user_key_) >= 0 &&
-         ucmp->Compare(key, penultimate_level_largest_user_key_) <= 0;
+  return ucmp->CompareWithoutTimestamp(
+             key, penultimate_level_smallest_user_key_) >= 0 &&
+         ucmp->CompareWithoutTimestamp(
+             key, penultimate_level_largest_user_key_) <= 0;
 }
 
 bool Compaction::InputCompressionMatchesOutput() const {
@@ -440,6 +517,11 @@ bool Compaction::IsTrivialMove() const {
     }
   }
 
+  // PerKeyPlacement compaction should never be trivial move.
+  if (SupportsPerKeyPlacement()) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
   return true;
 }
 
@@ -655,20 +737,23 @@ bool Compaction::IsOutputLevelEmpty() const {
 }
 
 bool Compaction::ShouldFormSubcompactions() const {
-  if (max_subcompactions_ <= 1 || cfd_ == nullptr) {
+  if (cfd_ == nullptr) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  // Note: the subcompaction boundary picking logic does not currently guarantee
-  // that all user keys that differ only by timestamp get processed by the same
-  // subcompaction.
-  if (cfd_->user_comparator()->timestamp_size() > 0) {
+  // Round-Robin pri under leveled compaction allows subcompactions by default
+  // and the number of subcompactions can be larger than max_subcompactions_
+  if (cfd_->ioptions()->compaction_pri == kRoundRobin &&
+      cfd_->ioptions()->compaction_style == kCompactionStyleLevel) {
+    return output_level_ > 0;
+  }
+
+  if (max_subcompactions_ <= 1) {
     return false;
   }
 
   if (cfd_->ioptions()->compaction_style == kCompactionStyleLevel) {
-    return (start_level_ == 0 || is_manual_compaction_) && output_level_ > 0 &&
-           !IsOutputLevelEmpty();
+    return (start_level_ == 0 || is_manual_compaction_) && output_level_ > 0;
   } else if (cfd_->ioptions()->compaction_style == kCompactionStyleUniversal) {
     return number_levels_ > 1 && output_level_ > 0;
   } else {
@@ -723,6 +808,7 @@ uint64_t Compaction::MinInputFileOldestAncesterTime(
 }
 
 int Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(
+    const VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
     const ImmutableOptions& immutable_options, const int start_level,
     const int output_level) {
   // TODO: currently per_key_placement feature only support level and universal
@@ -737,14 +823,26 @@ int Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(
 
   int penultimate_level = output_level - 1;
   assert(penultimate_level < immutable_options.num_levels);
-  if (penultimate_level <= 0 || penultimate_level < start_level) {
+  if (penultimate_level <= 0) {
     return kInvalidLevel;
   }
 
-  // TODO: will add public like `options.preclude_last_level_data_seconds` for
-  //  per_key_placement feature, will check that option here. Currently, only
-  //  set by unittest
-  bool supports_per_key_placement = false;
+  // If the penultimate level is not within input level -> output level range
+  // check if the penultimate output level is empty, if it's empty, it could
+  // also be locked for the penultimate output.
+  // TODO: ideally, it only needs to check if there's a file within the
+  //  compaction output key range. For simplicity, it just check if there's any
+  //  file on the penultimate level.
+  if (start_level == immutable_options.num_levels - 1 &&
+      (immutable_options.compaction_style != kCompactionStyleUniversal ||
+       !vstorage->LevelFiles(penultimate_level).empty())) {
+    return kInvalidLevel;
+  }
+
+  bool supports_per_key_placement =
+      immutable_options.preclude_last_level_data_seconds > 0;
+
+  // it could be overridden by unittest
   TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("Compaction::SupportsPerKeyPlacement:Enabled",
                            &supports_per_key_placement);
   if (!supports_per_key_placement) {

db/compaction/compaction.h

@@ -87,6 +87,15 @@ class Compaction {
                  BlobGarbageCollectionPolicy::kUseDefault,
              double blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff = -1);
 
+  // The type of the penultimate level output range
+  enum class PenultimateOutputRangeType : int {
+    kNotSupported,  // it cannot output to the penultimate level
+    kFullRange,     // any data could be output to the penultimate level
+    kNonLastRange,  // only the keys within non_last_level compaction inputs can
+                    // be outputted to the penultimate level
+    kDisabled,      // no data can be outputted to the penultimate level
+  };
+
   // No copying allowed
   Compaction(const Compaction&) = delete;
   void operator=(const Compaction&) = delete;
@@ -163,6 +172,9 @@ class Compaction {
   // Maximum size of files to build during this compaction.
   uint64_t max_output_file_size() const { return max_output_file_size_; }
 
+  // Target output file size for this compaction
+  uint64_t target_output_file_size() const { return target_output_file_size_; }
+
   // What compression for output
   CompressionType output_compression() const { return output_compression_; }
 
@@ -212,6 +224,11 @@ class Compaction {
   // Is this compaction creating a file in the bottom most level?
   bool bottommost_level() const { return bottommost_level_; }
 
+  // Is the compaction compact to the last level
+  bool is_last_level() const {
+    return output_level_ == immutable_options_.num_levels - 1;
+  }
+
   // Does this compaction include all sst files?
   bool is_full_compaction() const { return is_full_compaction_; }
 
@@ -302,6 +319,18 @@ class Compaction {
 
   Slice GetLargestUserKey() const { return largest_user_key_; }
 
+  Slice GetPenultimateLevelSmallestUserKey() const {
+    return penultimate_level_smallest_user_key_;
+  }
+
+  Slice GetPenultimateLevelLargestUserKey() const {
+    return penultimate_level_largest_user_key_;
+  }
+
+  PenultimateOutputRangeType GetPenultimateOutputRangeType() const {
+    return penultimate_output_range_type_;
+  }
+
   // Return true if the compaction supports per_key_placement
   bool SupportsPerKeyPlacement() const;
 
@@ -311,6 +340,8 @@ class Compaction {
 
   // Return true if the given range is overlap with penultimate level output
   // range.
+  // Both smallest_key and largest_key include timestamps if user-defined
+  // timestamp is enabled.
   bool OverlapPenultimateLevelOutputRange(const Slice& smallest_key,
                                           const Slice& largest_key) const;
 
@@ -320,6 +351,7 @@ class Compaction {
   // If per_key_placement is not supported, always return false.
   // TODO: currently it doesn't support moving data from the last level to the
   //  penultimate level
+  //  key includes timestamp if user-defined timestamp is enabled.
   bool WithinPenultimateLevelOutputRange(const Slice& key) const;
 
   CompactionReason compaction_reason() const { return compaction_reason_; }
@@ -358,11 +390,18 @@ class Compaction {
   }
 
   static constexpr int kInvalidLevel = -1;
+
   // Evaluate penultimate output level. If the compaction supports
   // per_key_placement feature, it returns the penultimate level number.
   // Otherwise, it's set to kInvalidLevel (-1), which means
   // output_to_penultimate_level is not supported.
-  static int EvaluatePenultimateLevel(const ImmutableOptions& immutable_options,
+  // Note: even the penultimate level output is supported (PenultimateLevel !=
+  // kInvalidLevel), some key range maybe unsafe to be outputted to the
+  // penultimate level. The safe key range is populated by
+  // `PopulatePenultimateLevelOutputRange()`.
+  // Which could potentially disable all penultimate level output.
+  static int EvaluatePenultimateLevel(const VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
+                                      const ImmutableOptions& immutable_options,
                                       const int start_level,
                                       const int output_level);
 
@@ -379,11 +418,6 @@ class Compaction {
   // populate penultimate level output range, which will be used to determine if
   // a key is safe to output to the penultimate level (details see
   // `Compaction::WithinPenultimateLevelOutputRange()`.
-  // TODO: Currently the penultimate level output range is the min/max keys of
-  //  non-last-level input files. Which is only good if there's no key moved
-  //  from the last level to the penultimate level. For a more complicated per
-  //  key placement which may move data from the last level to the penultimate
-  //  level, it needs extra check.
   void PopulatePenultimateLevelOutputRange();
 
   // Get the atomic file boundaries for all files in the compaction. Necessary
@@ -407,6 +441,7 @@ class Compaction {
 
   const int start_level_;   // the lowest level to be compacted
   const int output_level_;  // levels to which output files are stored
+  uint64_t target_output_file_size_;
   uint64_t max_output_file_size_;
   uint64_t max_compaction_bytes_;
   uint32_t max_subcompactions_;
@@ -465,9 +500,11 @@ class Compaction {
   TablePropertiesCollection output_table_properties_;
 
   // smallest user keys in compaction
+  // includes timestamp if user-defined timestamp is enabled.
   Slice smallest_user_key_;
 
   // largest user keys in compaction
+  // includes timestamp if user-defined timestamp is enabled.
   Slice largest_user_key_;
 
   // Reason for compaction
@@ -488,8 +525,12 @@ class Compaction {
   const int penultimate_level_;
 
   // Key range for penultimate level output
+  // includes timestamp if user-defined timestamp is enabled.
+  // penultimate_output_range_type_ shows the range type
   Slice penultimate_level_smallest_user_key_;
   Slice penultimate_level_largest_user_key_;
+  PenultimateOutputRangeType penultimate_output_range_type_ =
+      PenultimateOutputRangeType::kNotSupported;
 };
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG

db/compaction/compaction_iterator.cc

@@ -33,7 +33,9 @@ CompactionIterator::CompactionIterator(
     const Compaction* compaction, const CompactionFilter* compaction_filter,
     const std::atomic<bool>* shutting_down,
     const std::shared_ptr<Logger> info_log,
-    const std::string* full_history_ts_low)
+    const std::string* full_history_ts_low,
+    const SequenceNumber preserve_time_min_seqno,
+    const SequenceNumber preclude_last_level_min_seqno)
     : CompactionIterator(
           input, cmp, merge_helper, last_sequence, snapshots,
           earliest_write_conflict_snapshot, job_snapshot, snapshot_checker, env,
@@ -42,7 +44,8 @@ CompactionIterator::CompactionIterator(
           manual_compaction_canceled,
           std::unique_ptr<CompactionProxy>(
               compaction ? new RealCompaction(compaction) : nullptr),
-          compaction_filter, shutting_down, info_log, full_history_ts_low) {}
+          compaction_filter, shutting_down, info_log, full_history_ts_low,
+          preserve_time_min_seqno, preclude_last_level_min_seqno) {}
 
 CompactionIterator::CompactionIterator(
     InternalIterator* input, const Comparator* cmp, MergeHelper* merge_helper,
@@ -58,7 +61,9 @@ CompactionIterator::CompactionIterator(
     const CompactionFilter* compaction_filter,
     const std::atomic<bool>* shutting_down,
     const std::shared_ptr<Logger> info_log,
-    const std::string* full_history_ts_low)
+    const std::string* full_history_ts_low,
+    const SequenceNumber preserve_time_min_seqno,
+    const SequenceNumber preclude_last_level_min_seqno)
     : input_(input, cmp,
              !compaction || compaction->DoesInputReferenceBlobFiles()),
       cmp_(cmp),
@@ -77,6 +82,15 @@ CompactionIterator::CompactionIterator(
       compaction_filter_(compaction_filter),
       shutting_down_(shutting_down),
       manual_compaction_canceled_(manual_compaction_canceled),
+      bottommost_level_(!compaction_ ? false
+                                     : compaction_->bottommost_level() &&
+                                           !compaction_->allow_ingest_behind()),
+      // snapshots_ cannot be nullptr, but we will assert later in the body of
+      // the constructor.
+      visible_at_tip_(snapshots_ ? snapshots_->empty() : false),
+      earliest_snapshot_(!snapshots_ || snapshots_->empty()
+                             ? kMaxSequenceNumber
+                             : snapshots_->at(0)),
       info_log_(info_log),
       allow_data_in_errors_(allow_data_in_errors),
       enforce_single_del_contracts_(enforce_single_del_contracts),
@@ -92,27 +106,15 @@ CompactionIterator::CompactionIterator(
           CreatePrefetchBufferCollectionIfNeeded(compaction_.get())),
       current_key_committed_(false),
       cmp_with_history_ts_low_(0),
-      level_(compaction_ == nullptr ? 0 : compaction_->level()) {
+      level_(compaction_ == nullptr ? 0 : compaction_->level()),
+      preserve_time_min_seqno_(preserve_time_min_seqno),
+      preclude_last_level_min_seqno_(preclude_last_level_min_seqno) {
   assert(snapshots_ != nullptr);
-  bottommost_level_ = compaction_ == nullptr
-                          ? false
-                          : compaction_->bottommost_level() &&
-                                !compaction_->allow_ingest_behind();
+  assert(preserve_time_min_seqno_ <= preclude_last_level_min_seqno_);
+
   if (compaction_ != nullptr) {
     level_ptrs_ = std::vector<size_t>(compaction_->number_levels(), 0);
   }
-  if (snapshots_->size() == 0) {
-    // optimize for fast path if there are no snapshots
-    visible_at_tip_ = true;
-    earliest_snapshot_iter_ = snapshots_->end();
-    earliest_snapshot_ = kMaxSequenceNumber;
-    latest_snapshot_ = 0;
-  } else {
-    visible_at_tip_ = false;
-    earliest_snapshot_iter_ = snapshots_->begin();
-    earliest_snapshot_ = snapshots_->at(0);
-    latest_snapshot_ = snapshots_->back();
-  }
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   // findEarliestVisibleSnapshot assumes this ordering.
   for (size_t i = 1; i < snapshots_->size(); ++i) {
@@ -166,10 +168,15 @@ void CompactionIterator::Next() {
       }
 
       // Keep current_key_ in sync.
-      current_key_.UpdateInternalKey(ikey_.sequence, ikey_.type);
+      if (0 == timestamp_size_) {
+        current_key_.UpdateInternalKey(ikey_.sequence, ikey_.type);
+      } else {
+        Slice ts = ikey_.GetTimestamp(timestamp_size_);
+        current_key_.UpdateInternalKey(ikey_.sequence, ikey_.type, &ts);
+      }
       key_ = current_key_.GetInternalKey();
       ikey_.user_key = current_key_.GetUserKey();
-      valid_ = true;
+      validity_info_.SetValid(ValidContext::kMerge1);
     } else {
       // We consumed all pinned merge operands, release pinned iterators
       pinned_iters_mgr_.ReleasePinnedData();
@@ -187,7 +194,7 @@ void CompactionIterator::Next() {
     NextFromInput();
   }
 
-  if (valid_) {
+  if (Valid()) {
     // Record that we've outputted a record for the current key.
     has_outputted_key_ = true;
   }
@@ -224,7 +231,6 @@ bool CompactionIterator::InvokeFilterIfNeeded(bool* need_skip,
   {
     StopWatchNano timer(clock_, report_detailed_time_);
     if (kTypeBlobIndex == ikey_.type) {
-      blob_value_.Reset();
       filter = compaction_filter_->FilterBlobByKey(
           level_, filter_key, &compaction_filter_value_,
           compaction_filter_skip_until_.rep());
@@ -233,7 +239,7 @@ bool CompactionIterator::InvokeFilterIfNeeded(bool* need_skip,
         if (compaction_ == nullptr) {
           status_ =
               Status::Corruption("Unexpected blob index outside of compaction");
-          valid_ = false;
+          validity_info_.Invalidate();
           return false;
         }
 
@@ -248,7 +254,7 @@ bool CompactionIterator::InvokeFilterIfNeeded(bool* need_skip,
         Status s = blob_index.DecodeFrom(value_);
         if (!s.ok()) {
           status_ = s;
-          valid_ = false;
+          validity_info_.Invalidate();
           return false;
         }
 
@@ -266,7 +272,7 @@ bool CompactionIterator::InvokeFilterIfNeeded(bool* need_skip,
                                      &bytes_read);
         if (!s.ok()) {
           status_ = s;
-          valid_ = false;
+          validity_info_.Invalidate();
           return false;
         }
 
@@ -290,7 +296,7 @@ bool CompactionIterator::InvokeFilterIfNeeded(bool* need_skip,
     // Should not reach here, since FilterV2 should never return kUndetermined.
     status_ =
         Status::NotSupported("FilterV2() should never return kUndetermined");
-    valid_ = false;
+    validity_info_.Invalidate();
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -339,7 +345,7 @@ bool CompactionIterator::InvokeFilterIfNeeded(bool* need_skip,
       status_ = Status::NotSupported(
           "Only stacked BlobDB's internal compaction filter can return "
           "kChangeBlobIndex.");
-      valid_ = false;
+      validity_info_.Invalidate();
       return false;
     }
     if (ikey_.type == kTypeValue) {
@@ -352,7 +358,7 @@ bool CompactionIterator::InvokeFilterIfNeeded(bool* need_skip,
     if (!compaction_filter_->IsStackedBlobDbInternalCompactionFilter()) {
       status_ = Status::NotSupported(
           "CompactionFilter for integrated BlobDB should not return kIOError");
-      valid_ = false;
+      validity_info_.Invalidate();
       return false;
     }
     status_ = Status::IOError("Failed to access blob during compaction filter");
@@ -363,12 +369,13 @@ bool CompactionIterator::InvokeFilterIfNeeded(bool* need_skip,
 
 void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
   at_next_ = false;
-  valid_ = false;
+  validity_info_.Invalidate();
 
-  while (!valid_ && input_.Valid() && !IsPausingManualCompaction() &&
+  while (!Valid() && input_.Valid() && !IsPausingManualCompaction() &&
          !IsShuttingDown()) {
     key_ = input_.key();
     value_ = input_.value();
+    blob_value_.Reset();
     iter_stats_.num_input_records++;
 
     Status pik_status = ParseInternalKey(key_, &ikey_, allow_data_in_errors_);
@@ -385,7 +392,7 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
       has_current_user_key_ = false;
       current_user_key_sequence_ = kMaxSequenceNumber;
       current_user_key_snapshot_ = 0;
-      valid_ = true;
+      validity_info_.SetValid(ValidContext::kParseKeyError);
       break;
     }
     TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("CompactionIterator:ProcessKV", &ikey_);
@@ -498,7 +505,7 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
 
     if (UNLIKELY(!current_key_committed_)) {
       assert(snapshot_checker_ != nullptr);
-      valid_ = true;
+      validity_info_.SetValid(ValidContext::kCurrentKeyUncommitted);
       break;
     }
 
@@ -541,7 +548,7 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
       }
 
       value_.clear();
-      valid_ = true;
+      validity_info_.SetValid(ValidContext::kKeepSDAndClearPut);
       clear_and_output_next_key_ = false;
     } else if (ikey_.type == kTypeSingleDeletion) {
       // We can compact out a SingleDelete if:
@@ -665,7 +672,7 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
             ++iter_stats_.num_single_del_mismatch;
             if (enforce_single_del_contracts_) {
               ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(info_log_, "%s", oss.str().c_str());
-              valid_ = false;
+              validity_info_.Invalidate();
               status_ = Status::Corruption(oss.str());
               return;
             }
@@ -674,7 +681,7 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
             // We cannot drop the SingleDelete as timestamp is enabled, and
             // timestamp of this key is greater than or equal to
             // *full_history_ts_low_. We will output the SingleDelete.
-            valid_ = true;
+            validity_info_.SetValid(ValidContext::kKeepTsHistory);
           } else if (has_outputted_key_ ||
                      DefinitelyInSnapshot(ikey_.sequence,
                                           earliest_write_conflict_snapshot_) ||
@@ -709,7 +716,7 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
             // outputted on the next iteration.)
 
             // Setting valid_ to true will output the current SingleDelete
-            valid_ = true;
+            validity_info_.SetValid(ValidContext::kKeepSDForConflictCheck);
 
             // Set up the Put to be outputted in the next iteration.
             // (Optimization 3).
@@ -721,7 +728,7 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
         } else {
           // We hit the next snapshot without hitting a put, so the iterator
           // returns the single delete.
-          valid_ = true;
+          validity_info_.SetValid(ValidContext::kKeepSDForSnapshot);
           TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK(
               "CompactionIterator::NextFromInput:SingleDelete:3",
               const_cast<Compaction*>(c));
@@ -754,11 +761,11 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
           assert(bottommost_level_);
         } else {
           // Output SingleDelete
-          valid_ = true;
+          validity_info_.SetValid(ValidContext::kKeepSD);
         }
       }
 
-      if (valid_) {
+      if (Valid()) {
         at_next_ = true;
       }
     } else if (last_snapshot == current_user_key_snapshot_ ||
@@ -823,8 +830,8 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
                  cmp_with_history_ts_low_ < 0)) &&
                bottommost_level_) {
       // Handle the case where we have a delete key at the bottom most level
-      // We can skip outputting the key iff there are no subsequent puts for this
-      // key
+      // We can skip outputting the key iff there are no subsequent puts for
+      // this key
       assert(!compaction_ || compaction_->KeyNotExistsBeyondOutputLevel(
                                  ikey_.user_key, &level_ptrs_));
       ParsedInternalKey next_ikey;
@@ -851,13 +858,13 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
               DefinitelyNotInSnapshot(next_ikey.sequence, prev_snapshot))) {
         AdvanceInputIter();
       }
-      // If you find you still need to output a row with this key, we need to output the
-      // delete too
+      // If you find you still need to output a row with this key, we need to
+      // output the delete too
       if (input_.Valid() &&
           (ParseInternalKey(input_.key(), &next_ikey, allow_data_in_errors_)
                .ok()) &&
           cmp_->EqualWithoutTimestamp(ikey_.user_key, next_ikey.user_key)) {
-        valid_ = true;
+        validity_info_.SetValid(ValidContext::kKeepDel);
         at_next_ = true;
       }
     } else if (ikey_.type == kTypeMerge) {
@@ -875,8 +882,8 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
       // object to minimize change to the existing flow.
       Status s = merge_helper_->MergeUntil(
           &input_, range_del_agg_, prev_snapshot, bottommost_level_,
-          allow_data_in_errors_, blob_fetcher_.get(), prefetch_buffers_.get(),
-          &iter_stats_);
+          allow_data_in_errors_, blob_fetcher_.get(), full_history_ts_low_,
+          prefetch_buffers_.get(), &iter_stats_);
       merge_out_iter_.SeekToFirst();
 
       if (!s.ok() && !s.IsMergeInProgress()) {
@@ -901,7 +908,7 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
         current_key_.UpdateInternalKey(ikey_.sequence, ikey_.type);
         key_ = current_key_.GetInternalKey();
         ikey_.user_key = current_key_.GetUserKey();
-        valid_ = true;
+        validity_info_.SetValid(ValidContext::kMerge2);
       } else {
         // all merge operands were filtered out. reset the user key, since the
         // batch consumed by the merge operator should not shadow any keys
@@ -916,14 +923,23 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
     } else {
       // 1. new user key -OR-
       // 2. different snapshot stripe
-      bool should_delete = range_del_agg_->ShouldDelete(
-          key_, RangeDelPositioningMode::kForwardTraversal);
+      // If user-defined timestamp is enabled, we consider keys for GC if they
+      // are below history_ts_low_. CompactionRangeDelAggregator::ShouldDelete()
+      // only considers range deletions that are at or below history_ts_low_ and
+      // trim_ts_. We drop keys here that are below history_ts_low_ and are
+      // covered by a range tombstone that is at or below history_ts_low_ and
+      // trim_ts.
+      bool should_delete = false;
+      if (!timestamp_size_ || cmp_with_history_ts_low_ < 0) {
+        should_delete = range_del_agg_->ShouldDelete(
+            key_, RangeDelPositioningMode::kForwardTraversal);
+      }
       if (should_delete) {
         ++iter_stats_.num_record_drop_hidden;
         ++iter_stats_.num_record_drop_range_del;
         AdvanceInputIter();
       } else {
-        valid_ = true;
+        validity_info_.SetValid(ValidContext::kNewUserKey);
       }
     }
 
@@ -932,13 +948,18 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
     }
   }
 
-  if (!valid_ && IsShuttingDown()) {
+  if (!Valid() && IsShuttingDown()) {
     status_ = Status::ShutdownInProgress();
   }
 
   if (IsPausingManualCompaction()) {
     status_ = Status::Incomplete(Status::SubCode::kManualCompactionPaused);
   }
+
+  // Propagate corruption status from memtable itereator
+  if (!input_.Valid() && input_.status().IsCorruption()) {
+    status_ = input_.status();
+  }
 }
 
 bool CompactionIterator::ExtractLargeValueIfNeededImpl() {
@@ -951,7 +972,7 @@ bool CompactionIterator::ExtractLargeValueIfNeededImpl() {
 
   if (!s.ok()) {
     status_ = s;
-    valid_ = false;
+    validity_info_.Invalidate();
 
     return false;
   }
@@ -996,7 +1017,7 @@ void CompactionIterator::GarbageCollectBlobIfNeeded() {
 
       if (!s.ok()) {
         status_ = s;
-        valid_ = false;
+        validity_info_.Invalidate();
 
         return;
       }
@@ -1022,7 +1043,7 @@ void CompactionIterator::GarbageCollectBlobIfNeeded() {
 
       if (!s.ok()) {
         status_ = s;
-        valid_ = false;
+        validity_info_.Invalidate();
 
         return;
       }
@@ -1055,14 +1076,14 @@ void CompactionIterator::GarbageCollectBlobIfNeeded() {
     if (blob_decision == CompactionFilter::BlobDecision::kCorruption) {
       status_ =
           Status::Corruption("Corrupted blob reference encountered during GC");
-      valid_ = false;
+      validity_info_.Invalidate();
 
       return;
     }
 
     if (blob_decision == CompactionFilter::BlobDecision::kIOError) {
       status_ = Status::IOError("Could not relocate blob during GC");
-      valid_ = false;
+      validity_info_.Invalidate();
 
       return;
     }
@@ -1076,19 +1097,22 @@ void CompactionIterator::GarbageCollectBlobIfNeeded() {
 }
 
 void CompactionIterator::DecideOutputLevel() {
+  assert(compaction_->SupportsPerKeyPlacement());
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-  // TODO: will be set by sequence number or key range, for now, it will only be
-  // set by unittest
+  // Could be overridden by unittest
   PerKeyPlacementContext context(level_, ikey_.user_key, value_,
                                  ikey_.sequence);
   TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("CompactionIterator::PrepareOutput.context",
                            &context);
   output_to_penultimate_level_ = context.output_to_penultimate_level;
-#endif /* !NDEBUG */
+#else
+  output_to_penultimate_level_ = false;
+#endif  // NDEBUG
 
-  // if the key is within the earliest snapshot, it has to output to the
-  // penultimate level.
-  if (ikey_.sequence > earliest_snapshot_) {
+  // if the key is newer than the cutoff sequence or within the earliest
+  // snapshot, it should output to the penultimate level.
+  if (ikey_.sequence > preclude_last_level_min_seqno_ ||
+      ikey_.sequence > earliest_snapshot_) {
     output_to_penultimate_level_ = true;
   }
 
@@ -1103,13 +1127,13 @@ void CompactionIterator::DecideOutputLevel() {
         compaction_->WithinPenultimateLevelOutputRange(ikey_.user_key);
     if (!safe_to_penultimate_level) {
       output_to_penultimate_level_ = false;
-      // It could happen when disable/enable `bottommost_temperature` while
-      // holding a snapshot. When `bottommost_temperature` is not set
+      // It could happen when disable/enable `last_level_temperature` while
+      // holding a snapshot. When `last_level_temperature` is not set
       // (==kUnknown), the data newer than any snapshot is pushed to the last
       // level, but when the per_key_placement feature is enabled on the fly,
       // the data later than the snapshot has to be moved to the penultimate
       // level, which may or may not be safe. So the user needs to make sure all
-      // snapshot is released before enabling `bottommost_temperature` feature
+      // snapshot is released before enabling `last_level_temperature` feature
       // We will migrate the feature to `last_level_temperature` and maybe make
       // it not dynamically changeable.
       if (ikey_.sequence > earliest_snapshot_) {
@@ -1122,7 +1146,7 @@ void CompactionIterator::DecideOutputLevel() {
 }
 
 void CompactionIterator::PrepareOutput() {
-  if (valid_) {
+  if (Valid()) {
     if (ikey_.type == kTypeValue) {
       ExtractLargeValueIfNeeded();
     } else if (ikey_.type == kTypeBlobIndex) {
@@ -1144,11 +1168,12 @@ void CompactionIterator::PrepareOutput() {
     //
     // Can we do the same for levels above bottom level as long as
     // KeyNotExistsBeyondOutputLevel() return true?
-    if (valid_ && compaction_ != nullptr &&
+    if (Valid() && compaction_ != nullptr &&
         !compaction_->allow_ingest_behind() && bottommost_level_ &&
         DefinitelyInSnapshot(ikey_.sequence, earliest_snapshot_) &&
         ikey_.type != kTypeMerge && current_key_committed_ &&
-        !output_to_penultimate_level_) {
+        !output_to_penultimate_level_ &&
+        ikey_.sequence < preserve_time_min_seqno_) {
       if (ikey_.type == kTypeDeletion ||
           (ikey_.type == kTypeSingleDeletion && timestamp_size_ == 0)) {
         ROCKS_LOG_FATAL(
@@ -1157,13 +1182,14 @@ void CompactionIterator::PrepareOutput() {
             "earliest_snapshot %" PRIu64
             ", earliest_write_conflict_snapshot %" PRIu64
             " job_snapshot %" PRIu64
-            ". timestamp_size: %d full_history_ts_low_ %s",
+            ". timestamp_size: %d full_history_ts_low_ %s. validity %x",
             ikey_.DebugString(allow_data_in_errors_, true).c_str(),
             earliest_snapshot_, earliest_write_conflict_snapshot_,
             job_snapshot_, static_cast<int>(timestamp_size_),
             full_history_ts_low_ != nullptr
                 ? Slice(*full_history_ts_low_).ToString(true).c_str()
-                : "null");
+                : "null",
+            validity_info_.rep);
         assert(false);
       }
       ikey_.sequence = 0;
@@ -1193,8 +1219,8 @@ inline SequenceNumber CompactionIterator::findEarliestVisibleSnapshot(
     ROCKS_LOG_FATAL(info_log_,
                     "No snapshot left in findEarliestVisibleSnapshot");
   }
-  auto snapshots_iter = std::lower_bound(
-      snapshots_->begin(), snapshots_->end(), in);
+  auto snapshots_iter =
+      std::lower_bound(snapshots_->begin(), snapshots_->end(), in);
   assert(prev_snapshot != nullptr);
   if (snapshots_iter == snapshots_->begin()) {
     *prev_snapshot = 0;
@@ -1209,8 +1235,8 @@ inline SequenceNumber CompactionIterator::findEarliestVisibleSnapshot(
     }
   }
   if (snapshot_checker_ == nullptr) {
-    return snapshots_iter != snapshots_->end()
-      ? *snapshots_iter : kMaxSequenceNumber;
+    return snapshots_iter != snapshots_->end() ? *snapshots_iter
+                                               : kMaxSequenceNumber;
   }
   bool has_released_snapshot = !released_snapshots_.empty();
   for (; snapshots_iter != snapshots_->end(); ++snapshots_iter) {
@@ -1279,7 +1305,10 @@ std::unique_ptr<BlobFetcher> CompactionIterator::CreateBlobFetcherIfNeeded(
     return nullptr;
   }
 
-  return std::unique_ptr<BlobFetcher>(new BlobFetcher(version, ReadOptions()));
+  ReadOptions read_options;
+  read_options.fill_cache = false;
+
+  return std::unique_ptr<BlobFetcher>(new BlobFetcher(version, read_options));
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<PrefetchBufferCollection>

db/compaction/compaction_iterator.h

@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ class CompactionIterator {
 
     virtual int number_levels() const = 0;
 
+    // Result includes timestamp if user-defined timestamp is enabled.
     virtual Slice GetLargestUserKey() const = 0;
 
     virtual bool allow_ingest_behind() const = 0;
@@ -108,6 +109,7 @@ class CompactionIterator {
 
     virtual bool SupportsPerKeyPlacement() const = 0;
 
+    // `key` includes timestamp if user-defined timestamp is enabled.
     virtual bool WithinPenultimateLevelOutputRange(const Slice& key) const = 0;
   };
 
@@ -133,6 +135,7 @@ class CompactionIterator {
 
     int number_levels() const override { return compaction_->number_levels(); }
 
+    // Result includes timestamp if user-defined timestamp is enabled.
     Slice GetLargestUserKey() const override {
       return compaction_->GetLargestUserKey();
     }
@@ -173,6 +176,7 @@ class CompactionIterator {
 
     // Check if key is within penultimate level output range, to see if it's
     // safe to output to the penultimate level for per_key_placement feature.
+    // `key` includes timestamp if user-defined timestamp is enabled.
     bool WithinPenultimateLevelOutputRange(const Slice& key) const override {
       return compaction_->WithinPenultimateLevelOutputRange(key);
     }
@@ -181,42 +185,42 @@ class CompactionIterator {
     const Compaction* compaction_;
   };
 
-  CompactionIterator(InternalIterator* input, const Comparator* cmp,
-                     MergeHelper* merge_helper, SequenceNumber last_sequence,
-                     std::vector<SequenceNumber>* snapshots,
-                     SequenceNumber earliest_write_conflict_snapshot,
-                     SequenceNumber job_snapshot,
-                     const SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker, Env* env,
-                     bool report_detailed_time, bool expect_valid_internal_key,
-                     CompactionRangeDelAggregator* range_del_agg,
-                     BlobFileBuilder* blob_file_builder,
-                     bool allow_data_in_errors,
-                     bool enforce_single_del_contracts,
-                     const std::atomic<bool>& manual_compaction_canceled,
-                     const Compaction* compaction = nullptr,
-                     const CompactionFilter* compaction_filter = nullptr,
-                     const std::atomic<bool>* shutting_down = nullptr,
-                     const std::shared_ptr<Logger> info_log = nullptr,
-                     const std::string* full_history_ts_low = nullptr);
+  CompactionIterator(
+      InternalIterator* input, const Comparator* cmp, MergeHelper* merge_helper,
+      SequenceNumber last_sequence, std::vector<SequenceNumber>* snapshots,
+      SequenceNumber earliest_write_conflict_snapshot,
+      SequenceNumber job_snapshot, const SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker,
+      Env* env, bool report_detailed_time, bool expect_valid_internal_key,
+      CompactionRangeDelAggregator* range_del_agg,
+      BlobFileBuilder* blob_file_builder, bool allow_data_in_errors,
+      bool enforce_single_del_contracts,
+      const std::atomic<bool>& manual_compaction_canceled,
+      const Compaction* compaction = nullptr,
+      const CompactionFilter* compaction_filter = nullptr,
+      const std::atomic<bool>* shutting_down = nullptr,
+      const std::shared_ptr<Logger> info_log = nullptr,
+      const std::string* full_history_ts_low = nullptr,
+      const SequenceNumber preserve_time_min_seqno = kMaxSequenceNumber,
+      const SequenceNumber preclude_last_level_min_seqno = kMaxSequenceNumber);
 
   // Constructor with custom CompactionProxy, used for tests.
-  CompactionIterator(InternalIterator* input, const Comparator* cmp,
-                     MergeHelper* merge_helper, SequenceNumber last_sequence,
-                     std::vector<SequenceNumber>* snapshots,
-                     SequenceNumber earliest_write_conflict_snapshot,
-                     SequenceNumber job_snapshot,
-                     const SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker, Env* env,
-                     bool report_detailed_time, bool expect_valid_internal_key,
-                     CompactionRangeDelAggregator* range_del_agg,
-                     BlobFileBuilder* blob_file_builder,
-                     bool allow_data_in_errors,
-                     bool enforce_single_del_contracts,
-                     const std::atomic<bool>& manual_compaction_canceled,
-                     std::unique_ptr<CompactionProxy> compaction,
-                     const CompactionFilter* compaction_filter = nullptr,
-                     const std::atomic<bool>* shutting_down = nullptr,
-                     const std::shared_ptr<Logger> info_log = nullptr,
-                     const std::string* full_history_ts_low = nullptr);
+  CompactionIterator(
+      InternalIterator* input, const Comparator* cmp, MergeHelper* merge_helper,
+      SequenceNumber last_sequence, std::vector<SequenceNumber>* snapshots,
+      SequenceNumber earliest_write_conflict_snapshot,
+      SequenceNumber job_snapshot, const SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker,
+      Env* env, bool report_detailed_time, bool expect_valid_internal_key,
+      CompactionRangeDelAggregator* range_del_agg,
+      BlobFileBuilder* blob_file_builder, bool allow_data_in_errors,
+      bool enforce_single_del_contracts,
+      const std::atomic<bool>& manual_compaction_canceled,
+      std::unique_ptr<CompactionProxy> compaction,
+      const CompactionFilter* compaction_filter = nullptr,
+      const std::atomic<bool>* shutting_down = nullptr,
+      const std::shared_ptr<Logger> info_log = nullptr,
+      const std::string* full_history_ts_low = nullptr,
+      const SequenceNumber preserve_time_min_seqno = kMaxSequenceNumber,
+      const SequenceNumber preclude_last_level_min_seqno = kMaxSequenceNumber);
 
   ~CompactionIterator();
 
@@ -237,7 +241,7 @@ class CompactionIterator {
   const Slice& value() const { return value_; }
   const Status& status() const { return status_; }
   const ParsedInternalKey& ikey() const { return ikey_; }
-  bool Valid() const { return valid_; }
+  inline bool Valid() const { return validity_info_.IsValid(); }
   const Slice& user_key() const { return current_user_key_; }
   const CompactionIterationStats& iter_stats() const { return iter_stats_; }
   uint64_t num_input_entry_scanned() const { return input_.num_itered(); }
@@ -334,29 +338,26 @@ class CompactionIterator {
   // earliest visible snapshot of an older value.
   // See WritePreparedTransactionTest::ReleaseSnapshotDuringCompaction3.
   std::unordered_set<SequenceNumber> released_snapshots_;
-  std::vector<SequenceNumber>::const_iterator earliest_snapshot_iter_;
   const SequenceNumber earliest_write_conflict_snapshot_;
   const SequenceNumber job_snapshot_;
   const SnapshotChecker* const snapshot_checker_;
   Env* env_;
   SystemClock* clock_;
-  bool report_detailed_time_;
-  bool expect_valid_internal_key_;
+  const bool report_detailed_time_;
+  const bool expect_valid_internal_key_;
   CompactionRangeDelAggregator* range_del_agg_;
   BlobFileBuilder* blob_file_builder_;
   std::unique_ptr<CompactionProxy> compaction_;
   const CompactionFilter* compaction_filter_;
   const std::atomic<bool>* shutting_down_;
   const std::atomic<bool>& manual_compaction_canceled_;
-  bool bottommost_level_;
-  bool valid_ = false;
-  bool visible_at_tip_;
-  SequenceNumber earliest_snapshot_;
-  SequenceNumber latest_snapshot_;
+  const bool bottommost_level_;
+  const bool visible_at_tip_;
+  const SequenceNumber earliest_snapshot_;
 
   std::shared_ptr<Logger> info_log_;
 
-  bool allow_data_in_errors_;
+  const bool allow_data_in_errors_;
 
   const bool enforce_single_del_contracts_;
 
@@ -372,8 +373,33 @@ class CompactionIterator {
 
   // State
   //
+  enum ValidContext : uint8_t {
+    kMerge1 = 0,
+    kMerge2 = 1,
+    kParseKeyError = 2,
+    kCurrentKeyUncommitted = 3,
+    kKeepSDAndClearPut = 4,
+    kKeepTsHistory = 5,
+    kKeepSDForConflictCheck = 6,
+    kKeepSDForSnapshot = 7,
+    kKeepSD = 8,
+    kKeepDel = 9,
+    kNewUserKey = 10,
+  };
+
+  struct ValidityInfo {
+    inline bool IsValid() const { return rep & 1; }
+    ValidContext GetContext() const {
+      return static_cast<ValidContext>(rep >> 1);
+    }
+    inline void SetValid(uint8_t ctx) { rep = (ctx << 1) | 1; }
+    inline void Invalidate() { rep = 0; }
+
+    uint8_t rep{0};
+  } validity_info_;
+
   // Points to a copy of the current compaction iterator output (current_key_)
-  // if valid_.
+  // if valid.
   Slice key_;
   // Points to the value in the underlying iterator that corresponds to the
   // current output.
@@ -446,6 +472,13 @@ class CompactionIterator {
   // output to.
   bool output_to_penultimate_level_{false};
 
+  // min seqno for preserving the time information.
+  const SequenceNumber preserve_time_min_seqno_ = kMaxSequenceNumber;
+
+  // min seqno to preclude the data from the last level, if the key seqno larger
+  // than this, it will be output to penultimate level
+  const SequenceNumber preclude_last_level_min_seqno_ = kMaxSequenceNumber;
+
   void AdvanceInputIter() { input_.Next(); }
 
   void SkipUntil(const Slice& skip_until) { input_.Seek(skip_until); }

db/compaction/compaction_iterator_test.cc

@@ -203,7 +203,8 @@ class TestSnapshotChecker : public SnapshotChecker {
  public:
   explicit TestSnapshotChecker(
       SequenceNumber last_committed_sequence,
-      const std::unordered_map<SequenceNumber, SequenceNumber>& snapshots = {{}})
+      const std::unordered_map<SequenceNumber, SequenceNumber>& snapshots =
+          {{}})
       : last_committed_sequence_(last_committed_sequence),
         snapshots_(snapshots) {}
 
@@ -811,6 +812,8 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompIteratorTest, SplitLastLevelData) {
   c_iter_->Next();
   ASSERT_OK(c_iter_->status());
   ASSERT_FALSE(c_iter_->Valid());
+  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->DisableProcessing();
+  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->ClearAllCallBacks();
 }
 
 TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompIteratorTest, SnapshotData) {
@@ -876,6 +879,8 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompIteratorTest, ConflictWithSnapshot) {
   // output_to_penultimate_level.
   c_iter_->Next();
   ASSERT_TRUE(c_iter_->status().IsCorruption());
+  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->DisableProcessing();
+  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->ClearAllCallBacks();
 }
 
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(PerKeyPlacementCompIteratorTest,
@@ -1038,7 +1043,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactionIteratorWithSnapshotCheckerTest,
 
 TEST_F(CompactionIteratorWithSnapshotCheckerTest,
        NotRemoveDeletionIfValuePresentToEarlierSnapshot) {
-  AddSnapshot(2,1);
+  AddSnapshot(2, 1);
   RunTest({test::KeyStr("a", 4, kTypeDeletion),
            test::KeyStr("a", 1, kTypeValue), test::KeyStr("b", 3, kTypeValue)},
           {"", "", ""},
@@ -1250,6 +1255,31 @@ TEST_P(CompactionIteratorTsGcTest, NoKeyEligibleForGC) {
   }
 }
 
+TEST_P(CompactionIteratorTsGcTest, NoMergeEligibleForGc) {
+  constexpr char user_key[] = "a";
+  const std::vector<std::string> input_keys = {
+      test::KeyStr(10002, user_key, 102, kTypeMerge),
+      test::KeyStr(10001, user_key, 101, kTypeMerge),
+      test::KeyStr(10000, user_key, 100, kTypeValue)};
+  const std::vector<std::string> input_values = {"2", "1", "a0"};
+  std::shared_ptr<MergeOperator> merge_op =
+      MergeOperators::CreateStringAppendTESTOperator();
+  const std::vector<std::string>& expected_keys = input_keys;
+  const std::vector<std::string>& expected_values = input_values;
+  const std::vector<std::pair<bool, bool>> params = {
+      {false, false}, {false, true}, {true, true}};
+  for (const auto& param : params) {
+    const bool bottommost_level = param.first;
+    const bool key_not_exists_beyond_output_level = param.second;
+    RunTest(input_keys, input_values, expected_keys, expected_values,
+            /*last_committed_seq=*/kMaxSequenceNumber, merge_op.get(),
+            /*compaction_filter=*/nullptr, bottommost_level,
+            /*earliest_write_conflict_snapshot=*/kMaxSequenceNumber,
+            key_not_exists_beyond_output_level,
+            /*full_history_ts_low=*/nullptr);
+  }
+}
+
 TEST_P(CompactionIteratorTsGcTest, AllKeysOlderThanThreshold) {
   constexpr char user_key[][2] = {{'a', '\0'}, {'b', '\0'}};
   const std::vector<std::string> input_keys = {
@@ -1303,6 +1333,91 @@ TEST_P(CompactionIteratorTsGcTest, AllKeysOlderThanThreshold) {
   }
 }
 
+TEST_P(CompactionIteratorTsGcTest, SomeMergesOlderThanThreshold) {
+  constexpr char user_key[][2] = {"a", "f"};
+  const std::vector<std::string> input_keys = {
+      test::KeyStr(/*ts=*/25000, user_key[0], /*seq=*/2500, kTypeMerge),
+      test::KeyStr(/*ts=*/19000, user_key[0], /*seq=*/2300, kTypeMerge),
+      test::KeyStr(/*ts=*/18000, user_key[0], /*seq=*/1800, kTypeMerge),
+      test::KeyStr(/*ts=*/16000, user_key[0], /*seq=*/1600, kTypeValue),
+      test::KeyStr(/*ts=*/19000, user_key[1], /*seq=*/2000, kTypeMerge),
+      test::KeyStr(/*ts=*/17000, user_key[1], /*seq=*/1700, kTypeMerge),
+      test::KeyStr(/*ts=*/15000, user_key[1], /*seq=*/1600,
+                   kTypeDeletionWithTimestamp)};
+  const std::vector<std::string> input_values = {"25", "19", "18", "16",
+                                                 "19", "17", ""};
+  std::shared_ptr<MergeOperator> merge_op =
+      MergeOperators::CreateStringAppendTESTOperator();
+  std::string full_history_ts_low;
+  PutFixed64(&full_history_ts_low, 20000);
+
+  const std::vector<std::pair<bool, bool>> params = {
+      {false, false}, {false, true}, {true, true}};
+
+  {
+    AddSnapshot(1600);
+    AddSnapshot(1900);
+    const std::vector<std::string> expected_keys = {
+        test::KeyStr(/*ts=*/25000, user_key[0], /*seq=*/2500, kTypeMerge),
+        test::KeyStr(/*ts=*/19000, user_key[0], /*seq=*/2300, kTypeMerge),
+        test::KeyStr(/*ts=*/18000, user_key[0], /*seq=*/1800, kTypeMerge),
+        test::KeyStr(/*ts=*/16000, user_key[0], /*seq=*/1600, kTypeValue),
+        test::KeyStr(/*ts=*/19000, user_key[1], /*seq=*/2000, kTypeMerge),
+        test::KeyStr(/*ts=*/17000, user_key[1], /*seq=*/1700, kTypeMerge),
+        test::KeyStr(/*ts=*/15000, user_key[1], /*seq=*/1600,
+                     kTypeDeletionWithTimestamp)};
+    const std::vector<std::string> expected_values = {"25", "19", "18", "16",
+                                                      "19", "17", ""};
+    for (const auto& param : params) {
+      const bool bottommost_level = param.first;
+      const bool key_not_exists_beyond_output_level = param.second;
+      auto expected_keys_copy = expected_keys;
+      auto expected_values_copy = expected_values;
+      if (bottommost_level || key_not_exists_beyond_output_level) {
+        // the kTypeDeletionWithTimestamp will be dropped
+        expected_keys_copy.pop_back();
+        expected_values_copy.pop_back();
+        if (bottommost_level) {
+          // seq zero
+          expected_keys_copy[3] =
+              test::KeyStr(/*ts=*/0, user_key[0], /*seq=*/0, kTypeValue);
+        }
+      }
+      RunTest(input_keys, input_values, expected_keys_copy,
+              expected_values_copy,
+              /*last_committed_seq=*/kMaxSequenceNumber, merge_op.get(),
+              /*compaction_filter=*/nullptr, bottommost_level,
+              /*earliest_write_conflict_snapshot=*/kMaxSequenceNumber,
+              key_not_exists_beyond_output_level, &full_history_ts_low);
+    }
+    ClearSnapshots();
+  }
+
+  // No snapshots
+  {
+    const std::vector<std::string> expected_keys = {
+        test::KeyStr(/*ts=*/25000, user_key[0], /*seq=*/2500, kTypeValue),
+        test::KeyStr(/*ts=*/19000, user_key[1], /*seq=*/2000, kTypeValue)};
+    const std::vector<std::string> expected_values = {"16,18,19,25", "17,19"};
+    for (const auto& param : params) {
+      const bool bottommost_level = param.first;
+      const bool key_not_exists_beyond_output_level = param.second;
+      auto expected_keys_copy = expected_keys;
+      auto expected_values_copy = expected_values;
+      if (bottommost_level) {
+        expected_keys_copy[1] =
+            test::KeyStr(/*ts=*/0, user_key[1], /*seq=*/0, kTypeValue);
+      }
+      RunTest(input_keys, input_values, expected_keys_copy,
+              expected_values_copy,
+              /*last_committed_seq=*/kMaxSequenceNumber, merge_op.get(),
+              /*compaction_filter=*/nullptr, bottommost_level,
+              /*earliest_write_conflict_snapshot=*/kMaxSequenceNumber,
+              key_not_exists_beyond_output_level, &full_history_ts_low);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 TEST_P(CompactionIteratorTsGcTest, NewHidesOldSameSnapshot) {
   constexpr char user_key[] = "a";
   const std::vector<std::string> input_keys = {
@@ -1497,6 +1612,7 @@ INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(CompactionIteratorTsGcTestInstance,
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::port::InstallStackTraceHandler();
   ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
   return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 }

db/compaction/compaction_job.cc

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include <memory>
+#include <optional>
 #include <set>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@
 #include "db/log_writer.h"
 #include "db/merge_helper.h"
 #include "db/range_del_aggregator.h"
+#include "db/version_edit.h"
 #include "db/version_set.h"
 #include "file/filename.h"
 #include "file/read_write_util.h"
@@ -44,6 +46,7 @@
 #include "port/port.h"
 #include "rocksdb/db.h"
 #include "rocksdb/env.h"
+#include "rocksdb/options.h"
 #include "rocksdb/statistics.h"
 #include "rocksdb/status.h"
 #include "rocksdb/table.h"
@@ -94,6 +97,8 @@ const char* GetCompactionReasonString(CompactionReason compaction_reason) {
       return "ChangeTemperature";
     case CompactionReason::kForcedBlobGC:
       return "ForcedBlobGC";
+    case CompactionReason::kRoundRobinTtl:
+      return "RoundRobinTtl";
     case CompactionReason::kNumOfReasons:
       // fall through
     default:
@@ -102,6 +107,23 @@ const char* GetCompactionReasonString(CompactionReason compaction_reason) {
   }
 }
 
+const char* GetCompactionPenultimateOutputRangeTypeString(
+    Compaction::PenultimateOutputRangeType range_type) {
+  switch (range_type) {
+    case Compaction::PenultimateOutputRangeType::kNotSupported:
+      return "NotSupported";
+    case Compaction::PenultimateOutputRangeType::kFullRange:
+      return "FullRange";
+    case Compaction::PenultimateOutputRangeType::kNonLastRange:
+      return "NonLastRange";
+    case Compaction::PenultimateOutputRangeType::kDisabled:
+      return "Disabled";
+    default:
+      assert(false);
+      return "Invalid";
+  }
+}
+
 CompactionJob::CompactionJob(
     int job_id, Compaction* compaction, const ImmutableDBOptions& db_options,
     const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options, const FileOptions& file_options,
@@ -120,7 +142,8 @@ CompactionJob::CompactionJob(
     const std::atomic<bool>& manual_compaction_canceled,
     const std::string& db_id, const std::string& db_session_id,
     std::string full_history_ts_low, std::string trim_ts,
-    BlobFileCompletionCallback* blob_callback)
+    BlobFileCompletionCallback* blob_callback, int* bg_compaction_scheduled,
+    int* bg_bottom_compaction_scheduled)
     : compact_(new CompactionState(compaction)),
       compaction_stats_(compaction->compaction_reason(), 1),
       db_options_(db_options),
@@ -159,9 +182,13 @@ CompactionJob::CompactionJob(
       thread_pri_(thread_pri),
       full_history_ts_low_(std::move(full_history_ts_low)),
       trim_ts_(std::move(trim_ts)),
-      blob_callback_(blob_callback) {
+      blob_callback_(blob_callback),
+      extra_num_subcompaction_threads_reserved_(0),
+      bg_compaction_scheduled_(bg_compaction_scheduled),
+      bg_bottom_compaction_scheduled_(bg_bottom_compaction_scheduled) {
   assert(compaction_job_stats_ != nullptr);
   assert(log_buffer_ != nullptr);
+
   const auto* cfd = compact_->compaction->column_family_data();
   ThreadStatusUtil::SetColumnFamily(cfd, cfd->ioptions()->env,
                                     db_options_.enable_thread_tracking);
@@ -223,34 +250,190 @@ void CompactionJob::Prepare() {
 
   // Generate file_levels_ for compaction before making Iterator
   auto* c = compact_->compaction;
-  assert(c->column_family_data() != nullptr);
-  assert(c->column_family_data()->current()->storage_info()->NumLevelFiles(
+  ColumnFamilyData* cfd = c->column_family_data();
+  assert(cfd != nullptr);
+  assert(cfd->current()->storage_info()->NumLevelFiles(
              compact_->compaction->level()) > 0);
 
-  write_hint_ =
-      c->column_family_data()->CalculateSSTWriteHint(c->output_level());
+  write_hint_ = cfd->CalculateSSTWriteHint(c->output_level());
   bottommost_level_ = c->bottommost_level();
 
   if (c->ShouldFormSubcompactions()) {
-    {
-      StopWatch sw(db_options_.clock, stats_, SUBCOMPACTION_SETUP_TIME);
-      GenSubcompactionBoundaries();
-    }
-
+    StopWatch sw(db_options_.clock, stats_, SUBCOMPACTION_SETUP_TIME);
+    GenSubcompactionBoundaries();
+  }
+  if (boundaries_.size() > 1) {
     for (size_t i = 0; i <= boundaries_.size(); i++) {
-      Slice* start = i == 0 ? nullptr : &boundaries_[i - 1];
-      Slice* end = i == boundaries_.size() ? nullptr : &boundaries_[i];
-      compact_->sub_compact_states.emplace_back(c, start, end,
-                                                static_cast<uint32_t>(i));
+      compact_->sub_compact_states.emplace_back(
+          c, (i != 0) ? std::optional<Slice>(boundaries_[i - 1]) : std::nullopt,
+          (i != boundaries_.size()) ? std::optional<Slice>(boundaries_[i])
+                                    : std::nullopt,
+          static_cast<uint32_t>(i));
+      // assert to validate that boundaries don't have same user keys (without
+      // timestamp part).
+      assert(i == 0 || i == boundaries_.size() ||
+             cfd->user_comparator()->CompareWithoutTimestamp(
+                 boundaries_[i - 1], boundaries_[i]) < 0);
     }
     RecordInHistogram(stats_, NUM_SUBCOMPACTIONS_SCHEDULED,
                       compact_->sub_compact_states.size());
   } else {
-    constexpr Slice* start = nullptr;
-    constexpr Slice* end = nullptr;
-
-    compact_->sub_compact_states.emplace_back(c, start, end, /*sub_job_id*/ 0);
+    compact_->sub_compact_states.emplace_back(c, std::nullopt, std::nullopt,
+                                              /*sub_job_id*/ 0);
   }
+
+  // collect all seqno->time information from the input files which will be used
+  // to encode seqno->time to the output files.
+  uint64_t preserve_time_duration =
+      std::max(c->immutable_options()->preserve_internal_time_seconds,
+               c->immutable_options()->preclude_last_level_data_seconds);
+
+  if (preserve_time_duration > 0) {
+    // setup seqno_time_mapping_
+    seqno_time_mapping_.SetMaxTimeDuration(preserve_time_duration);
+    for (const auto& each_level : *c->inputs()) {
+      for (const auto& fmd : each_level.files) {
+        std::shared_ptr<const TableProperties> tp;
+        Status s = cfd->current()->GetTableProperties(&tp, fmd, nullptr);
+        if (s.ok()) {
+          seqno_time_mapping_.Add(tp->seqno_to_time_mapping)
+              .PermitUncheckedError();
+          seqno_time_mapping_.Add(fmd->fd.smallest_seqno,
+                                  fmd->oldest_ancester_time);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    auto status = seqno_time_mapping_.Sort();
+    if (!status.ok()) {
+      ROCKS_LOG_WARN(db_options_.info_log,
+                     "Invalid sequence number to time mapping: Status: %s",
+                     status.ToString().c_str());
+    }
+    int64_t _current_time = 0;
+    status = db_options_.clock->GetCurrentTime(&_current_time);
+    if (!status.ok()) {
+      ROCKS_LOG_WARN(db_options_.info_log,
+                     "Failed to get current time in compaction: Status: %s",
+                     status.ToString().c_str());
+      // preserve all time information
+      preserve_time_min_seqno_ = 0;
+      preclude_last_level_min_seqno_ = 0;
+    } else {
+      seqno_time_mapping_.TruncateOldEntries(_current_time);
+      uint64_t preserve_time =
+          static_cast<uint64_t>(_current_time) > preserve_time_duration
+              ? _current_time - preserve_time_duration
+              : 0;
+      preserve_time_min_seqno_ =
+          seqno_time_mapping_.GetOldestSequenceNum(preserve_time);
+      if (c->immutable_options()->preclude_last_level_data_seconds > 0) {
+        uint64_t preclude_last_level_time =
+            static_cast<uint64_t>(_current_time) >
+                    c->immutable_options()->preclude_last_level_data_seconds
+                ? _current_time -
+                      c->immutable_options()->preclude_last_level_data_seconds
+                : 0;
+        preclude_last_level_min_seqno_ =
+            seqno_time_mapping_.GetOldestSequenceNum(preclude_last_level_time);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+uint64_t CompactionJob::GetSubcompactionsLimit() {
+  return extra_num_subcompaction_threads_reserved_ +
+         std::max(
+             std::uint64_t(1),
+             static_cast<uint64_t>(compact_->compaction->max_subcompactions()));
+}
+
+void CompactionJob::AcquireSubcompactionResources(
+    int num_extra_required_subcompactions) {
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT("CompactionJob::AcquireSubcompactionResources:0");
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT("CompactionJob::AcquireSubcompactionResources:1");
+  int max_db_compactions =
+      DBImpl::GetBGJobLimits(
+          mutable_db_options_copy_.max_background_flushes,
+          mutable_db_options_copy_.max_background_compactions,
+          mutable_db_options_copy_.max_background_jobs,
+          versions_->GetColumnFamilySet()
+              ->write_controller()
+              ->NeedSpeedupCompaction())
+          .max_compactions;
+  InstrumentedMutexLock l(db_mutex_);
+  // Apply min function first since We need to compute the extra subcompaction
+  // against compaction limits. And then try to reserve threads for extra
+  // subcompactions. The actual number of reserved threads could be less than
+  // the desired number.
+  int available_bg_compactions_against_db_limit =
+      std::max(max_db_compactions - *bg_compaction_scheduled_ -
+                   *bg_bottom_compaction_scheduled_,
+               0);
+  // Reservation only supports backgrdoun threads of which the priority is
+  // between BOTTOM and HIGH. Need to degrade the priority to HIGH if the
+  // origin thread_pri_ is higher than that. Similar to ReleaseThreads().
+  extra_num_subcompaction_threads_reserved_ =
+      env_->ReserveThreads(std::min(num_extra_required_subcompactions,
+                                    available_bg_compactions_against_db_limit),
+                           std::min(thread_pri_, Env::Priority::HIGH));
+
+  // Update bg_compaction_scheduled_ or bg_bottom_compaction_scheduled_
+  // depending on if this compaction has the bottommost priority
+  if (thread_pri_ == Env::Priority::BOTTOM) {
+    *bg_bottom_compaction_scheduled_ +=
+        extra_num_subcompaction_threads_reserved_;
+  } else {
+    *bg_compaction_scheduled_ += extra_num_subcompaction_threads_reserved_;
+  }
+}
+
+void CompactionJob::ShrinkSubcompactionResources(uint64_t num_extra_resources) {
+  // Do nothing when we have zero resources to shrink
+  if (num_extra_resources == 0) return;
+  db_mutex_->Lock();
+  // We cannot release threads more than what we reserved before
+  int extra_num_subcompaction_threads_released = env_->ReleaseThreads(
+      (int)num_extra_resources, std::min(thread_pri_, Env::Priority::HIGH));
+  // Update the number of reserved threads and the number of background
+  // scheduled compactions for this compaction job
+  extra_num_subcompaction_threads_reserved_ -=
+      extra_num_subcompaction_threads_released;
+  // TODO (zichen): design a test case with new subcompaction partitioning
+  // when the number of actual partitions is less than the number of planned
+  // partitions
+  assert(extra_num_subcompaction_threads_released == (int)num_extra_resources);
+  // Update bg_compaction_scheduled_ or bg_bottom_compaction_scheduled_
+  // depending on if this compaction has the bottommost priority
+  if (thread_pri_ == Env::Priority::BOTTOM) {
+    *bg_bottom_compaction_scheduled_ -=
+        extra_num_subcompaction_threads_released;
+  } else {
+    *bg_compaction_scheduled_ -= extra_num_subcompaction_threads_released;
+  }
+  db_mutex_->Unlock();
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT("CompactionJob::ShrinkSubcompactionResources:0");
+}
+
+void CompactionJob::ReleaseSubcompactionResources() {
+  if (extra_num_subcompaction_threads_reserved_ == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+  {
+    InstrumentedMutexLock l(db_mutex_);
+    // The number of reserved threads becomes larger than 0 only if the
+    // compaction prioity is round robin and there is no sufficient
+    // sub-compactions available
+
+    // The scheduled compaction must be no less than 1 + extra number
+    // subcompactions using acquired resources since this compaction job has not
+    // finished yet
+    assert(*bg_bottom_compaction_scheduled_ >=
+               1 + extra_num_subcompaction_threads_reserved_ ||
+           *bg_compaction_scheduled_ >=
+               1 + extra_num_subcompaction_threads_reserved_);
+  }
+  ShrinkSubcompactionResources(extra_num_subcompaction_threads_reserved_);
 }
 
 struct RangeWithSize {
@@ -262,15 +445,51 @@ struct RangeWithSize {
 };
 
 void CompactionJob::GenSubcompactionBoundaries() {
+  // The goal is to find some boundary keys so that we can evenly partition
+  // the compaction input data into max_subcompactions ranges.
+  // For every input file, we ask TableReader to estimate 128 anchor points
+  // that evenly partition the input file into 128 ranges and the range
+  // sizes. This can be calculated by scanning index blocks of the file.
+  // Once we have the anchor points for all the input files, we merge them
+  // together and try to find keys dividing ranges evenly.
+  // For example, if we have two input files, and each returns following
+  // ranges:
+  //   File1: (a1, 1000), (b1, 1200), (c1, 1100)
+  //   File2: (a2, 1100), (b2, 1000), (c2, 1000)
+  // We total sort the keys to following:
+  //  (a1, 1000), (a2, 1100), (b1, 1200), (b2, 1000), (c1, 1100), (c2, 1000)
+  // We calculate the total size by adding up all ranges' size, which is 6400.
+  // If we would like to partition into 2 subcompactions, the target of the
+  // range size is 3200. Based on the size, we take "b1" as the partition key
+  // since the first three ranges would hit 3200.
+  //
+  // Note that the ranges are actually overlapping. For example, in the example
+  // above, the range ending with "b1" is overlapping with the range ending with
+  // "b2". So the size 1000+1100+1200 is an underestimation of data size up to
+  // "b1". In extreme cases where we only compact N L0 files, a range can
+  // overlap with N-1 other ranges. Since we requested a relatively large number
+  // (128) of ranges from each input files, even N range overlapping would
+  // cause relatively small inaccuracy.
+
   auto* c = compact_->compaction;
+  if (c->max_subcompactions() <= 1 &&
+      !(c->immutable_options()->compaction_pri == kRoundRobin &&
+        c->immutable_options()->compaction_style == kCompactionStyleLevel)) {
+    return;
+  }
   auto* cfd = c->column_family_data();
   const Comparator* cfd_comparator = cfd->user_comparator();
-  std::vector<Slice> bounds;
+  const InternalKeyComparator& icomp = cfd->internal_comparator();
+
+  auto* v = compact_->compaction->input_version();
+  int base_level = v->storage_info()->base_level();
+  InstrumentedMutexUnlock unlock_guard(db_mutex_);
+
+  uint64_t total_size = 0;
+  std::vector<TableReader::Anchor> all_anchors;
   int start_lvl = c->start_level();
   int out_lvl = c->output_level();
 
-  // Add the starting and/or ending key of certain input files as a potential
-  // boundary
   for (size_t lvl_idx = 0; lvl_idx < c->num_input_levels(); lvl_idx++) {
     int lvl = c->level(lvl_idx);
     if (lvl >= start_lvl && lvl <= out_lvl) {
@@ -281,108 +500,115 @@ void CompactionJob::GenSubcompactionBoundaries() {
         continue;
       }
 
-      if (lvl == 0) {
-        // For level 0 add the starting and ending key of each file since the
-        // files may have greatly differing key ranges (not range-partitioned)
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < num_files; i++) {
-          bounds.emplace_back(flevel->files[i].smallest_key);
-          bounds.emplace_back(flevel->files[i].largest_key);
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < num_files; i++) {
+        FileMetaData* f = flevel->files[i].file_metadata;
+        std::vector<TableReader::Anchor> my_anchors;
+        Status s = cfd->table_cache()->ApproximateKeyAnchors(
+            ReadOptions(), icomp, *f, my_anchors);
+        if (!s.ok() || my_anchors.empty()) {
+          my_anchors.emplace_back(f->largest.user_key(), f->fd.GetFileSize());
         }
-      } else {
-        // For all other levels add the smallest/largest key in the level to
-        // encompass the range covered by that level
-        bounds.emplace_back(flevel->files[0].smallest_key);
-        bounds.emplace_back(flevel->files[num_files - 1].largest_key);
-        if (lvl == out_lvl) {
-          // For the last level include the starting keys of all files since
-          // the last level is the largest and probably has the widest key
-          // range. Since it's range partitioned, the ending key of one file
-          // and the starting key of the next are very close (or identical).
-          for (size_t i = 1; i < num_files; i++) {
-            bounds.emplace_back(flevel->files[i].smallest_key);
-          }
+        for (auto& ac : my_anchors) {
+          // Can be optimize to avoid this loop.
+          total_size += ac.range_size;
         }
+
+        all_anchors.insert(all_anchors.end(), my_anchors.begin(),
+                           my_anchors.end());
       }
     }
   }
+  // Here we total sort all the anchor points across all files and go through
+  // them in the sorted order to find partitioning boundaries.
+  // Not the most efficient implementation. A much more efficient algorithm
+  // probably exists. But they are more complex. If performance turns out to
+  // be a problem, we can optimize.
+  std::sort(
+      all_anchors.begin(), all_anchors.end(),
+      [cfd_comparator](TableReader::Anchor& a, TableReader::Anchor& b) -> bool {
+        return cfd_comparator->CompareWithoutTimestamp(a.user_key, b.user_key) <
+               0;
+      });
 
-  std::sort(bounds.begin(), bounds.end(),
-            [cfd_comparator](const Slice& a, const Slice& b) -> bool {
-              return cfd_comparator->Compare(ExtractUserKey(a),
-                                             ExtractUserKey(b)) < 0;
-            });
-  // Remove duplicated entries from bounds
-  bounds.erase(
-      std::unique(bounds.begin(), bounds.end(),
-                  [cfd_comparator](const Slice& a, const Slice& b) -> bool {
-                    return cfd_comparator->Compare(ExtractUserKey(a),
-                                                   ExtractUserKey(b)) == 0;
+  // Remove duplicated entries from boundaries.
+  all_anchors.erase(
+      std::unique(all_anchors.begin(), all_anchors.end(),
+                  [cfd_comparator](TableReader::Anchor& a,
+                                   TableReader::Anchor& b) -> bool {
+                    return cfd_comparator->CompareWithoutTimestamp(
+                               a.user_key, b.user_key) == 0;
                   }),
-      bounds.end());
+      all_anchors.end());
 
-  // Combine consecutive pairs of boundaries into ranges with an approximate
-  // size of data covered by keys in that range
-  uint64_t sum = 0;
-  std::vector<RangeWithSize> ranges;
-  // Get input version from CompactionState since it's already referenced
-  // earlier in SetInputVersioCompaction::SetInputVersion and will not change
-  // when db_mutex_ is released below
-  auto* v = compact_->compaction->input_version();
-  for (auto it = bounds.begin();;) {
-    const Slice a = *it;
-    ++it;
+  // Get the number of planned subcompactions, may update reserve threads
+  // and update extra_num_subcompaction_threads_reserved_ for round-robin
+  uint64_t num_planned_subcompactions;
+  if (c->immutable_options()->compaction_pri == kRoundRobin &&
+      c->immutable_options()->compaction_style == kCompactionStyleLevel) {
+    // For round-robin compaction prioity, we need to employ more
+    // subcompactions (may exceed the max_subcompaction limit). The extra
+    // subcompactions will be executed using reserved threads and taken into
+    // account bg_compaction_scheduled or bg_bottom_compaction_scheduled.
 
-    if (it == bounds.end()) {
-      break;
+    // Initialized by the number of input files
+    num_planned_subcompactions = static_cast<uint64_t>(c->num_input_files(0));
+    uint64_t max_subcompactions_limit = GetSubcompactionsLimit();
+    if (max_subcompactions_limit < num_planned_subcompactions) {
+      // Assert two pointers are not empty so that we can use extra
+      // subcompactions against db compaction limits
+      assert(bg_bottom_compaction_scheduled_ != nullptr);
+      assert(bg_compaction_scheduled_ != nullptr);
+      // Reserve resources when max_subcompaction is not sufficient
+      AcquireSubcompactionResources(
+          (int)(num_planned_subcompactions - max_subcompactions_limit));
+      // Subcompactions limit changes after acquiring additional resources.
+      // Need to call GetSubcompactionsLimit() again to update the number
+      // of planned subcompactions
+      num_planned_subcompactions =
+          std::min(num_planned_subcompactions, GetSubcompactionsLimit());
+    } else {
+      num_planned_subcompactions = max_subcompactions_limit;
     }
-
-    const Slice b = *it;
-
-    // ApproximateSize could potentially create table reader iterator to seek
-    // to the index block and may incur I/O cost in the process. Unlock db
-    // mutex to reduce contention
-    db_mutex_->Unlock();
-    uint64_t size = versions_->ApproximateSize(SizeApproximationOptions(), v, a,
-                                               b, start_lvl, out_lvl + 1,
-                                               TableReaderCaller::kCompaction);
-    db_mutex_->Lock();
-    ranges.emplace_back(a, b, size);
-    sum += size;
+  } else {
+    num_planned_subcompactions = GetSubcompactionsLimit();
   }
 
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("CompactionJob::GenSubcompactionBoundaries:0",
+                           &num_planned_subcompactions);
+  if (num_planned_subcompactions == 1) return;
+
   // Group the ranges into subcompactions
-  const double min_file_fill_percent = 4.0 / 5;
-  int base_level = v->storage_info()->base_level();
-  uint64_t max_output_files = static_cast<uint64_t>(std::ceil(
-      sum / min_file_fill_percent /
+  uint64_t target_range_size = std::max(
+      total_size / num_planned_subcompactions,
       MaxFileSizeForLevel(
           *(c->mutable_cf_options()), out_lvl,
           c->immutable_options()->compaction_style, base_level,
-          c->immutable_options()->level_compaction_dynamic_level_bytes)));
-  uint64_t subcompactions =
-      std::min({static_cast<uint64_t>(ranges.size()),
-                static_cast<uint64_t>(c->max_subcompactions()),
-                max_output_files});
+          c->immutable_options()->level_compaction_dynamic_level_bytes));
 
-  if (subcompactions > 1) {
-    double mean = sum * 1.0 / subcompactions;
-    // Greedily add ranges to the subcompaction until the sum of the ranges'
-    // sizes becomes >= the expected mean size of a subcompaction
-    sum = 0;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i + 1 < ranges.size(); i++) {
-      sum += ranges[i].size;
-      if (subcompactions == 1) {
-        // If there's only one left to schedule then it goes to the end so no
-        // need to put an end boundary
-        continue;
-      }
-      if (sum >= mean) {
-        boundaries_.emplace_back(ExtractUserKey(ranges[i].range.limit));
-        subcompactions--;
-        sum = 0;
-      }
+  if (target_range_size >= total_size) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  uint64_t next_threshold = target_range_size;
+  uint64_t cumulative_size = 0;
+  uint64_t num_actual_subcompactions = 1U;
+  for (TableReader::Anchor& anchor : all_anchors) {
+    cumulative_size += anchor.range_size;
+    if (cumulative_size > next_threshold) {
+      next_threshold += target_range_size;
+      num_actual_subcompactions++;
+      boundaries_.push_back(anchor.user_key);
+    }
+    if (num_actual_subcompactions == num_planned_subcompactions) {
+      break;
     }
   }
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("CompactionJob::GenSubcompactionBoundaries:1",
+                           &num_actual_subcompactions);
+  // Shrink extra subcompactions resources when extra resrouces are acquired
+  ShrinkSubcompactionResources(
+      std::min((int)(num_planned_subcompactions - num_actual_subcompactions),
+               extra_num_subcompaction_threads_reserved_));
 }
 
 Status CompactionJob::Run() {
@@ -488,11 +714,12 @@ Status CompactionJob::Run() {
           break;
         }
         // Verify that the table is usable
-        // We set for_compaction to false and don't OptimizeForCompactionTableRead
-        // here because this is a special case after we finish the table building
-        // No matter whether use_direct_io_for_flush_and_compaction is true,
-        // we will regard this verification as user reads since the goal is
-        // to cache it here for further user reads
+        // We set for_compaction to false and don't
+        // OptimizeForCompactionTableRead here because this is a special case
+        // after we finish the table building No matter whether
+        // use_direct_io_for_flush_and_compaction is true, we will regard this
+        // verification as user reads since the goal is to cache it here for
+        // further user reads
         ReadOptions read_options;
         InternalIterator* iter = cfd->table_cache()->NewIterator(
             read_options, file_options_, cfd->internal_comparator(),
@@ -538,13 +765,14 @@ Status CompactionJob::Run() {
       }
     };
     for (size_t i = 1; i < compact_->sub_compact_states.size(); i++) {
-      thread_pool.emplace_back(verify_table,
-                               std::ref(compact_->sub_compact_states[i].status));
+      thread_pool.emplace_back(
+          verify_table, std::ref(compact_->sub_compact_states[i].status));
     }
     verify_table(compact_->sub_compact_states[0].status);
     for (auto& thread : thread_pool) {
       thread.join();
     }
+
     for (const auto& state : compact_->sub_compact_states) {
       if (!state.status.ok()) {
         status = state.status;
@@ -553,6 +781,10 @@ Status CompactionJob::Run() {
     }
   }
 
+  ReleaseSubcompactionResources();
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT("CompactionJob::ReleaseSubcompactionResources:0");
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT("CompactionJob::ReleaseSubcompactionResources:1");
+
   TablePropertiesCollection tp;
   for (const auto& state : compact_->sub_compact_states) {
     for (const auto& output : state.GetOutputs()) {
@@ -844,12 +1076,16 @@ void CompactionJob::ProcessKeyValueCompaction(SubcompactionState* sub_compact) {
   NotifyOnSubcompactionBegin(sub_compact);
 
   auto range_del_agg = std::make_unique<CompactionRangeDelAggregator>(
-      &cfd->internal_comparator(), existing_snapshots_);
+      &cfd->internal_comparator(), existing_snapshots_, &full_history_ts_low_,
+      &trim_ts_);
 
   // TODO: since we already use C++17, should use
   // std::optional<const Slice> instead.
-  const Slice* const start = sub_compact->start;
-  const Slice* const end = sub_compact->end;
+  const std::optional<Slice> start = sub_compact->start;
+  const std::optional<Slice> end = sub_compact->end;
+
+  std::optional<Slice> start_without_ts;
+  std::optional<Slice> end_without_ts;
 
   ReadOptions read_options;
   read_options.verify_checksums = true;
@@ -861,21 +1097,29 @@ void CompactionJob::ProcessKeyValueCompaction(SubcompactionState* sub_compact) {
   // (b) CompactionFilter::Decision::kRemoveAndSkipUntil.
   read_options.total_order_seek = true;
 
-  // Note: if we're going to support subcompactions for user-defined timestamps,
-  // the timestamp part will have to be stripped from the bounds here.
-  assert((!start && !end) || cfd->user_comparator()->timestamp_size() == 0);
-  read_options.iterate_lower_bound = start;
-  read_options.iterate_upper_bound = end;
+  // Remove the timestamps from boundaries because boundaries created in
+  // GenSubcompactionBoundaries doesn't strip away the timestamp.
+  size_t ts_sz = cfd->user_comparator()->timestamp_size();
+  if (start.has_value()) {
+    read_options.iterate_lower_bound = &start.value();
+    if (ts_sz > 0) {
+      start_without_ts = StripTimestampFromUserKey(start.value(), ts_sz);
+      read_options.iterate_lower_bound = &start_without_ts.value();
+    }
+  }
+  if (end.has_value()) {
+    read_options.iterate_upper_bound = &end.value();
+    if (ts_sz > 0) {
+      end_without_ts = StripTimestampFromUserKey(end.value(), ts_sz);
+      read_options.iterate_upper_bound = &end_without_ts.value();
+    }
+  }
 
   // Although the v2 aggregator is what the level iterator(s) know about,
   // the AddTombstones calls will be propagated down to the v1 aggregator.
   std::unique_ptr<InternalIterator> raw_input(versions_->MakeInputIterator(
       read_options, sub_compact->compaction, range_del_agg.get(),
-      file_options_for_read_,
-      (start == nullptr) ? std::optional<const Slice>{}
-                         : std::optional<const Slice>{*start},
-      (end == nullptr) ? std::optional<const Slice>{}
-                       : std::optional<const Slice>{*end}));
+      file_options_for_read_, start, end));
   InternalIterator* input = raw_input.get();
 
   IterKey start_ikey;
@@ -883,20 +1127,42 @@ void CompactionJob::ProcessKeyValueCompaction(SubcompactionState* sub_compact) {
   Slice start_slice;
   Slice end_slice;
 
-  if (start) {
-    start_ikey.SetInternalKey(*start, kMaxSequenceNumber, kValueTypeForSeek);
+  static constexpr char kMaxTs[] =
+      "\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff";
+  Slice ts_slice;
+  std::string max_ts;
+  if (ts_sz > 0) {
+    if (ts_sz <= strlen(kMaxTs)) {
+      ts_slice = Slice(kMaxTs, ts_sz);
+    } else {
+      max_ts = std::string(ts_sz, '\xff');
+      ts_slice = Slice(max_ts);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (start.has_value()) {
+    start_ikey.SetInternalKey(start.value(), kMaxSequenceNumber,
+                              kValueTypeForSeek);
+    if (ts_sz > 0) {
+      start_ikey.UpdateInternalKey(kMaxSequenceNumber, kValueTypeForSeek,
+                                   &ts_slice);
+    }
     start_slice = start_ikey.GetInternalKey();
   }
-  if (end) {
-    end_ikey.SetInternalKey(*end, kMaxSequenceNumber, kValueTypeForSeek);
+  if (end.has_value()) {
+    end_ikey.SetInternalKey(end.value(), kMaxSequenceNumber, kValueTypeForSeek);
+    if (ts_sz > 0) {
+      end_ikey.UpdateInternalKey(kMaxSequenceNumber, kValueTypeForSeek,
+                                 &ts_slice);
+    }
     end_slice = end_ikey.GetInternalKey();
   }
 
   std::unique_ptr<InternalIterator> clip;
-  if (start || end) {
+  if (start.has_value() || end.has_value()) {
     clip = std::make_unique<ClippingIterator>(
-        raw_input.get(), start ? &start_slice : nullptr,
-        end ? &end_slice : nullptr, &cfd->internal_comparator());
+        raw_input.get(), start.has_value() ? &start_slice : nullptr,
+        end.has_value() ? &end_slice : nullptr, &cfd->internal_comparator());
     input = clip.get();
   }
 
@@ -909,7 +1175,7 @@ void CompactionJob::ProcessKeyValueCompaction(SubcompactionState* sub_compact) {
   }
 
   std::unique_ptr<InternalIterator> trim_history_iter;
-  if (cfd->user_comparator()->timestamp_size() > 0 && !trim_ts_.empty()) {
+  if (ts_sz > 0 && !trim_ts_.empty()) {
     trim_history_iter = std::make_unique<HistoryTrimmingIterator>(
         input, cfd->user_comparator(), trim_ts_);
     input = trim_history_iter.get();
@@ -962,10 +1228,10 @@ void CompactionJob::ProcessKeyValueCompaction(SubcompactionState* sub_compact) {
           ? new BlobFileBuilder(
                 versions_, fs_.get(),
                 sub_compact->compaction->immutable_options(),
-                mutable_cf_options, &file_options_, job_id_, cfd->GetID(),
-                cfd->GetName(), Env::IOPriority::IO_LOW, write_hint_,
-                io_tracer_, blob_callback_, BlobFileCreationReason::kCompaction,
-                &blob_file_paths,
+                mutable_cf_options, &file_options_, db_id_, db_session_id_,
+                job_id_, cfd->GetID(), cfd->GetName(), Env::IOPriority::IO_LOW,
+                write_hint_, io_tracer_, blob_callback_,
+                BlobFileCreationReason::kCompaction, &blob_file_paths,
                 sub_compact->Current().GetBlobFileAdditionsPtr())
           : nullptr);
 
@@ -989,20 +1255,14 @@ void CompactionJob::ProcessKeyValueCompaction(SubcompactionState* sub_compact) {
       blob_file_builder.get(), db_options_.allow_data_in_errors,
       db_options_.enforce_single_del_contracts, manual_compaction_canceled_,
       sub_compact->compaction, compaction_filter, shutting_down_,
-      db_options_.info_log, full_history_ts_low);
+      db_options_.info_log, full_history_ts_low, preserve_time_min_seqno_,
+      preclude_last_level_min_seqno_);
   c_iter->SeekToFirst();
 
   // Assign range delete aggregator to the target output level, which makes sure
   // it only output to single level
   sub_compact->AssignRangeDelAggregator(std::move(range_del_agg));
 
-  if (c_iter->Valid() && sub_compact->compaction->output_level() != 0) {
-    sub_compact->FillFilesToCutForTtl();
-    // ShouldStopBefore() maintains state based on keys processed so far. The
-    // compaction loop always calls it on the "next" key, thus won't tell it the
-    // first key. So we do that here.
-    sub_compact->ShouldStopBefore(c_iter->key());
-  }
   const auto& c_iter_stats = c_iter->iter_stats();
 
   // define the open and close functions for the compaction files, which will be
@@ -1019,12 +1279,16 @@ void CompactionJob::ProcessKeyValueCompaction(SubcompactionState* sub_compact) {
       };
 
   Status status;
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK(
+      "CompactionJob::ProcessKeyValueCompaction()::Processing",
+      reinterpret_cast<void*>(
+          const_cast<Compaction*>(sub_compact->compaction)));
   while (status.ok() && !cfd->IsDropped() && c_iter->Valid()) {
     // Invariant: c_iter.status() is guaranteed to be OK if c_iter->Valid()
     // returns true.
 
-    assert(!end ||
-           cfd->user_comparator()->Compare(c_iter->user_key(), *end) < 0);
+    assert(!end.has_value() || cfd->user_comparator()->Compare(
+                                   c_iter->user_key(), end.value()) < 0);
 
     if (c_iter_stats.num_input_records % kRecordStatsEvery ==
         kRecordStatsEvery - 1) {
@@ -1051,16 +1315,6 @@ void CompactionJob::ProcessKeyValueCompaction(SubcompactionState* sub_compact) {
     if (c_iter->status().IsManualCompactionPaused()) {
       break;
     }
-
-    // TODO: Support earlier file cut for the penultimate level files. Maybe by
-    //  moving `ShouldStopBefore()` to `CompactionOutputs` class. Currently
-    //  the penultimate level output is only cut when it reaches the size limit.
-    if (!sub_compact->Current().IsPendingClose() &&
-        sub_compact->compaction->output_level() != 0 &&
-        !sub_compact->compaction->SupportsPerKeyPlacement() &&
-        sub_compact->ShouldStopBefore(c_iter->key())) {
-      sub_compact->Current().SetPendingClose();
-    }
   }
 
   sub_compact->compaction_job_stats.num_blobs_read =
@@ -1242,10 +1496,12 @@ Status CompactionJob::FinishCompactionOutputFile(
     // output_to_penultimate_level compaction here, as it's only used to decide
     // if range dels could be dropped.
     if (outputs.HasRangeDel()) {
-      s = outputs.AddRangeDels(sub_compact->start, sub_compact->end,
-                               range_del_out_stats, bottommost_level_,
-                               cfd->internal_comparator(), earliest_snapshot,
-                               next_table_min_key);
+      s = outputs.AddRangeDels(
+          sub_compact->start.has_value() ? &(sub_compact->start.value())
+                                         : nullptr,
+          sub_compact->end.has_value() ? &(sub_compact->end.value()) : nullptr,
+          range_del_out_stats, bottommost_level_, cfd->internal_comparator(),
+          earliest_snapshot, next_table_min_key, full_history_ts_low_);
     }
     RecordDroppedKeys(range_del_out_stats, &sub_compact->compaction_job_stats);
     TEST_SYNC_POINT("CompactionJob::FinishCompactionOutputFile1");
@@ -1253,7 +1509,7 @@ Status CompactionJob::FinishCompactionOutputFile(
 
   const uint64_t current_entries = outputs.NumEntries();
 
-  s = outputs.Finish(s);
+  s = outputs.Finish(s, seqno_time_mapping_);
 
   if (s.ok()) {
     // With accurate smallest and largest key, we can get a slightly more
@@ -1451,13 +1707,16 @@ Status CompactionJob::InstallCompactionResults(
                              stats.GetBytes());
   }
 
-  if (compaction->compaction_reason() == CompactionReason::kLevelMaxLevelSize &&
+  if ((compaction->compaction_reason() ==
+           CompactionReason::kLevelMaxLevelSize ||
+       compaction->compaction_reason() == CompactionReason::kRoundRobinTtl) &&
       compaction->immutable_options()->compaction_pri == kRoundRobin) {
     int start_level = compaction->start_level();
     if (start_level > 0) {
       auto vstorage = compaction->input_version()->storage_info();
       edit->AddCompactCursor(start_level,
-                             vstorage->GetNextCompactCursor(start_level));
+                             vstorage->GetNextCompactCursor(
+                                 start_level, compaction->num_input_files(0)));
     }
   }
 
@@ -1511,13 +1770,16 @@ Status CompactionJob::OpenCompactionOutputFile(SubcompactionState* sub_compact,
                            &syncpoint_arg);
 #endif
 
-  // Pass temperature of botommost files to FileSystem.
+  // Pass temperature of the last level files to FileSystem.
   FileOptions fo_copy = file_options_;
   Temperature temperature = sub_compact->compaction->output_temperature();
-  if (temperature == Temperature::kUnknown && bottommost_level_ &&
+  // only set for the last level compaction and also it's not output to
+  // penultimate level (when preclude_last_level feature is enabled)
+  if (temperature == Temperature::kUnknown &&
+      sub_compact->compaction->is_last_level() &&
       !sub_compact->IsCurrentPenultimateLevel()) {
     temperature =
-        sub_compact->compaction->mutable_cf_options()->bottommost_temperature;
+        sub_compact->compaction->mutable_cf_options()->last_level_temperature;
   }
   fo_copy.temperature = temperature;
 
@@ -1557,16 +1819,16 @@ Status CompactionJob::OpenCompactionOutputFile(SubcompactionState* sub_compact,
   }
   uint64_t current_time = static_cast<uint64_t>(temp_current_time);
   InternalKey tmp_start, tmp_end;
-  if (sub_compact->start != nullptr) {
-    tmp_start.SetMinPossibleForUserKey(*(sub_compact->start));
+  if (sub_compact->start.has_value()) {
+    tmp_start.SetMinPossibleForUserKey(sub_compact->start.value());
   }
-  if (sub_compact->end != nullptr) {
-    tmp_end.SetMinPossibleForUserKey(*(sub_compact->end));
+  if (sub_compact->end.has_value()) {
+    tmp_end.SetMinPossibleForUserKey(sub_compact->end.value());
   }
   uint64_t oldest_ancester_time =
       sub_compact->compaction->MinInputFileOldestAncesterTime(
-          (sub_compact->start != nullptr) ? &tmp_start : nullptr,
-          (sub_compact->end != nullptr) ? &tmp_end : nullptr);
+          sub_compact->start.has_value() ? &tmp_start : nullptr,
+          sub_compact->end.has_value() ? &tmp_end : nullptr);
   if (oldest_ancester_time == std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max()) {
     oldest_ancester_time = current_time;
   }
@@ -1617,9 +1879,8 @@ Status CompactionJob::OpenCompactionOutputFile(SubcompactionState* sub_compact,
       sub_compact->compaction->output_compression_opts(), cfd->GetID(),
       cfd->GetName(), sub_compact->compaction->output_level(),
       bottommost_level_, TableFileCreationReason::kCompaction,
-      oldest_ancester_time, 0 /* oldest_key_time */, current_time, db_id_,
-      db_session_id_, sub_compact->compaction->max_output_file_size(),
-      file_number);
+      0 /* oldest_key_time */, current_time, db_id_, db_session_id_,
+      sub_compact->compaction->max_output_file_size(), file_number);
 
   outputs.NewBuilder(tboptions);
 
@@ -1737,7 +1998,7 @@ void CompactionJob::LogCompaction() {
         compaction->InputLevelSummary(&inputs_summary), compaction->score());
     char scratch[2345];
     compaction->Summary(scratch, sizeof(scratch));
-    ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log, "[%s] Compaction start summary: %s\n",
+    ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log, "[%s]: Compaction start summary: %s\n",
                    cfd->GetName().c_str(), scratch);
     // build event logger report
     auto stream = event_logger_->Log();
@@ -1754,7 +2015,27 @@ void CompactionJob::LogCompaction() {
       stream.EndArray();
     }
     stream << "score" << compaction->score() << "input_data_size"
-           << compaction->CalculateTotalInputSize();
+           << compaction->CalculateTotalInputSize() << "oldest_snapshot_seqno"
+           << (existing_snapshots_.empty()
+                   ? int64_t{-1}  // Use -1 for "none"
+                   : static_cast<int64_t>(existing_snapshots_[0]));
+    if (compaction->SupportsPerKeyPlacement()) {
+      stream << "preclude_last_level_min_seqno"
+             << preclude_last_level_min_seqno_;
+      stream << "penultimate_output_level" << compaction->GetPenultimateLevel();
+      stream << "penultimate_output_range"
+             << GetCompactionPenultimateOutputRangeTypeString(
+                    compaction->GetPenultimateOutputRangeType());
+
+      if (compaction->GetPenultimateOutputRangeType() ==
+          Compaction::PenultimateOutputRangeType::kDisabled) {
+        ROCKS_LOG_WARN(
+            db_options_.info_log,
+            "[%s] [JOB %d] Penultimate level output is disabled, likely "
+            "because of the range conflict in the penultimate level",
+            cfd->GetName().c_str(), job_id_);
+      }
+    }
   }
 }
 

db/compaction/compaction_job.h

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include "db/log_writer.h"
 #include "db/memtable_list.h"
 #include "db/range_del_aggregator.h"
+#include "db/seqno_to_time_mapping.h"
 #include "db/version_edit.h"
 #include "db/write_controller.h"
 #include "db/write_thread.h"
@@ -163,7 +164,9 @@ class CompactionJob {
       const std::atomic<bool>& manual_compaction_canceled,
       const std::string& db_id = "", const std::string& db_session_id = "",
       std::string full_history_ts_low = "", std::string trim_ts = "",
-      BlobFileCompletionCallback* blob_callback = nullptr);
+      BlobFileCompletionCallback* blob_callback = nullptr,
+      int* bg_compaction_scheduled = nullptr,
+      int* bg_bottom_compaction_scheduled = nullptr);
 
   virtual ~CompactionJob();
 
@@ -224,6 +227,26 @@ class CompactionJob {
   // consecutive groups such that each group has a similar size.
   void GenSubcompactionBoundaries();
 
+  // Get the number of planned subcompactions based on max_subcompactions and
+  // extra reserved resources
+  uint64_t GetSubcompactionsLimit();
+
+  // Additional reserved threads are reserved and the number is stored in
+  // extra_num_subcompaction_threads_reserved__. For now, this happens only if
+  // the compaction priority is round-robin and max_subcompactions is not
+  // sufficient (extra resources may be needed)
+  void AcquireSubcompactionResources(int num_extra_required_subcompactions);
+
+  // Additional threads may be reserved during IncreaseSubcompactionResources()
+  // if num_actual_subcompactions is less than num_planned_subcompactions.
+  // Additional threads will be released and the bg_compaction_scheduled_ or
+  // bg_bottom_compaction_scheduled_ will be updated if they are used.
+  // DB Mutex lock is required.
+  void ShrinkSubcompactionResources(uint64_t num_extra_resources);
+
+  // Release all reserved threads and update the compaction limits.
+  void ReleaseSubcompactionResources();
+
   CompactionServiceJobStatus ProcessKeyValueCompactionWithCompactionService(
       SubcompactionState* sub_compact);
 
@@ -238,12 +261,12 @@ class CompactionJob {
   Status OpenCompactionOutputFile(SubcompactionState* sub_compact,
                                   CompactionOutputs& outputs);
   void UpdateCompactionJobStats(
-    const InternalStats::CompactionStats& stats) const;
+      const InternalStats::CompactionStats& stats) const;
   void RecordDroppedKeys(const CompactionIterationStats& c_iter_stats,
                          CompactionJobStats* compaction_job_stats = nullptr);
 
-  void UpdateCompactionInputStatsHelper(
-      int* num_files, uint64_t* bytes_read, int input_level);
+  void UpdateCompactionInputStatsHelper(int* num_files, uint64_t* bytes_read,
+                                        int input_level);
 
   void NotifyOnSubcompactionBegin(SubcompactionState* sub_compact);
 
@@ -291,13 +314,36 @@ class CompactionJob {
   bool paranoid_file_checks_;
   bool measure_io_stats_;
   // Stores the Slices that designate the boundaries for each subcompaction
-  std::vector<Slice> boundaries_;
+  std::vector<std::string> boundaries_;
   Env::Priority thread_pri_;
   std::string full_history_ts_low_;
   std::string trim_ts_;
   BlobFileCompletionCallback* blob_callback_;
 
   uint64_t GetCompactionId(SubcompactionState* sub_compact) const;
+  // Stores the number of reserved threads in shared env_ for the number of
+  // extra subcompaction in kRoundRobin compaction priority
+  int extra_num_subcompaction_threads_reserved_;
+
+  // Stores the pointer to bg_compaction_scheduled_,
+  // bg_bottom_compaction_scheduled_ in DBImpl. Mutex is required when accessing
+  // or updating it.
+  int* bg_compaction_scheduled_;
+  int* bg_bottom_compaction_scheduled_;
+
+  // Stores the sequence number to time mapping gathered from all input files
+  // it also collects the smallest_seqno -> oldest_ancester_time from the SST.
+  SeqnoToTimeMapping seqno_time_mapping_;
+
+  // Minimal sequence number for preserving the time information. The time info
+  // older than this sequence number won't be preserved after the compaction and
+  // if it's bottommost compaction, the seq num will be zeroed out.
+  SequenceNumber preserve_time_min_seqno_ = kMaxSequenceNumber;
+
+  // Minimal sequence number to preclude the data from the last level. If the
+  // key has bigger (newer) sequence number than this, it will be precluded from
+  // the last level (output to penultimate level).
+  SequenceNumber preclude_last_level_min_seqno_ = kMaxSequenceNumber;
 
   // Get table file name in where it's outputting to, which should also be in
   // `output_directory_`.

db/compaction/compaction_job_stats_test.cc

@@ -155,9 +155,8 @@ class CompactionJobStatsTest : public testing::Test,
     ASSERT_OK(TryReopenWithColumnFamilies(cfs, options));
   }
 
-  Status TryReopenWithColumnFamilies(
-      const std::vector<std::string>& cfs,
-      const std::vector<Options>& options) {
+  Status TryReopenWithColumnFamilies(const std::vector<std::string>& cfs,
+                                     const std::vector<Options>& options) {
     Close();
     EXPECT_EQ(cfs.size(), options.size());
     std::vector<ColumnFamilyDescriptor> column_families;
@@ -175,9 +174,7 @@ class CompactionJobStatsTest : public testing::Test,
     return TryReopenWithColumnFamilies(cfs, v_opts);
   }
 
-  void Reopen(const Options& options) {
-    ASSERT_OK(TryReopen(options));
-  }
+  void Reopen(const Options& options) { ASSERT_OK(TryReopen(options)); }
 
   void Close() {
     for (auto h : handles_) {
@@ -226,9 +223,7 @@ class CompactionJobStatsTest : public testing::Test,
     return db_->Put(wo, handles_[cf], k, v);
   }
 
-  Status Delete(const std::string& k) {
-    return db_->Delete(WriteOptions(), k);
-  }
+  Status Delete(const std::string& k) { return db_->Delete(WriteOptions(), k); }
 
   Status Delete(int cf, const std::string& k) {
     return db_->Delete(WriteOptions(), handles_[cf], k);
@@ -338,21 +333,21 @@ class CompactionJobStatsTest : public testing::Test,
     }
   }
 
-  static void SetDeletionCompactionStats(
-      CompactionJobStats *stats, uint64_t input_deletions,
-      uint64_t expired_deletions, uint64_t records_replaced) {
+  static void SetDeletionCompactionStats(CompactionJobStats* stats,
+                                         uint64_t input_deletions,
+                                         uint64_t expired_deletions,
+                                         uint64_t records_replaced) {
     stats->num_input_deletion_records = input_deletions;
     stats->num_expired_deletion_records = expired_deletions;
     stats->num_records_replaced = records_replaced;
   }
 
-  void MakeTableWithKeyValues(
-    Random* rnd, uint64_t smallest, uint64_t largest,
-    int key_size, int value_size, uint64_t interval,
-    double ratio, int cf = 0) {
+  void MakeTableWithKeyValues(Random* rnd, uint64_t smallest, uint64_t largest,
+                              int key_size, int value_size, uint64_t interval,
+                              double ratio, int cf = 0) {
     for (auto key = smallest; key < largest; key += interval) {
       ASSERT_OK(Put(cf, Slice(Key(key, key_size)),
-                        Slice(RandomString(rnd, value_size, ratio))));
+                    Slice(RandomString(rnd, value_size, ratio))));
     }
     ASSERT_OK(Flush(cf));
   }
@@ -361,9 +356,9 @@ class CompactionJobStatsTest : public testing::Test,
   // rounds of keys are inserted into the database, as per the behavior
   // of the DeletionStatsTest.
   void SelectivelyDeleteKeys(uint64_t smallest, uint64_t largest,
-    uint64_t interval, int deletion_interval, int key_size,
-    uint64_t cutoff_key_num, CompactionJobStats* stats, int cf = 0) {
-
+                             uint64_t interval, int deletion_interval,
+                             int key_size, uint64_t cutoff_key_num,
+                             CompactionJobStats* stats, int cf = 0) {
     // interval needs to be >= 2 so that deletion entries can be inserted
     // that are intended to not result in an actual key deletion by using
     // an offset of 1 from another existing key
@@ -387,20 +382,19 @@ class CompactionJobStatsTest : public testing::Test,
 
     // Insert some deletions for keys that don't exist that
     // are both in and out of the key range
-    ASSERT_OK(Delete(cf, Key(smallest+1, key_size)));
+    ASSERT_OK(Delete(cf, Key(smallest + 1, key_size)));
     deletions_made++;
 
-    ASSERT_OK(Delete(cf, Key(smallest-1, key_size)));
+    ASSERT_OK(Delete(cf, Key(smallest - 1, key_size)));
     deletions_made++;
     num_expired++;
 
-    ASSERT_OK(Delete(cf, Key(smallest-9, key_size)));
+    ASSERT_OK(Delete(cf, Key(smallest - 9, key_size)));
     deletions_made++;
     num_expired++;
 
     ASSERT_OK(Flush(cf));
-    SetDeletionCompactionStats(stats, deletions_made, num_expired,
-      num_deleted);
+    SetDeletionCompactionStats(stats, deletions_made, num_expired, num_deleted);
   }
 };
 
@@ -440,25 +434,20 @@ class CompactionJobStatsChecker : public EventListener {
   // use ASSERT_GE and ASSERT_LE with a reasonable bias ---
   // 10% in uncompressed case and 20% when compression is used.
   virtual void Verify(const CompactionJobStats& current_stats,
-              const CompactionJobStats& stats) {
+                      const CompactionJobStats& stats) {
     // time
     ASSERT_GT(current_stats.elapsed_micros, 0U);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.num_input_records,
-        stats.num_input_records);
-    ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.num_input_files,
-        stats.num_input_files);
+    ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.num_input_records, stats.num_input_records);
+    ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.num_input_files, stats.num_input_files);
     ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.num_input_files_at_output_level,
-        stats.num_input_files_at_output_level);
+              stats.num_input_files_at_output_level);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.num_output_records,
-        stats.num_output_records);
-    ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.num_output_files,
-        stats.num_output_files);
+    ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.num_output_records, stats.num_output_records);
+    ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.num_output_files, stats.num_output_files);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.is_full_compaction, stats.is_full_compaction);
-    ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.is_manual_compaction,
-        stats.is_manual_compaction);
+    ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.is_manual_compaction, stats.is_manual_compaction);
 
     // file size
     double kFileSizeBias = compression_enabled_ ? 0.20 : 0.10;
@@ -475,18 +464,14 @@ class CompactionJobStatsChecker : public EventListener {
     ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.total_input_raw_value_bytes,
               stats.total_input_raw_value_bytes);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.num_records_replaced,
-        stats.num_records_replaced);
+    ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.num_records_replaced, stats.num_records_replaced);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.num_corrupt_keys,
-        stats.num_corrupt_keys);
+    ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.num_corrupt_keys, stats.num_corrupt_keys);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(
-        std::string(current_stats.smallest_output_key_prefix),
-        std::string(stats.smallest_output_key_prefix));
-    ASSERT_EQ(
-        std::string(current_stats.largest_output_key_prefix),
-        std::string(stats.largest_output_key_prefix));
+    ASSERT_EQ(std::string(current_stats.smallest_output_key_prefix),
+              std::string(stats.smallest_output_key_prefix));
+    ASSERT_EQ(std::string(current_stats.largest_output_key_prefix),
+              std::string(stats.largest_output_key_prefix));
   }
 
   // Add an expected compaction stats, which will be used to
@@ -497,9 +482,7 @@ class CompactionJobStatsChecker : public EventListener {
     expected_stats_.push(stats);
   }
 
-  void EnableCompression(bool flag) {
-    compression_enabled_ = flag;
-  }
+  void EnableCompression(bool flag) { compression_enabled_ = flag; }
 
   bool verify_next_comp_io_stats() const { return verify_next_comp_io_stats_; }
 
@@ -517,45 +500,37 @@ class CompactionJobDeletionStatsChecker : public CompactionJobStatsChecker {
   // Verifies whether two CompactionJobStats match.
   void Verify(const CompactionJobStats& current_stats,
               const CompactionJobStats& stats) override {
-    ASSERT_EQ(
-      current_stats.num_input_deletion_records,
-      stats.num_input_deletion_records);
-    ASSERT_EQ(
-        current_stats.num_expired_deletion_records,
-        stats.num_expired_deletion_records);
-    ASSERT_EQ(
-        current_stats.num_records_replaced,
-        stats.num_records_replaced);
+    ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.num_input_deletion_records,
+              stats.num_input_deletion_records);
+    ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.num_expired_deletion_records,
+              stats.num_expired_deletion_records);
+    ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.num_records_replaced, stats.num_records_replaced);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.num_corrupt_keys,
-        stats.num_corrupt_keys);
+    ASSERT_EQ(current_stats.num_corrupt_keys, stats.num_corrupt_keys);
   }
 };
 
 namespace {
 
-uint64_t EstimatedFileSize(
-    uint64_t num_records, size_t key_size, size_t value_size,
-    double compression_ratio = 1.0,
-    size_t block_size = 4096,
-    int bloom_bits_per_key = 10) {
+uint64_t EstimatedFileSize(uint64_t num_records, size_t key_size,
+                           size_t value_size, double compression_ratio = 1.0,
+                           size_t block_size = 4096,
+                           int bloom_bits_per_key = 10) {
   const size_t kPerKeyOverhead = 8;
   const size_t kFooterSize = 512;
 
-  uint64_t data_size =
-    static_cast<uint64_t>(
-      num_records * (key_size + value_size * compression_ratio +
-                     kPerKeyOverhead));
+  uint64_t data_size = static_cast<uint64_t>(
+      num_records *
+      (key_size + value_size * compression_ratio + kPerKeyOverhead));
 
-  return data_size + kFooterSize
-         + num_records * bloom_bits_per_key / 8      // filter block
+  return data_size + kFooterSize +
+         num_records * bloom_bits_per_key / 8        // filter block
          + data_size * (key_size + 8) / block_size;  // index block
 }
 
 namespace {
 
-void CopyPrefix(
-    const Slice& src, size_t prefix_length, std::string* dst) {
+void CopyPrefix(const Slice& src, size_t prefix_length, std::string* dst) {
   assert(prefix_length > 0);
   size_t length = src.size() > prefix_length ? prefix_length : src.size();
   dst->assign(src.data(), length);
@@ -581,28 +556,24 @@ CompactionJobStats NewManualCompactionJobStats(
   stats.num_output_files = num_output_files;
 
   stats.total_input_bytes =
-      EstimatedFileSize(
-          num_input_records / num_input_files,
-          key_size, value_size, compression_ratio) * num_input_files;
+      EstimatedFileSize(num_input_records / num_input_files, key_size,
+                        value_size, compression_ratio) *
+      num_input_files;
   stats.total_output_bytes =
-      EstimatedFileSize(
-          num_output_records / num_output_files,
-          key_size, value_size, compression_ratio) * num_output_files;
-  stats.total_input_raw_key_bytes =
-      num_input_records * (key_size + 8);
-  stats.total_input_raw_value_bytes =
-      num_input_records * value_size;
+      EstimatedFileSize(num_output_records / num_output_files, key_size,
+                        value_size, compression_ratio) *
+      num_output_files;
+  stats.total_input_raw_key_bytes = num_input_records * (key_size + 8);
+  stats.total_input_raw_value_bytes = num_input_records * value_size;
 
   stats.is_full_compaction = is_full;
   stats.is_manual_compaction = is_manual;
 
   stats.num_records_replaced = num_records_replaced;
 
-  CopyPrefix(smallest_key,
-             CompactionJobStats::kMaxPrefixLength,
+  CopyPrefix(smallest_key, CompactionJobStats::kMaxPrefixLength,
              &stats.smallest_output_key_prefix);
-  CopyPrefix(largest_key,
-             CompactionJobStats::kMaxPrefixLength,
+  CopyPrefix(largest_key, CompactionJobStats::kMaxPrefixLength,
              &stats.largest_output_key_prefix);
 
   return stats;
@@ -662,13 +633,11 @@ TEST_P(CompactionJobStatsTest, CompactionJobStatsTest) {
 
     // 1st Phase: generate "num_L0_files" L0 files.
     int num_L0_files = 0;
-    for (uint64_t start_key = key_base;
-                  start_key <= key_base * kTestScale;
-                  start_key += key_base) {
-      MakeTableWithKeyValues(
-          &rnd, start_key, start_key + key_base - 1,
-          kKeySize, kValueSize, key_interval,
-          compression_ratio, 1);
+    for (uint64_t start_key = key_base; start_key <= key_base * kTestScale;
+         start_key += key_base) {
+      MakeTableWithKeyValues(&rnd, start_key, start_key + key_base - 1,
+                             kKeySize, kValueSize, key_interval,
+                             compression_ratio, 1);
       snprintf(buf, kBufSize, "%d", ++num_L0_files);
       ASSERT_EQ(std::string(buf), FilesPerLevel(1));
     }
@@ -684,13 +653,9 @@ TEST_P(CompactionJobStatsTest, CompactionJobStatsTest) {
          start_key += key_base, count++) {
       smallest_key = Key(start_key, 10);
       largest_key = Key(start_key + key_base - key_interval, 10);
-      stats_checker->AddExpectedStats(
-          NewManualCompactionJobStats(
-              smallest_key, largest_key,
-              1, 0, num_keys_per_L0_file,
-              kKeySize, kValueSize,
-              1, num_keys_per_L0_file,
-              compression_ratio, 0));
+      stats_checker->AddExpectedStats(NewManualCompactionJobStats(
+          smallest_key, largest_key, 1, 0, num_keys_per_L0_file, kKeySize,
+          kValueSize, 1, num_keys_per_L0_file, compression_ratio, 0));
       ASSERT_EQ(stats_checker->NumberOfUnverifiedStats(), 1U);
       TEST_Compact(0, 1, smallest_key, largest_key);
       snprintf(buf, kBufSize, "%d,%d", num_L0_files - count, count);
@@ -701,14 +666,10 @@ TEST_P(CompactionJobStatsTest, CompactionJobStatsTest) {
     int num_remaining_L0 = num_L0_files - L0_compaction_count;
     smallest_key = Key(key_base * (L0_compaction_count + 1), 10);
     largest_key = Key(key_base * (kTestScale + 1) - key_interval, 10);
-    stats_checker->AddExpectedStats(
-        NewManualCompactionJobStats(
-            smallest_key, largest_key,
-            num_remaining_L0,
-            0, num_keys_per_L0_file * num_remaining_L0,
-            kKeySize, kValueSize,
-            1, num_keys_per_L0_file * num_remaining_L0,
-            compression_ratio, 0));
+    stats_checker->AddExpectedStats(NewManualCompactionJobStats(
+        smallest_key, largest_key, num_remaining_L0, 0,
+        num_keys_per_L0_file * num_remaining_L0, kKeySize, kValueSize, 1,
+        num_keys_per_L0_file * num_remaining_L0, compression_ratio, 0));
     ASSERT_EQ(stats_checker->NumberOfUnverifiedStats(), 1U);
     TEST_Compact(0, 1, smallest_key, largest_key);
 
@@ -719,13 +680,11 @@ TEST_P(CompactionJobStatsTest, CompactionJobStatsTest) {
 
     // 3rd Phase: generate sparse L0 files (wider key-range, same num of keys)
     int sparseness = 2;
-    for (uint64_t start_key = key_base;
-                  start_key <= key_base * kTestScale;
-                  start_key += key_base * sparseness) {
+    for (uint64_t start_key = key_base; start_key <= key_base * kTestScale;
+         start_key += key_base * sparseness) {
       MakeTableWithKeyValues(
-          &rnd, start_key, start_key + key_base * sparseness - 1,
-          kKeySize, kValueSize,
-          key_base * sparseness / num_keys_per_L0_file,
+          &rnd, start_key, start_key + key_base * sparseness - 1, kKeySize,
+          kValueSize, key_base * sparseness / num_keys_per_L0_file,
           compression_ratio, 1);
       snprintf(buf, kBufSize, "%d,%d", ++num_L0_files, num_L1_files);
       ASSERT_EQ(std::string(buf), FilesPerLevel(1));
@@ -737,21 +696,15 @@ TEST_P(CompactionJobStatsTest, CompactionJobStatsTest) {
     // output files without coordinating to see if the output could fit into
     // a smaller number of files like it does when it runs sequentially
     int num_output_files = options.max_subcompactions > 1 ? 2 : 1;
-    for (uint64_t start_key = key_base;
-         num_L0_files > 1;
+    for (uint64_t start_key = key_base; num_L0_files > 1;
          start_key += key_base * sparseness) {
       smallest_key = Key(start_key, 10);
-      largest_key =
-          Key(start_key + key_base * sparseness - key_interval, 10);
-      stats_checker->AddExpectedStats(
-          NewManualCompactionJobStats(
-              smallest_key, largest_key,
-              3, 2, num_keys_per_L0_file * 3,
-              kKeySize, kValueSize,
-              num_output_files,
-              num_keys_per_L0_file * 2,  // 1/3 of the data will be updated.
-              compression_ratio,
-              num_keys_per_L0_file));
+      largest_key = Key(start_key + key_base * sparseness - key_interval, 10);
+      stats_checker->AddExpectedStats(NewManualCompactionJobStats(
+          smallest_key, largest_key, 3, 2, num_keys_per_L0_file * 3, kKeySize,
+          kValueSize, num_output_files,
+          num_keys_per_L0_file * 2,  // 1/3 of the data will be updated.
+          compression_ratio, num_keys_per_L0_file));
       ASSERT_EQ(stats_checker->NumberOfUnverifiedStats(), 1U);
       Compact(1, smallest_key, largest_key);
       if (options.max_subcompactions == 1) {
@@ -766,14 +719,10 @@ TEST_P(CompactionJobStatsTest, CompactionJobStatsTest) {
     // In the first sub-compaction, we expect L0 compaction.
     smallest_key = Key(key_base, 10);
     largest_key = Key(key_base * (kTestScale + 1) - key_interval, 10);
-    stats_checker->AddExpectedStats(
-        NewManualCompactionJobStats(
-            Key(key_base * (kTestScale + 1 - sparseness), 10), largest_key,
-            2, 1, num_keys_per_L0_file * 3,
-            kKeySize, kValueSize,
-            1, num_keys_per_L0_file * 2,
-            compression_ratio,
-            num_keys_per_L0_file));
+    stats_checker->AddExpectedStats(NewManualCompactionJobStats(
+        Key(key_base * (kTestScale + 1 - sparseness), 10), largest_key, 2, 1,
+        num_keys_per_L0_file * 3, kKeySize, kValueSize, 1,
+        num_keys_per_L0_file * 2, compression_ratio, num_keys_per_L0_file));
     ASSERT_EQ(stats_checker->NumberOfUnverifiedStats(), 1U);
     Compact(1, smallest_key, largest_key);
 
@@ -869,7 +818,7 @@ TEST_P(CompactionJobStatsTest, DeletionStatsTest) {
   Options options;
   options.listeners.emplace_back(stats_checker);
   options.create_if_missing = true;
-  options.level0_file_num_compaction_trigger = kTestScale+1;
+  options.level0_file_num_compaction_trigger = kTestScale + 1;
   options.num_levels = 3;
   options.compression = kNoCompression;
   options.max_bytes_for_level_multiplier = 2;
@@ -881,13 +830,10 @@ TEST_P(CompactionJobStatsTest, DeletionStatsTest) {
   // Stage 1: Generate several L0 files and then send them to L2 by
   // using CompactRangeOptions and CompactRange(). These files will
   // have a strict subset of the keys from the full key-range
-  for (uint64_t start_key = key_base;
-                start_key <= key_base * kTestScale / 2;
-                start_key += key_base) {
-    MakeTableWithKeyValues(
-        &rnd, start_key, start_key + key_base - 1,
-        kKeySize, kValueSize, key_interval,
-        compression_ratio, 1);
+  for (uint64_t start_key = key_base; start_key <= key_base * kTestScale / 2;
+       start_key += key_base) {
+    MakeTableWithKeyValues(&rnd, start_key, start_key + key_base - 1, kKeySize,
+                           kValueSize, key_interval, compression_ratio, 1);
   }
 
   CompactRangeOptions cr_options;
@@ -897,13 +843,10 @@ TEST_P(CompactionJobStatsTest, DeletionStatsTest) {
   ASSERT_GT(NumTableFilesAtLevel(2, 1), 0);
 
   // Stage 2: Generate files including keys from the entire key range
-  for (uint64_t start_key = key_base;
-                start_key <= key_base * kTestScale;
-                start_key += key_base) {
-    MakeTableWithKeyValues(
-        &rnd, start_key, start_key + key_base - 1,
-        kKeySize, kValueSize, key_interval,
-        compression_ratio, 1);
+  for (uint64_t start_key = key_base; start_key <= key_base * kTestScale;
+       start_key += key_base) {
+    MakeTableWithKeyValues(&rnd, start_key, start_key + key_base - 1, kKeySize,
+                           kValueSize, key_interval, compression_ratio, 1);
   }
 
   // Send these L0 files to L1
@@ -912,16 +855,16 @@ TEST_P(CompactionJobStatsTest, DeletionStatsTest) {
 
   // Add a new record and flush so now there is a L0 file
   // with a value too (not just deletions from the next step)
-  ASSERT_OK(Put(1, Key(key_base-6, kKeySize), "test"));
+  ASSERT_OK(Put(1, Key(key_base - 6, kKeySize), "test"));
   ASSERT_OK(Flush(1));
 
   // Stage 3: Generate L0 files with some deletions so now
   // there are files with the same key range in L0, L1, and L2
   int deletion_interval = 3;
   CompactionJobStats first_compaction_stats;
-  SelectivelyDeleteKeys(key_base, largest_key_num,
-      key_interval, deletion_interval, kKeySize, cutoff_key_num,
-      &first_compaction_stats, 1);
+  SelectivelyDeleteKeys(key_base, largest_key_num, key_interval,
+                        deletion_interval, kKeySize, cutoff_key_num,
+                        &first_compaction_stats, 1);
 
   stats_checker->AddExpectedStats(first_compaction_stats);
 
@@ -932,8 +875,7 @@ TEST_P(CompactionJobStatsTest, DeletionStatsTest) {
 namespace {
 int GetUniversalCompactionInputUnits(uint32_t num_flushes) {
   uint32_t compaction_input_units;
-  for (compaction_input_units = 1;
-       num_flushes >= compaction_input_units;
+  for (compaction_input_units = 1; num_flushes >= compaction_input_units;
        compaction_input_units *= 2) {
     if ((num_flushes & compaction_input_units) != 0) {
       return compaction_input_units > 1 ? compaction_input_units : 0;
@@ -998,13 +940,10 @@ TEST_P(CompactionJobStatsTest, UniversalCompactionTest) {
   }
   ASSERT_EQ(stats_checker->NumberOfUnverifiedStats(), 3U);
 
-  for (uint64_t start_key = key_base;
-                start_key <= key_base * kTestScale;
-                start_key += key_base) {
-    MakeTableWithKeyValues(
-        &rnd, start_key, start_key + key_base - 1,
-        kKeySize, kValueSize, key_interval,
-        compression_ratio, 1);
+  for (uint64_t start_key = key_base; start_key <= key_base * kTestScale;
+       start_key += key_base) {
+    MakeTableWithKeyValues(&rnd, start_key, start_key + key_base - 1, kKeySize,
+                           kValueSize, key_interval, compression_ratio, 1);
     ASSERT_OK(static_cast_with_check<DBImpl>(db_)->TEST_WaitForCompact());
   }
   ASSERT_EQ(stats_checker->NumberOfUnverifiedStats(), 0U);

db/compaction/compaction_outputs.cc

@@ -18,12 +18,19 @@ void CompactionOutputs::NewBuilder(const TableBuilderOptions& tboptions) {
   builder_.reset(NewTableBuilder(tboptions, file_writer_.get()));
 }
 
-Status CompactionOutputs::Finish(const Status& intput_status) {
+Status CompactionOutputs::Finish(const Status& intput_status,
+                                 const SeqnoToTimeMapping& seqno_time_mapping) {
   FileMetaData* meta = GetMetaData();
   assert(meta != nullptr);
   Status s = intput_status;
   if (s.ok()) {
+    std::string seqno_time_mapping_str;
+    seqno_time_mapping.Encode(seqno_time_mapping_str, meta->fd.smallest_seqno,
+                              meta->fd.largest_seqno, meta->file_creation_time);
+    builder_->SetSeqnoTimeTableProperties(seqno_time_mapping_str,
+                                          meta->oldest_ancester_time);
     s = builder_->Finish();
+
   } else {
     builder_->Abandon();
   }
@@ -69,6 +76,258 @@ IOStatus CompactionOutputs::WriterSyncClose(const Status& input_status,
   return io_s;
 }
 
+size_t CompactionOutputs::UpdateGrandparentBoundaryInfo(
+    const Slice& internal_key) {
+  size_t curr_key_boundary_switched_num = 0;
+  const std::vector<FileMetaData*>& grandparents = compaction_->grandparents();
+
+  if (grandparents.empty()) {
+    return curr_key_boundary_switched_num;
+  }
+  assert(!internal_key.empty());
+  InternalKey ikey;
+  ikey.DecodeFrom(internal_key);
+  assert(ikey.Valid());
+
+  const Comparator* ucmp = compaction_->column_family_data()->user_comparator();
+
+  // Move the grandparent_index_ to the file containing the current user_key.
+  // If there are multiple files containing the same user_key, make sure the
+  // index points to the last file containing the key.
+  while (grandparent_index_ < grandparents.size()) {
+    if (being_grandparent_gap_) {
+      if (sstableKeyCompare(ucmp, ikey,
+                            grandparents[grandparent_index_]->smallest) < 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (seen_key_) {
+        curr_key_boundary_switched_num++;
+        grandparent_overlapped_bytes_ +=
+            grandparents[grandparent_index_]->fd.GetFileSize();
+        grandparent_boundary_switched_num_++;
+      }
+      being_grandparent_gap_ = false;
+    } else {
+      int cmp_result = sstableKeyCompare(
+          ucmp, ikey, grandparents[grandparent_index_]->largest);
+      // If it's same key, make sure grandparent_index_ is pointing to the last
+      // one.
+      if (cmp_result < 0 ||
+          (cmp_result == 0 &&
+           (grandparent_index_ == grandparents.size() - 1 ||
+            sstableKeyCompare(ucmp, ikey,
+                              grandparents[grandparent_index_ + 1]->smallest) <
+                0))) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (seen_key_) {
+        curr_key_boundary_switched_num++;
+        grandparent_boundary_switched_num_++;
+      }
+      being_grandparent_gap_ = true;
+      grandparent_index_++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // If the first key is in the middle of a grandparent file, adding it to the
+  // overlap
+  if (!seen_key_ && !being_grandparent_gap_) {
+    assert(grandparent_overlapped_bytes_ == 0);
+    grandparent_overlapped_bytes_ =
+        GetCurrentKeyGrandparentOverlappedBytes(internal_key);
+  }
+
+  seen_key_ = true;
+  return curr_key_boundary_switched_num;
+}
+
+uint64_t CompactionOutputs::GetCurrentKeyGrandparentOverlappedBytes(
+    const Slice& internal_key) const {
+  // no overlap with any grandparent file
+  if (being_grandparent_gap_) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  uint64_t overlapped_bytes = 0;
+
+  const std::vector<FileMetaData*>& grandparents = compaction_->grandparents();
+  const Comparator* ucmp = compaction_->column_family_data()->user_comparator();
+  InternalKey ikey;
+  ikey.DecodeFrom(internal_key);
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  // make sure the grandparent_index_ is pointing to the last files containing
+  // the current key.
+  int cmp_result =
+      sstableKeyCompare(ucmp, ikey, grandparents[grandparent_index_]->largest);
+  assert(
+      cmp_result < 0 ||
+      (cmp_result == 0 &&
+       (grandparent_index_ == grandparents.size() - 1 ||
+        sstableKeyCompare(
+            ucmp, ikey, grandparents[grandparent_index_ + 1]->smallest) < 0)));
+  assert(sstableKeyCompare(ucmp, ikey,
+                           grandparents[grandparent_index_]->smallest) >= 0);
+#endif
+  overlapped_bytes += grandparents[grandparent_index_]->fd.GetFileSize();
+
+  // go backwards to find all overlapped files, one key can overlap multiple
+  // files. In the following example, if the current output key is `c`, and one
+  // compaction file was cut before `c`, current `c` can overlap with 3 files:
+  //  [a b]               [c...
+  // [b, b] [c, c] [c, c] [c, d]
+  for (int64_t i = static_cast<int64_t>(grandparent_index_) - 1;
+       i >= 0 && sstableKeyCompare(ucmp, ikey, grandparents[i]->largest) == 0;
+       i--) {
+    overlapped_bytes += grandparents[i]->fd.GetFileSize();
+  }
+
+  return overlapped_bytes;
+}
+
+bool CompactionOutputs::ShouldStopBefore(const CompactionIterator& c_iter) {
+  assert(c_iter.Valid());
+
+  // always update grandparent information like overlapped file number, size
+  // etc.
+  const Slice& internal_key = c_iter.key();
+  const uint64_t previous_overlapped_bytes = grandparent_overlapped_bytes_;
+  size_t num_grandparent_boundaries_crossed =
+      UpdateGrandparentBoundaryInfo(internal_key);
+
+  if (!HasBuilder()) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // If there's user defined partitioner, check that first
+  if (partitioner_ && partitioner_->ShouldPartition(PartitionerRequest(
+                          last_key_for_partitioner_, c_iter.user_key(),
+                          current_output_file_size_)) == kRequired) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // files output to Level 0 won't be split
+  if (compaction_->output_level() == 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // reach the max file size
+  if (current_output_file_size_ >= compaction_->max_output_file_size()) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const InternalKeyComparator* icmp =
+      &compaction_->column_family_data()->internal_comparator();
+
+  // Check if it needs to split for RoundRobin
+  // Invalid local_output_split_key indicates that we do not need to split
+  if (local_output_split_key_ != nullptr && !is_split_) {
+    // Split occurs when the next key is larger than/equal to the cursor
+    if (icmp->Compare(internal_key, local_output_split_key_->Encode()) >= 0) {
+      is_split_ = true;
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // only check if the current key is going to cross the grandparents file
+  // boundary (either the file beginning or ending).
+  if (num_grandparent_boundaries_crossed > 0) {
+    // Cut the file before the current key if the size of the current output
+    // file + its overlapped grandparent files is bigger than
+    // max_compaction_bytes. Which is to prevent future bigger than
+    // max_compaction_bytes compaction from the current output level.
+    if (grandparent_overlapped_bytes_ + current_output_file_size_ >
+        compaction_->max_compaction_bytes()) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    // Cut the file if including the key is going to add a skippable file on
+    // the grandparent level AND its size is reasonably big (1/8 of target file
+    // size). For example, if it's compacting the files L0 + L1:
+    //  L0:  [1,   21]
+    //  L1:    [3,   23]
+    //  L2: [2, 4] [11, 15] [22, 24]
+    // Without this break, it will output as:
+    //  L1: [1,3, 21,23]
+    // With this break, it will output as (assuming [11, 15] at L2 is bigger
+    // than 1/8 of target size):
+    //  L1: [1,3] [21,23]
+    // Then for the future compactions, [11,15] won't be included.
+    // For random datasets (either evenly distributed or skewed), it rarely
+    // triggers this condition, but if the user is adding 2 different datasets
+    // without any overlap, it may likely happen.
+    // More details, check PR #1963
+    const size_t num_skippable_boundaries_crossed =
+        being_grandparent_gap_ ? 2 : 3;
+    if (compaction_->immutable_options()->compaction_style ==
+            kCompactionStyleLevel &&
+        compaction_->immutable_options()->level_compaction_dynamic_file_size &&
+        num_grandparent_boundaries_crossed >=
+            num_skippable_boundaries_crossed &&
+        grandparent_overlapped_bytes_ - previous_overlapped_bytes >
+            compaction_->target_output_file_size() / 8) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    // Pre-cut the output file if it's reaching a certain size AND it's at the
+    // boundary of a grandparent file. It can reduce the future compaction size,
+    // the cost is having smaller files.
+    // The pre-cut size threshold is based on how many grandparent boundaries
+    // it has seen before. Basically, if it has seen no boundary at all, then it
+    // will pre-cut at 50% target file size. Every boundary it has seen
+    // increases the threshold by 5%, max at 90%, which it will always cut.
+    // The idea is based on if it has seen more boundaries before, it will more
+    // likely to see another boundary (file cutting opportunity) before the
+    // target file size. The test shows it can generate larger files than a
+    // static threshold like 75% and has a similar write amplification
+    // improvement.
+    if (compaction_->immutable_options()->compaction_style ==
+            kCompactionStyleLevel &&
+        compaction_->immutable_options()->level_compaction_dynamic_file_size &&
+        current_output_file_size_ >=
+            ((compaction_->target_output_file_size() + 99) / 100) *
+                (50 + std::min(grandparent_boundary_switched_num_ * 5,
+                               size_t{40}))) {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // check ttl file boundaries if there's any
+  if (!files_to_cut_for_ttl_.empty()) {
+    if (cur_files_to_cut_for_ttl_ != -1) {
+      // Previous key is inside the range of a file
+      if (icmp->Compare(internal_key,
+                        files_to_cut_for_ttl_[cur_files_to_cut_for_ttl_]
+                            ->largest.Encode()) > 0) {
+        next_files_to_cut_for_ttl_ = cur_files_to_cut_for_ttl_ + 1;
+        cur_files_to_cut_for_ttl_ = -1;
+        return true;
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Look for the key position
+      while (next_files_to_cut_for_ttl_ <
+             static_cast<int>(files_to_cut_for_ttl_.size())) {
+        if (icmp->Compare(internal_key,
+                          files_to_cut_for_ttl_[next_files_to_cut_for_ttl_]
+                              ->smallest.Encode()) >= 0) {
+          if (icmp->Compare(internal_key,
+                            files_to_cut_for_ttl_[next_files_to_cut_for_ttl_]
+                                ->largest.Encode()) <= 0) {
+            // With in the current file
+            cur_files_to_cut_for_ttl_ = next_files_to_cut_for_ttl_;
+            return true;
+          }
+          // Beyond the current file
+          next_files_to_cut_for_ttl_++;
+        } else {
+          // Still fall into the gap
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
 Status CompactionOutputs::AddToOutput(
     const CompactionIterator& c_iter,
     const CompactionFileOpenFunc& open_file_func,
@@ -76,33 +335,28 @@ Status CompactionOutputs::AddToOutput(
   Status s;
   const Slice& key = c_iter.key();
 
-  if (!pending_close_ && c_iter.Valid() && partitioner_ && HasBuilder() &&
-      partitioner_->ShouldPartition(
-          PartitionerRequest(last_key_for_partitioner_, c_iter.user_key(),
-                             current_output_file_size_)) == kRequired) {
-    pending_close_ = true;
-  }
-
-  if (pending_close_) {
+  if (ShouldStopBefore(c_iter) && HasBuilder()) {
     s = close_file_func(*this, c_iter.InputStatus(), key);
-    pending_close_ = false;
-  }
-  if (!s.ok()) {
-    return s;
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      return s;
+    }
+    // reset grandparent information
+    grandparent_boundary_switched_num_ = 0;
+    grandparent_overlapped_bytes_ =
+        GetCurrentKeyGrandparentOverlappedBytes(key);
   }
 
   // Open output file if necessary
   if (!HasBuilder()) {
     s = open_file_func(*this);
-  }
-  if (!s.ok()) {
-    return s;
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      return s;
+    }
   }
 
-  Output& curr = current_output();
   assert(builder_ != nullptr);
   const Slice& value = c_iter.value();
-  s = curr.validator.Add(key, value);
+  s = current_output().validator.Add(key, value);
   if (!s.ok()) {
     return s;
   }
@@ -123,19 +377,6 @@ Status CompactionOutputs::AddToOutput(
   s = current_output().meta.UpdateBoundaries(key, value, ikey.sequence,
                                              ikey.type);
 
-  // Close output file if it is big enough. Two possibilities determine it's
-  // time to close it: (1) the current key should be this file's last key, (2)
-  // the next key should not be in this file.
-  //
-  // TODO(aekmekji): determine if file should be closed earlier than this
-  // during subcompactions (i.e. if output size, estimated by input size, is
-  // going to be 1.2MB and max_output_file_size = 1MB, prefer to have 0.6MB
-  // and 0.6MB instead of 1MB and 0.2MB)
-  if (compaction_->output_level() != 0 &&
-      current_output_file_size_ >= compaction_->max_output_file_size()) {
-    pending_close_ = true;
-  }
-
   if (partitioner_) {
     last_key_for_partitioner_.assign(c_iter.user_key().data_,
                                      c_iter.user_key().size_);
@@ -145,10 +386,10 @@ Status CompactionOutputs::AddToOutput(
 }
 
 Status CompactionOutputs::AddRangeDels(
-    const Slice* comp_start, const Slice* comp_end,
+    const Slice* comp_start_user_key, const Slice* comp_end_user_key,
     CompactionIterationStats& range_del_out_stats, bool bottommost_level,
     const InternalKeyComparator& icmp, SequenceNumber earliest_snapshot,
-    const Slice& next_table_min_key) {
+    const Slice& next_table_min_key, const std::string& full_history_ts_low) {
   assert(HasRangeDel());
   FileMetaData& meta = current_output().meta;
   const Comparator* ucmp = icmp.user_comparator();
@@ -162,7 +403,7 @@ Status CompactionOutputs::AddRangeDels(
   if (output_size == 1) {
     // For the first output table, include range tombstones before the min
     // key but after the subcompaction boundary.
-    lower_bound = comp_start;
+    lower_bound = comp_start_user_key;
     lower_bound_from_sub_compact = true;
   } else if (meta.smallest.size() > 0) {
     // For subsequent output tables, only include range tombstones from min
@@ -182,21 +423,22 @@ Status CompactionOutputs::AddRangeDels(
     // use the smaller key as the upper bound of the output file, to ensure
     // that there is no overlapping between different output files.
     upper_bound_guard = ExtractUserKey(next_table_min_key);
-    if (comp_end != nullptr &&
-        ucmp->Compare(upper_bound_guard, *comp_end) >= 0) {
-      upper_bound = comp_end;
+    if (comp_end_user_key != nullptr &&
+        ucmp->CompareWithoutTimestamp(upper_bound_guard, *comp_end_user_key) >=
+            0) {
+      upper_bound = comp_end_user_key;
     } else {
       upper_bound = &upper_bound_guard;
     }
   } else {
     // This is the last file in the subcompaction, so extend until the
     // subcompaction ends.
-    upper_bound = comp_end;
+    upper_bound = comp_end_user_key;
   }
   bool has_overlapping_endpoints;
   if (upper_bound != nullptr && meta.largest.size() > 0) {
-    has_overlapping_endpoints =
-        ucmp->Compare(meta.largest.user_key(), *upper_bound) == 0;
+    has_overlapping_endpoints = ucmp->CompareWithoutTimestamp(
+                                    meta.largest.user_key(), *upper_bound) == 0;
   } else {
     has_overlapping_endpoints = false;
   }
@@ -205,8 +447,8 @@ Status CompactionOutputs::AddRangeDels(
   // bound. If the end of subcompaction is null or the upper bound is null,
   // it means that this file is the last file in the compaction. So there
   // will be no overlapping between this file and others.
-  assert(comp_end == nullptr || upper_bound == nullptr ||
-         ucmp->Compare(*upper_bound, *comp_end) <= 0);
+  assert(comp_end_user_key == nullptr || upper_bound == nullptr ||
+         ucmp->CompareWithoutTimestamp(*upper_bound, *comp_end_user_key) <= 0);
   auto it = range_del_agg_->NewIterator(lower_bound, upper_bound,
                                         has_overlapping_endpoints);
   // Position the range tombstone output iterator. There may be tombstone
@@ -220,7 +462,8 @@ Status CompactionOutputs::AddRangeDels(
   for (; it->Valid(); it->Next()) {
     auto tombstone = it->Tombstone();
     if (upper_bound != nullptr) {
-      int cmp = ucmp->Compare(*upper_bound, tombstone.start_key_);
+      int cmp =
+          ucmp->CompareWithoutTimestamp(*upper_bound, tombstone.start_key_);
       if ((has_overlapping_endpoints && cmp < 0) ||
           (!has_overlapping_endpoints && cmp <= 0)) {
         // Tombstones starting after upper_bound only need to be included in
@@ -233,7 +476,17 @@ Status CompactionOutputs::AddRangeDels(
       }
     }
 
-    if (bottommost_level && tombstone.seq_ <= earliest_snapshot) {
+    const size_t ts_sz = ucmp->timestamp_size();
+    // Garbage collection for range tombstones.
+    // If user-defined timestamp is enabled, range tombstones are dropped if
+    // they are at bottommost_level, below full_history_ts_low and not visible
+    // in any snapshot. trim_ts_ is passed to the constructor for
+    // range_del_agg_, and range_del_agg_ internally drops tombstones above
+    // trim_ts_.
+    if (bottommost_level && tombstone.seq_ <= earliest_snapshot &&
+        (ts_sz == 0 ||
+         (!full_history_ts_low.empty() &&
+          ucmp->CompareTimestamp(tombstone.ts_, full_history_ts_low) < 0))) {
       // TODO(andrewkr): tombstones that span multiple output files are
       // counted for each compaction output file, so lots of double
       // counting.
@@ -244,12 +497,13 @@ Status CompactionOutputs::AddRangeDels(
 
     auto kv = tombstone.Serialize();
     assert(lower_bound == nullptr ||
-           ucmp->Compare(*lower_bound, kv.second) < 0);
+           ucmp->CompareWithoutTimestamp(*lower_bound, kv.second) < 0);
     // Range tombstone is not supported by output validator yet.
     builder_->Add(kv.first.Encode(), kv.second);
     InternalKey smallest_candidate = std::move(kv.first);
     if (lower_bound != nullptr &&
-        ucmp->Compare(smallest_candidate.user_key(), *lower_bound) <= 0) {
+        ucmp->CompareWithoutTimestamp(smallest_candidate.user_key(),
+                                      *lower_bound) <= 0) {
       // Pretend the smallest key has the same user key as lower_bound
       // (the max key in the previous table or subcompaction) in order for
       // files to appear key-space partitioned.
@@ -269,13 +523,23 @@ Status CompactionOutputs::AddRangeDels(
       // choose lowest seqnum so this file's smallest internal key comes
       // after the previous file's largest. The fake seqnum is OK because
       // the read path's file-picking code only considers user key.
-      smallest_candidate = InternalKey(
-          *lower_bound, lower_bound_from_sub_compact ? tombstone.seq_ : 0,
-          kTypeRangeDeletion);
+      if (lower_bound_from_sub_compact) {
+        if (ts_sz) {
+          assert(tombstone.ts_.size() == ts_sz);
+          smallest_candidate = InternalKey(*lower_bound, tombstone.seq_,
+                                           kTypeRangeDeletion, tombstone.ts_);
+        } else {
+          smallest_candidate =
+              InternalKey(*lower_bound, tombstone.seq_, kTypeRangeDeletion);
+        }
+      } else {
+        smallest_candidate = InternalKey(*lower_bound, 0, kTypeRangeDeletion);
+      }
     }
     InternalKey largest_candidate = tombstone.SerializeEndKey();
     if (upper_bound != nullptr &&
-        ucmp->Compare(*upper_bound, largest_candidate.user_key()) <= 0) {
+        ucmp->CompareWithoutTimestamp(*upper_bound,
+                                      largest_candidate.user_key()) <= 0) {
       // Pretend the largest key has the same user key as upper_bound (the
       // min key in the following table or subcompaction) in order for files
       // to appear key-space partitioned.
@@ -289,9 +553,22 @@ Status CompactionOutputs::AddRangeDels(
       // kMaxSequenceNumber), but with kTypeDeletion (0x7) instead of
       // kTypeRangeDeletion (0xF), so the range tombstone comes before the
       // Seek() key in InternalKey's ordering. So Seek() will look in the
-      // next file for the user key.
-      largest_candidate =
-          InternalKey(*upper_bound, kMaxSequenceNumber, kTypeRangeDeletion);
+      // next file for the user key
+      if (ts_sz) {
+        static constexpr char kTsMax[] = "\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff";
+        if (ts_sz <= strlen(kTsMax)) {
+          largest_candidate =
+              InternalKey(*upper_bound, kMaxSequenceNumber, kTypeRangeDeletion,
+                          Slice(kTsMax, ts_sz));
+        } else {
+          largest_candidate =
+              InternalKey(*upper_bound, kMaxSequenceNumber, kTypeRangeDeletion,
+                          std::string(ts_sz, '\xff'));
+        }
+      } else {
+        largest_candidate =
+            InternalKey(*upper_bound, kMaxSequenceNumber, kTypeRangeDeletion);
+      }
     }
 #ifndef NDEBUG
     SequenceNumber smallest_ikey_seqnum = kMaxSequenceNumber;
@@ -311,4 +588,59 @@ Status CompactionOutputs::AddRangeDels(
   }
   return Status::OK();
 }
+
+void CompactionOutputs::FillFilesToCutForTtl() {
+  if (compaction_->immutable_options()->compaction_style !=
+          kCompactionStyleLevel ||
+      compaction_->immutable_options()->compaction_pri !=
+          kMinOverlappingRatio ||
+      compaction_->mutable_cf_options()->ttl == 0 ||
+      compaction_->num_input_levels() < 2 || compaction_->bottommost_level()) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // We define new file with the oldest ancestor time to be younger than 1/4
+  // TTL, and an old one to be older than 1/2 TTL time.
+  int64_t temp_current_time;
+  auto get_time_status =
+      compaction_->immutable_options()->clock->GetCurrentTime(
+          &temp_current_time);
+  if (!get_time_status.ok()) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  auto current_time = static_cast<uint64_t>(temp_current_time);
+  if (current_time < compaction_->mutable_cf_options()->ttl) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  uint64_t old_age_thres =
+      current_time - compaction_->mutable_cf_options()->ttl / 2;
+  const std::vector<FileMetaData*>& olevel =
+      *(compaction_->inputs(compaction_->num_input_levels() - 1));
+  for (FileMetaData* file : olevel) {
+    // Worth filtering out by start and end?
+    uint64_t oldest_ancester_time = file->TryGetOldestAncesterTime();
+    // We put old files if they are not too small to prevent a flood
+    // of small files.
+    if (oldest_ancester_time < old_age_thres &&
+        file->fd.GetFileSize() >
+            compaction_->mutable_cf_options()->target_file_size_base / 2) {
+      files_to_cut_for_ttl_.push_back(file);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+CompactionOutputs::CompactionOutputs(const Compaction* compaction,
+                                     const bool is_penultimate_level)
+    : compaction_(compaction), is_penultimate_level_(is_penultimate_level) {
+  partitioner_ = compaction->output_level() == 0
+                     ? nullptr
+                     : compaction->CreateSstPartitioner();
+
+  if (compaction->output_level() != 0) {
+    FillFilesToCutForTtl();
+  }
+}
+
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

db/compaction/compaction_outputs.h

@@ -45,12 +45,7 @@ class CompactionOutputs {
   CompactionOutputs() = delete;
 
   explicit CompactionOutputs(const Compaction* compaction,
-                             const bool is_penultimate_level)
-      : compaction_(compaction), is_penultimate_level_(is_penultimate_level) {
-    partitioner_ = compaction->output_level() == 0
-                       ? nullptr
-                       : compaction->CreateSstPartitioner();
-  }
+                             const bool is_penultimate_level);
 
   // Add generated output to the list
   void AddOutput(FileMetaData&& meta, const InternalKeyComparator& icmp,
@@ -111,7 +106,8 @@ class CompactionOutputs {
   }
 
   // Finish the current output file
-  Status Finish(const Status& intput_status);
+  Status Finish(const Status& intput_status,
+                const SeqnoToTimeMapping& seqno_time_mapping);
 
   // Update output table properties from table builder
   void UpdateTableProperties() {
@@ -172,17 +168,16 @@ class CompactionOutputs {
   }
 
   // Add range-dels from the aggregator to the current output file
-  Status AddRangeDels(const Slice* comp_start, const Slice* comp_end,
+  // @param comp_start_user_key and comp_end_user_key include timestamp if
+  // user-defined timestamp is enabled.
+  // @param full_history_ts_low used for range tombstone garbage collection.
+  Status AddRangeDels(const Slice* comp_start_user_key,
+                      const Slice* comp_end_user_key,
                       CompactionIterationStats& range_del_out_stats,
                       bool bottommost_level, const InternalKeyComparator& icmp,
                       SequenceNumber earliest_snapshot,
-                      const Slice& next_table_min_key);
-
-  // Is the current file is already pending for close
-  bool IsPendingClose() const { return pending_close_; }
-
-  // Current file should close before adding a new key
-  void SetPendingClose() { pending_close_ = true; }
+                      const Slice& next_table_min_key,
+                      const std::string& full_history_ts_low);
 
   // if the outputs have range delete, range delete is also data
   bool HasRangeDel() const {
@@ -192,6 +187,32 @@ class CompactionOutputs {
  private:
   friend class SubcompactionState;
 
+  void FillFilesToCutForTtl();
+
+  void SetOutputSlitKey(const std::optional<Slice> start,
+                        const std::optional<Slice> end) {
+    const InternalKeyComparator* icmp =
+        &compaction_->column_family_data()->internal_comparator();
+
+    const InternalKey* output_split_key = compaction_->GetOutputSplitKey();
+    // Invalid output_split_key indicates that we do not need to split
+    if (output_split_key != nullptr) {
+      // We may only split the output when the cursor is in the range. Split
+      if ((!end.has_value() ||
+           icmp->user_comparator()->Compare(
+               ExtractUserKey(output_split_key->Encode()), end.value()) < 0) &&
+          (!start.has_value() || icmp->user_comparator()->Compare(
+                                     ExtractUserKey(output_split_key->Encode()),
+                                     start.value()) > 0)) {
+        local_output_split_key_ = output_split_key;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Returns true iff we should stop building the current output
+  // before processing the current key in compaction iterator.
+  bool ShouldStopBefore(const CompactionIterator& c_iter);
+
   void Cleanup() {
     if (builder_ != nullptr) {
       // May happen if we get a shutdown call in the middle of compaction
@@ -200,11 +221,18 @@ class CompactionOutputs {
     }
   }
 
-  uint64_t GetCurrentOutputFileSize() const {
-    return current_output_file_size_;
-  }
+  // update tracked grandparents information like grandparent index, if it's
+  // in the gap between 2 grandparent files, accumulated grandparent files size
+  // etc.
+  // It returns how many boundaries it crosses by including current key.
+  size_t UpdateGrandparentBoundaryInfo(const Slice& internal_key);
 
-  // Add curent key from compaction_iterator to the output file. If needed
+  // helper function to get the overlapped grandparent files size, it's only
+  // used for calculating the first key's overlap.
+  uint64_t GetCurrentKeyGrandparentOverlappedBytes(
+      const Slice& internal_key) const;
+
+  // Add current key from compaction_iterator to the output file. If needed
   // close and open new compaction output with the functions provided.
   Status AddToOutput(const CompactionIterator& c_iter,
                      const CompactionFileOpenFunc& open_file_func,
@@ -254,10 +282,6 @@ class CompactionOutputs {
 
   const Compaction* compaction_;
 
-  // The current file is pending close, which needs to run `close_file_func()`
-  // first to add a new key.
-  bool pending_close_ = false;
-
   // current output builder and writer
   std::unique_ptr<TableBuilder> builder_;
   std::unique_ptr<WritableFileWriter> file_writer_;
@@ -281,6 +305,39 @@ class CompactionOutputs {
   // partitioner information
   std::string last_key_for_partitioner_;
   std::unique_ptr<SstPartitioner> partitioner_;
+
+  // A flag determines if this subcompaction has been split by the cursor
+  bool is_split_ = false;
+
+  // We also maintain the output split key for each subcompaction to avoid
+  // repetitive comparison in ShouldStopBefore()
+  const InternalKey* local_output_split_key_ = nullptr;
+
+  // Some identified files with old oldest ancester time and the range should be
+  // isolated out so that the output file(s) in that range can be merged down
+  // for TTL and clear the timestamps for the range.
+  std::vector<FileMetaData*> files_to_cut_for_ttl_;
+  int cur_files_to_cut_for_ttl_ = -1;
+  int next_files_to_cut_for_ttl_ = 0;
+
+  // An index that used to speed up ShouldStopBefore().
+  size_t grandparent_index_ = 0;
+
+  // if the output key is being grandparent files gap, so:
+  //  key > grandparents[grandparent_index_ - 1].largest &&
+  //  key < grandparents[grandparent_index_].smallest
+  bool being_grandparent_gap_ = true;
+
+  // The number of bytes overlapping between the current output and
+  // grandparent files used in ShouldStopBefore().
+  uint64_t grandparent_overlapped_bytes_ = 0;
+
+  // A flag determines whether the key has been seen in ShouldStopBefore()
+  bool seen_key_ = false;
+
+  // for the current output file, how many file boundaries has it crossed,
+  // basically number of files overlapped * 2
+  size_t grandparent_boundary_switched_num_ = 0;
 };
 
 // helper struct to concatenate the last level and penultimate level outputs

db/compaction/compaction_picker.cc

@@ -27,16 +27,6 @@
 
 namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
 
-namespace {
-uint64_t TotalCompensatedFileSize(const std::vector<FileMetaData*>& files) {
-  uint64_t sum = 0;
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < files.size() && files[i]; i++) {
-    sum += files[i]->compensated_file_size;
-  }
-  return sum;
-}
-}  // anonymous namespace
-
 bool FindIntraL0Compaction(const std::vector<FileMetaData*>& level_files,
                            size_t min_files_to_compact,
                            uint64_t max_compact_bytes_per_del_file,
@@ -63,8 +53,6 @@ bool FindIntraL0Compaction(const std::vector<FileMetaData*>& level_files,
     return false;
   }
   size_t compact_bytes = static_cast<size_t>(level_files[start]->fd.file_size);
-  uint64_t compensated_compact_bytes =
-      level_files[start]->compensated_file_size;
   size_t compact_bytes_per_del_file = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
   // Compaction range will be [start, limit).
   size_t limit;
@@ -73,11 +61,10 @@ bool FindIntraL0Compaction(const std::vector<FileMetaData*>& level_files,
   size_t new_compact_bytes_per_del_file = 0;
   for (limit = start + 1; limit < level_files.size(); ++limit) {
     compact_bytes += static_cast<size_t>(level_files[limit]->fd.file_size);
-    compensated_compact_bytes += level_files[limit]->compensated_file_size;
     new_compact_bytes_per_del_file = compact_bytes / (limit - start);
     if (level_files[limit]->being_compacted ||
         new_compact_bytes_per_del_file > compact_bytes_per_del_file ||
-        compensated_compact_bytes > max_compaction_bytes) {
+        compact_bytes > max_compaction_bytes) {
       break;
     }
     compact_bytes_per_del_file = new_compact_bytes_per_del_file;
@@ -288,8 +275,10 @@ bool CompactionPicker::RangeOverlapWithCompaction(
   const Comparator* ucmp = icmp_->user_comparator();
   for (Compaction* c : compactions_in_progress_) {
     if (c->output_level() == level &&
-        ucmp->Compare(smallest_user_key, c->GetLargestUserKey()) <= 0 &&
-        ucmp->Compare(largest_user_key, c->GetSmallestUserKey()) >= 0) {
+        ucmp->CompareWithoutTimestamp(smallest_user_key,
+                                      c->GetLargestUserKey()) <= 0 &&
+        ucmp->CompareWithoutTimestamp(largest_user_key,
+                                      c->GetSmallestUserKey()) >= 0) {
       // Overlap
       return true;
     }
@@ -305,13 +294,12 @@ bool CompactionPicker::RangeOverlapWithCompaction(
 }
 
 bool CompactionPicker::FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
-    const std::vector<CompactionInputFiles>& inputs, int level) const {
+    const std::vector<CompactionInputFiles>& inputs, int level,
+    int penultimate_level) const {
   bool is_empty = true;
-  int start_level = -1;
   for (auto& in : inputs) {
     if (!in.empty()) {
       is_empty = false;
-      start_level = in.level;  // inputs are sorted by level
       break;
     }
   }
@@ -320,17 +308,24 @@ bool CompactionPicker::FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
     return false;
   }
 
+  // TODO: Intra L0 compactions can have the ranges overlapped, but the input
+  //  files cannot be overlapped in the order of L0 files.
   InternalKey smallest, largest;
   GetRange(inputs, &smallest, &largest, Compaction::kInvalidLevel);
-  int penultimate_level =
-      Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(ioptions_, start_level, level);
   if (penultimate_level != Compaction::kInvalidLevel) {
-    InternalKey penultimate_smallest, penultimate_largest;
-    GetRange(inputs, &penultimate_smallest, &penultimate_largest, level);
-    if (RangeOverlapWithCompaction(penultimate_smallest.user_key(),
-                                   penultimate_largest.user_key(),
-                                   penultimate_level)) {
-      return true;
+    if (ioptions_.compaction_style == kCompactionStyleUniversal) {
+      if (RangeOverlapWithCompaction(smallest.user_key(), largest.user_key(),
+                                     penultimate_level)) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    } else {
+      InternalKey penultimate_smallest, penultimate_largest;
+      GetRange(inputs, &penultimate_smallest, &penultimate_largest, level);
+      if (RangeOverlapWithCompaction(penultimate_smallest.user_key(),
+                                     penultimate_largest.user_key(),
+                                     penultimate_level)) {
+        return true;
+      }
     }
   }
 
@@ -354,11 +349,25 @@ Compaction* CompactionPicker::CompactFiles(
     const std::vector<CompactionInputFiles>& input_files, int output_level,
     VersionStorageInfo* vstorage, const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
     const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options, uint32_t output_path_id) {
+#ifndef NDEBUG
   assert(input_files.size());
   // This compaction output should not overlap with a running compaction as
   // `SanitizeCompactionInputFiles` should've checked earlier and db mutex
   // shouldn't have been released since.
-  assert(!FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(input_files, output_level));
+  int start_level = Compaction::kInvalidLevel;
+  for (const auto& in : input_files) {
+    // input_files should already be sorted by level
+    if (!in.empty()) {
+      start_level = in.level;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  assert(output_level == 0 ||
+         !FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
+             input_files, output_level,
+             Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(vstorage, ioptions_,
+                                                  start_level, output_level)));
+#endif /* !NDEBUG */
 
   CompressionType compression_type;
   if (compact_options.compression == kDisableCompressionOption) {
@@ -462,7 +471,7 @@ bool CompactionPicker::SetupOtherInputs(
     const std::string& cf_name, const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
     VersionStorageInfo* vstorage, CompactionInputFiles* inputs,
     CompactionInputFiles* output_level_inputs, int* parent_index,
-    int base_index) {
+    int base_index, bool only_expand_towards_right) {
   assert(!inputs->empty());
   assert(output_level_inputs->empty());
   const int input_level = inputs->level;
@@ -505,8 +514,8 @@ bool CompactionPicker::SetupOtherInputs(
   if (!output_level_inputs->empty()) {
     const uint64_t limit = mutable_cf_options.max_compaction_bytes;
     const uint64_t output_level_inputs_size =
-        TotalCompensatedFileSize(output_level_inputs->files);
-    const uint64_t inputs_size = TotalCompensatedFileSize(inputs->files);
+        TotalFileSize(output_level_inputs->files);
+    const uint64_t inputs_size = TotalFileSize(inputs->files);
     bool expand_inputs = false;
 
     CompactionInputFiles expanded_inputs;
@@ -515,15 +524,23 @@ bool CompactionPicker::SetupOtherInputs(
     InternalKey all_start, all_limit;
     GetRange(*inputs, *output_level_inputs, &all_start, &all_limit);
     bool try_overlapping_inputs = true;
-    vstorage->GetOverlappingInputs(input_level, &all_start, &all_limit,
-                                   &expanded_inputs.files, base_index, nullptr);
-    uint64_t expanded_inputs_size =
-        TotalCompensatedFileSize(expanded_inputs.files);
+    if (only_expand_towards_right) {
+      // Round-robin compaction only allows expansion towards the larger side.
+      vstorage->GetOverlappingInputs(input_level, &smallest, &all_limit,
+                                     &expanded_inputs.files, base_index,
+                                     nullptr);
+    } else {
+      vstorage->GetOverlappingInputs(input_level, &all_start, &all_limit,
+                                     &expanded_inputs.files, base_index,
+                                     nullptr);
+    }
+    uint64_t expanded_inputs_size = TotalFileSize(expanded_inputs.files);
     if (!ExpandInputsToCleanCut(cf_name, vstorage, &expanded_inputs)) {
       try_overlapping_inputs = false;
     }
     if (try_overlapping_inputs && expanded_inputs.size() > inputs->size() &&
-        output_level_inputs_size + expanded_inputs_size < limit &&
+        (mutable_cf_options.ignore_max_compaction_bytes_for_input ||
+         output_level_inputs_size + expanded_inputs_size < limit) &&
         !AreFilesInCompaction(expanded_inputs.files)) {
       InternalKey new_start, new_limit;
       GetRange(expanded_inputs, &new_start, &new_limit);
@@ -544,9 +561,10 @@ bool CompactionPicker::SetupOtherInputs(
       vstorage->GetCleanInputsWithinInterval(input_level, &all_start,
                                              &all_limit, &expanded_inputs.files,
                                              base_index, nullptr);
-      expanded_inputs_size = TotalCompensatedFileSize(expanded_inputs.files);
+      expanded_inputs_size = TotalFileSize(expanded_inputs.files);
       if (expanded_inputs.size() > inputs->size() &&
-          output_level_inputs_size + expanded_inputs_size < limit &&
+          (mutable_cf_options.ignore_max_compaction_bytes_for_input ||
+           output_level_inputs_size + expanded_inputs_size < limit) &&
           !AreFilesInCompaction(expanded_inputs.files)) {
         expand_inputs = true;
       }
@@ -647,7 +665,10 @@ Compaction* CompactionPicker::CompactRange(
 
     // 2 non-exclusive manual compactions could run at the same time producing
     // overlaping outputs in the same level.
-    if (FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(inputs, output_level)) {
+    if (FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
+            inputs, output_level,
+            Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(vstorage, ioptions_,
+                                                 start_level, output_level))) {
       // This compaction output could potentially conflict with the output
       // of a currently running compaction, we cannot run it.
       *manual_conflict = true;
@@ -714,18 +735,18 @@ Compaction* CompactionPicker::CompactRange(
       }
       largest = &inputs[i]->largest;
 
-      uint64_t s = inputs[i]->compensated_file_size;
+      uint64_t input_file_size = inputs[i]->fd.GetFileSize();
       uint64_t output_level_total = 0;
       if (output_level < vstorage->num_non_empty_levels()) {
         std::vector<FileMetaData*> files;
         vstorage->GetOverlappingInputsRangeBinarySearch(
             output_level, smallest, largest, &files, hint_index, &hint_index);
         for (const auto& file : files) {
-          output_level_total += file->compensated_file_size;
+          output_level_total += file->fd.GetFileSize();
         }
       }
 
-      input_level_total += s;
+      input_level_total += input_file_size;
 
       if (input_level_total + output_level_total >= limit) {
         covering_the_whole_range = false;
@@ -826,7 +847,10 @@ Compaction* CompactionPicker::CompactRange(
 
   // 2 non-exclusive manual compactions could run at the same time producing
   // overlaping outputs in the same level.
-  if (FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(compaction_inputs, output_level)) {
+  if (FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
+          compaction_inputs, output_level,
+          Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(vstorage, ioptions_, input_level,
+                                               output_level))) {
     // This compaction output could potentially conflict with the output
     // of a currently running compaction, we cannot run it.
     *manual_conflict = true;
@@ -870,21 +894,21 @@ namespace {
 // Test whether two files have overlapping key-ranges.
 bool HaveOverlappingKeyRanges(const Comparator* c, const SstFileMetaData& a,
                               const SstFileMetaData& b) {
-  if (c->Compare(a.smallestkey, b.smallestkey) >= 0) {
-    if (c->Compare(a.smallestkey, b.largestkey) <= 0) {
+  if (c->CompareWithoutTimestamp(a.smallestkey, b.smallestkey) >= 0) {
+    if (c->CompareWithoutTimestamp(a.smallestkey, b.largestkey) <= 0) {
       // b.smallestkey <= a.smallestkey <= b.largestkey
       return true;
     }
-  } else if (c->Compare(a.largestkey, b.smallestkey) >= 0) {
+  } else if (c->CompareWithoutTimestamp(a.largestkey, b.smallestkey) >= 0) {
     // a.smallestkey < b.smallestkey <= a.largestkey
     return true;
   }
-  if (c->Compare(a.largestkey, b.largestkey) <= 0) {
-    if (c->Compare(a.largestkey, b.smallestkey) >= 0) {
+  if (c->CompareWithoutTimestamp(a.largestkey, b.largestkey) <= 0) {
+    if (c->CompareWithoutTimestamp(a.largestkey, b.smallestkey) >= 0) {
       // b.smallestkey <= a.largestkey <= b.largestkey
       return true;
     }
-  } else if (c->Compare(a.smallestkey, b.largestkey) <= 0) {
+  } else if (c->CompareWithoutTimestamp(a.smallestkey, b.largestkey) <= 0) {
     // a.smallestkey <= b.largestkey < a.largestkey
     return true;
   }
@@ -923,15 +947,16 @@ Status CompactionPicker::SanitizeCompactionInputFilesForAllLevels(
     // identify the first and the last compaction input files
     // in the current level.
     for (size_t f = 0; f < current_files.size(); ++f) {
-      if (input_files->find(TableFileNameToNumber(current_files[f].name)) !=
-          input_files->end()) {
-        first_included = std::min(first_included, static_cast<int>(f));
-        last_included = std::max(last_included, static_cast<int>(f));
-        if (is_first == false) {
-          smallestkey = current_files[f].smallestkey;
-          largestkey = current_files[f].largestkey;
-          is_first = true;
-        }
+      const uint64_t file_number = TableFileNameToNumber(current_files[f].name);
+      if (input_files->find(file_number) == input_files->end()) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      first_included = std::min(first_included, static_cast<int>(f));
+      last_included = std::max(last_included, static_cast<int>(f));
+      if (is_first == false) {
+        smallestkey = current_files[f].smallestkey;
+        largestkey = current_files[f].largestkey;
+        is_first = true;
       }
     }
     if (last_included == kNotFound) {
@@ -939,21 +964,22 @@ Status CompactionPicker::SanitizeCompactionInputFilesForAllLevels(
     }
 
     if (l != 0) {
-      // expend the compaction input of the current level if it
+      // expand the compaction input of the current level if it
       // has overlapping key-range with other non-compaction input
       // files in the same level.
       while (first_included > 0) {
-        if (comparator->Compare(current_files[first_included - 1].largestkey,
-                                current_files[first_included].smallestkey) <
-            0) {
+        if (comparator->CompareWithoutTimestamp(
+                current_files[first_included - 1].largestkey,
+                current_files[first_included].smallestkey) < 0) {
           break;
         }
         first_included--;
       }
 
       while (last_included < static_cast<int>(current_files.size()) - 1) {
-        if (comparator->Compare(current_files[last_included + 1].smallestkey,
-                                current_files[last_included].largestkey) > 0) {
+        if (comparator->CompareWithoutTimestamp(
+                current_files[last_included + 1].smallestkey,
+                current_files[last_included].largestkey) > 0) {
           break;
         }
         last_included++;
@@ -975,21 +1001,22 @@ Status CompactionPicker::SanitizeCompactionInputFilesForAllLevels(
     // update smallest and largest key
     if (l == 0) {
       for (int f = first_included; f <= last_included; ++f) {
-        if (comparator->Compare(smallestkey, current_files[f].smallestkey) >
-            0) {
+        if (comparator->CompareWithoutTimestamp(
+                smallestkey, current_files[f].smallestkey) > 0) {
           smallestkey = current_files[f].smallestkey;
         }
-        if (comparator->Compare(largestkey, current_files[f].largestkey) < 0) {
+        if (comparator->CompareWithoutTimestamp(
+                largestkey, current_files[f].largestkey) < 0) {
           largestkey = current_files[f].largestkey;
         }
       }
     } else {
-      if (comparator->Compare(smallestkey,
-                              current_files[first_included].smallestkey) > 0) {
+      if (comparator->CompareWithoutTimestamp(
+              smallestkey, current_files[first_included].smallestkey) > 0) {
         smallestkey = current_files[first_included].smallestkey;
       }
-      if (comparator->Compare(largestkey,
-                              current_files[last_included].largestkey) < 0) {
+      if (comparator->CompareWithoutTimestamp(
+              largestkey, current_files[last_included].largestkey) < 0) {
         largestkey = current_files[last_included].largestkey;
       }
     }
@@ -1108,7 +1135,8 @@ void CompactionPicker::RegisterCompaction(Compaction* c) {
   }
   assert(ioptions_.compaction_style != kCompactionStyleLevel ||
          c->output_level() == 0 ||
-         !FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(*c->inputs(), c->output_level()));
+         !FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(*c->inputs(), c->output_level(),
+                                          c->GetPenultimateLevel()));
   if (c->start_level() == 0 ||
       ioptions_.compaction_style == kCompactionStyleUniversal) {
     level0_compactions_in_progress_.insert(c);

db/compaction/compaction_picker.h

@@ -182,14 +182,16 @@ class CompactionPicker {
   // Returns true if the key range that `inputs` files cover overlap with the
   // key range of a currently running compaction.
   bool FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
-      const std::vector<CompactionInputFiles>& inputs, int level) const;
+      const std::vector<CompactionInputFiles>& inputs, int level,
+      int penultimate_level) const;
 
   bool SetupOtherInputs(const std::string& cf_name,
                         const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
                         VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
                         CompactionInputFiles* inputs,
                         CompactionInputFiles* output_level_inputs,
-                        int* parent_index, int base_index);
+                        int* parent_index, int base_index,
+                        bool only_expand_towards_right = false);
 
   void GetGrandparents(VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
                        const CompactionInputFiles& inputs,

db/compaction/compaction_picker_fifo.cc

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ Compaction* FIFOCompactionPicker::PickTTLCompaction(
           break;
         }
       }
-      total_size -= f->compensated_file_size;
+      total_size -= f->fd.file_size;
       inputs[0].files.push_back(f);
     }
   }
@@ -121,20 +121,45 @@ Compaction* FIFOCompactionPicker::PickTTLCompaction(
   return c;
 }
 
+// The size-based compaction picker for FIFO.
+//
+// When the entire column family size exceeds max_table_files_size, FIFO will
+// try to delete the oldest sst file(s) until the resulting column family size
+// is smaller than max_table_files_size.
+//
+// This function also takes care the case where a DB is migrating from level /
+// universal compaction to FIFO compaction.  During the migration, the column
+// family will also have non-L0 files while FIFO can only create L0 files.
+// In this case, this function will first purge the sst files in the bottom-
+// most non-empty level first, and the DB will eventually converge to the
+// regular FIFO case where there're only L0 files.  Note that during the
+// migration case, the purge order will only be an approximation of "FIFO"
+// as entries inside lower-level files might sometimes be newer than some
+// entries inside upper-level files.
 Compaction* FIFOCompactionPicker::PickSizeCompaction(
     const std::string& cf_name, const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
     const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options, VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
     LogBuffer* log_buffer) {
-  const int kLevel0 = 0;
-  const std::vector<FileMetaData*>& level_files = vstorage->LevelFiles(kLevel0);
-  uint64_t total_size = GetTotalFilesSize(level_files);
+  // compute the total size and identify the last non-empty level
+  int last_level = 0;
+  uint64_t total_size = 0;
+  for (int level = 0; level < vstorage->num_levels(); ++level) {
+    auto level_size = GetTotalFilesSize(vstorage->LevelFiles(level));
+    total_size += level_size;
+    if (level_size > 0) {
+      last_level = level;
+    }
+  }
+  const std::vector<FileMetaData*>& last_level_files =
+      vstorage->LevelFiles(last_level);
 
-  if (total_size <=
-          mutable_cf_options.compaction_options_fifo.max_table_files_size ||
-      level_files.size() == 0) {
-    // total size not exceeded
+  if (last_level == 0 &&
+      total_size <=
+          mutable_cf_options.compaction_options_fifo.max_table_files_size) {
+    // total size not exceeded, try to find intra level 0 compaction if enabled
+    const std::vector<FileMetaData*>& level0_files = vstorage->LevelFiles(0);
     if (mutable_cf_options.compaction_options_fifo.allow_compaction &&
-        level_files.size() > 0) {
+        level0_files.size() > 0) {
       CompactionInputFiles comp_inputs;
       // try to prevent same files from being compacted multiple times, which
       // could produce large files that may never TTL-expire. Achieve this by
@@ -146,7 +171,7 @@ Compaction* FIFOCompactionPicker::PickSizeCompaction(
               static_cast<uint64_t>(mutable_cf_options.write_buffer_size),
               1.1));
       if (FindIntraL0Compaction(
-              level_files,
+              level0_files,
               mutable_cf_options
                   .level0_file_num_compaction_trigger /* min_files_to_compact */
               ,
@@ -187,27 +212,58 @@ Compaction* FIFOCompactionPicker::PickSizeCompaction(
 
   std::vector<CompactionInputFiles> inputs;
   inputs.emplace_back();
-  inputs[0].level = 0;
+  inputs[0].level = last_level;
 
-  for (auto ritr = level_files.rbegin(); ritr != level_files.rend(); ++ritr) {
-    auto f = *ritr;
-    total_size -= f->compensated_file_size;
-    inputs[0].files.push_back(f);
-    char tmp_fsize[16];
-    AppendHumanBytes(f->fd.GetFileSize(), tmp_fsize, sizeof(tmp_fsize));
-    ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer,
-                     "[%s] FIFO compaction: picking file %" PRIu64
-                     " with size %s for deletion",
-                     cf_name.c_str(), f->fd.GetNumber(), tmp_fsize);
-    if (total_size <=
-        mutable_cf_options.compaction_options_fifo.max_table_files_size) {
-      break;
+  if (last_level == 0) {
+    // In L0, right-most files are the oldest files.
+    for (auto ritr = last_level_files.rbegin(); ritr != last_level_files.rend();
+         ++ritr) {
+      auto f = *ritr;
+      total_size -= f->fd.file_size;
+      inputs[0].files.push_back(f);
+      char tmp_fsize[16];
+      AppendHumanBytes(f->fd.GetFileSize(), tmp_fsize, sizeof(tmp_fsize));
+      ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer,
+                       "[%s] FIFO compaction: picking file %" PRIu64
+                       " with size %s for deletion",
+                       cf_name.c_str(), f->fd.GetNumber(), tmp_fsize);
+      if (total_size <=
+          mutable_cf_options.compaction_options_fifo.max_table_files_size) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    // If the last level is non-L0, we actually don't know which file is
+    // logically the oldest since the file creation time only represents
+    // when this file was compacted to this level, which is independent
+    // to when the entries in this file were first inserted.
+    //
+    // As a result, we delete files from the left instead.  This means the sst
+    // file with the smallest key will be deleted first.  This design decision
+    // better serves a major type of FIFO use cases where smaller keys are
+    // associated with older data.
+    for (const auto& f : last_level_files) {
+      total_size -= f->fd.file_size;
+      inputs[0].files.push_back(f);
+      char tmp_fsize[16];
+      AppendHumanBytes(f->fd.GetFileSize(), tmp_fsize, sizeof(tmp_fsize));
+      ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer,
+                       "[%s] FIFO compaction: picking file %" PRIu64
+                       " with size %s for deletion",
+                       cf_name.c_str(), f->fd.GetNumber(), tmp_fsize);
+      if (total_size <=
+          mutable_cf_options.compaction_options_fifo.max_table_files_size) {
+        break;
+      }
     }
   }
 
   Compaction* c = new Compaction(
       vstorage, ioptions_, mutable_cf_options, mutable_db_options,
-      std::move(inputs), 0, 0, 0, 0, kNoCompression,
+      std::move(inputs), last_level,
+      /* target_file_size */ 0,
+      /* max_compaction_bytes */ 0,
+      /* output_path_id */ 0, kNoCompression,
       mutable_cf_options.compression_opts, Temperature::kUnknown,
       /* max_subcompactions */ 0, {}, /* is manual */ false,
       /* trim_ts */ "", vstorage->CompactionScore(0),
@@ -224,6 +280,13 @@ Compaction* FIFOCompactionPicker::PickCompactionToWarm(
     return nullptr;
   }
 
+  // PickCompactionToWarm is only triggered if there is no non-L0 files.
+  for (int level = 1; level < vstorage->num_levels(); ++level) {
+    if (GetTotalFilesSize(vstorage->LevelFiles(level)) > 0) {
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+  }
+
   const int kLevel0 = 0;
   const std::vector<FileMetaData*>& level_files = vstorage->LevelFiles(kLevel0);
 
@@ -327,8 +390,6 @@ Compaction* FIFOCompactionPicker::PickCompaction(
     const std::string& cf_name, const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
     const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options, VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
     LogBuffer* log_buffer, SequenceNumber /*earliest_memtable_seqno*/) {
-  assert(vstorage->num_levels() == 1);
-
   Compaction* c = nullptr;
   if (mutable_cf_options.ttl > 0) {
     c = PickTTLCompaction(cf_name, mutable_cf_options, mutable_db_options,

db/compaction/compaction_picker_level.cc

@@ -76,6 +76,9 @@ class LevelCompactionBuilder {
   // files if needed.
   bool SetupOtherL0FilesIfNeeded();
 
+  // Compaction with round-robin compaction priority allows more files to be
+  // picked to form a large compaction
+  void SetupOtherFilesWithRoundRobinExpansion();
   // Based on initial files, setup other files need to be compacted
   // in this compaction, accordingly.
   bool SetupOtherInputsIfNeeded();
@@ -84,7 +87,9 @@ class LevelCompactionBuilder {
 
   // For the specfied level, pick a file that we want to compact.
   // Returns false if there is no file to compact.
-  // If it returns true, inputs->files.size() will be exactly one.
+  // If it returns true, inputs->files.size() will be exactly one for
+  // all compaction priorities except round-robin. For round-robin,
+  // multiple consecutive files may be put into inputs->files.
   // If level is 0 and there is already a compaction on that level, this
   // function will return false.
   bool PickFileToCompact();
@@ -249,6 +254,25 @@ void LevelCompactionBuilder::SetupInitialFiles() {
   }
 
   // TTL Compaction
+  if (ioptions_.compaction_pri == kRoundRobin &&
+      !vstorage_->ExpiredTtlFiles().empty()) {
+    auto expired_files = vstorage_->ExpiredTtlFiles();
+    // the expired files list should already be sorted by level
+    start_level_ = expired_files.front().first;
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    for (const auto& file : expired_files) {
+      assert(start_level_ <= file.first);
+    }
+#endif
+    if (start_level_ > 0) {
+      output_level_ = start_level_ + 1;
+      if (PickFileToCompact()) {
+        compaction_reason_ = CompactionReason::kRoundRobinTtl;
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
   PickFileToCompact(vstorage_->ExpiredTtlFiles(), true);
   if (!start_level_inputs_.empty()) {
     compaction_reason_ = CompactionReason::kTtl;
@@ -278,16 +302,143 @@ bool LevelCompactionBuilder::SetupOtherL0FilesIfNeeded() {
   return true;
 }
 
+void LevelCompactionBuilder::SetupOtherFilesWithRoundRobinExpansion() {
+  // We only expand when the start level is not L0 under round robin
+  assert(start_level_ >= 1);
+
+  // For round-robin compaction priority, we have 3 constraints when picking
+  // multiple files.
+  // Constraint 1: We can only pick consecutive files
+  //  -> Constraint 1a: When a file is being compacted (or some input files
+  //                    are being compacted after expanding, we cannot
+  //                    choose it and have to stop choosing more files
+  //  -> Constraint 1b: When we reach the last file (with largest keys), we
+  //                    cannot choose more files (the next file will be the
+  //                    first one)
+  // Constraint 2: We should ensure the total compaction bytes (including the
+  //               overlapped files from the next level) is no more than
+  //               mutable_cf_options_.max_compaction_bytes
+  // Constraint 3: We try our best to pick as many files as possible so that
+  //               the post-compaction level size is less than
+  //               MaxBytesForLevel(start_level_)
+  // Constraint 4: We do not expand if it is possible to apply a trivial move
+  // Constraint 5 (TODO): Try to pick minimal files to split into the target
+  //               number of subcompactions
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT("LevelCompactionPicker::RoundRobin");
+
+  // Only expand the inputs when we have selected a file in start_level_inputs_
+  if (start_level_inputs_.size() == 0) return;
+
+  uint64_t start_lvl_bytes_no_compacting = 0;
+  uint64_t curr_bytes_to_compact = 0;
+  uint64_t start_lvl_max_bytes_to_compact = 0;
+  const std::vector<FileMetaData*>& level_files =
+      vstorage_->LevelFiles(start_level_);
+  // Constraint 3 (pre-calculate the ideal max bytes to compact)
+  for (auto f : level_files) {
+    if (!f->being_compacted) {
+      start_lvl_bytes_no_compacting += f->fd.GetFileSize();
+    }
+  }
+  if (start_lvl_bytes_no_compacting >
+      vstorage_->MaxBytesForLevel(start_level_)) {
+    start_lvl_max_bytes_to_compact = start_lvl_bytes_no_compacting -
+                                     vstorage_->MaxBytesForLevel(start_level_);
+  }
+
+  size_t start_index = vstorage_->FilesByCompactionPri(start_level_)[0];
+  InternalKey smallest, largest;
+  // Constraint 4 (No need to check again later)
+  compaction_picker_->GetRange(start_level_inputs_, &smallest, &largest);
+  CompactionInputFiles output_level_inputs;
+  output_level_inputs.level = output_level_;
+  vstorage_->GetOverlappingInputs(output_level_, &smallest, &largest,
+                                  &output_level_inputs.files);
+  if (output_level_inputs.empty()) {
+    if (TryExtendNonL0TrivialMove((int)start_index)) {
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  // Constraint 3
+  if (start_level_inputs_[0]->fd.GetFileSize() >=
+      start_lvl_max_bytes_to_compact) {
+    return;
+  }
+  CompactionInputFiles tmp_start_level_inputs;
+  tmp_start_level_inputs = start_level_inputs_;
+  // TODO (zichen): Future parallel round-robin may also need to update this
+  // Constraint 1b (only expand till the end)
+  for (size_t i = start_index + 1; i < level_files.size(); i++) {
+    auto* f = level_files[i];
+    if (f->being_compacted) {
+      // Constraint 1a
+      return;
+    }
+
+    tmp_start_level_inputs.files.push_back(f);
+    if (!compaction_picker_->ExpandInputsToCleanCut(cf_name_, vstorage_,
+                                                    &tmp_start_level_inputs) ||
+        compaction_picker_->FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
+            {tmp_start_level_inputs}, output_level_,
+            Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(
+                vstorage_, ioptions_, start_level_, output_level_))) {
+      // Constraint 1a
+      tmp_start_level_inputs.clear();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    curr_bytes_to_compact = 0;
+    for (auto start_lvl_f : tmp_start_level_inputs.files) {
+      curr_bytes_to_compact += start_lvl_f->fd.GetFileSize();
+    }
+
+    // Check whether any output level files are locked
+    compaction_picker_->GetRange(tmp_start_level_inputs, &smallest, &largest);
+    vstorage_->GetOverlappingInputs(output_level_, &smallest, &largest,
+                                    &output_level_inputs.files);
+    if (!output_level_inputs.empty() &&
+        !compaction_picker_->ExpandInputsToCleanCut(cf_name_, vstorage_,
+                                                    &output_level_inputs)) {
+      // Constraint 1a
+      tmp_start_level_inputs.clear();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t start_lvl_curr_bytes_to_compact = curr_bytes_to_compact;
+    for (auto output_lvl_f : output_level_inputs.files) {
+      curr_bytes_to_compact += output_lvl_f->fd.GetFileSize();
+    }
+    if (curr_bytes_to_compact > mutable_cf_options_.max_compaction_bytes) {
+      // Constraint 2
+      tmp_start_level_inputs.clear();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    start_level_inputs_.files = tmp_start_level_inputs.files;
+    // Constraint 3
+    if (start_lvl_curr_bytes_to_compact > start_lvl_max_bytes_to_compact) {
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 bool LevelCompactionBuilder::SetupOtherInputsIfNeeded() {
   // Setup input files from output level. For output to L0, we only compact
   // spans of files that do not interact with any pending compactions, so don't
   // need to consider other levels.
   if (output_level_ != 0) {
     output_level_inputs_.level = output_level_;
+    bool round_robin_expanding =
+        ioptions_.compaction_pri == kRoundRobin &&
+        compaction_reason_ == CompactionReason::kLevelMaxLevelSize;
+    if (round_robin_expanding) {
+      SetupOtherFilesWithRoundRobinExpansion();
+    }
     if (!is_l0_trivial_move_ &&
         !compaction_picker_->SetupOtherInputs(
             cf_name_, mutable_cf_options_, vstorage_, &start_level_inputs_,
-            &output_level_inputs_, &parent_index_, base_index_)) {
+            &output_level_inputs_, &parent_index_, base_index_,
+            round_robin_expanding)) {
       return false;
     }
 
@@ -304,7 +455,9 @@ bool LevelCompactionBuilder::SetupOtherInputsIfNeeded() {
       // (2) AddFile ingest a new file into the LSM tree
       // We need to disallow this from happening.
       if (compaction_picker_->FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
-              compaction_inputs_, output_level_)) {
+              compaction_inputs_, output_level_,
+              Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(
+                  vstorage_, ioptions_, start_level_, output_level_))) {
         // This compaction output could potentially conflict with the output
         // of a currently running compaction, we cannot run it.
         return false;
@@ -532,9 +685,14 @@ bool LevelCompactionBuilder::TryExtendNonL0TrivialMove(int start_index) {
         break;
       }
       if (i < static_cast<int>(level_files.size()) - 1 &&
-          compaction_picker_->icmp()->user_comparator()->Compare(
-              next_file->largest.user_key(),
-              level_files[i + 1]->smallest.user_key()) == 0) {
+          compaction_picker_->icmp()
+                  ->user_comparator()
+                  ->CompareWithoutTimestamp(
+                      next_file->largest.user_key(),
+                      level_files[i + 1]->smallest.user_key()) == 0) {
+        TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK(
+            "LevelCompactionBuilder::TryExtendNonL0TrivialMove:NoCleanCut",
+            nullptr);
         // Not a clean up after adding the next file. Skip.
         break;
       }
@@ -601,14 +759,13 @@ bool LevelCompactionBuilder::PickFileToCompact() {
     if (!compaction_picker_->ExpandInputsToCleanCut(cf_name_, vstorage_,
                                                     &start_level_inputs_) ||
         compaction_picker_->FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
-            {start_level_inputs_}, output_level_)) {
+            {start_level_inputs_}, output_level_,
+            Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(
+                vstorage_, ioptions_, start_level_, output_level_))) {
       // A locked (pending compaction) input-level file was pulled in due to
       // user-key overlap.
       start_level_inputs_.clear();
 
-      // To ensure every file is selcted in a round-robin manner, we cannot
-      // skip the current file. So we return false and wait for the next time
-      // we can pick this file to compact
       if (ioptions_.compaction_pri == kRoundRobin) {
         return false;
       }
@@ -641,6 +798,7 @@ bool LevelCompactionBuilder::PickFileToCompact() {
         continue;
       }
     }
+
     base_index_ = index;
     break;
   }

db/compaction/compaction_picker_test.cc

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class CountingLogger : public Logger {
   size_t log_count;
 };
 
-class CompactionPickerTest : public testing::Test {
+class CompactionPickerTestBase : public testing::Test {
  public:
   const Comparator* ucmp_;
   InternalKeyComparator icmp_;
@@ -49,9 +49,10 @@ class CompactionPickerTest : public testing::Test {
   std::vector<CompactionInputFiles> input_files_;
   int compaction_level_start_;
 
-  CompactionPickerTest()
-      : ucmp_(BytewiseComparator()),
+  explicit CompactionPickerTestBase(const Comparator* _ucmp)
+      : ucmp_(_ucmp),
         icmp_(ucmp_),
+        options_(CreateOptions(ucmp_)),
         ioptions_(options_),
         mutable_cf_options_(options_),
         mutable_db_options_(),
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ class CompactionPickerTest : public testing::Test {
                                     std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max());
   }
 
-  ~CompactionPickerTest() override {}
+  ~CompactionPickerTestBase() override {}
 
   void NewVersionStorage(int num_levels, CompactionStyle style) {
     DeleteVersionStorage();
@@ -97,12 +98,17 @@ class CompactionPickerTest : public testing::Test {
     input_files_.clear();
   }
 
+  // REQUIRES: smallest and largest are c-style strings ending with '\0'
   void Add(int level, uint32_t file_number, const char* smallest,
            const char* largest, uint64_t file_size = 1, uint32_t path_id = 0,
            SequenceNumber smallest_seq = 100, SequenceNumber largest_seq = 100,
            size_t compensated_file_size = 0, bool marked_for_compact = false,
            Temperature temperature = Temperature::kUnknown,
-           uint64_t oldest_ancestor_time = kUnknownOldestAncesterTime) {
+           uint64_t oldest_ancestor_time = kUnknownOldestAncesterTime,
+           Slice ts_of_smallest = Slice(), Slice ts_of_largest = Slice()) {
+    assert(ts_of_smallest.size() == ucmp_->timestamp_size());
+    assert(ts_of_largest.size() == ucmp_->timestamp_size());
+
     VersionStorageInfo* vstorage;
     if (temp_vstorage_) {
       vstorage = temp_vstorage_.get();
@@ -110,20 +116,46 @@ class CompactionPickerTest : public testing::Test {
       vstorage = vstorage_.get();
     }
     assert(level < vstorage->num_levels());
+    char* smallest_key_buf = nullptr;
+    char* largest_key_buf = nullptr;
+
+    if (!ts_of_smallest.empty()) {
+      smallest_key_buf = new char[strlen(smallest) + ucmp_->timestamp_size()];
+      memcpy(smallest_key_buf, smallest, strlen(smallest));
+      memcpy(smallest_key_buf + strlen(smallest), ts_of_smallest.data(),
+             ucmp_->timestamp_size());
+      largest_key_buf = new char[strlen(largest) + ucmp_->timestamp_size()];
+      memcpy(largest_key_buf, largest, strlen(largest));
+      memcpy(largest_key_buf + strlen(largest), ts_of_largest.data(),
+             ucmp_->timestamp_size());
+    }
+
+    InternalKey smallest_ikey = InternalKey(
+        smallest_key_buf ? Slice(smallest_key_buf,
+                                 ucmp_->timestamp_size() + strlen(smallest))
+                         : smallest,
+        smallest_seq, kTypeValue);
+    InternalKey largest_ikey = InternalKey(
+        largest_key_buf
+            ? Slice(largest_key_buf, ucmp_->timestamp_size() + strlen(largest))
+            : largest,
+        largest_seq, kTypeValue);
+
     FileMetaData* f = new FileMetaData(
-        file_number, path_id, file_size,
-        InternalKey(smallest, smallest_seq, kTypeValue),
-        InternalKey(largest, largest_seq, kTypeValue), smallest_seq,
-        largest_seq, marked_for_compact, temperature, kInvalidBlobFileNumber,
-        kUnknownOldestAncesterTime, kUnknownFileCreationTime,
-        kUnknownFileChecksum, kUnknownFileChecksumFuncName,
-        kDisableUserTimestamp, kDisableUserTimestamp, kNullUniqueId64x2);
+        file_number, path_id, file_size, smallest_ikey, largest_ikey,
+        smallest_seq, largest_seq, marked_for_compact, temperature,
+        kInvalidBlobFileNumber, kUnknownOldestAncesterTime,
+        kUnknownFileCreationTime, kUnknownFileChecksum,
+        kUnknownFileChecksumFuncName, kNullUniqueId64x2);
     f->compensated_file_size =
         (compensated_file_size != 0) ? compensated_file_size : file_size;
     f->oldest_ancester_time = oldest_ancestor_time;
     vstorage->AddFile(level, f);
     files_.emplace_back(f);
     file_map_.insert({file_number, {f, level}});
+
+    delete[] smallest_key_buf;
+    delete[] largest_key_buf;
   }
 
   void SetCompactionInputFilesLevels(int level_count, int start_level) {
@@ -156,9 +188,31 @@ class CompactionPickerTest : public testing::Test {
   }
 
  private:
+  Options CreateOptions(const Comparator* ucmp) const {
+    Options opts;
+    opts.comparator = ucmp;
+    return opts;
+  }
+
   std::unique_ptr<VersionStorageInfo> temp_vstorage_;
 };
 
+class CompactionPickerTest : public CompactionPickerTestBase {
+ public:
+  explicit CompactionPickerTest()
+      : CompactionPickerTestBase(BytewiseComparator()) {}
+
+  ~CompactionPickerTest() override {}
+};
+
+class CompactionPickerU64TsTest : public CompactionPickerTestBase {
+ public:
+  explicit CompactionPickerU64TsTest()
+      : CompactionPickerTestBase(test::BytewiseComparatorWithU64TsWrapper()) {}
+
+  ~CompactionPickerU64TsTest() override {}
+};
+
 TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, Empty) {
   NewVersionStorage(6, kCompactionStyleLevel);
   UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
@@ -1286,6 +1340,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, CompactionPriMinOverlapping4) {
   ioptions_.compaction_pri = kMinOverlappingRatio;
   mutable_cf_options_.max_bytes_for_level_base = 10000000;
   mutable_cf_options_.max_bytes_for_level_multiplier = 10;
+  mutable_cf_options_.ignore_max_compaction_bytes_for_input = false;
 
   // file 7 and 8 over lap with the same file, but file 8 is smaller so
   // it will be picked.
@@ -1318,7 +1373,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, CompactionPriRoundRobin) {
   std::vector<uint32_t> selected_files = {8U, 6U, 6U};
 
   ioptions_.compaction_pri = kRoundRobin;
-  mutable_cf_options_.max_bytes_for_level_base = 10000000;
+  mutable_cf_options_.max_bytes_for_level_base = 12000000;
   mutable_cf_options_.max_bytes_for_level_multiplier = 10;
   for (size_t i = 0; i < test_cursors.size(); i++) {
     // start a brand new version in each test.
@@ -1342,6 +1397,9 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, CompactionPriRoundRobin) {
             cf_name_, mutable_cf_options_, mutable_db_options_, vstorage_.get(),
             &log_buffer_));
     ASSERT_TRUE(compaction.get() != nullptr);
+    // Since the max bytes for level 2 is 120M, picking one file to compact
+    // makes the post-compaction level size less than 120M, there is exactly one
+    // file picked for round-robin compaction
     ASSERT_EQ(1U, compaction->num_input_files(0));
     ASSERT_EQ(selected_files[i], compaction->input(0, 0)->fd.GetNumber());
     // release the version storage
@@ -1349,6 +1407,132 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, CompactionPriRoundRobin) {
   }
 }
 
+TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, CompactionPriMultipleFilesRoundRobin1) {
+  ioptions_.compaction_pri = kRoundRobin;
+  mutable_cf_options_.max_compaction_bytes = 100000000u;
+  mutable_cf_options_.max_bytes_for_level_base = 120;
+  mutable_cf_options_.max_bytes_for_level_multiplier = 10;
+  // start a brand new version in each test.
+  NewVersionStorage(6, kCompactionStyleLevel);
+  vstorage_->ResizeCompactCursors(6);
+  // Set the cursor (file picking should start with 7U)
+  vstorage_->AddCursorForOneLevel(2, InternalKey("199", 100, kTypeValue));
+  Add(2, 6U, "150", "199", 500U);
+  Add(2, 7U, "200", "249", 500U);
+  Add(2, 8U, "300", "600", 500U);
+  Add(2, 9U, "700", "800", 500U);
+  Add(2, 10U, "850", "950", 500U);
+
+  Add(3, 26U, "130", "165", 600U);
+  Add(3, 27U, "166", "170", 600U);
+  Add(3, 28U, "270", "340", 600U);
+  Add(3, 29U, "401", "500", 600U);
+  Add(3, 30U, "601", "800", 600U);
+  Add(3, 31U, "830", "890", 600U);
+  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
+  LevelCompactionPicker local_level_compaction_picker =
+      LevelCompactionPicker(ioptions_, &icmp_);
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> compaction(
+      local_level_compaction_picker.PickCompaction(
+          cf_name_, mutable_cf_options_, mutable_db_options_, vstorage_.get(),
+          &log_buffer_));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(compaction.get() != nullptr);
+
+  // The maximum compaction bytes is very large in this case so we can igore its
+  // constraint in this test case. The maximum bytes for level 2 is 1200
+  // bytes, and thus at least 3 files should be picked so that the bytes in
+  // level 2 is less than the maximum
+  ASSERT_EQ(3U, compaction->num_input_files(0));
+  ASSERT_EQ(7U, compaction->input(0, 0)->fd.GetNumber());
+  ASSERT_EQ(8U, compaction->input(0, 1)->fd.GetNumber());
+  ASSERT_EQ(9U, compaction->input(0, 2)->fd.GetNumber());
+  // release the version storage
+  DeleteVersionStorage();
+}
+
+TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, CompactionPriMultipleFilesRoundRobin2) {
+  ioptions_.compaction_pri = kRoundRobin;
+  mutable_cf_options_.max_compaction_bytes = 2500u;
+  mutable_cf_options_.max_bytes_for_level_base = 120;
+  mutable_cf_options_.max_bytes_for_level_multiplier = 10;
+  // start a brand new version in each test.
+  NewVersionStorage(6, kCompactionStyleLevel);
+  vstorage_->ResizeCompactCursors(6);
+  // Set the cursor (file picking should start with 6U)
+  vstorage_->AddCursorForOneLevel(2, InternalKey("1000", 100, kTypeValue));
+  Add(2, 6U, "150", "199", 500U);  // Overlap with 26U, 27U
+  Add(2, 7U, "200", "249", 500U);  // Overlap with 27U
+  Add(2, 8U, "300", "600", 500U);  // Overlap with 28U, 29U
+  Add(2, 9U, "700", "800", 500U);
+  Add(2, 10U, "850", "950", 500U);
+
+  Add(3, 26U, "130", "165", 600U);
+  Add(3, 27U, "166", "230", 600U);
+  Add(3, 28U, "270", "340", 600U);
+  Add(3, 29U, "401", "500", 600U);
+  Add(3, 30U, "601", "800", 600U);
+  Add(3, 31U, "830", "890", 600U);
+  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
+  LevelCompactionPicker local_level_compaction_picker =
+      LevelCompactionPicker(ioptions_, &icmp_);
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> compaction(
+      local_level_compaction_picker.PickCompaction(
+          cf_name_, mutable_cf_options_, mutable_db_options_, vstorage_.get(),
+          &log_buffer_));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(compaction.get() != nullptr);
+
+  // The maximum compaction bytes is only 2500 bytes now. Even though we are
+  // required to choose 3 files so that the post-compaction level size is less
+  // than 1200 bytes. We cannot pick 3 files to compact since the maximum
+  // compaction size is 2500. After picking files 6U and 7U, the number of
+  // compaction bytes has reached 2200, and thus no more space to add another
+  // input file with 50M bytes.
+  ASSERT_EQ(2U, compaction->num_input_files(0));
+  ASSERT_EQ(6U, compaction->input(0, 0)->fd.GetNumber());
+  ASSERT_EQ(7U, compaction->input(0, 1)->fd.GetNumber());
+  // release the version storage
+  DeleteVersionStorage();
+}
+
+TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, CompactionPriMultipleFilesRoundRobin3) {
+  ioptions_.compaction_pri = kRoundRobin;
+  mutable_cf_options_.max_compaction_bytes = 1000000u;
+  mutable_cf_options_.max_bytes_for_level_base = 120;
+  mutable_cf_options_.max_bytes_for_level_multiplier = 10;
+  // start a brand new version in each test.
+  NewVersionStorage(6, kCompactionStyleLevel);
+  vstorage_->ResizeCompactCursors(6);
+  // Set the cursor (file picking should start with 9U)
+  vstorage_->AddCursorForOneLevel(2, InternalKey("700", 100, kTypeValue));
+  Add(2, 6U, "150", "199", 500U);
+  Add(2, 7U, "200", "249", 500U);
+  Add(2, 8U, "300", "600", 500U);
+  Add(2, 9U, "700", "800", 500U);
+  Add(2, 10U, "850", "950", 500U);
+
+  Add(3, 26U, "130", "165", 600U);
+  Add(3, 27U, "166", "170", 600U);
+  Add(3, 28U, "270", "340", 600U);
+  Add(3, 29U, "401", "500", 600U);
+  Add(3, 30U, "601", "800", 600U);
+  Add(3, 31U, "830", "890", 600U);
+  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
+  LevelCompactionPicker local_level_compaction_picker =
+      LevelCompactionPicker(ioptions_, &icmp_);
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> compaction(
+      local_level_compaction_picker.PickCompaction(
+          cf_name_, mutable_cf_options_, mutable_db_options_, vstorage_.get(),
+          &log_buffer_));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(compaction.get() != nullptr);
+
+  // Cannot pick more files since we reach the last file in level 2
+  ASSERT_EQ(2U, compaction->num_input_files(0));
+  ASSERT_EQ(9U, compaction->input(0, 0)->fd.GetNumber());
+  ASSERT_EQ(10U, compaction->input(0, 1)->fd.GetNumber());
+  // release the version storage
+  DeleteVersionStorage();
+}
+
 TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, CompactionPriMinOverlappingManyFiles) {
   NewVersionStorage(6, kCompactionStyleLevel);
   ioptions_.compaction_pri = kMinOverlappingRatio;
@@ -2175,6 +2359,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, IsBottommostLevelTest) {
 TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, MaxCompactionBytesHit) {
   mutable_cf_options_.max_bytes_for_level_base = 1000000u;
   mutable_cf_options_.max_compaction_bytes = 800000u;
+  mutable_cf_options_.ignore_max_compaction_bytes_for_input = false;
   ioptions_.level_compaction_dynamic_level_bytes = false;
   NewVersionStorage(6, kCompactionStyleLevel);
   // A compaction should be triggered and pick file 2 and 5.
@@ -2201,6 +2386,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, MaxCompactionBytesHit) {
 TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, MaxCompactionBytesNotHit) {
   mutable_cf_options_.max_bytes_for_level_base = 800000u;
   mutable_cf_options_.max_compaction_bytes = 1000000u;
+  mutable_cf_options_.ignore_max_compaction_bytes_for_input = false;
   ioptions_.level_compaction_dynamic_level_bytes = false;
   NewVersionStorage(6, kCompactionStyleLevel);
   // A compaction should be triggered and pick file 2 and 5.
@@ -2963,7 +3149,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, UniversalMarkedL0Overlap2) {
   // should fail
   NewVersionStorage(1, kCompactionStyleUniversal);
 
-  // Mark file number 4 for compaction
+  // Mark file number 5 for compaction
   Add(0, 4U, "260", "300", 1 * kFileSize, 0, 260, 300);
   Add(0, 5U, "240", "290", 2 * kFileSize, 0, 201, 250, 0, true);
   Add(0, 3U, "301", "350", 4 * kFileSize, 0, 101, 150);
@@ -3047,6 +3233,249 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, UniversalMarkedManualCompaction) {
   ASSERT_EQ(0U, vstorage_->FilesMarkedForCompaction().size());
 }
 
+TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, UniversalSizeAmpTierCompactionNonLastLevel) {
+  // This test make sure size amplification compaction could still be triggered
+  // if the last sorted run is not the last level.
+  const uint64_t kFileSize = 100000;
+  const int kNumLevels = 7;
+  const int kLastLevel = kNumLevels - 1;
+
+  ioptions_.compaction_style = kCompactionStyleUniversal;
+  ioptions_.preclude_last_level_data_seconds = 1000;
+  mutable_cf_options_.compaction_options_universal
+      .max_size_amplification_percent = 200;
+  UniversalCompactionPicker universal_compaction_picker(ioptions_, &icmp_);
+
+  NewVersionStorage(kNumLevels, kCompactionStyleUniversal);
+  Add(0, 100U, "100", "300", 1 * kFileSize);
+  Add(0, 101U, "200", "400", 1 * kFileSize);
+  Add(4, 90U, "100", "600", 4 * kFileSize);
+  Add(5, 80U, "200", "300", 2 * kFileSize);
+  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> compaction(
+      universal_compaction_picker.PickCompaction(
+          cf_name_, mutable_cf_options_, mutable_db_options_, vstorage_.get(),
+          &log_buffer_));
+
+  // Make sure it's a size amp compaction and includes all files
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->compaction_reason(),
+            CompactionReason::kUniversalSizeAmplification);
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->output_level(), kLastLevel);
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->input_levels(0)->num_files, 2);
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->input_levels(4)->num_files, 1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->input_levels(5)->num_files, 1);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, UniversalSizeRatioTierCompactionLastLevel) {
+  // This test makes sure the size amp calculation skips the last level (L6), so
+  // size amp compaction is not triggered, instead a size ratio compaction is
+  // triggered.
+  const uint64_t kFileSize = 100000;
+  const int kNumLevels = 7;
+  const int kLastLevel = kNumLevels - 1;
+  const int kPenultimateLevel = kLastLevel - 1;
+
+  ioptions_.compaction_style = kCompactionStyleUniversal;
+  ioptions_.preclude_last_level_data_seconds = 1000;
+  mutable_cf_options_.compaction_options_universal
+      .max_size_amplification_percent = 200;
+  UniversalCompactionPicker universal_compaction_picker(ioptions_, &icmp_);
+
+  NewVersionStorage(kNumLevels, kCompactionStyleUniversal);
+  Add(0, 100U, "100", "300", 1 * kFileSize);
+  Add(0, 101U, "200", "400", 1 * kFileSize);
+  Add(5, 90U, "100", "600", 4 * kFileSize);
+  Add(6, 80U, "200", "300", 2 * kFileSize);
+  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> compaction(
+      universal_compaction_picker.PickCompaction(
+          cf_name_, mutable_cf_options_, mutable_db_options_, vstorage_.get(),
+          &log_buffer_));
+
+  // Internally, size amp compaction is evaluated before size ratio compaction.
+  // Here to make sure it's size ratio compaction instead of size amp
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->compaction_reason(),
+            CompactionReason::kUniversalSizeRatio);
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->output_level(), kPenultimateLevel - 1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->input_levels(0)->num_files, 2);
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->input_levels(5)->num_files, 0);
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->input_levels(6)->num_files, 0);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, UniversalSizeAmpTierCompactionNotSuport) {
+  // Tiered compaction only support level_num > 2 (otherwise the penultimate
+  // level is going to be level 0, which may make thing more complicated), so
+  // when there's only 2 level, still treating level 1 as the last level for
+  // size amp compaction
+  const uint64_t kFileSize = 100000;
+  const int kNumLevels = 2;
+  const int kLastLevel = kNumLevels - 1;
+
+  ioptions_.compaction_style = kCompactionStyleUniversal;
+  ioptions_.preclude_last_level_data_seconds = 1000;
+  mutable_cf_options_.compaction_options_universal
+      .max_size_amplification_percent = 200;
+  UniversalCompactionPicker universal_compaction_picker(ioptions_, &icmp_);
+
+  NewVersionStorage(kNumLevels, kCompactionStyleUniversal);
+  Add(0, 100U, "100", "300", 1 * kFileSize);
+  Add(0, 101U, "200", "400", 1 * kFileSize);
+  Add(0, 90U, "100", "600", 4 * kFileSize);
+  Add(1, 80U, "200", "300", 2 * kFileSize);
+  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> compaction(
+      universal_compaction_picker.PickCompaction(
+          cf_name_, mutable_cf_options_, mutable_db_options_, vstorage_.get(),
+          &log_buffer_));
+
+  // size amp compaction is still triggered even preclude_last_level is set
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->compaction_reason(),
+            CompactionReason::kUniversalSizeAmplification);
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->output_level(), kLastLevel);
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->input_levels(0)->num_files, 3);
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->input_levels(1)->num_files, 1);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, UniversalSizeAmpTierCompactionLastLevel) {
+  // This test makes sure the size amp compaction for tiered storage could still
+  // be triggered, but only for non-last-level files
+  const uint64_t kFileSize = 100000;
+  const int kNumLevels = 7;
+  const int kLastLevel = kNumLevels - 1;
+  const int kPenultimateLevel = kLastLevel - 1;
+
+  ioptions_.compaction_style = kCompactionStyleUniversal;
+  ioptions_.preclude_last_level_data_seconds = 1000;
+  mutable_cf_options_.compaction_options_universal
+      .max_size_amplification_percent = 200;
+  UniversalCompactionPicker universal_compaction_picker(ioptions_, &icmp_);
+
+  NewVersionStorage(kNumLevels, kCompactionStyleUniversal);
+  Add(0, 100U, "100", "300", 3 * kFileSize);
+  Add(0, 101U, "200", "400", 2 * kFileSize);
+  Add(5, 90U, "100", "600", 2 * kFileSize);
+  Add(6, 80U, "200", "300", 2 * kFileSize);
+  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> compaction(
+      universal_compaction_picker.PickCompaction(
+          cf_name_, mutable_cf_options_, mutable_db_options_, vstorage_.get(),
+          &log_buffer_));
+
+  // It's a Size Amp compaction, but doesn't include the last level file and
+  // output to the penultimate level.
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->compaction_reason(),
+            CompactionReason::kUniversalSizeAmplification);
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->output_level(), kPenultimateLevel);
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->input_levels(0)->num_files, 2);
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->input_levels(5)->num_files, 1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->input_levels(6)->num_files, 0);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CompactionPickerU64TsTest, Overlap) {
+  int num_levels = ioptions_.num_levels;
+  NewVersionStorage(num_levels, kCompactionStyleLevel);
+
+  constexpr int level = 0;
+  constexpr uint64_t file_number = 20ULL;
+  constexpr char smallest[4] = "500";
+  constexpr char largest[4] = "600";
+  constexpr uint64_t ts_of_smallest = 12345ULL;
+  constexpr uint64_t ts_of_largest = 56789ULL;
+
+  {
+    std::string ts1;
+    PutFixed64(&ts1, ts_of_smallest);
+    std::string ts2;
+    PutFixed64(&ts2, ts_of_largest);
+    Add(level, file_number, smallest, largest,
+        /*file_size=*/1U, /*path_id=*/0,
+        /*smallest_seq=*/100, /*largest_seq=*/100, /*compensated_file_size=*/0,
+        /*marked_for_compact=*/false, /*temperature=*/Temperature::kUnknown,
+        /*oldest_ancestor_time=*/kUnknownOldestAncesterTime, ts1, ts2);
+    UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
+  }
+
+  std::unordered_set<uint64_t> input{file_number};
+
+  std::vector<CompactionInputFiles> input_files;
+  ASSERT_OK(level_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
+      &input_files, &input, vstorage_.get(), CompactionOptions()));
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(level_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+      CompactionOptions(), input_files, level, vstorage_.get(),
+      mutable_cf_options_, mutable_db_options_, /*output_path_id=*/0));
+
+  {
+    // [600, ts=50000] to [600, ts=50000] is the range to check.
+    // ucmp->Compare(smallest_user_key, c->GetLargestUserKey()) > 0, but
+    // ucmp->CompareWithoutTimestamp(smallest_user_key,
+    //                               c->GetLargestUserKey()) == 0.
+    // Should still be considered overlapping.
+    std::string user_key_with_ts1(largest);
+    PutFixed64(&user_key_with_ts1, ts_of_largest - 1);
+    std::string user_key_with_ts2(largest);
+    PutFixed64(&user_key_with_ts2, ts_of_largest - 1);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(level_compaction_picker.RangeOverlapWithCompaction(
+        user_key_with_ts1, user_key_with_ts2, level));
+  }
+  {
+    // [500, ts=60000] to [500, ts=60000] is the range to check.
+    // ucmp->Compare(largest_user_key, c->GetSmallestUserKey()) < 0, but
+    // ucmp->CompareWithoutTimestamp(largest_user_key,
+    //                               c->GetSmallestUserKey()) == 0.
+    // Should still be considered overlapping.
+    std::string user_key_with_ts1(smallest);
+    PutFixed64(&user_key_with_ts1, ts_of_smallest + 1);
+    std::string user_key_with_ts2(smallest);
+    PutFixed64(&user_key_with_ts2, ts_of_smallest + 1);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(level_compaction_picker.RangeOverlapWithCompaction(
+        user_key_with_ts1, user_key_with_ts2, level));
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_F(CompactionPickerU64TsTest, CannotTrivialMoveUniversal) {
+  constexpr uint64_t kFileSize = 100000;
+
+  mutable_cf_options_.level0_file_num_compaction_trigger = 2;
+  mutable_cf_options_.compaction_options_universal.allow_trivial_move = true;
+  NewVersionStorage(1, kCompactionStyleUniversal);
+  UniversalCompactionPicker universal_compaction_picker(ioptions_, &icmp_);
+  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
+  // must return false when there's no files.
+  ASSERT_FALSE(universal_compaction_picker.NeedsCompaction(vstorage_.get()));
+
+  std::string ts1;
+  PutFixed64(&ts1, 9000);
+  std::string ts2;
+  PutFixed64(&ts2, 8000);
+  std::string ts3;
+  PutFixed64(&ts3, 7000);
+  std::string ts4;
+  PutFixed64(&ts4, 6000);
+
+  NewVersionStorage(3, kCompactionStyleUniversal);
+  // A compaction should be triggered and pick file 2
+  Add(1, 1U, "150", "150", kFileSize, /*path_id=*/0, /*smallest_seq=*/100,
+      /*largest_seq=*/100, /*compensated_file_size=*/kFileSize,
+      /*marked_for_compact=*/false, Temperature::kUnknown,
+      kUnknownOldestAncesterTime, ts1, ts2);
+  Add(2, 2U, "150", "150", kFileSize, /*path_id=*/0, /*smallest_seq=*/100,
+      /*largest_seq=*/100, /*compensated_file_size=*/kFileSize,
+      /*marked_for_compact=*/false, Temperature::kUnknown,
+      kUnknownOldestAncesterTime, ts3, ts4);
+  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> compaction(
+      universal_compaction_picker.PickCompaction(
+          cf_name_, mutable_cf_options_, mutable_db_options_, vstorage_.get(),
+          &log_buffer_));
+  assert(compaction);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(!compaction->is_trivial_move());
+}
+
 class PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest
     : public CompactionPickerTest,
       public testing::WithParamInterface<bool> {
@@ -3095,9 +3524,11 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest, OverlapWithNormalCompaction) {
   ASSERT_OK(level_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
       &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));
 
-  ASSERT_EQ(
-      enable_per_key_placement_,
-      level_compaction_picker.FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(input_files, 6));
+  ASSERT_EQ(enable_per_key_placement_,
+            level_compaction_picker.FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
+                input_files, 6,
+                Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(vstorage_.get(), ioptions_,
+                                                     0, 6)));
 }
 
 TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest, NormalCompactionOverlap) {
@@ -3138,9 +3569,9 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest, NormalCompactionOverlap) {
   ASSERT_OK(level_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
       &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));
 
-  ASSERT_EQ(
-      enable_per_key_placement_,
-      level_compaction_picker.FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(input_files, 5));
+  ASSERT_EQ(enable_per_key_placement_,
+            level_compaction_picker.FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
+                input_files, 5, Compaction::kInvalidLevel));
 }
 
 TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest,
@@ -3183,7 +3614,9 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest,
 
   ASSERT_EQ(enable_per_key_placement_,
             universal_compaction_picker.FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
-                input_files, 6));
+                input_files, 6,
+                Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(vstorage_.get(), ioptions_,
+                                                     0, 6)));
 }
 
 TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest, NormalCompactionOverlapUniversal) {
@@ -3227,7 +3660,294 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest, NormalCompactionOverlapUniversal) {
 
   ASSERT_EQ(enable_per_key_placement_,
             universal_compaction_picker.FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
-                input_files, 5));
+                input_files, 5, Compaction::kInvalidLevel));
+}
+
+TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest, PenultimateOverlapUniversal) {
+  // This test is make sure the Tiered compaction would lock whole range of
+  // both output level and penultimate level
+  if (enable_per_key_placement_) {
+    ioptions_.preclude_last_level_data_seconds = 10000;
+  }
+
+  int num_levels = ioptions_.num_levels;
+  ioptions_.compaction_style = kCompactionStyleUniversal;
+  UniversalCompactionPicker universal_compaction_picker(ioptions_, &icmp_);
+  NewVersionStorage(num_levels, kCompactionStyleUniversal);
+
+  // L4:   [200, 220]  [230, 250]       [360, 380]
+  // L5:
+  // L6: [101,                    351]
+  Add(4, 40U, "200", "220", 60000000U);
+  Add(4, 41U, "230", "250", 60000000U);
+  Add(4, 42U, "360", "380", 60000000U);
+  Add(6, 60U, "101", "351", 60000000U);
+  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
+
+  // the existing compaction is the 1st L4 file + L6 file
+  // then compaction of the 2nd L4 file to L5 (penultimate level) is overlapped
+  // when the tiered compaction feature is on.
+  CompactionOptions comp_options;
+  std::unordered_set<uint64_t> input_set;
+  input_set.insert(40);
+  input_set.insert(60);
+  std::vector<CompactionInputFiles> input_files;
+  ASSERT_OK(universal_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
+      &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(universal_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+      comp_options, input_files, 6, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
+      mutable_db_options_, 0));
+
+  input_set.clear();
+  input_files.clear();
+  input_set.insert(41);
+  ASSERT_OK(universal_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
+      &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(enable_per_key_placement_,
+            universal_compaction_picker.FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
+                input_files, 5, Compaction::kInvalidLevel));
+
+  // compacting the 3rd L4 file is always safe:
+  input_set.clear();
+  input_files.clear();
+  input_set.insert(42);
+  ASSERT_OK(universal_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
+      &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));
+
+  ASSERT_FALSE(universal_compaction_picker.FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
+      input_files, 5, Compaction::kInvalidLevel));
+}
+
+TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest, LastLevelOnlyOverlapUniversal) {
+  if (enable_per_key_placement_) {
+    ioptions_.preclude_last_level_data_seconds = 10000;
+  }
+
+  int num_levels = ioptions_.num_levels;
+  ioptions_.compaction_style = kCompactionStyleUniversal;
+  UniversalCompactionPicker universal_compaction_picker(ioptions_, &icmp_);
+  NewVersionStorage(num_levels, kCompactionStyleUniversal);
+
+  // L4:   [200, 220]  [230, 250]       [360, 380]
+  // L5:
+  // L6: [101,                    351]
+  Add(4, 40U, "200", "220", 60000000U);
+  Add(4, 41U, "230", "250", 60000000U);
+  Add(4, 42U, "360", "380", 60000000U);
+  Add(6, 60U, "101", "351", 60000000U);
+  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
+
+  CompactionOptions comp_options;
+  std::unordered_set<uint64_t> input_set;
+  input_set.insert(60);
+  std::vector<CompactionInputFiles> input_files;
+  ASSERT_OK(universal_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
+      &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(universal_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+      comp_options, input_files, 6, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
+      mutable_db_options_, 0));
+
+  // cannot compact file 41 if the preclude_last_level feature is on, otherwise
+  // compact file 41 is okay.
+  input_set.clear();
+  input_files.clear();
+  input_set.insert(41);
+  ASSERT_OK(universal_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
+      &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(enable_per_key_placement_,
+            universal_compaction_picker.FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
+                input_files, 5, Compaction::kInvalidLevel));
+
+  // compacting the 3rd L4 file is always safe:
+  input_set.clear();
+  input_files.clear();
+  input_set.insert(42);
+  ASSERT_OK(universal_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
+      &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));
+
+  ASSERT_FALSE(universal_compaction_picker.FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
+      input_files, 5, Compaction::kInvalidLevel));
+}
+
+TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest,
+       LastLevelOnlyFailPenultimateUniversal) {
+  // This is to test last_level only compaction still unable to do the
+  // penultimate level compaction if there's already a file in the penultimate
+  // level.
+  // This should rarely happen in universal compaction, as the non-empty L5
+  // should be included in the compaction.
+  if (enable_per_key_placement_) {
+    ioptions_.preclude_last_level_data_seconds = 10000;
+  }
+
+  int num_levels = ioptions_.num_levels;
+  ioptions_.compaction_style = kCompactionStyleUniversal;
+  UniversalCompactionPicker universal_compaction_picker(ioptions_, &icmp_);
+  NewVersionStorage(num_levels, kCompactionStyleUniversal);
+
+  // L4:   [200, 220]
+  // L5:              [230, 250]
+  // L6: [101,                    351]
+  Add(4, 40U, "200", "220", 60000000U);
+  Add(5, 50U, "230", "250", 60000000U);
+  Add(6, 60U, "101", "351", 60000000U);
+  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
+
+  CompactionOptions comp_options;
+  std::unordered_set<uint64_t> input_set;
+  input_set.insert(60);
+  std::vector<CompactionInputFiles> input_files;
+  ASSERT_OK(universal_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
+      &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(universal_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+      comp_options, input_files, 6, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
+      mutable_db_options_, 0));
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(comp1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(comp1->GetPenultimateLevel(), Compaction::kInvalidLevel);
+
+  // As comp1 cannot be output to the penultimate level, compacting file 40 to
+  // L5 is always safe.
+  input_set.clear();
+  input_files.clear();
+  input_set.insert(40);
+  ASSERT_OK(universal_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
+      &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));
+
+  ASSERT_FALSE(universal_compaction_picker.FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
+      input_files, 5, Compaction::kInvalidLevel));
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp2(universal_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+      comp_options, input_files, 5, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
+      mutable_db_options_, 0));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(comp2);
+  ASSERT_EQ(Compaction::kInvalidLevel, comp2->GetPenultimateLevel());
+}
+
+TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest,
+       LastLevelOnlyConflictWithOngoingUniversal) {
+  // This is to test last_level only compaction still unable to do the
+  // penultimate level compaction if there's already an ongoing compaction to
+  // the penultimate level
+  if (enable_per_key_placement_) {
+    ioptions_.preclude_last_level_data_seconds = 10000;
+  }
+
+  int num_levels = ioptions_.num_levels;
+  ioptions_.compaction_style = kCompactionStyleUniversal;
+  UniversalCompactionPicker universal_compaction_picker(ioptions_, &icmp_);
+  NewVersionStorage(num_levels, kCompactionStyleUniversal);
+
+  // L4:   [200, 220]  [230, 250]       [360, 380]
+  // L5:
+  // L6: [101,                    351]
+  Add(4, 40U, "200", "220", 60000000U);
+  Add(4, 41U, "230", "250", 60000000U);
+  Add(4, 42U, "360", "380", 60000000U);
+  Add(6, 60U, "101", "351", 60000000U);
+  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
+
+  // create an ongoing compaction to L5 (penultimate level)
+  CompactionOptions comp_options;
+  std::unordered_set<uint64_t> input_set;
+  input_set.insert(40);
+  std::vector<CompactionInputFiles> input_files;
+  ASSERT_OK(universal_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
+      &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(universal_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+      comp_options, input_files, 5, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
+      mutable_db_options_, 0));
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(comp1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(comp1->GetPenultimateLevel(), Compaction::kInvalidLevel);
+
+  input_set.clear();
+  input_files.clear();
+  input_set.insert(60);
+  ASSERT_OK(universal_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
+      &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(enable_per_key_placement_,
+            universal_compaction_picker.FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
+                input_files, 6,
+                Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(vstorage_.get(), ioptions_,
+                                                     6, 6)));
+
+  if (!enable_per_key_placement_) {
+    std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp2(universal_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+        comp_options, input_files, 6, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
+        mutable_db_options_, 0));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(comp2);
+    ASSERT_EQ(Compaction::kInvalidLevel, comp2->GetPenultimateLevel());
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest,
+       LastLevelOnlyNoConflictWithOngoingUniversal) {
+  // This is similar to `LastLevelOnlyConflictWithOngoingUniversal`, the only
+  // change is the ongoing compaction to L5 has no overlap with the last level
+  // compaction, so it's safe to move data from the last level to the
+  // penultimate level.
+  if (enable_per_key_placement_) {
+    ioptions_.preclude_last_level_data_seconds = 10000;
+  }
+
+  int num_levels = ioptions_.num_levels;
+  ioptions_.compaction_style = kCompactionStyleUniversal;
+  UniversalCompactionPicker universal_compaction_picker(ioptions_, &icmp_);
+  NewVersionStorage(num_levels, kCompactionStyleUniversal);
+
+  // L4:   [200, 220]  [230, 250]       [360, 380]
+  // L5:
+  // L6: [101,                    351]
+  Add(4, 40U, "200", "220", 60000000U);
+  Add(4, 41U, "230", "250", 60000000U);
+  Add(4, 42U, "360", "380", 60000000U);
+  Add(6, 60U, "101", "351", 60000000U);
+  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
+
+  // create an ongoing compaction to L5 (penultimate level)
+  CompactionOptions comp_options;
+  std::unordered_set<uint64_t> input_set;
+  input_set.insert(42);
+  std::vector<CompactionInputFiles> input_files;
+  ASSERT_OK(universal_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
+      &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(universal_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+      comp_options, input_files, 5, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
+      mutable_db_options_, 0));
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(comp1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(comp1->GetPenultimateLevel(), Compaction::kInvalidLevel);
+
+  input_set.clear();
+  input_files.clear();
+  input_set.insert(60);
+  ASSERT_OK(universal_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
+      &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));
+
+  // always safe to move data up
+  ASSERT_FALSE(universal_compaction_picker.FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
+      input_files, 6,
+      Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(vstorage_.get(), ioptions_, 6, 6)));
+
+  // 2 compactions can be run in parallel
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp2(universal_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+      comp_options, input_files, 6, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
+      mutable_db_options_, 0));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(comp2);
+  if (enable_per_key_placement_) {
+    ASSERT_NE(Compaction::kInvalidLevel, comp2->GetPenultimateLevel());
+  } else {
+    ASSERT_EQ(Compaction::kInvalidLevel, comp2->GetPenultimateLevel());
+  }
 }
 
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest,
@@ -3238,6 +3958,7 @@ INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest,
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::port::InstallStackTraceHandler();
   ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
   return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 }