Explicitly mark destructors with override (#13212 )

Summary: I saw these compiler warnings while preparing for the 9.10 release: ```cpp '~CompactOnDeletionCollectorFactory' overrides a destructor but is not marked 'override' [-Werror,-Wsuggest-destructor-override] '~CompactForTieringCollectorFactory' overrides a destructor but is not marked 'override' [-Werror,-Wsuggest-destructor-override] ``` This code is from a while ago so I assume that this CI check has been failing for quite some time. We should still clean this up to avoid confusion in the future. Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/13212 Test Plan: Existing CI checks should pass, and we should not see this CI check failure the next time we try to make a release/patch. Reviewed By: jaykorean Differential Revision: D67287794 Pulled By: archang19 fbshipit-source-id: a11230a919c0b7ef21a7219bf05f567d3d44b2d1
Add files for 9.10 release
2026-11-07 11:32:34 -05:00 · 2024-12-16 12:45:14 -08:00 · 2024-12-13 10:51:47 -08:00
691 changed files with 17589 additions and 61902 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,905 @@
+version: 2.1
+
+orbs:
+  win: circleci/windows@5.0.0
+
+commands:
+  install-cmake-on-macos:
+    steps:
+      - run:
+          name: Install cmake on macos
+          command: |
+            HOMEBREW_NO_AUTO_UPDATE=1 brew install cmake
+
+  install-jdk8-on-macos:
+    steps:
+      - run:
+          name: Install JDK 8 on macos
+          command: |
+            HOMEBREW_NO_AUTO_UPDATE=1 brew tap bell-sw/liberica
+            HOMEBREW_NO_AUTO_UPDATE=1 brew install --cask liberica-jdk8
+
+  increase-max-open-files-on-macos:
+    steps:
+      - run:
+          name: Increase max open files
+          command: |
+            sudo sysctl -w kern.maxfiles=1048576
+            sudo sysctl -w kern.maxfilesperproc=1048576
+            sudo launchctl limit maxfiles 1048576
+
+  pre-steps:
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+      - run:
+          name: Setup Environment Variables
+          command: |
+            echo "export GTEST_THROW_ON_FAILURE=0" >> $BASH_ENV
+            echo "export GTEST_OUTPUT=\"xml:/tmp/test-results/\"" >> $BASH_ENV
+            echo "export SKIP_FORMAT_BUCK_CHECKS=1" >> $BASH_ENV
+            echo "export GTEST_COLOR=1" >> $BASH_ENV
+            echo "export CTEST_OUTPUT_ON_FAILURE=1" >> $BASH_ENV
+            echo "export CTEST_TEST_TIMEOUT=300" >> $BASH_ENV
+            echo "export ZLIB_DOWNLOAD_BASE=https://rocksdb-deps.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/pkgs/zlib" >> $BASH_ENV
+            echo "export BZIP2_DOWNLOAD_BASE=https://rocksdb-deps.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/pkgs/bzip2" >> $BASH_ENV
+            echo "export SNAPPY_DOWNLOAD_BASE=https://rocksdb-deps.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/pkgs/snappy" >> $BASH_ENV
+            echo "export LZ4_DOWNLOAD_BASE=https://rocksdb-deps.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/pkgs/lz4" >> $BASH_ENV
+            echo "export ZSTD_DOWNLOAD_BASE=https://rocksdb-deps.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/pkgs/zstd" >> $BASH_ENV
+
+  windows-build-steps:
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+      - run:
+          name: "Install thirdparty dependencies"
+          command: |
+            echo "Installing CMake..."
+            choco install cmake --installargs 'ADD_CMAKE_TO_PATH=System' -y
+            choco install liberica8jdk -y
+            mkdir $Env:THIRDPARTY_HOME
+            cd $Env:THIRDPARTY_HOME
+            echo "Building Snappy dependency..."
+            curl https://github.com/google/snappy/archive/refs/tags/1.1.8.zip -O snappy-1.1.8.zip
+            unzip -q snappy-1.1.8.zip
+            cd snappy-1.1.8
+            mkdir build
+            cd build
+            & $Env:CMAKE_BIN -G "$Env:CMAKE_GENERATOR" ..
+            msbuild.exe Snappy.sln -maxCpuCount -property:Configuration=Debug -property:Platform=x64
+      - run:
+          name: "Build RocksDB"
+          command: |
+            $env:Path = $env:JAVA_HOME + ";" + $env:Path
+            mkdir build
+            cd build
+            & $Env:CMAKE_BIN -G "$Env:CMAKE_GENERATOR" -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -DOPTDBG=1 -DPORTABLE="$Env:CMAKE_PORTABLE" -DSNAPPY=1 -DJNI=1 ..
+            cd ..
+            echo "Building with VS version: $Env:CMAKE_GENERATOR"
+            msbuild.exe build/rocksdb.sln -maxCpuCount -property:Configuration=Debug -property:Platform=x64
+      - run:
+          name: "Test RocksDB"
+          shell: powershell.exe
+          command: |
+            build_tools\run_ci_db_test.ps1 -SuiteRun arena_test,db_basic_test,db_test,db_test2,db_merge_operand_test,bloom_test,c_test,coding_test,crc32c_test,dynamic_bloom_test,env_basic_test,env_test,hash_test,random_test -Concurrency 16
+      - run:
+          name: "Test RocksJava"
+          command: |
+            cd build\java
+            & $Env:CTEST_BIN -C Debug -j 16
+  pre-steps-macos:
+      steps:
+        - pre-steps
+
+  post-steps:
+    steps:
+      - store_test_results: # store test result if there's any
+          path: /tmp/test-results
+      - store_artifacts: # store LOG for debugging if there's any
+          path: LOG
+      - run: # on fail, compress Test Logs for diagnosing the issue
+          name: Compress Test Logs
+          command: tar -cvzf t.tar.gz t
+          when: on_fail
+      - store_artifacts: # on fail, store Test Logs for diagnosing the issue
+          path: t.tar.gz
+          destination: test_logs
+          when: on_fail
+      - run: # store core dumps if there's any
+          command: |
+            mkdir -p /tmp/core_dumps
+            cp core.* /tmp/core_dumps
+          when: on_fail
+      - store_artifacts:
+          path: /tmp/core_dumps
+          when: on_fail
+
+  post-pmd-steps:
+    steps:
+      - store_artifacts:
+          path: /home/circleci/project/java/target/pmd.xml
+          when: on_fail
+      - store_artifacts:
+          path: /home/circleci/project/java/target/site
+          when: on_fail
+
+  upgrade-cmake:
+    steps:
+      - run:
+          name: Upgrade cmake
+          command: |
+            sudo apt remove --purge cmake
+            sudo snap install cmake --classic
+
+  install-gflags:
+    steps:
+      - run:
+          name: Install gflags
+          command: |
+            sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y libgflags-dev
+
+  install-gflags-on-macos:
+    steps:
+      - run:
+          name: Install gflags on macos
+          command: |
+            HOMEBREW_NO_AUTO_UPDATE=1 brew install gflags
+
+  install-maven:
+    steps:
+      - run:
+          name: Install Maven
+          command: |
+            wget --no-check-certificate https://dlcdn.apache.org/maven/maven-3/3.9.6/binaries/apache-maven-3.9.6-bin.tar.gz
+            tar zxf apache-maven-3.9.6-bin.tar.gz
+            echo "export M2_HOME=$(pwd)/apache-maven-3.9.6" >> $BASH_ENV
+            echo 'export PATH=$M2_HOME/bin:$PATH' >> $BASH_ENV
+
+  setup-folly:
+    steps:
+      - run:
+          name: Checkout folly sources
+          command: |
+            make checkout_folly
+
+  build-folly:
+    steps:
+      - run:
+          name: Build folly and dependencies
+          command: |
+            make build_folly
+
+  build-for-benchmarks:
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run:
+          name: "Linux build for benchmarks"
+          command: #sized for the resource-class rocksdb-benchmark-sys1
+            make V=1 J=8 -j8 release
+
+  perform-benchmarks:
+    steps:
+      - run:
+          name: "Test low-variance benchmarks"
+          command: ./tools/benchmark_ci.py --db_dir /tmp/rocksdb-benchmark-datadir --output_dir /tmp/benchmark-results --num_keys 20000000
+          environment:
+            LD_LIBRARY_PATH: /usr/local/lib
+            # How long to run parts of the test(s)
+            DURATION_RO: 300
+            DURATION_RW: 500
+            # Keep threads within physical capacity of server (much lower than default)
+            NUM_THREADS: 1
+            MAX_BACKGROUND_JOBS: 4
+            # Don't run a couple of "optional" initial tests
+            CI_TESTS_ONLY: "true"
+            # Reduce configured size of levels to ensure more levels in the leveled compaction LSM tree
+            WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE_MB: 16
+            TARGET_FILE_SIZE_BASE_MB: 16
+            MAX_BYTES_FOR_LEVEL_BASE_MB: 64
+            # The benchmark host has 32GB memory
+            # The following values are tailored to work with that
+            # Note, tests may not exercise the targeted issues if the memory is increased on new test hosts.
+            COMPRESSION_TYPE: "none"
+            CACHE_INDEX_AND_FILTER_BLOCKS: 1
+            MIN_LEVEL_TO_COMPRESS: 3
+            CACHE_SIZE_MB: 10240
+            MB_WRITE_PER_SEC: 2
+
+  post-benchmarks:
+    steps:
+      - store_artifacts: # store the benchmark output
+          path: /tmp/benchmark-results
+          destination: test_logs
+      - run:
+          name: Send benchmark report to visualisation
+          command: |
+            set +e
+            set +o pipefail
+            ./build_tools/benchmark_log_tool.py --tsvfile /tmp/benchmark-results/report.tsv --esdocument https://search-rocksdb-bench-k2izhptfeap2hjfxteolsgsynm.us-west-2.es.amazonaws.com/bench_test3_rix/_doc
+            true
+
+executors:
+  linux-docker:
+    docker:
+      # The image configuration is build_tools/ubuntu20_image/Dockerfile
+      # To update and build the image:
+      #  $ cd build_tools/ubuntu20_image
+      #  $ docker build -t zjay437/rocksdb:0.5 .
+      #  $ docker push zjay437/rocksdb:0.5
+      # `zjay437` is the account name for zjay@meta.com which readwrite token is shared internally. To login:
+      #  $ docker login --username zjay437
+      # Or please feel free to change it to your docker hub account for hosting the image, meta employee should already have the account and able to login with SSO.
+      # To avoid impacting the existing CI runs, please bump the version every time creating a new image
+      # to run the CI image environment locally:
+      #  $ docker run --cap-add=SYS_PTRACE --security-opt seccomp=unconfined -it zjay437/rocksdb:0.5 bash
+      # option `--cap-add=SYS_PTRACE --security-opt seccomp=unconfined` is used to enable gdb to attach an existing process
+      - image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
+  linux-java-docker:
+    docker:
+      # This is the Docker Image used for building RocksJava releases, see: https://github.com/evolvedbinary/docker-rocksjava
+      - image: evolvedbinary/rocksjava:centos6_x64-be
+
+jobs:
+  build-macos:
+    macos:
+      xcode: 14.3.1
+    resource_class: macos.m1.medium.gen1
+    environment:
+      ROCKSDB_DISABLE_JEMALLOC: 1 # jemalloc cause env_test hang, disable it for now
+    steps:
+      - increase-max-open-files-on-macos
+      - install-gflags-on-macos
+      - pre-steps-macos
+      - run: ulimit -S -n `ulimit -H -n` && make V=1 J=16 -j16 all
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-macos-cmake:
+    macos:
+      xcode: 14.3.1
+    resource_class: macos.m1.medium.gen1
+    parameters:
+      run_even_tests:
+        description: run even or odd tests, used to split tests to 2 groups
+        type: boolean
+        default: true
+    steps:
+      - increase-max-open-files-on-macos
+      - install-cmake-on-macos
+      - install-gflags-on-macos
+      - pre-steps-macos
+      - run:
+          name: "cmake generate project file"
+          command: ulimit -S -n `ulimit -H -n` && mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 ..
+      - run:
+          name: "Build tests"
+          command: cd build && make V=1 -j16
+      - when:
+          condition: << parameters.run_even_tests >>
+          steps:
+            - run:
+                name: "Run even tests"
+                command: ulimit -S -n `ulimit -H -n` && cd build && ctest -j16 -I 0,,2
+      - when:
+          condition:
+            not: << parameters.run_even_tests >>
+          steps:
+            - run:
+                name: "Run odd tests"
+                command: ulimit -S -n `ulimit -H -n` && cd build && ctest -j16 -I 1,,2
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run: make V=1 J=32 -j32 check
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-encrypted_env-no_compression:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run: ENCRYPTED_ENV=1 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_SNAPPY=1 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ZLIB=1 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_BZIP=1 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_LZ4=1 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ZSTD=1 make V=1 J=32 -j32 check
+      - run: |
+          ./sst_dump --help | grep -E -q 'Supported compression types: kNoCompression$' # Verify no compiled in compression
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-static_lib-alt_namespace-status_checked:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run: ASSERT_STATUS_CHECKED=1 TEST_UINT128_COMPAT=1 ROCKSDB_MODIFY_NPHASH=1 LIB_MODE=static OPT="-DROCKSDB_NAMESPACE=alternative_rocksdb_ns" make V=1 -j24 check
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-release:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - checkout # check out the code in the project directory
+      - run: make V=1 -j32 LIB_MODE=shared release
+      - run: ls librocksdb.so # ensure shared lib built
+      - run: ./db_stress --version # ensure with gflags
+      - run: make clean
+      - run: make V=1 -j32 release
+      - run: ls librocksdb.a # ensure static lib built
+      - run: ./db_stress --version # ensure with gflags
+      - run: make clean
+      - run: apt-get remove -y libgflags-dev
+      - run: make V=1 -j32 LIB_MODE=shared release
+      - run: ls librocksdb.so # ensure shared lib built
+      - run: if ./db_stress --version; then false; else true; fi # ensure without gflags
+      - run: make clean
+      - run: make V=1 -j32 release
+      - run: ls librocksdb.a # ensure static lib built
+      - run: if ./db_stress --version; then false; else true; fi # ensure without gflags
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-release-rtti:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: xlarge
+    steps:
+      - checkout # check out the code in the project directory
+      - run: USE_RTTI=1 DEBUG_LEVEL=0 make V=1 -j16 static_lib tools db_bench
+      - run: ./db_stress --version # ensure with gflags
+      - run: make clean
+      - run: apt-get remove -y libgflags-dev
+      - run: USE_RTTI=1 DEBUG_LEVEL=0 make V=1 -j16 static_lib tools db_bench
+      - run: if ./db_stress --version; then false; else true; fi # ensure without gflags
+
+  build-linux-clang-no_test_run:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: xlarge
+    steps:
+      - checkout # check out the code in the project directory
+      - run: CC=clang CXX=clang++ USE_CLANG=1 PORTABLE=1 make V=1 -j16 all
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-clang10-asan:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run: COMPILE_WITH_ASAN=1 CC=clang-10 CXX=clang++-10 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ALIGNED_NEW=1 USE_CLANG=1 make V=1 -j32 check # aligned new doesn't work for reason we haven't figured out
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-clang10-mini-tsan:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge+
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run: COMPILE_WITH_TSAN=1 CC=clang-13 CXX=clang++-13 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ALIGNED_NEW=1 USE_CLANG=1 make V=1 -j32 check
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-clang10-ubsan:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run: COMPILE_WITH_UBSAN=1 OPT="-fsanitize-blacklist=.circleci/ubsan_suppression_list.txt" CC=clang-10 CXX=clang++-10 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ALIGNED_NEW=1 USE_CLANG=1 make V=1 -j32 ubsan_check # aligned new doesn't work for reason we haven't figured out
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-valgrind:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run: PORTABLE=1 make V=1 -j32 valgrind_test
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-clang10-clang-analyze:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run: CC=clang-10 CXX=clang++-10 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ALIGNED_NEW=1 CLANG_ANALYZER="/usr/bin/clang++-10" CLANG_SCAN_BUILD=scan-build-10 USE_CLANG=1 make V=1 -j32 analyze # aligned new doesn't work for reason we haven't figured out. For unknown, reason passing "clang++-10" as CLANG_ANALYZER doesn't work, and we need a full path.
+      - post-steps
+      - run:
+          name: "compress test report"
+          command: tar -cvzf scan_build_report.tar.gz scan_build_report
+          when: on_fail
+      - store_artifacts:
+          path: scan_build_report.tar.gz
+          destination: scan_build_report
+          when: on_fail
+
+  build-linux-runner:
+    machine: true
+    resource_class: facebook/rocksdb-benchmark-sys1
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run:
+          name: "Checked Linux build (Runner)"
+          command: make V=1 J=8 -j8 check
+          environment:
+            LD_LIBRARY_PATH: /usr/local/lib
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-cmake-with-folly:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - setup-folly
+      - build-folly
+      - run: (mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DUSE_FOLLY=1 -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 -DROCKSDB_BUILD_SHARED=0 .. && make V=1 -j20 && ctest -j20)
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-cmake-with-folly-lite-no-test:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - setup-folly
+      - run: (mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DUSE_FOLLY_LITE=1 -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 .. && make V=1 -j20)
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-cmake-with-benchmark:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run: mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 -DWITH_BENCHMARK=1 .. && make V=1 -j20 && ctest -j20
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-unity-and-headers:
+    docker: # executor type
+      - image: gcc:latest
+    environment:
+      EXTRA_CXXFLAGS: -mno-avx512f # Warnings-as-error in avx512fintrin.h, would be used on newer hardware
+    resource_class: large
+    steps:
+      - checkout # check out the code in the project directory
+      - run: apt-get update -y && apt-get install -y libgflags-dev
+      - run:
+          name: "Unity build"
+          command: make V=1 -j8 unity_test
+          no_output_timeout: 20m
+      - run: make V=1 -j8 -k check-headers # could be moved to a different build
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-gcc-7-with-folly:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - setup-folly
+      - build-folly
+      - run: USE_FOLLY=1 LIB_MODE=static CC=gcc-7 CXX=g++-7 V=1 make -j32 check # TODO: LIB_MODE only to work around unresolved linker failures
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-gcc-7-with-folly-lite-no-test:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - setup-folly
+      - run: USE_FOLLY_LITE=1 CC=gcc-7 CXX=g++-7 V=1 make -j32 all
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-gcc-8-no_test_run:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run: CC=gcc-8 CXX=g++-8 V=1 make -j32 all
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-cmake-with-folly-coroutines:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    environment:
+      CC: gcc-10
+      CXX: g++-10
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - setup-folly
+      - build-folly
+      - run: (mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DUSE_COROUTINES=1 -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 -DROCKSDB_BUILD_SHARED=0 .. && make V=1 -j20 && ctest -j20)
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-gcc-10-cxx20-no_test_run:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run: CC=gcc-10 CXX=g++-10 V=1 ROCKSDB_CXX_STANDARD=c++20 make -j32 all
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-gcc-11-no_test_run:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run: LIB_MODE=static CC=gcc-11 CXX=g++-11 V=1 make -j32 all microbench # TODO: LIB_MODE only to work around unresolved linker failures
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-clang-13-no_test_run:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run: CC=clang-13 CXX=clang++-13 USE_CLANG=1 make -j32 all microbench
+      - post-steps
+
+  # Ensure ASAN+UBSAN with folly, and full testsuite with clang 13
+  build-linux-clang-13-asan-ubsan-with-folly:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - setup-folly
+      - build-folly
+      - run: CC=clang-13 CXX=clang++-13 LIB_MODE=static USE_CLANG=1 USE_FOLLY=1 COMPILE_WITH_UBSAN=1 COMPILE_WITH_ASAN=1 make -j32 check # TODO: LIB_MODE only to work around unresolved linker failures
+      - post-steps
+
+  # This job is only to make sure the microbench tests are able to run, the benchmark result is not meaningful as the CI host is changing.
+  build-linux-run-microbench:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run: DEBUG_LEVEL=0 make -j32 run_microbench
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-mini-crashtest:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: large
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run: ulimit -S -n `ulimit -H -n` && make V=1 -j8 CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS='--duration=960 --max_key=2500000' blackbox_crash_test_with_atomic_flush
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-crashtest-tiered-storage-bb:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run:
+          name: "run crashtest"
+          command: ulimit -S -n `ulimit -H -n` && make V=1 -j32 CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS='--duration=10800' blackbox_crash_test_with_tiered_storage
+          no_output_timeout: 100m
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-crashtest-tiered-storage-wb:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run:
+          name: "run crashtest"
+          command: ulimit -S -n `ulimit -H -n` && make V=1 -j32 CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS='--duration=10800' whitebox_crash_test_with_tiered_storage
+          no_output_timeout: 100m
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-windows-vs2022-avx2:
+    executor:
+      name: win/server-2022
+      size: 2xlarge
+    environment:
+      THIRDPARTY_HOME: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty
+      CMAKE_HOME: C:/Program Files/CMake
+      CMAKE_BIN: C:/Program Files/CMake/bin/cmake.exe
+      CTEST_BIN: C:/Program Files/CMake/bin/ctest.exe
+      JAVA_HOME: C:/Program Files/BellSoft/LibericaJDK-8
+      SNAPPY_HOME: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8
+      SNAPPY_INCLUDE: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8;C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8/build
+      SNAPPY_LIB_DEBUG: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8/build/Debug/snappy.lib
+      CMAKE_GENERATOR: Visual Studio 17 2022
+      CMAKE_PORTABLE: AVX2
+    steps:
+      - windows-build-steps
+
+  build-windows-vs2022:
+    executor:
+      name: win/server-2022
+      size: 2xlarge
+    environment:
+      THIRDPARTY_HOME: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty
+      CMAKE_HOME: C:/Program Files/CMake
+      CMAKE_BIN: C:/Program Files/CMake/bin/cmake.exe
+      CTEST_BIN: C:/Program Files/CMake/bin/ctest.exe
+      JAVA_HOME: C:/Program Files/BellSoft/LibericaJDK-8
+      SNAPPY_HOME: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8
+      SNAPPY_INCLUDE: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8;C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8/build
+      SNAPPY_LIB_DEBUG: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8/build/Debug/snappy.lib
+      CMAKE_GENERATOR: Visual Studio 17 2022
+      CMAKE_PORTABLE: 1
+    steps:
+      - windows-build-steps
+
+  build-windows-vs2019:
+    executor:
+      name: win/server-2019
+      size: 2xlarge
+    environment:
+      THIRDPARTY_HOME: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty
+      CMAKE_HOME: C:/Program Files/CMake
+      CMAKE_BIN: C:/Program Files/CMake/bin/cmake.exe
+      CTEST_BIN: C:/Program Files/CMake/bin/ctest.exe
+      JAVA_HOME: C:/Program Files/BellSoft/LibericaJDK-8
+      SNAPPY_HOME: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8
+      SNAPPY_INCLUDE: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8;C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8/build
+      SNAPPY_LIB_DEBUG: C:/Users/circleci/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8/build/Debug/snappy.lib
+      CMAKE_GENERATOR: Visual Studio 16 2019
+      CMAKE_PORTABLE: 1
+    steps:
+      - windows-build-steps
+
+  build-linux-java:
+    executor: linux-java-docker
+    resource_class: large
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run:
+          name: "Set Java Environment"
+          command: |
+            echo "JAVA_HOME=${JAVA_HOME}"
+            echo 'export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH' >> $BASH_ENV
+            which java && java -version
+            which javac && javac -version
+      - run:
+          name: "Test RocksDBJava"
+          command: scl enable devtoolset-7 'make V=1 J=8 -j8 jtest'
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-java-pmd:
+    executor: linux-java-docker
+    resource_class: large
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run:
+          name: "Set Java Environment"
+          command: |
+            echo "JAVA_HOME=${JAVA_HOME}"
+            echo 'export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH' >> $BASH_ENV
+            which java && java -version
+            which javac && javac -version
+      - install-maven
+      - run:
+          name: "PMD RocksDBJava"
+          command: scl enable devtoolset-7 'make V=1 J=8 -j8 jpmd'
+      - post-pmd-steps
+
+  build-linux-java-static:
+    executor: linux-java-docker
+    resource_class: large
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run:
+          name: "Set Java Environment"
+          command: |
+            echo "JAVA_HOME=${JAVA_HOME}"
+            echo 'export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH' >> $BASH_ENV
+            which java && java -version
+            which javac && javac -version
+      - run:
+          name: "Build RocksDBJava Static Library"
+          command: scl enable devtoolset-7 'make V=1 J=8 -j8 rocksdbjavastatic'
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-macos-java:
+    macos:
+      xcode: 14.3.1
+    resource_class: macos.m1.medium.gen1
+    environment:
+      JAVA_HOME: /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/liberica-jdk-8.jdk/Contents/Home
+      ROCKSDB_DISABLE_JEMALLOC: 1 # jemalloc causes java 8 crash
+    steps:
+      - increase-max-open-files-on-macos
+      - install-gflags-on-macos
+      - install-jdk8-on-macos
+      - pre-steps-macos
+      - run:
+          name: "Set Java Environment"
+          command: |
+            echo "JAVA_HOME=${JAVA_HOME}"
+            echo 'export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH' >> $BASH_ENV
+            which java && java -version
+            which javac && javac -version
+      - run:
+          name: "Test RocksDBJava"
+          command: make V=1 J=16 -j16 jtest
+          no_output_timeout: 20m
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-macos-java-static:
+    macos:
+      xcode: 14.3.1
+    resource_class: macos.m1.medium.gen1
+    environment:
+      JAVA_HOME: /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/liberica-jdk-8.jdk/Contents/Home
+    steps:
+      - increase-max-open-files-on-macos
+      - install-gflags-on-macos
+      - install-cmake-on-macos
+      - install-jdk8-on-macos
+      - pre-steps-macos
+      - run:
+          name: "Set Java Environment"
+          command: |
+            echo "JAVA_HOME=${JAVA_HOME}"
+            echo 'export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH' >> $BASH_ENV
+            which java && java -version
+            which javac && javac -version
+      - run:
+          name: "Build RocksDBJava x86 and ARM Static Libraries"
+          command: make V=1 J=16 -j16 rocksdbjavastaticosx
+          no_output_timeout: 20m
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-macos-java-static-universal:
+    macos:
+      xcode: 14.3.1
+    resource_class: macos.m1.medium.gen1
+    environment:
+      JAVA_HOME: /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/liberica-jdk-8.jdk/Contents/Home
+    steps:
+      - increase-max-open-files-on-macos
+      - install-gflags-on-macos
+      - install-cmake-on-macos
+      - install-jdk8-on-macos
+      - pre-steps-macos
+      - run:
+          name: "Set Java Environment"
+          command: |
+            echo "JAVA_HOME=${JAVA_HOME}"
+            echo 'export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH' >> $BASH_ENV
+            which java && java -version
+            which javac && javac -version
+      - run:
+          name: "Build RocksDBJava Universal Binary Static Library"
+          command: make V=1 J=16 -j16 rocksdbjavastaticosx_ub
+          no_output_timeout: 20m
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-examples:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: large
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run:
+          name: "Build examples"
+          command: |
+            make V=1 -j4 static_lib && cd examples && make V=1 -j4
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-cmake-mingw:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: large
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run: update-alternatives --set x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++ /usr/bin/x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++-posix
+      - run:
+          name: "Build cmake-mingw"
+          command: |
+            export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
+            echo "JAVA_HOME=${JAVA_HOME}"
+            which java && java -version
+            which javac && javac -version
+            mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DJNI=1 -DWITH_GFLAGS=OFF .. -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++ -DCMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME=Windows && make -j4 rocksdb rocksdbjni
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-non-shm:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    environment:
+      TEST_TMPDIR: /tmp/rocksdb_test_tmp
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run: make V=1 -j32 check
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-arm-test-full:
+    machine:
+      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    resource_class: arm.large
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - install-gflags
+      - run: make V=1 J=4 -j4 check
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-arm:
+    machine:
+      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    resource_class: arm.large
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - install-gflags
+      - run: ROCKSDBTESTS_PLATFORM_DEPENDENT=only make V=1 J=4 -j4 all_but_some_tests check_some
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-linux-arm-cmake-no_test_run:
+    machine:
+      image: ubuntu-2004:202111-02
+    resource_class: arm.large
+    environment:
+      JAVA_HOME: /usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-arm64
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - install-gflags
+      - run:
+          name: "Set Java Environment"
+          command: |
+            echo "JAVA_HOME=${JAVA_HOME}"
+            echo 'export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH' >> $BASH_ENV
+            which java && java -version
+            which javac && javac -version
+      - run:
+          name: "Build with cmake"
+          command: |
+            mkdir build
+            cd build
+            cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DWITH_TESTS=0 -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 -DWITH_BENCHMARK_TOOLS=0 -DWITH_TOOLS=0 -DWITH_CORE_TOOLS=1 ..
+            make -j4
+      - run:
+          name: "Build Java with cmake"
+          command: |
+            rm -rf build
+            mkdir build
+            cd build
+            cmake -DJNI=1 -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 ..
+            make -j4 rocksdb rocksdbjni
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-format-compatible:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: 2xlarge
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run:
+          name: "test"
+          command: |
+            export TEST_TMPDIR=/dev/shm/rocksdb
+            rm -rf /dev/shm/rocksdb
+            mkdir /dev/shm/rocksdb
+            tools/check_format_compatible.sh
+      - post-steps
+
+  build-fuzzers:
+    executor: linux-docker
+    resource_class: large
+    steps:
+      - pre-steps
+      - run:
+          name: "Build rocksdb lib"
+          command: CC=clang-13 CXX=clang++-13 USE_CLANG=1 make -j4 static_lib
+      - run:
+          name: "Build fuzzers"
+          command: cd fuzz && make sst_file_writer_fuzzer db_fuzzer db_map_fuzzer
+      - post-steps
+
+  benchmark-linux: #use a private Circle CI runner (resource_class) to run the job
+    machine: true
+    resource_class: facebook/rocksdb-benchmark-sys1
+    steps:
+      - build-for-benchmarks
+      - perform-benchmarks
+      - post-benchmarks
+
+workflows: # Only jobs that haven't been successfully migrated to GitHub Actions
+  version: 2
+  jobs-linux-arm:
+    jobs:
+      - build-linux-arm
+  benchmark-linux:
+    triggers:
+      - schedule:
+          cron: "0 * * * *"
+          filters:
+            branches:
+              only:
+                - main
+    jobs:
+      - benchmark-linux
+  nightly:
+    triggers:
+      - schedule:
+          cron: "0 9 * * *"
+          filters:
+            branches:
+              only:
+                - main
+    jobs:
+      - build-linux-arm-test-full
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Supress UBSAN warnings related to stl_tree.h, e.g.
+# UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer: undefined-behavior /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5.4.0/../../../../include/c++/5.4.0/bits/stl_tree.h:1505:43 in 
+# /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5.4.0/../../../../include/c++/5.4.0/bits/stl_tree.h:1505:43:
+# runtime error: upcast of address 0x000001fa8820 with insufficient space for an object of type
+# 'std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<const std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>, rocksdb::(anonymous namespace)::LockHoldingInfo> >'
+src:*bits/stl_tree.h
@@ -1,17 +1,7 @@
 name: build-folly
-description: Build folly and dependencies (skipped if cache hit)
-inputs:
-  cache-hit:
-    description: Whether the folly cache was hit
-    required: true
 runs:
  using: composite
  steps:
  - name: Build folly and dependencies
-    if: ${{ inputs.cache-hit != 'true' }}
    run: make build_folly
    shell: bash
-  - name: Skip folly build (using cached version)
-    if: ${{ inputs.cache-hit == 'true' }}
-    run: echo "Folly build skipped - using cached version"
-    shell: bash
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-name: cache-folly
-description: Cache folly build to speed up CI
-outputs:
-  cache-hit:
-    description: Whether the cache was hit
-    value: ${{ steps.cache-folly-build.outputs.cache-hit }}
-runs:
-  using: composite
-  steps:
-  - name: Extract FOLLY_MK_HASH
-    id: extract-folly-hash
-    shell: bash
-    run: |
-      FOLLY_MK_HASH=$(md5sum folly.mk | cut -d' ' -f1)
-      echo "hash=$FOLLY_MK_HASH" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-  - name: Extract FOLLY_INSTALL_DIR
-    id: extract-folly-install-dir
-    shell: bash
-    run: |
-      FOLLY_INSTALL_DIR=$(cd third-party/folly && python3 build/fbcode_builder/getdeps.py show-inst-dir)
-      echo "dir=$(echo $FOLLY_INSTALL_DIR | sed 's|installed/folly|installed|')" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-  - name: Cache folly build
-    id: cache-folly-build
-    uses: actions/cache@v4
-    with:
-      # Cache the folly build directory
-      path: ${{ steps.extract-folly-install-dir.outputs.dir }}
-      # Key is based on:
-      # - OS and architecture
-      # - The docker image, which may not always be specified/known
-      # - Hash of folly.mk, which includes the folly repository commit hash
-      # NOTE: this is still only intended for DEBUG folly builds
-      key: folly-build-${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-${{ github.job_container.image }}-${{ steps.extract-folly-hash.outputs.hash }}
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ runs:
  steps:
  - name: Install Maven
    run: |
-      wget --no-check-certificate https://archive.apache.org/dist/maven/maven-3/3.9.11/binaries/apache-maven-3.9.11-bin.tar.gz
-      tar zxf apache-maven-3.9.11-bin.tar.gz
-      echo "export M2_HOME=$(pwd)/apache-maven-3.9.11" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      echo "$(pwd)/apache-maven-3.9.11/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
+      wget --no-check-certificate https://dlcdn.apache.org/maven/maven-3/3.9.6/binaries/apache-maven-3.9.6-bin.tar.gz
+      tar zxf apache-maven-3.9.6-bin.tar.gz
+      echo "export M2_HOME=$(pwd)/apache-maven-3.9.6" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      echo "$(pwd)/apache-maven-3.9.6/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
    shell: bash
@@ -3,9 +3,5 @@ runs:
  using: composite
  steps:
  - name: Checkout folly sources
-    run: |
-      make checkout_folly
-    shell: bash
-  - name: Install patchelf
-    run: apt-get update -y && apt-get install -y patchelf
+    run: make checkout_folly
    shell: bash
@@ -4,16 +4,6 @@ runs:
  steps:
  - name: Add msbuild to PATH
    uses: microsoft/setup-msbuild@v1.3.1
-  - name: Cache ccache directory
-    id: ccache-cache
-    uses: actions/cache@v4
-    with:
-      path: C:\a\rocksdb\rocksdb\.ccache
-      key: rocksdb-build-${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-ccache-${{ hashFiles('CMakeLists.txt', 'cmake/**/*.cmake') }}-v1
-  - name: ccache
-    uses: hendrikmuhs/ccache-action@v1.2
-    with:
-      max-size: "10GB"
  - name: Custom steps
    env:
      THIRDPARTY_HOME: ${{ github.workspace }}/thirdparty
@@ -21,9 +11,9 @@ runs:
      CMAKE_BIN: C:/Program Files/CMake/bin/cmake.exe
      CTEST_BIN: C:/Program Files/CMake/bin/ctest.exe
      JAVA_HOME: C:/Program Files/BellSoft/LibericaJDK-8
-      SNAPPY_HOME: ${{ github.workspace }}/thirdparty/snappy-1.2.2
-      SNAPPY_INCLUDE: ${{ github.workspace }}/thirdparty/snappy-1.2.2;${{ github.workspace }}/thirdparty/snappy-1.2.2/build
-      SNAPPY_LIB_DEBUG: ${{ github.workspace }}/thirdparty/snappy-1.2.2/build/Debug/snappy.lib
+      SNAPPY_HOME: ${{ github.workspace }}/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8
+      SNAPPY_INCLUDE: ${{ github.workspace }}/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8;${{ github.workspace }}/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8/build
+      SNAPPY_LIB_DEBUG: ${{ github.workspace }}/thirdparty/snappy-1.1.8/build/Debug/snappy.lib
    run: |-
      # NOTE: if ... Exit $LASTEXITCODE lines needed to exit and report failure
      echo ===================== Install Dependencies =====================
@@ -32,14 +22,14 @@ runs:
      mkdir $Env:THIRDPARTY_HOME
      cd $Env:THIRDPARTY_HOME
      echo "Building Snappy dependency..."
-      curl -Lo snappy-1.2.2.zip https://github.com/google/snappy/archive/refs/tags/1.2.2.zip
+      curl -Lo snappy-1.1.8.zip https://github.com/google/snappy/archive/refs/tags/1.1.8.zip
      if(!$?) { Exit $LASTEXITCODE }
-      unzip -q snappy-1.2.2.zip
+      unzip -q snappy-1.1.8.zip
      if(!$?) { Exit $LASTEXITCODE }
-      cd snappy-1.2.2
+      cd snappy-1.1.8
      mkdir build
      cd build
-      & cmake -G "$Env:CMAKE_GENERATOR" .. -DSNAPPY_BUILD_TESTS=OFF -DSNAPPY_BUILD_BENCHMARKS=OFF
+      & cmake -G "$Env:CMAKE_GENERATOR" ..
      if(!$?) { Exit $LASTEXITCODE }
      msbuild Snappy.sln -maxCpuCount -property:Configuration=Debug -property:Platform=x64
      if(!$?) { Exit $LASTEXITCODE }
@@ -48,12 +38,11 @@ runs:
      $env:Path = $env:JAVA_HOME + ";" + $env:Path
      mkdir build
      cd build
-      & cmake -G "$Env:CMAKE_GENERATOR" -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -DWIN_CI=1 -DPORTABLE="$Env:CMAKE_PORTABLE" -DSNAPPY=1 -DXPRESS=1 -DJNI=1 ..
+      & cmake -G "$Env:CMAKE_GENERATOR" -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -DOPTDBG=1 -DPORTABLE="$Env:CMAKE_PORTABLE" -DSNAPPY=1 -DJNI=1 ..
      if(!$?) { Exit $LASTEXITCODE }
      cd ..
      echo "Building with VS version: $Env:CMAKE_GENERATOR"
-      # use more parallel processes than the number of processes available, as most of the compile command would be cache hit
-      msbuild build/rocksdb.sln /m:32 /p:LinkIncremental=false -property:Configuration=Debug -property:Platform=x64
+      msbuild build/rocksdb.sln -maxCpuCount -property:Configuration=Debug -property:Platform=x64
      if(!$?) { Exit $LASTEXITCODE }
      echo ========================= Test RocksDB =========================
      build_tools\run_ci_db_test.ps1 -SuiteRun arena_test,db_basic_test,db_test,db_test2,db_merge_operand_test,bloom_test,c_test,coding_test,crc32c_test,dynamic_bloom_test,env_basic_test,env_test,hash_test,random_test -Concurrency 16
@@ -63,7 +52,3 @@ runs:
      & ctest -C Debug -j 16
      if(!$?) { Exit $LASTEXITCODE }
    shell: pwsh
-  - name: Show ccache stats
-    shell: pwsh
-    run: |
-      ccache --show-stats -v
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on:
      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.1
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
      options: --shm-size=16gb
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
@@ -27,12 +27,24 @@ jobs:
        git config --global --add safe.directory /__w/rocksdb/rocksdb
        tools/check_format_compatible.sh
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
+  build-linux-run-microbench:
+    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
+    runs-on:
+      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
+    container:
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
+      options: --shm-size=16gb
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
+    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
+    - run: DEBUG_LEVEL=0 make -j32 run_microbench
+    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
  build-linux-non-shm:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
    runs-on:
      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.1
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
      options: --shm-size=16gb
    env:
      TEST_TMPDIR: "/tmp/rocksdb_test_tmp"
@@ -41,16 +53,16 @@ jobs:
    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
    - run: make V=1 -j32 check
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
-  build-linux-clang-18-asan-ubsan-with-folly:
+  build-linux-clang-13-asan-ubsan-with-folly:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
    runs-on:
      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:24.0
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
      options: --shm-size=16gb
    env:
-      CC: clang-18
-      CXX: clang++-18
+      CC: clang-13
+      CXX: clang++-13
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
@@ -58,38 +70,17 @@ jobs:
    - uses: "./.github/actions/build-folly"
    - run: LIB_MODE=static USE_CLANG=1 USE_FOLLY=1 COMPILE_WITH_UBSAN=1 COMPILE_WITH_ASAN=1 make -j32 check
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
-  build-linux-cmake-with-folly:
+  build-linux-valgrind:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
    runs-on:
      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.1
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
      options: --shm-size=16gb
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
-    - uses: "./.github/actions/setup-folly"
-    - uses: "./.github/actions/cache-folly"
-      id: cache-folly
-    - uses: "./.github/actions/build-folly"
-      with:
-        cache-hit: ${{ steps.cache-folly.outputs.cache-hit }}
-    - run: "(mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DUSE_FOLLY=1 -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 -DROCKSDB_BUILD_SHARED=0 .. && make VERBOSE=1 -j20 && ctest -j20)"
-    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
-  build-linux-release-with-folly:
-    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
-    runs-on:
-      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
-    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.1
-      options: --shm-size=16gb
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
-    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
-    - uses: "./.github/actions/setup-folly"
-    - run: "DEBUG_LEVEL=0 make -j20 build_folly"
-    - run: "USE_FOLLY=1 LIB_MODE=static DEBUG_LEVEL=0 V=1 make -j20 release"
-    - run: "(mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DUSE_FOLLY=1 -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 -DROCKSDB_BUILD_SHARED=0 -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release .. && make VERBOSE=1 -j20 && ctest -j20)"
+    - run: make V=1 -j32 valgrind_test
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
  build-windows-vs2022-avx2:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
@@ -100,6 +91,15 @@ jobs:
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
    - uses: "./.github/actions/windows-build-steps"
+  build-windows-vs2022:
+    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
+    runs-on: windows-2022
+    env:
+      CMAKE_GENERATOR: Visual Studio 17 2022
+      CMAKE_PORTABLE: 1
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
+    - uses: "./.github/actions/windows-build-steps"
  build-linux-arm-test-full:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
    runs-on:
@@ -110,44 +110,3 @@ jobs:
      - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y build-essential libgflags-dev
      - run: make V=1 J=4 -j4 check
      - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
-  build-examples:
-    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
-    runs-on:
-      labels: 4-core-ubuntu
-    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.1
-      options: --shm-size=16gb
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
-    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
-    - name: Build examples
-      run: make V=1 -j4 static_lib && cd examples && make V=1 -j4
-    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
-  build-fuzzers:
-    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
-    runs-on:
-      labels: 4-core-ubuntu
-    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:24.0
-      options: --shm-size=16gb
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
-    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
-    - name: Build rocksdb lib
-      run: CC=clang-18 CXX=clang++-18 USE_CLANG=1 make -j4 static_lib
-    - name: Build fuzzers
-      run: cd fuzz && make sst_file_writer_fuzzer db_fuzzer db_map_fuzzer
-    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
-  build-linux-cmake-with-folly-lite:
-    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
-    runs-on:
-      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
-    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.1
-      options: --shm-size=16gb
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
-    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
-    - uses: "./.github/actions/setup-folly"
-    - run: "(mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DUSE_FOLLY_LITE=1 -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS=-DGLOG_USE_GLOG_EXPORT .. && make VERBOSE=1 -j20 && ctest -j20)"
-    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ jobs:
  # ======================== Fast Initial Checks ====================== #
  check-format-and-targets:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
-    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
      with:
@@ -45,28 +45,20 @@ jobs:
    - name: Install argparse
      run: pip install argparse
    - name: Download clang-format-diff.py
-      run: wget https://rocksdb-deps.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/llvm/llvm-project/release/12.x/clang/tools/clang-format/clang-format-diff.py
+      run: wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/llvm/llvm-project/release/12.x/clang/tools/clang-format/clang-format-diff.py
    - name: Check format
      run: VERBOSE_CHECK=1 make check-format
    - name: Compare buckify output
      run: make check-buck-targets
    - name: Simple source code checks
      run: make check-sources
-    - name: Sanity check check_format_compatible.sh
-      run: |-
-        export TEST_TMPDIR=/dev/shm/rocksdb
-        rm -rf /dev/shm/rocksdb
-        mkdir /dev/shm/rocksdb
-        git reset --hard
-        git config --global --add safe.directory /__w/rocksdb/rocksdb
-        SANITY_CHECK=1 LONG_TEST=1 tools/check_format_compatible.sh
  # ========================= Linux With Tests ======================== #
  build-linux:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
    runs-on:
      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.1
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
      options: --shm-size=16gb
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
@@ -78,7 +70,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on:
      labels: 4-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:24.0
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
      options: --shm-size=16gb
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
@@ -92,22 +84,54 @@ jobs:
        which javac && javac -version
        mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DJNI=1 -DWITH_GFLAGS=OFF .. -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++ -DCMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME=Windows && make -j4 rocksdb rocksdbjni
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
+  build-linux-cmake-with-folly:
+    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
+    runs-on:
+      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
+    container:
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
+      options: --shm-size=16gb
+    env:
+      CC: gcc-10
+      CXX: g++-10
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
+    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
+    - uses: "./.github/actions/setup-folly"
+    - uses: "./.github/actions/build-folly"
+    - run: "(mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DUSE_FOLLY=1 -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 -DROCKSDB_BUILD_SHARED=0 .. && make V=1 -j20 && ctest -j20)"
+    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
+  build-linux-cmake-with-folly-lite-no-test:
+    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
+    runs-on:
+      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
+    container:
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
+      options: --shm-size=16gb
+    env:
+      CC: gcc-10
+      CXX: g++-10
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
+    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
+    - uses: "./.github/actions/setup-folly"
+    - run: "(mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DUSE_FOLLY_LITE=1 -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 .. && make V=1 -j20)"
+    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
  build-linux-make-with-folly:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
    runs-on:
      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.1
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
      options: --shm-size=16gb
+    env:
+      CC: gcc-10
+      CXX: g++-10
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
    - uses: "./.github/actions/setup-folly"
-    - uses: "./.github/actions/cache-folly"
-      id: cache-folly
    - uses: "./.github/actions/build-folly"
-      with:
-        cache-hit: ${{ steps.cache-folly.outputs.cache-hit }}
    - run: USE_FOLLY=1 LIB_MODE=static V=1 make -j32 check
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
  build-linux-make-with-folly-lite-no-test:
@@ -115,56 +139,58 @@ jobs:
    runs-on:
      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.1
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
      options: --shm-size=16gb
+    env:
+      CC: gcc-10
+      CXX: g++-10
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
    - uses: "./.github/actions/setup-folly"
-    - run: USE_FOLLY_LITE=1 EXTRA_CXXFLAGS=-DGLOG_USE_GLOG_EXPORT V=1 make -j32 all
+    - run: USE_FOLLY_LITE=1 V=1 make -j32 all
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
  build-linux-cmake-with-folly-coroutines:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
    runs-on:
      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.1
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
      options: --shm-size=16gb
+    env:
+      CC: gcc-10
+      CXX: g++-10
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
    - uses: "./.github/actions/setup-folly"
-    - uses: "./.github/actions/cache-folly"
-      id: cache-folly
    - uses: "./.github/actions/build-folly"
-      with:
-        cache-hit: ${{ steps.cache-folly.outputs.cache-hit }}
-    - run: "(mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DUSE_COROUTINES=1 -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 -DROCKSDB_BUILD_SHARED=0 .. && make VERBOSE=1 -j20 && ctest -j20)"
+    - run: "(mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DUSE_COROUTINES=1 -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 -DROCKSDB_BUILD_SHARED=0 .. && make V=1 -j20 && ctest -j20)"
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
-  build-linux-cmake-with-benchmark-no-thread-status:
+  build-linux-cmake-with-benchmark:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
    runs-on:
      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.1
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
      options: --shm-size=16gb
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
-    - run: mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 -DWITH_BENCHMARK=1 -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS=-DNROCKSDB_THREAD_STATUS .. && make VERBOSE=1 -j20 && ctest -j20
+    - run: mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 -DWITH_BENCHMARK=1 .. && make V=1 -j20 && ctest -j20
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
  build-linux-encrypted_env-no_compression:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
    runs-on:
      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.1
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
      options: --shm-size=16gb
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
    - run: ENCRYPTED_ENV=1 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_SNAPPY=1 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ZLIB=1 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_BZIP=1 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_LZ4=1 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ZSTD=1 make V=1 J=32 -j32 check
-    - run: "./sst_dump --help | grep -E -q 'Supported built-in compression types: kNoCompression$' # Verify no compiled in compression\n"
+    - run: "./sst_dump --help | grep -E -q 'Supported compression types: kNoCompression$' # Verify no compiled in compression\n"
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
  # ======================== Linux No Test Runs ======================= #
  build-linux-release:
@@ -172,82 +198,141 @@ jobs:
    runs-on:
      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.1
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
      options: --shm-size=16gb
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
    - run: make V=1 -j32 LIB_MODE=shared release
    - run: ls librocksdb.so
-    - run: "./trace_analyzer --version" # A tool dependent on gflags that can run in release build
+    - run: "./db_stress --version"
    - run: make clean
-    - run: USE_RTTI=1 make V=1 -j32 release
+    - run: make V=1 -j32 release
    - run: ls librocksdb.a
-    - run: "./trace_analyzer --version"
+    - run: "./db_stress --version"
    - run: make clean
    - run: apt-get remove -y libgflags-dev
    - run: make V=1 -j32 LIB_MODE=shared release
    - run: ls librocksdb.so
-    - run: if ./trace_analyzer --version; then false; else true; fi
+    - run: if ./db_stress --version; then false; else true; fi
    - run: make clean
-    - run: USE_RTTI=1 make V=1 -j32 release
+    - run: make V=1 -j32 release
    - run: ls librocksdb.a
-    - run: if ./trace_analyzer --version; then false; else true; fi
+    - run: if ./db_stress --version; then false; else true; fi
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
-  build-linux-clang-13-no_test_run:
+  build-linux-release-rtti:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
    runs-on:
      labels: 8-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.1
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
+      options: --shm-size=16gb
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
+    - run: USE_RTTI=1 DEBUG_LEVEL=0 make V=1 -j16 static_lib tools db_bench
+    - run: "./db_stress --version"
+    - run: make clean
+    - run: apt-get remove -y libgflags-dev
+    - run: USE_RTTI=1 DEBUG_LEVEL=0 make V=1 -j16 static_lib tools db_bench
+    - run: if ./db_stress --version; then false; else true; fi
+  build-examples:
+    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
+    runs-on:
+      labels: 4-core-ubuntu
+    container:
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
      options: --shm-size=16gb
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
-    # FIXME: get back to "all microbench" targets
-    - run: CC=clang-13 CXX=clang++-13 USE_CLANG=1 EXTRA_CXXFLAGS=-stdlib=libc++ EXTRA_LDFLAGS=-stdlib=libc++ make -j32 shared_lib
-    - run: make clean
-    # FIXME: get back to "release" target
-    - run: CC=clang-13 CXX=clang++-13 USE_CLANG=1 EXTRA_CXXFLAGS=-stdlib=libc++ EXTRA_LDFLAGS=-stdlib=libc++ DEBUG_LEVEL=0 make -j32 shared_lib
+    - name: Build examples
+      run: make V=1 -j4 static_lib && cd examples && make V=1 -j4
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
-  build-linux-clang-18-no_test_run:
+  build-fuzzers:
+    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
+    runs-on:
+      labels: 4-core-ubuntu
+    container:
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
+      options: --shm-size=16gb
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
+    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
+    - name: Build rocksdb lib
+      run: CC=clang-13 CXX=clang++-13 USE_CLANG=1 make -j4 static_lib
+    - name: Build fuzzers
+      run: cd fuzz && make sst_file_writer_fuzzer db_fuzzer db_map_fuzzer
+    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
+  build-linux-clang-no_test_run:
+    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
+    runs-on:
+      labels: 8-core-ubuntu
+    container:
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
+      options: --shm-size=16gb
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
+    - run: CC=clang CXX=clang++ USE_CLANG=1 PORTABLE=1 make V=1 -j16 all
+    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
+  build-linux-clang-13-no_test_run:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
    runs-on:
      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:24.0
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
      options: --shm-size=16gb
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
-    - run: CC=clang-18 CXX=clang++-18 USE_CLANG=1 make -j32 all microbench
-    - run: make clean
-    - run: CC=clang-18 CXX=clang++-18 USE_CLANG=1 DEBUG_LEVEL=0 make -j32 release
+    - run: CC=clang-13 CXX=clang++-13 USE_CLANG=1 make -j32 all microbench
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
-  build-linux-gcc-14-no_test_run:
+  build-linux-gcc-8-no_test_run:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
    runs-on:
      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:24.0
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
      options: --shm-size=16gb
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
-    - run: CC=gcc-14 CXX=g++-14 V=1 make -j32 all microbench
+    - run: CC=gcc-8 CXX=g++-8 V=1 make -j32 all
+    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
+  build-linux-gcc-10-cxx20-no_test_run:
+    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
+    runs-on:
+      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
+    container:
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
+      options: --shm-size=16gb
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
+    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
+    - run: CC=gcc-10 CXX=g++-10 V=1 ROCKSDB_CXX_STANDARD=c++20 make -j32 all
+    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
+  build-linux-gcc-11-no_test_run:
+    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
+    runs-on:
+      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
+    container:
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
+      options: --shm-size=16gb
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
+    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
+    - run: LIB_MODE=static CC=gcc-11 CXX=g++-11 V=1 make -j32 all microbench
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
-
  # ======================== Linux Other Checks ======================= #
-  build-linux-clang18-clang-analyze:
+  build-linux-clang10-clang-analyze:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
    runs-on:
      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:24.0
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
      options: --shm-size=16gb
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
-    - run: CC=clang-18 CXX=clang++-18 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ALIGNED_NEW=1 CLANG_ANALYZER="/usr/bin/clang++-18" CLANG_SCAN_BUILD=scan-build-18 USE_CLANG=1 make V=1 -j32 analyze
+    - run: CC=clang-10 CXX=clang++-10 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ALIGNED_NEW=1 CLANG_ANALYZER="/usr/bin/clang++-10" CLANG_SCAN_BUILD=scan-build-10 USE_CLANG=1 make V=1 -j32 analyze
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
    - name: compress test report
      run: tar -cvzf scan_build_report.tar.gz scan_build_report
@@ -275,7 +360,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on:
      labels: 4-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.1
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
      options: --shm-size=16gb
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
@@ -283,98 +368,104 @@ jobs:
    - run: ulimit -S -n `ulimit -H -n` && make V=1 -j8 CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS='--duration=960 --max_key=2500000' blackbox_crash_test_with_atomic_flush
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
  # ======================= Linux with Sanitizers ===================== #
-  build-linux-clang18-asan-ubsan:
+  build-linux-clang10-asan:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
    runs-on:
      labels: 32-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:24.0
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
      options: --shm-size=16gb
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
-    - run: COMPILE_WITH_ASAN=1 COMPILE_WITH_UBSAN=1 CC=clang-18 CXX=clang++-18 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ALIGNED_NEW=1 USE_CLANG=1 make V=1 -j40 check
+    - run: COMPILE_WITH_ASAN=1 CC=clang-10 CXX=clang++-10 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ALIGNED_NEW=1 USE_CLANG=1 make V=1 -j32 check
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
-  build-linux-clang18-mini-tsan:
+  build-linux-clang10-ubsan:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
    runs-on:
-      labels: 32-core-ubuntu
+      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:24.0
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
      options: --shm-size=16gb
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
-    - run: COMPILE_WITH_TSAN=1 CC=clang-18 CXX=clang++-18 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ALIGNED_NEW=1 USE_CLANG=1 make V=1 -j32 check
+    - run: COMPILE_WITH_UBSAN=1 OPT="-fsanitize-blacklist=.circleci/ubsan_suppression_list.txt" CC=clang-10 CXX=clang++-10 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ALIGNED_NEW=1 USE_CLANG=1 make V=1 -j32 ubsan_check
+    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
+  build-linux-clang10-mini-tsan:
+    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
+    runs-on:
+      labels: 32-core-ubuntu
+    container:
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
+      options: --shm-size=16gb
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
+    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
+    - run: COMPILE_WITH_TSAN=1 CC=clang-13 CXX=clang++-13 ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ALIGNED_NEW=1 USE_CLANG=1 make V=1 -j32 check
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
  build-linux-static_lib-alt_namespace-status_checked:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
    runs-on:
      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.1
+      image: zjay437/rocksdb:0.6
      options: --shm-size=16gb
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
-    - run: ASSERT_STATUS_CHECKED=1 TEST_UINT128_COMPAT=1 ROCKSDB_MODIFY_NPHASH=1 LIB_MODE=static OPT="-DROCKSDB_USE_STD_SEMAPHORES -DROCKSDB_NAMESPACE=alternative_rocksdb_ns" make V=1 -j24 check
+    - run: ASSERT_STATUS_CHECKED=1 TEST_UINT128_COMPAT=1 ROCKSDB_MODIFY_NPHASH=1 LIB_MODE=static OPT="-DROCKSDB_NAMESPACE=alternative_rocksdb_ns" make V=1 -j24 check
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
  # ========================= MacOS build only ======================== #
  build-macos:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
-    runs-on: macos-15-xlarge
+    runs-on: macos-13
    env:
      ROCKSDB_DISABLE_JEMALLOC: 1
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
    - uses: maxim-lobanov/setup-xcode@v1.6.0
      with:
-        xcode-version: 16.4.0
+        xcode-version: 14.3.1
    - uses: "./.github/actions/increase-max-open-files-on-macos"
    - uses: "./.github/actions/install-gflags-on-macos"
    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps-macos"
    - name: Build
-      run: ulimit -S -n `ulimit -H -n` && make V=1 J=16 -j8 all
+      run: ulimit -S -n `ulimit -H -n` && make V=1 J=16 -j16 all
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
  # ========================= MacOS with Tests ======================== #
  build-macos-cmake:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
-    runs-on: macos-15-xlarge
+    runs-on: macos-13
    strategy:
      matrix:
-        run_sharded_tests: [0, 1, 2, 3]
+        run_even_tests: [true, false]
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
    - uses: maxim-lobanov/setup-xcode@v1.6.0
      with:
-        xcode-version: 16.4.0
+        xcode-version: 14.3.1
    - uses: "./.github/actions/increase-max-open-files-on-macos"
    - uses: "./.github/actions/install-gflags-on-macos"
    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps-macos"
    - name: cmake generate project file
      run: ulimit -S -n `ulimit -H -n` && mkdir build && cd build && cmake -DWITH_GFLAGS=1 ..
    - name: Build tests
-      run: cd build && make VERBOSE=1 -j8
-    - name: Run shard 0 out of 4 test shards
-      run: ulimit -S -n `ulimit -H -n` && cd build && ctest -j8 -I 0,,4
-      if: ${{ matrix.run_sharded_tests == 0 }}
-    - name: Run shard 1 out of 4 test shards
-      run: ulimit -S -n `ulimit -H -n` && cd build && ctest -j8 -I 1,,4
-      if: ${{ matrix.run_sharded_tests == 1 }}
-    - name: Run shard 2 out of 4 test shards
-      run: ulimit -S -n `ulimit -H -n` && cd build && ctest -j8 -I 2,,4
-      if: ${{ matrix.run_sharded_tests == 2 }}
-    - name: Run shard 3 out of 4 test shards
-      run: ulimit -S -n `ulimit -H -n` && cd build && ctest -j8 -I 3,,4
-      if: ${{ matrix.run_sharded_tests == 3 }}
+      run: cd build && make V=1 -j16
+    - name: Run even tests
+      run: ulimit -S -n `ulimit -H -n` && cd build && ctest -j16 -I 0,,2
+      if: ${{ matrix.run_even_tests }}
+    - name: Run odd tests
+      run: ulimit -S -n `ulimit -H -n` && cd build && ctest -j16 -I 1,,2
+      if: ${{ ! matrix.run_even_tests  }}
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
  # ======================== Windows with Tests ======================= #
  # NOTE: some windows jobs are in "nightly" to save resources
-  build-windows-vs2022:
+  build-windows-vs2019:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
-    runs-on: windows-8-core
+    runs-on: windows-2019
    env:
-      CMAKE_GENERATOR: Visual Studio 17 2022
+      CMAKE_GENERATOR: Visual Studio 16 2019
      CMAKE_PORTABLE: 1
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
@@ -385,13 +476,11 @@ jobs:
    runs-on:
      labels: 4-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.1
+      image: evolvedbinary/rocksjava:centos6_x64-be
      options: --shm-size=16gb
    steps:
    # The docker image is intentionally based on an OS that has an older GLIBC version.
    # That GLIBC is incompatibile with GitHub's actions/checkout. Thus we implement a manual checkout step.
-    # NOTE: replaced evolvedbinary/rocksjava:centos7_x64-be with ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.1
-    # until a more appropriate docker image with C++20 support is made.
    - name: Checkout
      env:
        GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
@@ -408,21 +497,18 @@ jobs:
        which java && java -version
        which javac && javac -version
    - name: Test RocksDBJava
-    # NOTE: replaced scl enable devtoolset-7 'make V=1 J=8 -j8 jtest'
-      run: make V=1 J=8 -j8 jtest
-    # post-steps skipped because of compatibility issues with docker image
+      run: scl enable devtoolset-7 'make V=1 J=8 -j8 jtest'
+    # NOTE: post-steps skipped because of compatibility issues with docker image
  build-linux-java-static:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
    runs-on:
      labels: 4-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.1
+      image: evolvedbinary/rocksjava:centos6_x64-be
      options: --shm-size=16gb
    steps:
    # The docker image is intentionally based on an OS that has an older GLIBC version.
    # That GLIBC is incompatibile with GitHub's actions/checkout. Thus we implement a manual checkout step.
-    # NOTE: replaced evolvedbinary/rocksjava:centos7_x64-be with ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.1
-    # until a more appropriate docker image with C++20 support is made.
    - name: Checkout
      env:
        GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
@@ -439,12 +525,11 @@ jobs:
        which java && java -version
        which javac && javac -version
    - name: Build RocksDBJava Static Library
-    # NOTE: replaced scl enable devtoolset-7 'make V=1 J=8 -j8 rocksdbjavastatic'
-      run: make V=1 J=8 -j8 rocksdbjavastatic
-    # post-steps skipped because of compatibility issues with docker image
+      run: scl enable devtoolset-7 'make V=1 J=8 -j8 rocksdbjavastatic'
+    # NOTE: post-steps skipped because of compatibility issues with docker image
  build-macos-java:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
-    runs-on: macos-15-xlarge
+    runs-on: macos-13
    env:
      JAVA_HOME: "/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/liberica-jdk-8.jdk/Contents/Home"
      ROCKSDB_DISABLE_JEMALLOC: 1
@@ -452,7 +537,7 @@ jobs:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
    - uses: maxim-lobanov/setup-xcode@v1.6.0
      with:
-        xcode-version: 16.4.0
+        xcode-version: 14.3.1
    - uses: "./.github/actions/increase-max-open-files-on-macos"
    - uses: "./.github/actions/install-gflags-on-macos"
    - uses: "./.github/actions/install-jdk8-on-macos"
@@ -467,14 +552,14 @@ jobs:
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
  build-macos-java-static:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
-    runs-on: macos-15-xlarge
+    runs-on: macos-13
    env:
      JAVA_HOME: "/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/liberica-jdk-8.jdk/Contents/Home"
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
    - uses: maxim-lobanov/setup-xcode@v1.6.0
      with:
-        xcode-version: 16.4.0
+        xcode-version: 14.3.1
    - uses: "./.github/actions/increase-max-open-files-on-macos"
    - uses: "./.github/actions/install-gflags-on-macos"
    - uses: "./.github/actions/install-jdk8-on-macos"
@@ -489,14 +574,14 @@ jobs:
    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
  build-macos-java-static-universal:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
-    runs-on: macos-15-xlarge
+    runs-on: macos-13
    env:
      JAVA_HOME: "/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/liberica-jdk-8.jdk/Contents/Home"
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
    - uses: maxim-lobanov/setup-xcode@v1.6.0
      with:
-        xcode-version: 16.4.0
+        xcode-version: 14.3.1
    - uses: "./.github/actions/increase-max-open-files-on-macos"
    - uses: "./.github/actions/install-gflags-on-macos"
    - uses: "./.github/actions/install-jdk8-on-macos"
@@ -514,7 +599,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on:
      labels: 4-core-ubuntu
    container:
-      image: evolvedbinary/rocksjava:alpine3_x64-be
+      image: evolvedbinary/rocksjava:rockylinux8_x64-be
      options: --shm-size=16gb
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-name: facebook/rocksdb/weekly
-on:
-  schedule:
-  - cron: 0 9 * * 0
-  workflow_dispatch:
-permissions: {}
-jobs:
-  build-linux-valgrind:
-    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'facebook' }}
-    runs-on:
-      labels: 16-core-ubuntu
-    timeout-minutes: 840
-    container:
-      image: ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.1
-      options: --shm-size=16gb
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.0
-    - uses: "./.github/actions/pre-steps"
-    - run: make V=1 -j20 valgrind_test
-    - uses: "./.github/actions/post-steps"
@@ -91,7 +91,6 @@ buckifier/__pycache__
 .arcconfig

 compile_commands.json
-meta_gen_cpp_compile_commands.json
 clang-format-diff.py
 .py3/

@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
 # This file @generated by:
 #$ python3 buckifier/buckify_rocksdb.py
 # --> DO NOT EDIT MANUALLY <--
-# This file is a Meta-specific integration for buck builds, so can
-# only be validated by Meta employees.
+# This file is a Facebook-specific integration for buck builds, so can
+# only be validated by Facebook employees.
 load("//rocks/buckifier:defs.bzl", "cpp_library_wrapper","rocks_cpp_library_wrapper","cpp_binary_wrapper","cpp_unittest_wrapper","fancy_bench_wrapper","add_c_test_wrapper")
 load("@fbcode_macros//build_defs:export_files.bzl", "export_file")


-oncall("rocksdb_point_of_contact")
-
 cpp_library_wrapper(name="rocksdb_lib", srcs=[
        "cache/cache.cc",
        "cache/cache_entry_roles.cc",
@@ -90,7 +88,6 @@ cpp_library_wrapper(name="rocksdb_lib", srcs=[
        "db/memtable_list.cc",
        "db/merge_helper.cc",
        "db/merge_operator.cc",
-        "db/multi_scan.cc",
        "db/output_validator.cc",
        "db/periodic_task_scheduler.cc",
        "db/range_del_aggregator.cc",
@@ -116,7 +113,6 @@ cpp_library_wrapper(name="rocksdb_lib", srcs=[
        "db/write_controller.cc",
        "db/write_stall_stats.cc",
        "db/write_thread.cc",
-        "db_stress_tool/db_stress_compression_manager.cc",
        "env/composite_env.cc",
        "env/env.cc",
        "env/env_chroot.cc",
@@ -218,7 +214,6 @@ cpp_library_wrapper(name="rocksdb_lib", srcs=[
        "table/cuckoo/cuckoo_table_builder.cc",
        "table/cuckoo/cuckoo_table_factory.cc",
        "table/cuckoo/cuckoo_table_reader.cc",
-        "table/external_table.cc",
        "table/format.cc",
        "table/get_context.cc",
        "table/iterator.cc",
@@ -253,7 +248,6 @@ cpp_library_wrapper(name="rocksdb_lib", srcs=[
        "trace_replay/trace_record_result.cc",
        "trace_replay/trace_replay.cc",
        "util/async_file_reader.cc",
-        "util/auto_tune_compressor.cc",
        "util/build_version.cc",
        "util/cleanable.cc",
        "util/coding.cc",
@@ -272,7 +266,6 @@ cpp_library_wrapper(name="rocksdb_lib", srcs=[
        "util/random.cc",
        "util/rate_limiter.cc",
        "util/ribbon_config.cc",
-        "util/simple_mixed_compressor.cc",
        "util/slice.cc",
        "util/status.cc",
        "util/stderr_logger.cc",
@@ -324,8 +317,6 @@ cpp_library_wrapper(name="rocksdb_lib", srcs=[
        "utilities/persistent_cache/block_cache_tier_metadata.cc",
        "utilities/persistent_cache/persistent_cache_tier.cc",
        "utilities/persistent_cache/volatile_tier_impl.cc",
-        "utilities/secondary_index/secondary_index_iterator.cc",
-        "utilities/secondary_index/simple_secondary_index.cc",
        "utilities/simulator_cache/cache_simulator.cc",
        "utilities/simulator_cache/sim_cache.cc",
        "utilities/table_properties_collectors/compact_for_tiering_collector.cc",
@@ -415,25 +406,21 @@ cpp_library_wrapper(name="rocksdb_tools_lib", srcs=[
        "tools/block_cache_analyzer/block_cache_trace_analyzer.cc",
        "tools/db_bench_tool.cc",
        "tools/simulated_hybrid_file_system.cc",
-        "tools/tool_hooks.cc",
        "tools/trace_analyzer_tool.cc",
    ], deps=[":rocksdb_lib"], headers=[], link_whole=False, extra_test_libs=False)

 cpp_library_wrapper(name="rocksdb_cache_bench_tools_lib", srcs=["cache/cache_bench_tool.cc"], deps=[":rocksdb_lib"], headers=[], link_whole=False, extra_test_libs=False)

-cpp_library_wrapper(name="rocksdb_point_lock_bench_tools_lib", srcs=["utilities/transactions/lock/point/point_lock_bench_tool.cc"], deps=[":rocksdb_lib"], headers=[], link_whole=False, extra_test_libs=False)
-
 rocks_cpp_library_wrapper(name="rocksdb_stress_lib", srcs=[
        "db_stress_tool/batched_ops_stress.cc",
        "db_stress_tool/cf_consistency_stress.cc",
        "db_stress_tool/db_stress_common.cc",
-        "db_stress_tool/db_stress_compaction_service.cc",
-        "db_stress_tool/db_stress_compression_manager.cc",
        "db_stress_tool/db_stress_driver.cc",
        "db_stress_tool/db_stress_filters.cc",
        "db_stress_tool/db_stress_gflags.cc",
        "db_stress_tool/db_stress_listener.cc",
        "db_stress_tool/db_stress_shared_state.cc",
+        "db_stress_tool/db_stress_stat.cc",
        "db_stress_tool/db_stress_test_base.cc",
        "db_stress_tool/db_stress_tool.cc",
        "db_stress_tool/db_stress_wide_merge_operator.cc",
@@ -455,8 +442,6 @@ cpp_binary_wrapper(name="db_bench", srcs=["tools/db_bench.cc"], deps=[":rocksdb_

 cpp_binary_wrapper(name="cache_bench", srcs=["cache/cache_bench.cc"], deps=[":rocksdb_cache_bench_tools_lib"], extra_preprocessor_flags=[], extra_bench_libs=False)

-cpp_binary_wrapper(name="point_lock_bench", srcs=["utilities/transactions/lock/point/point_lock_bench.cc"], deps=[":rocksdb_point_lock_bench_tools_lib"], extra_preprocessor_flags=[], extra_bench_libs=False)
-
 cpp_binary_wrapper(name="ribbon_bench", srcs=["microbench/ribbon_bench.cc"], deps=[], extra_preprocessor_flags=[], extra_bench_libs=True)

 cpp_binary_wrapper(name="db_basic_bench", srcs=["microbench/db_basic_bench.cc"], deps=[], extra_preprocessor_flags=[], extra_bench_libs=True)
@@ -4720,12 +4705,6 @@ cpp_unittest_wrapper(name="compressed_secondary_cache_test",
            extra_compiler_flags=[])


-cpp_unittest_wrapper(name="compression_test",
-            srcs=["util/compression_test.cc"],
-            deps=[":rocksdb_test_lib"],
-            extra_compiler_flags=[])
-
-
 cpp_unittest_wrapper(name="configurable_test",
            srcs=["options/configurable_test.cc"],
            deps=[":rocksdb_test_lib"],
@@ -4846,12 +4825,6 @@ cpp_unittest_wrapper(name="db_encryption_test",
            extra_compiler_flags=[])


-cpp_unittest_wrapper(name="db_etc3_test",
-            srcs=["db/db_etc3_test.cc"],
-            deps=[":rocksdb_test_lib"],
-            extra_compiler_flags=[])
-
-
 cpp_unittest_wrapper(name="db_flush_test",
            srcs=["db/db_flush_test.cc"],
            deps=[":rocksdb_test_lib"],
@@ -5208,12 +5181,6 @@ cpp_unittest_wrapper(name="inlineskiplist_test",
            extra_compiler_flags=[])


-cpp_unittest_wrapper(name="interval_test",
-            srcs=["util/interval_test.cc"],
-            deps=[":rocksdb_test_lib"],
-            extra_compiler_flags=[])
-
-
 cpp_unittest_wrapper(name="io_posix_test",
            srcs=["env/io_posix_test.cc"],
            deps=[":rocksdb_test_lib"],
@@ -5394,12 +5361,6 @@ cpp_unittest_wrapper(name="plain_table_db_test",
            extra_compiler_flags=[])


-cpp_unittest_wrapper(name="point_lock_manager_stress_test",
-            srcs=["utilities/transactions/lock/point/point_lock_manager_stress_test.cc"],
-            deps=[":rocksdb_test_lib"],
-            extra_compiler_flags=[])
-
-
 cpp_unittest_wrapper(name="point_lock_manager_test",
            srcs=["utilities/transactions/lock/point/point_lock_manager_test.cc"],
            deps=[":rocksdb_test_lib"],
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #
 # Linux:
 #
-# 1. Install a recent toolchain if you're on a older distro. C++20 required (GCC >= 11, Clang >= 10)
+# 1. Install a recent toolchain if you're on a older distro. C++17 required (GCC >= 7, Clang >= 5)
 # 2. mkdir build; cd build
 # 3. cmake ..
 # 4. make -j
@@ -80,7 +80,6 @@ if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)
  set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE "${default_build_type}" CACHE STRING
    "Default BUILD_TYPE is ${default_build_type}" FORCE)
 endif()
-message(STATUS "CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE is set to ${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE}")

 find_program(CCACHE_FOUND ccache)
 if(CCACHE_FOUND)
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ endif()
 option(ROCKSDB_BUILD_SHARED "Build shared versions of the RocksDB libraries" ON)

 if( NOT DEFINED CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD )
-  set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
+  set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 17)
 endif()

 include(CMakeDependentOption)
@@ -133,9 +132,7 @@ else()
    option(WITH_GFLAGS "build with GFlags" ON)
  endif()
  set(GFLAGS_LIB)
-  # Skip all gflags detection and setup when USE_FOLLY or USE_COROUTINES is enabled
-  # since Folly provides its own gflags (USE_COROUTINES automatically sets USE_FOLLY)
-  if(WITH_GFLAGS AND NOT USE_FOLLY AND NOT USE_COROUTINES)
+  if(WITH_GFLAGS)
    # Config with namespace available since gflags 2.2.2
    option(GFLAGS_USE_TARGET_NAMESPACE "Use gflags import target with namespace." ON)
    find_package(gflags CONFIG)
@@ -154,9 +151,6 @@ else()
    include_directories(${GFLAGS_INCLUDE_DIR})
    list(APPEND THIRDPARTY_LIBS ${GFLAGS_LIB})
    add_definitions(-DGFLAGS=1)
-  elseif(WITH_GFLAGS AND (USE_FOLLY OR USE_COROUTINES))
-    # Still set the DGFLAGS=1 define when using Folly since Folly provides gflags
-    add_definitions(-DGFLAGS=1)
  endif()

  if(WITH_SNAPPY)
@@ -209,16 +203,9 @@ if(WIN32 AND MSVC)
  endif()
 endif()

-option(WIN_CI "Accelerate build speed and reduce build artifect size for github CI with MSVC" OFF)
-
 if(MSVC)
-  if(WIN_CI)
-    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} /MP /nologo /EHsc /Gd /GR /GF /fp:precise /Zc:wchar_t /Zc:forScope /errorReport:queue")
-    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} /FC /W4 /wd4127 /wd4996 /wd4100 /wd4324 /wd4702")
-  else()
-    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} /Zi /nologo /EHsc /GS /Gd /GR /GF /fp:precise /Zc:wchar_t /Zc:forScope /errorReport:queue")
-    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} /FC /d2Zi+ /W4 /wd4127 /wd4996 /wd4100 /wd4324")
-  endif()
+  set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} /Zi /nologo /EHsc /GS /Gd /GR /GF /fp:precise /Zc:wchar_t /Zc:forScope /errorReport:queue")
+  set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} /FC /d2Zi+ /W4 /wd4127 /wd4996 /wd4100 /wd4324")
 else()
  set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -W -Wextra -Wall -pthread")
  set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -Wsign-compare -Wshadow -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-unused-variable -Woverloaded-virtual -Wnon-virtual-dtor -Wno-missing-field-initializers -Wno-strict-aliasing -Wno-invalid-offsetof")
@@ -326,7 +313,8 @@ if(NOT MSVC)
 endif()

 # Check if -latomic is required or not
-if (NOT MSVC AND NOT APPLE)
+if (NOT MSVC)
+  set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS "--std=c++17")
  CHECK_CXX_SOURCE_COMPILES("
 #include <atomic>
 std::atomic<uint64_t> x(0);
@@ -463,33 +451,24 @@ else()
  endif()
 endif()

-# Used to run optimized debug build and tests so we can run faster
+# Used to run CI build and tests so we can run faster
 option(OPTDBG "Build optimized debug build with MSVC" OFF)
 option(WITH_RUNTIME_DEBUG "build with debug version of runtime library" ON)
 if(MSVC)
-  if (WIN_CI)
+  if(OPTDBG)
    message(STATUS "Debug optimization is enabled")
    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG "/Oxt")
-    set(CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS} /DEBUG:FASTLINK")
-    set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS} /DEBUG:FASTLINK")
  else()
-    if(OPTDBG)
-      message(STATUS "Debug optimization is enabled")
-      set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG "/Oxt")
+    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG} /Od /RTC1")
+
+    # Minimal Build is deprecated after MSVC 2015
+    if( MSVC_VERSION GREATER 1900 )
+      set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG} /Gm-")
    else()
-      set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG} /Od /RTC1")
-
-      # Minimal Build is deprecated after MSVC 2015
-      if( MSVC_VERSION GREATER 1900 )
-        set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG} /Gm-")
-      else()
-        set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG} /Gm")
-      endif()
+      set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG} /Gm")
    endif()
-    set(CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS} /DEBUG")
-    set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS} /DEBUG")
-  endif()

+  endif()
  if(WITH_RUNTIME_DEBUG)
    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG} /${RUNTIME_LIBRARY}d")
  else()
@@ -497,6 +476,8 @@ if(MSVC)
  endif()
  set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE} /Oxt /Zp8 /Gm- /Gy /${RUNTIME_LIBRARY}")

+  set(CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS} /DEBUG")
+  set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS} /DEBUG")
 endif()

 if(CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCXX)
@@ -648,12 +629,6 @@ if(USE_FOLLY)
    ${FOLLY_INST_PATH}/lib/cmake/folly/folly-targets.cmake)

    include(${FOLLY_INST_PATH}/lib/cmake/folly/folly-config.cmake)
-
-    # Fix gflags library name for debug builds
-    if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug")
-      set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS} -Wl,-rpath=${GFLAGS_INST_PATH}/lib")
-      set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS} ${GFLAGS_INST_PATH}/lib/libgflags_debug.so.2.2")
-    endif()
  endif()

  add_compile_definitions(USE_FOLLY FOLLY_NO_CONFIG HAVE_CXX11_ATOMIC)
@@ -746,7 +721,6 @@ set(SOURCES
        db/memtable_list.cc
        db/merge_helper.cc
        db/merge_operator.cc
-        db/multi_scan.cc
        db/output_validator.cc
        db/periodic_task_scheduler.cc
        db/range_del_aggregator.cc
@@ -772,7 +746,6 @@ set(SOURCES
        db/write_controller.cc
        db/write_stall_stats.cc
        db/write_thread.cc
-        db_stress_tool/db_stress_compression_manager.cc
        env/composite_env.cc
        env/env.cc
        env/env_chroot.cc
@@ -862,7 +835,6 @@ set(SOURCES
        table/cuckoo/cuckoo_table_builder.cc
        table/cuckoo/cuckoo_table_factory.cc
        table/cuckoo/cuckoo_table_reader.cc
-        table/external_table.cc
        table/format.cc
        table/get_context.cc
        table/iterator.cc
@@ -901,13 +873,11 @@ set(SOURCES
        trace_replay/trace_record.cc
        trace_replay/trace_replay.cc
        util/async_file_reader.cc
-        util/auto_tune_compressor.cc
        util/cleanable.cc
        util/coding.cc
        util/compaction_job_stats_impl.cc
        util/comparator.cc
        util/compression.cc
-        util/simple_mixed_compressor.cc
        util/compression_context_cache.cc
        util/concurrent_task_limiter_impl.cc
        util/crc32c.cc
@@ -969,8 +939,6 @@ set(SOURCES
        utilities/persistent_cache/block_cache_tier_metadata.cc
        utilities/persistent_cache/persistent_cache_tier.cc
        utilities/persistent_cache/volatile_tier_impl.cc
-        utilities/secondary_index/secondary_index_iterator.cc
-        utilities/secondary_index/simple_secondary_index.cc
        utilities/simulator_cache/cache_simulator.cc
        utilities/simulator_cache/sim_cache.cc
        utilities/table_properties_collectors/compact_for_tiering_collector.cc
@@ -1094,21 +1062,12 @@ if(USE_FOLLY_LITE)
    third-party/folly/folly/synchronization/DistributedMutex.cpp
    third-party/folly/folly/synchronization/ParkingLot.cpp)
  include_directories(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/third-party/folly)
-  # Add boost to the include path
  exec_program(python3 ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/third-party/folly ARGS
  build/fbcode_builder/getdeps.py show-source-dir boost OUTPUT_VARIABLE
  BOOST_SOURCE_PATH)
  exec_program(ls ARGS -d ${BOOST_SOURCE_PATH}/boost* OUTPUT_VARIABLE
  BOOST_INCLUDE_DIR)
  include_directories(${BOOST_INCLUDE_DIR})
-  # Add fmt to the include path
-  exec_program(python3 ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/third-party/folly ARGS
-  build/fbcode_builder/getdeps.py show-source-dir fmt OUTPUT_VARIABLE
-  FMT_SOURCE_PATH)
-  exec_program(ls ARGS -d ${FMT_SOURCE_PATH}/fmt*/include OUTPUT_VARIABLE
-  FMT_INCLUDE_DIR)
-  include_directories(${FMT_INCLUDE_DIR})
-
  add_definitions(-DUSE_FOLLY -DFOLLY_NO_CONFIG)
  list(APPEND THIRDPARTY_LIBS glog)
 endif()
@@ -1380,7 +1339,6 @@ if(WITH_TESTS)
        db/db_clip_test.cc
        db/db_dynamic_level_test.cc
        db/db_encryption_test.cc
-        db/db_etc3_test.cc
        db/db_flush_test.cc
        db/db_inplace_update_test.cc
        db/db_io_failure_test.cc
@@ -1495,7 +1453,6 @@ if(WITH_TESTS)
        util/autovector_test.cc
        util/bloom_test.cc
        util/coding_test.cc
-        util/compression_test.cc
        util/crc32c_test.cc
        util/defer_test.cc
        util/dynamic_bloom_test.cc
@@ -1539,7 +1496,6 @@ if(WITH_TESTS)
        utilities/transactions/optimistic_transaction_test.cc
        utilities/transactions/transaction_test.cc
        utilities/transactions/lock/point/point_lock_manager_test.cc
-        utilities/transactions/lock/point/point_lock_manager_stress_test.cc
        utilities/transactions/write_committed_transaction_ts_test.cc
        utilities/transactions/write_prepared_transaction_test.cc
        utilities/transactions/write_unprepared_transaction_test.cc
@@ -1615,7 +1571,6 @@ if(WITH_BENCHMARK_TOOLS)
  add_executable(db_bench${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX}
    tools/simulated_hybrid_file_system.cc
    tools/db_bench.cc
-    tools/tool_hooks.cc
    tools/db_bench_tool.cc)
  target_link_libraries(db_bench${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX}
    ${ROCKSDB_LIB} ${THIRDPARTY_LIBS})
@@ -1650,12 +1605,6 @@ if(WITH_BENCHMARK_TOOLS)
    utilities/persistent_cache/hash_table_bench.cc)
  target_link_libraries(hash_table_bench${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX}
    ${ROCKSDB_LIB} ${GFLAGS_LIB} ${FOLLY_LIBS})
-
-  add_executable(point_lock_bench${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX}
-    utilities/transactions/lock/point/point_lock_bench.cc
-    utilities/transactions/lock/point/point_lock_bench_tool.cc)
-  target_link_libraries(point_lock_bench${ARTIFACT_SUFFIX}
-    ${ROCKSDB_LIB} ${GFLAGS_LIB} ${FOLLY_LIBS})
 endif()

 option(WITH_TRACE_TOOLS "build with trace tools" ON)
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-<Project>
-    <PropertyGroup>
-        <CLToolExe>ccache_msvc_compiler.bat</CLToolExe>
-        <CLToolPath>$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)</CLToolPath>
-        <UseMultiToolTask>true</UseMultiToolTask>
-        <EnforceProcessCountAcrossBuilds>true</EnforceProcessCountAcrossBuilds>
-    </PropertyGroup>
-</Project>
@@ -1,247 +1,6 @@
 # Rocksdb Change Log
 > NOTE: Entries for next release do not go here. Follow instructions in `unreleased_history/README.txt`

-## 10.9.1 (12/11/2025)
-### Bug Fixes
-* Fix resumable compaction incorrectly allowing resumption from a truncated range deletion that is not well handled currently.
-
-## 10.9.0 (11/21/2025)
-### New Features
-* Added an auto-tuning feature for DB manifest file size that also (by default) improves the safety of existing configurations in case `max_manifest_file_size` is repeatedly exceeded. The new recommendation is to set `max_manifest_file_size` to something small like 1MB and tune `max_manifest_space_amp_pct` as needed to balance write amp and space amp in the manifest. Refer to comments on those options in `DBOptions` for details. Both options are (now) mutable.
-* Added a new API to support option migration for multiple column families
-* Added new option target_file_size_is_upper_bound  that makes most compaction output SST files come close to the target file size without exceeding it, rather than commonly exceeding it by some fraction (current behavior). For now the new behavior is off by default, but we expect to enable it by default in the future.
-* Add a new option allow_trivial_move in CompactionOptions to allow CompactFiles to perform trivial move if possible. By default the flag of allow_trivial_move is false, so it preserve the original behavior.
-
-### Public API Changes
-* To reduce risk of ODR violations or similar, `ROCKSDB_USING_THREAD_STATUS` has been removed from public headers and replaced with static `const bool ThreadStatus::kEnabled`. Some other uses of conditional compilation have been removed from public API headers to reduce risk of ODR violations or other issues.
-
-### Behavior Changes
-* PosixWritableFile now repositions the seek pointer to the new end of file after a call to Truncate.
-* Updated standalone range deletion L0 file compaction behavior to avoid compacting with any newer L0 files (which is expensive and not useful).
-
-### Bug Fixes
-* Fix a bug where compaction with range deletion can persist kTypeMaxValid in MANIFEST as file metadata. kTypeMaxValid is not supposed to be persisted and can change as new value types are introduced. This can cause a forward compatibility issue where older versions of RocksDB don't recognize kTypeMaxValid from newer versions. A new placeholder value type kTypeTruncatedRangeDeletionSentinel is also introduced to replace kTypeMaxValid when reading existing SST files' metadata from MANIFEST. This allows us to strengthen some checks to avoid using kTypeMaxValid in the future.
-* Fixed a bug where `DB::GetSortedWalFiles()` could hang when waiting for a purge operation that found nothing to do (potentially triggered by iterator release, flush, compaction, etc.).
-* Fixed a bug in MultiScan where `max_sequential_skip_in_iterations` could cause the iterator to seek backward to already-unpinned blocks when the same user key spans multiple data blocks, leading to assertion failures or seg fault.
-* Fixed a bug for `WAL_ttl_seconds > 0` use cases where the newest archived WAL files could be incorrectly deleted when the system clock moved backwards.
-
-### Performance Improvements
-* Added optimization that allowed for the asynchronous prefetching of all data outlined in a multiscan iterator. This optimization was applied to the level iterator, which prefetches all data through each of the block-based iterators.
-
-## 10.8.0 (10/21/2025)
-### New Features
-* Add kFSPrefetch to FSSupportedOps enum to allow file systems to indicate prefetch support capability, avoiding unnecessary prefetch system calls on file systems that don't support them.
-* Added experimental support `OpenAndCompactOptions::allow_resumption` for resumable compaction that persists progress during `OpenAndCompact()`, allowing interrupted compactions to resume from the last progress persitence. The default behavior is to not persist progress.
-
-### Public API Changes
-* Allow specifying output temperature in CompactionOptions
-* Added `DB::FlushWAL(const FlushWALOptions&)` as an alternative to `DB::FlushWAL(bool sync)`, where `FlushWALOptions` includes a new `rate_limiter_priority` field (default `Env::IO_TOTAL`) that allows rate limiting and priority passing of manual WAL flush's IO operations.
-* The MultiScan API contract is updated. After a multi scan range got prepared with Prepare API call, the following seeks must seek the start of each prepared scan range in order. In addition, when limit is set, upper bound must be set to the same value of limit before each seek
-
-### Behavior Changes
-* `kChangeTemperature` FIFO compaction will now honor `compaction_target_temp` to all levels regardless of `cf_options::last_level_temperature`
-* Allow UDIs with a non BytewiseComparator
-
-### Bug Fixes
-* Fix incorrect MultiScan seek error status due to bugs in handling range limit falling between adjacent SST files key range.
-* Fix a bug in Page unpinning in MultiScan
-
-### Performance Improvements
-* Fixed a performance regression in LZ4 compression that started in version 10.6.0
-
-## 10.7.0 (09/19/2025)
-### New Features
-* Add the fail_if_no_udi_on_open flag in BlockBasedTableOption to control whether a missing user defined index block in a SST is a hard error or not.
-* A new flag memtable_verify_per_key_checksum_on_seek is added to AdvancedColumnFamilyOptions. When it is enabled, it will validate key checksum along the binary search path on skiplist based memtable during seek operation.
-* Introduce option MultiScanArgs::use_async_io to enable asynchronous I/O during MultiScan, instead of waiting for I/O to be done in Prepare().
-* Add new option `MultiScanArgs::max_prefetch_size` that limits the memory usage of per file pinning of prefetched blocks.
-* Improved `sst_dump` by allowing standalone file and directory arguments without `--file=`. Also added new options and better output for `sst_dump --command=recompress`. See `sst_dump --help`
-
-### Public API Changes
-* HyperClockCache with no `estimated_entry_charge` is now production-ready and is the preferred block cache implementation vs. LRUCache. Please consider updating your code to minimize the risk of hitting performance bottlenecks or anomalies from LRUCache. See cache.h for more detail.
-* RocksDB now requires a C++20 compatible compiler (GCC >= 11, Clang >= 10, Visual Studio >= 2019), including for any code using RocksDB headers.
-* MultiScanArgs used to have a default constructor with default parameter of BytewiseComparator. Now it always requires Comparator in its constructor.
-
-### Behavior Changes
-* The default provided block cache implementation is now HyperClockCache instead of LRUCache, when `block_cache` is nullptr (default) and `no_block_cache==false` (default). We recommend explicitly creating a HyperClockCache block cache based on memory budget and sharing it across all column families and even DB instances. This change could expose previously hidden memory or resource leaks.
-
-### Bug Fixes
-* Reported numbers for compaction and flush CPU usage now include time spent by parallel compression worker threads. This now means compaction/flush CPU usage could exceed the wall clock time.
-* Fix a race condition in FIFO size-based compaction where concurrent threads could select the same non-L0 file, causing assertion failures in debug builds or "Cannot delete table file from LSM tree" errors in release builds.
-* Fix a bug in RocksDB MultiScan with UDI when one of the scan ranges is determined to be empty by the UDI, which causes incorrect results.
-
-### Performance Improvements
-* Add a new table property "rocksdb.key.smallest.seqno" which records the smallest sequence number of all keys in file. It makes ingesting DB generated files faster by
-avoiding scanning the whole file to find the smallest sequence number.
-* Add a new experimental PerKeyPointLockManager to improve efficiency under high lock contention. PointLockManager was not efficient when there is high write contention on same key, as it uses a single conditional variable per lock stripe. PerKeyPointLockManager uses per thread conditional variable supporting fifo order. Although this is an experimental feature. By default, it is disabled. A new boolean flag TransactionDBOptions::use_per_key_point_lock_mgr is added to optionally enable it. Search the flag in code for more info.
-Together, a new configuration TransactionOptions::deadlock_timeout_us is added, which allows the transaction to wait for a short period before perform deadlock detection. When the workload has low lock contention, the deadlock_timeout_us can be configured to be slightly higher than average transaction execution time, so that transaction would likely be able to take the lock before deadlock detection is performed when it is waiting for a lock. This allows transaction to reduce CPU cost on performing deadlock detection, which could be expensive in CPU time. When the workload has high lock contention, the deadlock_timeout_us can be configured to 0, so that transaction would perform deadlock detection immediately. By default the value is 0 to keep the behavior same as before.
-* Majorly improved CPU efficiency and scalability of parallel compression (`CompressionOptions::parallel_threads` > 1), though this efficiency improvement makes parallel compression currently incompatible with UserDefinedIndex and with old setting of `decouple_partitioned_filters=false`. Parallel compression is now considered a production-ready feature. Maximum performance is available with `-DROCKSDB_USE_STD_SEMAPHORES` at compile time, but this is not currently recommended because of reported bugs in implementations of `std::counting_semaphore`/`binary_semaphore`.
-
-## 10.6.0 (08/22/2025)
-### New Features
-* Introduce column family option `cf_allow_ingest_behind`. This option aims to replace `DBOptions::allow_ingest_behind` to enable ingest behind at the per-CF level. `DBOptions::allow_ingest_behind` is deprecated.
-* Introduce `MultiScanArgs::io_coalesce_threshold` to allow a configurable IO coalescing threshold.
-
-### Public API Changes
-* `IngestExternalFileOptions::allow_db_generated_files` now allows files ingestion of any DB generated SST file, instead of only the ones with all keys having sequence number 0.
-* `decouple_partitioned_filters = true` is now the default in BlockBasedTableOptions.
-* GetTtl() API is now available in TTL DB
-* Minimum supported version of LZ4 library is now 1.7.0 (r129 from 2015)
-* Some changes to experimental Compressor and CompressionManager APIs
-* A new Filesystem::SyncFile function is added for syncing a file that was already written, such as on file ingestion. The default implementation matches previous RocksDB behavior: re-open the file for read-write, sync it, and close it. We recommend overriding for FileSystems that do not require syncing for crash recovery or do not handle (well) re-opening for writes.
-
-### Behavior Changes
-* When `allow_ingest_behind` is enabled, compaction will no longer drop tombstones based on the absence of underlying data. Tombstones will be preserved to apply to ingested files.
-
-### Bug Fixes
-* Files in dropped column family won't be returned to the caller upon successful, offline MANIFEST iteration in `GetFileChecksumsFromCurrentManifest`.
-* Fix a bug in MultiScan that causes it to fall back to a normal scan when dictionary compression is enabled.
-* Fix a crash in iterator Prepare() when fill_cache=false
-* Fix a bug in MultiScan where incorrect results can be returned when a Scan's range is across multiple files.
-* Fixed a bug in remote compaction that may mistakenly delete live SST file(s) during the cleanup phase when no keys survive the compaction (all expired)
-* Allow a user defined index to be configured from a string.
-* Make the User Defined Index interface consistently use the user key format, fixing the previous mixed usage of internal and user key.
-
-### Performance Improvements
-* Small improvement to CPU efficiency of compression using built-in algorithms, and a dramatic efficiency improvement for LZ4HC, based on reusing data structures between invocations.
-
-## 10.5.0 (07/18/2025)
-### Public API Changes
-* DB option skip_checking_sst_file_sizes_on_db_open is deprecated, in favor of validating file size in parallel in a thread pool, when db is opened. When DB is opened, with paranoid check enabled, a file with the wrong size would fail the DB open. With paranoid check disabled, the DB open would succeed, the column family with the corrupted file would not be read or write, while the other healthy column families could be read and write normally. When max_open_files option is not set to -1, only a subset of the files will be opened and checked. The rest of the files will be opened and checked when they are accessed.
-
-### Behavior Changes
-* PessimisticTransaction::GetWaitingTxns now returns waiting transaction information even if the current transaction has timed out. This allows the information to be surfaced to users for debugging purposes once it is known that the timeout has occurred.
-* A new API GetFileSize is added to FSRandomAccessFile interface class. It uses fstat vs stat on the posix implementation which is more efficient. Caller could use it to get file size faster. This function might be required in the future for FileSystem implementation outside of the RocksDB code base.
-* RocksDB now triggers eligible compactions every 12 hours when periodic compaction is configured. This solves a limitation of the compaction trigger mechanism, which would only trigger compaction after specific events like flush, compaction, or SetOptions.
-
-### Bug Fixes
-* Fix a bug in BackupEngine that can crash backup due to a null FSWritableFile passed to WritableFileWriter.
-* Fix DB::NewMultiScan iterator to respect the scan upper bound specified in ScanOptions
-
-### Performance Improvements
-* Optimized MultiScan using BlockBasedTable to coalesce I/Os and prefetch all data blocks.
-
-## 10.4.0 (06/20/2025)
-### New Features
-* Add a new CF option `memtable_avg_op_scan_flush_trigger` that supports triggering memtable flush when an iterator scans through an expensive range of keys, with the average number of skipped keys from the active memtable exceeding the threshold.
-* Vector based memtable now supports concurrent writers (DBOptions::allow_concurrent_memtable_write) #13675.
-* Add new experimental `TransactionOptions::large_txn_commit_optimize_byte_threshold` to enable optimizations for large transaction commit by transaction batch data size.
-* Add a new option `CompactionOptionsUniversal::reduce_file_locking` and if it's true, auto universal compaction picking will adjust to minimize locking of input files when bottom priority compactions are waiting to run. This can increase the likelihood of existing L0s being selected for compaction, thereby improving write stall and reducing read regression.
-* Add new `format_version=7` to aid experimental support of custom compression algorithms with CompressionManager and block-based table. This format version includes changing the format of `TableProperties::compression_name`.
-
-### Public API Changes
-* Change NewExternalTableFactory to return a unique_ptr instead of shared_ptr.
-* Add an optional min file size requirement for deletion triggered compaction. It can be specified when creating `CompactOnDeletionCollectorFactory`.
-
-### Behavior Changes
-* `TransactionOptions::large_txn_commit_optimize_threshold` now has default value 0 for disabled. `TransactionDBOptions::txn_commit_bypass_memtable_threshold` now has no effect on transactions.
-
-### Bug Fixes
-* Fix a bug where CreateColumnFamilyWithImport() could miss the SST file for the memtable flush it triggered. The exported CF then may not contain the updates in the memtable when CreateColumnFamilyWithImport() is called.
-* Fix iterator operations returning NotImplemented status if disallow_memtable_writes and paranoid_memory_checks CF options are both set.
-* Fixed handling of file checksums in IngestExternalFile() to allow providing checksums using recognized but not necessarily the DB's preferred checksum function, to ease migration between checksum functions.
-
-## 10.3.0 (05/17/2025)
-### New Features
-* Add new experimental `CompactionOptionsFIFO::allow_trivial_copy_when_change_temperature` along with `CompactionOptionsFIFO::trivial_copy_buffer_size` to allow optimizing FIFO compactions with tiering when kChangeTemperature to move files from source tier FileSystem to another tier FileSystem via trivial and direct copying raw sst file instead of reading thru the content of the SST file then rebuilding the table files.
-* Add a new field to Compaction Stats in LOG files for the pre-compression size written to each level.
-* Add new experimental `TransactionOptions::large_txn_commit_optimize_threshold` to enable optimizations for large transaction commit with per transaction threshold. `TransactionDBOptions::txn_commit_bypass_memtable_threshold` is deprecated in favor of this transaction option.
-* [internal team use only] Allow an application-defined `request_id` to be passed to RocksDB and propagated to the filesystem via IODebugContext
-
-### Bug Fixes
-* Fix a bug where transaction lock upgrade can incorrectly fail with a Deadlock status. This happens when a transaction has a non-zero timeout and tries to upgrade a shared lock that is also held by another transaction.
-* Pass wrapped WritableFileWriter pointer to ExternalTableBuilder so that the file checksum can be correctly calculated and returned by SstFileWriter for external table files.
-* Fix an infinite-loop bug in transaction locking. This can happen if a transaction reaches lock limit and its time out expires before it attempts to wait for it.
-* Fixed a potential data race with `CompressionOptions::parallel_threads > 1` and a `TablePropertiesCollector` overriding `BlockAdd()`.
-
-## 10.2.0 (04/21/2025)
-### New Features
-* Provide histogram stats `COMPACTION_PREFETCH_BYTES` to measure number of bytes for RocksDB's prefetching (as opposed to file
-system's prefetch) on SST file during compaction read
-* A new API DB::GetNewestUserDefinedTimestamp is added to return the newest user defined timestamp seen in a column family
-* Introduce API `IngestWriteBatchWithIndex()` for ingesting updates into DB while bypassing memtable writes. This improves performance when writing a large write batch to the DB.
-* Add a new CF option `memtable_op_scan_flush_trigger` that triggers a flush of the memtable if an iterator's Seek()/Next() scans over a certain number of invisible entries from the memtable.
-
-### Public API Changes
-* AdvancedColumnFamilyOptions.max_write_buffer_number_to_maintain is deleted. It's deprecated since introduction of a better option max_write_buffer_size_to_maintain since RocksDB 6.5.0.
-* Deprecated API `DB::MaxMemCompactionLevel()`.
-* Deprecated `ReadOptions::ignore_range_deletions`.
-* Deprecated API `experimental::PromoteL0()`.
-* Added arbitrary string map for additional options to be overridden for remote compactions
-* The fail_if_options_file_error option in DBOptions has been removed. The behavior now is to always return failure in any API that fails to persist the OPTIONS file.
-
-### Behavior Changes
-* Make stats `PREFETCH_BYTES_USEFUL`, `PREFETCH_HITS`, `PREFETCH_BYTES` only account for prefetching during user initiated scan
-
-### Bug Fixes
-* Fix a bug in Posix file system that the FSWritableFile created via `FileSystem::ReopenWritableFile` internally does not track the correct file size.
-* Fix a bug where tail size of remote compaction output is not persisted in primary db's manifest
-
-## 10.1.0 (03/24/2025)
-### New Features
-* Added a new `DBOptions.calculate_sst_write_lifetime_hint_set` setting that allows to customize which compaction styles SST write lifetime hint calculation is allowed on. Today RocksDB supports only two modes `kCompactionStyleLevel` and `kCompactionStyleUniversal`.
-* Add a new field `num_l0_files` in `CompactionJobInfo` about the number of L0 files in the CF right before and after the compaction
-* Added per-key-placement feature in Remote Compaction
-* Implemented API DB::GetPropertiesOfTablesByLevel that retrieves table properties for files in each LSM tree level
-
-### Public API Changes
-* `GetAllKeyVersions()` now interprets empty slices literally, as valid keys, and uses new `OptSlice` type default value for extreme upper and lower range limits.
-* `DeleteFilesInRanges()` now takes `RangeOpt` which is based on `OptSlice`. The overload taking `RangePtr` is deprecated.
-* Add an unordered map of name/value pairs, ReadOptions::property_bag, to pass opaque options through to an external table when creating an Iterator.
-* Introduced CompactionServiceJobStatus::kAborted to allow handling aborted scenario in Schedule(), Wait() or OnInstallation() APIs in Remote Compactions.
-* format\_version < 2 in BlockBasedTableOptions is no longer supported for writing new files. Support for reading such files is deprecated and might be removed in the future. `CompressedSecondaryCacheOptions::compress_format_version == 1` is also deprecated.
-
-### Behavior Changes
-* `ldb` now returns an error if the specified `--compression_type` is not supported in the build.
-* MultiGet with snapshot and ReadOptions::read_tier = kPersistedTier will now read a consistent view across CFs (instead of potentially reading some CF before and some CF after a flush).
-* CreateColumnFamily() is no longer allowed on a read-only DB (OpenForReadOnly())
-
-### Bug Fixes
-* Fixed stats for Tiered Storage with preclude_last_level feature
-
-## 10.0.0 (02/21/2025)
-### New Features
-* Introduced new `auto_refresh_iterator_with_snapshot` opt-in knob that (when enabled) will periodically release obsolete memory and storage resources for as long as the iterator is making progress and its supplied `read_options.snapshot` was initialized with non-nullptr value.
-* Added the ability to plug-in a custom table reader implementation. See include/rocksdb/external_table_reader.h for more details.
-* Experimental feature: RocksDB now supports FAISS inverted file based indices via the secondary indexing framework. Applications can use FAISS secondary indices to automatically quantize embeddings and perform K-nearest-neighbors similarity searches. See `FaissIVFIndex` and `SecondaryIndex` for more details. Note: the FAISS integration currently requires using the BUCK build.
-* Add new DB property `num_running_compaction_sorted_runs` that tracks the number of sorted runs being processed by currently running compactions
-* Experimental feature: added support for simple secondary indices that index the specified column as-is. See `SimpleSecondaryIndex` and `SecondaryIndex` for more details.
-* Added new `TransactionDBOptions::txn_commit_bypass_memtable_threshold`, which enables optimized transaction commit (see `TransactionOptions::commit_bypass_memtable`) when the transaction size exceeds a configured threshold.
-
-### Public API Changes
-* Updated the query API of the experimental secondary indexing feature by removing the earlier `SecondaryIndex::NewIterator` virtual and adding a `SecondaryIndexIterator` class that can be utilized by applications to find the primary keys for a given search target.
-* Added back the ability to leverage the primary key when building secondary index entries. This involved changes to the signatures of `SecondaryIndex::GetSecondary{KeyPrefix,Value}` as well as the addition of a new method `SecondaryIndex::FinalizeSecondaryKeyPrefix`. See the API comments for more details.
-* Minimum supported version of ZSTD is now 1.4.0, for code simplification. Obsolete `CompressionType` `kZSTDNotFinalCompression` is also removed.
-
-### Behavior Changes
-* `VerifyBackup` in `verify_with_checksum`=`true` mode will now evaluate checksums in parallel. As a result, unlike in case of original implementation, the API won't bail out on a very first corruption / mismatch and instead will iterate over all the backup files logging success / _degree_of_failure_ for each.
-* Reversed the order of updates to the same key in WriteBatchWithIndex. This means if there are multiple updates to the same key, the most recent update is ordered first. This affects the output of WBWIIterator. When WriteBatchWithIndex is created with `overwrite_key=true`, this affects the output only if Merge is used (#13387).
-* Added support for Merge operations in transactions using option `TransactionOptions::commit_bypass_memtable`.
-
-### Bug Fixes
-* Fixed GetMergeOperands() API in ReadOnlyDB and SecondaryDB
-* Fix a bug in `GetMergeOperands()` that can return incorrect status (MergeInProgress) and incorrect number of merge operands. This can happen when `GetMergeOperandsOptions::continue_cb` is set, both active and immutable memtables have merge operands and the callback stops the look up at the immutable memtable.
-
-## 9.11.0 (01/17/2025)
-### New Features
-* Introduce CancelAwaitingJobs() in CompactionService interface which will allow users to implement cancellation of running remote compactions from the primary instance
-* Experimental feature: RocksDB now supports defining secondary indices, which are automatically maintained by the storage engine. Secondary indices provide a new customization point: applications can provide their own by implementing the new `SecondaryIndex` interface. See the `SecondaryIndex` API comments for more details. Note: this feature is currently only available in conjunction with write-committed pessimistic transactions, and `Merge` is not yet supported.
-* Provide a new option `track_and_verify_wals` to track and verify various information about WAL during WAL recovery. This is intended to be a better replacement to `track_and_verify_wals_in_manifest`.
-
-### Public API Changes
-* Add `io_buffer_size` to BackupEngineOptions to enable optimal configuration of IO size
-* Clean up all the references to `random_access_max_buffer_size`, related rules and all the clients wrappers. This option has been officially deprecated in 5.4.0.
-* Add `file_ingestion_nanos` and `file_ingestion_blocking_live_writes_nanos` in PerfContext to observe file ingestions
-* Offer new DB::Open and variants that use `std::unique_ptr<DB>*` output parameters and deprecate the old versions that use `DB**` output parameters.
-* The DB::DeleteFile API is officially deprecated.
-
-### Behavior Changes
-* For leveled compaction, manual compaction (CompactRange()) will be more strict about keeping compaction size under `max_compaction_bytes`. This prevents overly large compactions in some cases (#13306).
-* Experimental tiering options `preclude_last_level_data_seconds` and `preserve_internal_time_seconds` are now mutable with `SetOptions()`. Some changes to handling of these features along with long-lived snapshots and range deletes made this possible.
-
-### Bug Fixes
-* Fix a longstanding major bug with SetOptions() in which setting changes can be quietly reverted.
-
 ## 9.10.0 (12/12/2024)
 ### New Features
 * Introduce `TransactionOptions::commit_bypass_memtable` to enable transaction commit to bypass memtable insertions. This can be beneficial for transactions with many operations, as it reduces commit time that is mostly spent on memtable insertion.
@@ -317,7 +76,7 @@ system's prefetch) on SST file during compaction read
 * In FIFO compaction, compactions for changing file temperature (configured by option `file_temperature_age_thresholds`) will compact one file at a time, instead of merging multiple eligible file together (#13018).
 * Support ingesting db generated files using hard link, i.e. IngestExternalFileOptions::move_files/link_files and IngestExternalFileOptions::allow_db_generated_files.
 * Add a new file ingestion option `IngestExternalFileOptions::link_files` to hard link input files and preserve original files links after ingestion.
-* DB::Close now untracks files in SstFileManager, making available any space used
+* DB::Close now untracks files in SstFileManager, making avaialble any space used
 by them. Prior to this change they would be orphaned until the DB is re-opened.

 ### Bug Fixes
@@ -513,7 +272,7 @@ MultiGetBenchmarks.multiGetList10 no_column_family 10000 16 100 1024 thrpt 25 76
 * Removed deprecated option `ColumnFamilyOptions::check_flush_compaction_key_order`
 * Remove the default `WritableFile::GetFileSize` and `FSWritableFile::GetFileSize` implementation that returns 0 and make it pure virtual, so that subclasses are enforced to explicitly provide an implementation.
 * Removed deprecated option `ColumnFamilyOptions::level_compaction_dynamic_file_size`
-* Removed tickers with typos "rocksdb.error.handler.bg.error.count", "rocksdb.error.handler.bg.io.error.count", "rocksdb.error.handler.bg.retryable.io.error.count".
+* Removed tickers with typos "rocksdb.error.handler.bg.errro.count", "rocksdb.error.handler.bg.io.errro.count", "rocksdb.error.handler.bg.retryable.io.errro.count".
 * Remove the force mode for `EnableFileDeletions` API because it is unsafe with no known legitimate use.
 * Removed deprecated option `ColumnFamilyOptions::ignore_max_compaction_bytes_for_input`
 * `sst_dump --command=check` now compares the number of records in a table with `num_entries` in table property, and reports corruption if there is a mismatch. API `SstFileDumper::ReadSequential()` is updated to optionally do this verification. (#12322)
@@ -540,7 +299,7 @@ MultiGetBenchmarks.multiGetList10 no_column_family 10000 16 100 1024 thrpt 25 76
 * Exposed options ttl via c api.

 ### Behavior Changes
-* `rocksdb.blobdb.blob.file.write.micros` expands to also measure time writing the header and footer. Therefore the COUNT may be higher and values may be smaller than before. For stacked BlobDB, it no longer measures the time of explicitly flushing blob file.
+* `rocksdb.blobdb.blob.file.write.micros` expands to also measure time writing the header and footer. Therefore the COUNT may be higher and values may be smaller than before. For stacked BlobDB, it no longer measures the time of explictly flushing blob file.
 * Files will be compacted to the next level if the data age exceeds periodic_compaction_seconds except for the last level.
 * Reduced the compaction debt ratio trigger for scheduling parallel compactions
 * For leveled compaction with default compaction pri (kMinOverlappingRatio), files marked for compaction will be prioritized over files not marked when picking a file from a level for compaction.
@@ -605,7 +364,7 @@ want to continue to use force enabling, they need to explicitly pass a `true` to

 ### Behavior Changes
 * During off-peak hours defined by `daily_offpeak_time_utc`, the compaction picker will select a larger number of files for periodic compaction. This selection will include files that are projected to expire by the next off-peak start time, ensuring that these files are not chosen for periodic compaction outside of off-peak hours.
-* If an error occurs when writing to a trace file after `DB::StartTrace()`, the subsequent trace writes are skipped to avoid writing to a file that has previously seen error. In this case, `DB::EndTrace()` will also return a non-ok status with info about the error occurred previously in its status message.
+* If an error occurs when writing to a trace file after `DB::StartTrace()`, the subsequent trace writes are skipped to avoid writing to a file that has previously seen error. In this case, `DB::EndTrace()` will also return a non-ok status with info about the error occured previously in its status message.
 * Deleting stale files upon recovery are delegated to SstFileManger if available so they can be rate limited.
 * Make RocksDB only call `TablePropertiesCollector::Finish()` once.
 * When `WAL_ttl_seconds > 0`, we now process archived WALs for deletion at least every `WAL_ttl_seconds / 2` seconds. Previously it could be less frequent in case of small `WAL_ttl_seconds` values when size-based expiration (`WAL_size_limit_MB > 0 `) was simultaneously enabled.
@@ -1393,7 +1152,7 @@ Note: The next release will be major release 7.0. See https://github.com/faceboo
 ### Public API change
 * Extend WriteBatch::AssignTimestamp and AssignTimestamps API so that both functions can accept an optional `checker` argument that performs additional checking on timestamp sizes.
 * Introduce a new EventListener callback that will be called upon the end of automatic error recovery.
-* Add IncreaseFullHistoryTsLow API so users can advance each column family's full_history_ts_low separately.
+* Add IncreaseFullHistoryTsLow API so users can advance each column family's full_history_ts_low seperately.
 * Add GetFullHistoryTsLow API so users can query current full_history_low value of specified column family.

 ### Performance Improvements
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ than release mode.

 RocksDB's library should be able to compile without any dependency installed,
 although we recommend installing some compression libraries (see below).
-We do depend on newer gcc/clang with C++20 support (GCC >= 11, Clang >= 10).
+We do depend on newer gcc/clang with C++17 support (GCC >= 7, Clang >= 5).

 There are few options when compiling RocksDB:

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ most processors made since roughly 2013.
 ## Supported platforms

 * **Linux - Ubuntu**
-    * Upgrade your gcc to version at least 11 to get C++20 support.
+    * Upgrade your gcc to version at least 7 to get C++17 support.
    * Install gflags. First, try: `sudo apt-get install libgflags-dev`
      If this doesn't work and you're using Ubuntu, here's a nice tutorial:
      (http://askubuntu.com/questions/312173/installing-gflags-12-04)
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ most processors made since roughly 2013.
    * Install zstandard: `sudo apt-get install libzstd-dev`.

 * **Linux - CentOS / RHEL**
-    * Upgrade your gcc to version at least 11 to get C++20 support
+    * Upgrade your gcc to version at least 7 to get C++17 support
    * Install gflags:

              git clone https://github.com/gflags/gflags.git
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ most processors made since roughly 2013.
              make && sudo make install

 * **OS X**:
-    * Install latest C++ compiler that supports C++20:
+    * Install latest C++ compiler that supports C++ 17:
        * Update XCode:  run `xcode-select --install` (or install it from XCode App's settting).
        * Install via [homebrew](http://brew.sh/).
            * If you're first time developer in MacOS, you still need to run: `xcode-select --install` in your command line.
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ most processors made since roughly 2013.
             export PATH=/opt/freeware/bin:$PATH

 * **Solaris Sparc**
-    * Install GCC 11 and higher.
+    * Install GCC 7 and higher.
    * Use these environment variables:

             export CC=gcc
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ This is the list of all known third-party language bindings for RocksDB. If some

 * Java - https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/tree/main/java
 * Python
-    * https://github.com/rocksdict/RocksDict
-    * http://python-rocksdb.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ (unmaintained) 
+    * http://python-rocksdb.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
    * http://pyrocksdb.readthedocs.org/en/latest/ (unmaintained)
 * Perl - https://metacpan.org/pod/RocksDB
 * Node.js - https://npmjs.org/package/rocksdb
@@ -148,8 +148,10 @@ ifeq ($(USE_COROUTINES), 1)
 	USE_FOLLY = 1
 	# glog/logging.h requires HAVE_CXX11_ATOMIC
 	OPT += -DUSE_COROUTINES -DHAVE_CXX11_ATOMIC
+	ROCKSDB_CXX_STANDARD = c++2a
 	USE_RTTI = 1
 ifneq ($(USE_CLANG), 1)
+	ROCKSDB_CXX_STANDARD = c++20
 	PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS += -fcoroutines
 endif
 endif
@@ -446,7 +448,83 @@ else
 	PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS += -isystem $(GTEST_DIR)
 endif

-include folly.mk
+# This provides a Makefile simulation of a Meta-internal folly integration.
+# It is not validated for general use.
+#
+# USE_FOLLY links the build targets with libfolly.a. The latter could be
+# built using 'make build_folly', or built externally and specified in
+# the CXXFLAGS and EXTRA_LDFLAGS env variables. The build_detect_platform
+# script tries to detect if an external folly dependency has been specified.
+# If not, it exports FOLLY_PATH to the path of the installed Folly and
+# dependency libraries.
+#
+# USE_FOLLY_LITE cherry picks source files from Folly to include in the
+# RocksDB library. Its faster and has fewer dependencies on 3rd party
+# libraries, but with limited functionality. For example, coroutine
+# functionality is not available.
+ifeq ($(USE_FOLLY),1)
+ifeq ($(USE_FOLLY_LITE),1)
+$(error Please specify only one of USE_FOLLY and USE_FOLLY_LITE)
+endif
+ifneq ($(strip $(FOLLY_PATH)),)
+	BOOST_PATH = $(shell (ls -d $(FOLLY_PATH)/../boost*))
+	DBL_CONV_PATH = $(shell (ls -d $(FOLLY_PATH)/../double-conversion*))
+	GFLAGS_PATH = $(shell (ls -d $(FOLLY_PATH)/../gflags*))
+	GLOG_PATH = $(shell (ls -d $(FOLLY_PATH)/../glog*))
+	LIBEVENT_PATH = $(shell (ls -d $(FOLLY_PATH)/../libevent*))
+	XZ_PATH = $(shell (ls -d $(FOLLY_PATH)/../xz*))
+	LIBSODIUM_PATH = $(shell (ls -d $(FOLLY_PATH)/../libsodium*))
+	FMT_PATH = $(shell (ls -d $(FOLLY_PATH)/../fmt*))
+
+	# For some reason, glog and fmt libraries are under either lib or lib64
+	GLOG_LIB_PATH = $(shell (ls -d $(GLOG_PATH)/lib*))
+	FMT_LIB_PATH = $(shell (ls -d $(FMT_PATH)/lib*))
+
+	# AIX: pre-defined system headers are surrounded by an extern "C" block
+	ifeq ($(PLATFORM), OS_AIX)
+		PLATFORM_CCFLAGS += -I$(BOOST_PATH)/include -I$(DBL_CONV_PATH)/include -I$(GLOG_PATH)/include -I$(LIBEVENT_PATH)/include -I$(XZ_PATH)/include -I$(LIBSODIUM_PATH)/include -I$(FOLLY_PATH)/include -I$(FMT_PATH)/include
+		PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS += -I$(BOOST_PATH)/include -I$(DBL_CONV_PATH)/include -I$(GLOG_PATH)/include -I$(LIBEVENT_PATH)/include -I$(XZ_PATH)/include -I$(LIBSODIUM_PATH)/include -I$(FOLLY_PATH)/include -I$(FMT_PATH)/include
+	else
+		PLATFORM_CCFLAGS += -isystem $(BOOST_PATH)/include -isystem $(DBL_CONV_PATH)/include -isystem $(GLOG_PATH)/include -isystem $(LIBEVENT_PATH)/include -isystem $(XZ_PATH)/include -isystem $(LIBSODIUM_PATH)/include -isystem $(FOLLY_PATH)/include -isystem $(FMT_PATH)/include
+		PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS += -isystem $(BOOST_PATH)/include -isystem $(DBL_CONV_PATH)/include -isystem $(GLOG_PATH)/include -isystem $(LIBEVENT_PATH)/include -isystem $(XZ_PATH)/include -isystem $(LIBSODIUM_PATH)/include -isystem $(FOLLY_PATH)/include -isystem $(FMT_PATH)/include
+	endif
+
+	# Add -ldl at the end as gcc resolves a symbol in a library by searching only in libraries specified later
+	# in the command line
+	PLATFORM_LDFLAGS += $(FOLLY_PATH)/lib/libfolly.a $(BOOST_PATH)/lib/libboost_context.a $(BOOST_PATH)/lib/libboost_filesystem.a $(BOOST_PATH)/lib/libboost_atomic.a $(BOOST_PATH)/lib/libboost_program_options.a $(BOOST_PATH)/lib/libboost_regex.a $(BOOST_PATH)/lib/libboost_system.a $(BOOST_PATH)/lib/libboost_thread.a $(DBL_CONV_PATH)/lib/libdouble-conversion.a $(FMT_LIB_PATH)/libfmt.a $(GLOG_LIB_PATH)/libglog.so $(GFLAGS_PATH)/lib/libgflags.so.2.2 $(LIBEVENT_PATH)/lib/libevent-2.1.so -ldl
+	PLATFORM_LDFLAGS += -Wl,-rpath=$(GFLAGS_PATH)/lib -Wl,-rpath=$(GLOG_LIB_PATH) -Wl,-rpath=$(LIBEVENT_PATH)/lib -Wl,-rpath=$(LIBSODIUM_PATH)/lib -Wl,-rpath=$(LIBEVENT_PATH)/lib
+endif
+	PLATFORM_CCFLAGS += -DUSE_FOLLY -DFOLLY_NO_CONFIG
+	PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS += -DUSE_FOLLY -DFOLLY_NO_CONFIG
+endif
+
+ifeq ($(USE_FOLLY_LITE),1)
+	# Path to the Folly source code and include files
+	FOLLY_DIR = ./third-party/folly
+ifneq ($(strip $(BOOST_SOURCE_PATH)),)
+	BOOST_INCLUDE = $(shell (ls -d $(BOOST_SOURCE_PATH)/boost*/))
+	# AIX: pre-defined system headers are surrounded by an extern "C" block
+	ifeq ($(PLATFORM), OS_AIX)
+		PLATFORM_CCFLAGS += -I$(BOOST_INCLUDE)
+		PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS += -I$(BOOST_INCLUDE)
+	else
+		PLATFORM_CCFLAGS += -isystem $(BOOST_INCLUDE)
+		PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS += -isystem $(BOOST_INCLUDE)
+	endif
+endif  # BOOST_SOURCE_PATH
+	# AIX: pre-defined system headers are surrounded by an extern "C" block
+	ifeq ($(PLATFORM), OS_AIX)
+		PLATFORM_CCFLAGS += -I$(FOLLY_DIR)
+		PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS += -I$(FOLLY_DIR)
+	else
+		PLATFORM_CCFLAGS += -isystem $(FOLLY_DIR)
+		PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS += -isystem $(FOLLY_DIR)
+	endif
+	PLATFORM_CCFLAGS += -DUSE_FOLLY -DFOLLY_NO_CONFIG
+	PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS += -DUSE_FOLLY -DFOLLY_NO_CONFIG
+# TODO: fix linking with fbcode compiler config
+	PLATFORM_LDFLAGS += -lglog
+endif

 ifdef TEST_CACHE_LINE_SIZE
  PLATFORM_CCFLAGS += -DTEST_CACHE_LINE_SIZE=$(TEST_CACHE_LINE_SIZE)
@@ -560,14 +638,13 @@ endif
 TEST_OBJECTS = $(patsubst %.cc, $(OBJ_DIR)/%.o, $(TEST_LIB_SOURCES) $(MOCK_LIB_SOURCES)) $(GTEST)
 BENCH_OBJECTS = $(patsubst %.cc, $(OBJ_DIR)/%.o, $(BENCH_LIB_SOURCES))
 CACHE_BENCH_OBJECTS = $(patsubst %.cc, $(OBJ_DIR)/%.o, $(CACHE_BENCH_LIB_SOURCES))
-POINT_LOCK_BENCH_OBJECTS = $(patsubst %.cc, $(OBJ_DIR)/%.o, $(POINT_LOCK_BENCH_LIB_SOURCES))
 TOOL_OBJECTS = $(patsubst %.cc, $(OBJ_DIR)/%.o, $(TOOL_LIB_SOURCES))
 ANALYZE_OBJECTS = $(patsubst %.cc, $(OBJ_DIR)/%.o, $(ANALYZER_LIB_SOURCES))
 STRESS_OBJECTS =  $(patsubst %.cc, $(OBJ_DIR)/%.o, $(STRESS_LIB_SOURCES))

 # Exclude build_version.cc -- a generated source file -- from all sources.  Not needed for dependencies
 ALL_SOURCES  = $(filter-out util/build_version.cc, $(LIB_SOURCES)) $(TEST_LIB_SOURCES) $(MOCK_LIB_SOURCES) $(GTEST_DIR)/gtest/gtest-all.cc
-ALL_SOURCES += $(TOOL_LIB_SOURCES) $(BENCH_LIB_SOURCES) $(CACHE_BENCH_LIB_SOURCES) $(POINT_LOCK_BENCH_LIB_SOURCES) $(ANALYZER_LIB_SOURCES) $(STRESS_LIB_SOURCES)
+ALL_SOURCES += $(TOOL_LIB_SOURCES) $(BENCH_LIB_SOURCES) $(CACHE_BENCH_LIB_SOURCES) $(ANALYZER_LIB_SOURCES) $(STRESS_LIB_SOURCES)
 ALL_SOURCES += $(TEST_MAIN_SOURCES) $(TOOL_MAIN_SOURCES) $(BENCH_MAIN_SOURCES)
 ALL_SOURCES += $(ROCKSDB_PLUGIN_SOURCES) $(ROCKSDB_PLUGIN_TESTS)

@@ -606,8 +683,7 @@ am__v_CCH_1 =
 # user build settings
 %.h.pub: %.h # .h.pub not actually created, so re-checked on each invocation
 	$(AM_V_CCH) cd include/ && echo '#include "$(patsubst include/%,%,$<)"' | \
-	  $(CXX) -std=$(or $(ROCKSDB_CXX_STANDARD),c++20) -I. -DROCKSDB_NAMESPACE=42 -x c++ -c - -o /dev/null
-	build_tools/check-public-header.sh $<
+	  $(CXX) -I. -DROCKSDB_NAMESPACE=42 -x c++ -c - -o /dev/null

 check-headers: $(HEADER_OK_FILES)

@@ -1269,9 +1345,6 @@ block_cache_trace_analyzer: $(OBJ_DIR)/tools/block_cache_analyzer/block_cache_tr
 cache_bench: $(OBJ_DIR)/cache/cache_bench.o $(CACHE_BENCH_OBJECTS) $(LIBRARY)
 	$(AM_LINK)

-point_lock_bench: $(OBJ_DIR)/utilities/transactions/lock/point/point_lock_bench.o $(POINT_LOCK_BENCH_OBJECTS) $(LIBRARY)
-	$(AM_LINK)
-
 persistent_cache_bench: $(OBJ_DIR)/utilities/persistent_cache/persistent_cache_bench.o $(LIBRARY)
 	$(AM_LINK)

@@ -1284,9 +1357,6 @@ filter_bench: $(OBJ_DIR)/util/filter_bench.o $(LIBRARY)
 db_stress: $(OBJ_DIR)/db_stress_tool/db_stress.o $(STRESS_LIBRARY) $(TOOLS_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
 	$(AM_LINK)

-db_stress_compression_manager: $(OBJ_DIR)/db_stress_tool/db_stress_compression_manager.o $(LIBRARY)
-	$(AM_LINK)
-
 write_stress: $(OBJ_DIR)/tools/write_stress.o $(LIBRARY)
 	$(AM_LINK)

@@ -1352,13 +1422,13 @@ agg_merge_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/utilities/agg_merge/agg_merge_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY)
 stringappend_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/utilities/merge_operators/string_append/stringappend_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
 	$(AM_LINK)

-cassandra_format_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/utilities/cassandra/cassandra_format_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
+cassandra_format_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/utilities/cassandra/cassandra_format_test.o $(OBJ_DIR)/utilities/cassandra/test_utils.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
 	$(AM_LINK)

-cassandra_functional_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/utilities/cassandra/cassandra_functional_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
+cassandra_functional_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/utilities/cassandra/cassandra_functional_test.o $(OBJ_DIR)/utilities/cassandra/test_utils.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
 	$(AM_LINK)

-cassandra_row_merge_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/utilities/cassandra/cassandra_row_merge_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
+cassandra_row_merge_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/utilities/cassandra/cassandra_row_merge_test.o $(OBJ_DIR)/utilities/cassandra/test_utils.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
 	$(AM_LINK)

 cassandra_serialize_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/utilities/cassandra/cassandra_serialize_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
@@ -1421,12 +1491,6 @@ db_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/db/db_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
 db_test2: $(OBJ_DIR)/db/db_test2.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
 	$(AM_LINK)

-db_etc3_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/db/db_etc3_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
-	$(AM_LINK)
-
-compression_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/util/compression_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
-	$(AM_LINK)
-
 db_logical_block_size_cache_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/db/db_logical_block_size_cache_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
 	$(AM_LINK)

@@ -1811,9 +1875,6 @@ heap_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/util/heap_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
 point_lock_manager_test: utilities/transactions/lock/point/point_lock_manager_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
 	$(AM_LINK)

-point_lock_manager_stress_test: utilities/transactions/lock/point/point_lock_manager_stress_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
-	$(AM_LINK)
-
 transaction_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/utilities/transactions/transaction_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
 	$(AM_LINK)

@@ -1973,9 +2034,6 @@ wide_column_serialization_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/db/wide/wide_column_serialization_tes
 wide_columns_helper_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/db/wide/wide_columns_helper_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
 	$(AM_LINK)

-interval_test: $(OBJ_DIR)/util/interval_test.o $(TEST_LIBRARY) $(LIBRARY)
-	$(AM_LINK)
-
 #-------------------------------------------------
 # make install related stuff
 PREFIX ?= /usr/local
@@ -2086,14 +2144,14 @@ ZLIB_DOWNLOAD_BASE ?= http://zlib.net
 BZIP2_VER ?= 1.0.8
 BZIP2_SHA256 ?= ab5a03176ee106d3f0fa90e381da478ddae405918153cca248e682cd0c4a2269
 BZIP2_DOWNLOAD_BASE ?= http://sourceware.org/pub/bzip2
-SNAPPY_VER ?= 1.2.2
-SNAPPY_SHA256 ?= 90f74bc1fbf78a6c56b3c4a082a05103b3a56bb17bca1a27e052ea11723292dc
+SNAPPY_VER ?= 1.2.1
+SNAPPY_SHA256 ?= 736aeb64d86566d2236ddffa2865ee5d7a82d26c9016b36218fcc27ea4f09f86
 SNAPPY_DOWNLOAD_BASE ?= https://github.com/google/snappy/archive
-LZ4_VER ?= 1.10.0
-LZ4_SHA256 ?= 537512904744b35e232912055ccf8ec66d768639ff3abe5788d90d792ec5f48b
+LZ4_VER ?= 1.9.4
+LZ4_SHA256 ?= 0b0e3aa07c8c063ddf40b082bdf7e37a1562bda40a0ff5272957f3e987e0e54b
 LZ4_DOWNLOAD_BASE ?= https://github.com/lz4/lz4/archive
-ZSTD_VER ?= 1.5.7
-ZSTD_SHA256 ?= 37d7284556b20954e56e1ca85b80226768902e2edabd3b649e9e72c0c9012ee3
+ZSTD_VER ?= 1.5.5
+ZSTD_SHA256 ?= 98e9c3d949d1b924e28e01eccb7deed865eefebf25c2f21c702e5cd5b63b85e1
 ZSTD_DOWNLOAD_BASE ?= https://github.com/facebook/zstd/archive
 CURL_SSL_OPTS ?= --tlsv1

@@ -2184,7 +2242,7 @@ libsnappy.a: snappy-$(SNAPPY_VER).tar.gz
 	-rm -rf snappy-$(SNAPPY_VER)
 	tar xvzf snappy-$(SNAPPY_VER).tar.gz
 	mkdir snappy-$(SNAPPY_VER)/build
-	cd snappy-$(SNAPPY_VER)/build && CFLAGS='$(ARCHFLAG) ${JAVA_STATIC_DEPS_CCFLAGS} ${EXTRA_CFLAGS}' CXXFLAGS='$(ARCHFLAG) ${JAVA_STATIC_DEPS_CXXFLAGS} ${EXTRA_CXXFLAGS}' LDFLAGS='${JAVA_STATIC_DEPS_LDFLAGS} ${EXTRA_LDFLAGS}' cmake -DCMAKE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE=ON -DSNAPPY_BUILD_BENCHMARKS=OFF -DSNAPPY_BUILD_TESTS=OFF ${PLATFORM_CMAKE_FLAGS} .. && $(MAKE) ${SNAPPY_MAKE_TARGET}
+	cd snappy-$(SNAPPY_VER)/build && CFLAGS='$(ARCHFLAG) ${JAVA_STATIC_DEPS_CCFLAGS} ${EXTRA_CFLAGS}' CXXFLAGS='$(ARCHFLAG) ${JAVA_STATIC_DEPS_CXXFLAGS} ${EXTRA_CXXFLAGS}' LDFLAGS='${JAVA_STATIC_DEPS_LDFLAGS} ${EXTRA_LDFLAGS}' cmake -DCMAKE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE=ON -DSNAPPY_BUILD_BENCHMARKS=OFF -DSNAPPY_BUILD_TESTS=OFF --compile-no-warning-as-error ${PLATFORM_CMAKE_FLAGS} .. && $(MAKE) ${SNAPPY_MAKE_TARGET}
 	cp snappy-$(SNAPPY_VER)/build/libsnappy.a .

 lz4-$(LZ4_VER).tar.gz:
@@ -2314,27 +2372,27 @@ rocksdbjavastaticreleasedocker: rocksdbjavastaticosx rocksdbjavastaticdockerx86

 rocksdbjavastaticdockerx86:
 	mkdir -p java/target
-	docker run --rm --name rocksdb_linux_x86-be --platform linux/386 --attach stdin --attach stdout --attach stderr --volume $(HOME)/.m2:/root/.m2:ro --volume `pwd`:/rocksdb-host:ro --volume /rocksdb-local-build --volume `pwd`/java/target:/rocksdb-java-target --env DEBUG_LEVEL=$(DEBUG_LEVEL) --env J=$(J) evolvedbinary/rocksjava:centos7_x86-be /rocksdb-host/java/crossbuild/docker-build-linux.sh
+	docker run --rm --name rocksdb_linux_x86-be --platform linux/386 --attach stdin --attach stdout --attach stderr --volume $(HOME)/.m2:/root/.m2:ro --volume `pwd`:/rocksdb-host:ro --volume /rocksdb-local-build --volume `pwd`/java/target:/rocksdb-java-target --env DEBUG_LEVEL=$(DEBUG_LEVEL) --env J=$(J) evolvedbinary/rocksjava:centos6_x86-be /rocksdb-host/java/crossbuild/docker-build-linux.sh

 rocksdbjavastaticdockerx86_64:
 	mkdir -p java/target
-	docker run --rm --name rocksdb_linux_x64-be --platform linux/amd64 --attach stdin --attach stdout --attach stderr --volume $(HOME)/.m2:/root/.m2:ro --volume `pwd`:/rocksdb-host:ro --volume /rocksdb-local-build --volume `pwd`/java/target:/rocksdb-java-target --env DEBUG_LEVEL=$(DEBUG_LEVEL) --env J=$(J) evolvedbinary/rocksjava:centos7_x64-be /rocksdb-host/java/crossbuild/docker-build-linux.sh
+	docker run --rm --name rocksdb_linux_x64-be --attach stdin --attach stdout --attach stderr --volume $(HOME)/.m2:/root/.m2:ro --volume `pwd`:/rocksdb-host:ro --volume /rocksdb-local-build --volume `pwd`/java/target:/rocksdb-java-target --env DEBUG_LEVEL=$(DEBUG_LEVEL) --env J=$(J) evolvedbinary/rocksjava:centos6_x64-be /rocksdb-host/java/crossbuild/docker-build-linux.sh

 rocksdbjavastaticdockerppc64le:
 	mkdir -p java/target
-	docker run --rm --name rocksdb_linux_ppc64le-be --platform linux/ppc64le --attach stdin --attach stdout --attach stderr --volume $(HOME)/.m2:/root/.m2:ro --volume `pwd`:/rocksdb-host:ro --volume /rocksdb-local-build --volume `pwd`/java/target:/rocksdb-java-target --env DEBUG_LEVEL=$(DEBUG_LEVEL) --env J=$(J) evolvedbinary/rocksjava:centos7_ppc64le-be /rocksdb-host/java/crossbuild/docker-build-linux.sh
+	docker run --rm --name rocksdb_linux_ppc64le-be --attach stdin --attach stdout --attach stderr --volume $(HOME)/.m2:/root/.m2:ro --volume `pwd`:/rocksdb-host:ro --volume /rocksdb-local-build --volume `pwd`/java/target:/rocksdb-java-target --env DEBUG_LEVEL=$(DEBUG_LEVEL) --env J=$(J) evolvedbinary/rocksjava:centos7_ppc64le-be /rocksdb-host/java/crossbuild/docker-build-linux.sh

 rocksdbjavastaticdockerarm64v8:
 	mkdir -p java/target
-	docker run --rm --name rocksdb_linux_arm64v8-be --platform linux/aarch64 --attach stdin --attach stdout --attach stderr --volume $(HOME)/.m2:/root/.m2:ro --volume `pwd`:/rocksdb-host:ro --volume /rocksdb-local-build --volume `pwd`/java/target:/rocksdb-java-target --env DEBUG_LEVEL=$(DEBUG_LEVEL) --env J=$(J) evolvedbinary/rocksjava:centos7_arm64v8-be /rocksdb-host/java/crossbuild/docker-build-linux.sh
+	docker run --rm --name rocksdb_linux_arm64v8-be --attach stdin --attach stdout --attach stderr --volume $(HOME)/.m2:/root/.m2:ro --volume `pwd`:/rocksdb-host:ro --volume /rocksdb-local-build --volume `pwd`/java/target:/rocksdb-java-target --env DEBUG_LEVEL=$(DEBUG_LEVEL) --env J=$(J) evolvedbinary/rocksjava:centos7_arm64v8-be /rocksdb-host/java/crossbuild/docker-build-linux.sh

 rocksdbjavastaticdockers390x:
 	mkdir -p java/target
-	docker run --rm --name rocksdb_linux_s390x-be --platform linux/s390x --attach stdin --attach stdout --attach stderr --volume $(HOME)/.m2:/root/.m2:ro --volume `pwd`:/rocksdb-host:ro --volume /rocksdb-local-build --volume `pwd`/java/target:/rocksdb-java-target --env DEBUG_LEVEL=$(DEBUG_LEVEL) --env J=$(J) evolvedbinary/rocksjava:ubuntu18_s390x-be /rocksdb-host/java/crossbuild/docker-build-linux.sh
+	docker run --rm --name rocksdb_linux_s390x-be --attach stdin --attach stdout --attach stderr --volume $(HOME)/.m2:/root/.m2:ro --volume `pwd`:/rocksdb-host:ro --volume /rocksdb-local-build --volume `pwd`/java/target:/rocksdb-java-target --env DEBUG_LEVEL=$(DEBUG_LEVEL) --env J=$(J) evolvedbinary/rocksjava:ubuntu18_s390x-be /rocksdb-host/java/crossbuild/docker-build-linux.sh

 rocksdbjavastaticdockerriscv64:
 	mkdir -p java/target
-	docker run --rm --name rocksdb_linux_riscv64-be --platform linux/riscv64 --attach stdin --attach stdout --attach stderr --volume $(HOME)/.m2:/root/.m2:ro --volume `pwd`:/rocksdb-host:ro --volume /rocksdb-local-build --volume `pwd`/java/target:/rocksdb-java-target --env DEBUG_LEVEL=$(DEBUG_LEVEL) --env J=$(J) evolvedbinary/rocksjava:ubuntu20_riscv64-be /rocksdb-host/java/crossbuild/docker-build-linux.sh
+	docker run --rm --name rocksdb_linux_riscv64-be --attach stdin --attach stdout --attach stderr --volume $(HOME)/.m2:/root/.m2:ro --volume `pwd`:/rocksdb-host:ro --volume /rocksdb-local-build --volume `pwd`/java/target:/rocksdb-java-target --env DEBUG_LEVEL=$(DEBUG_LEVEL) --env J=$(J) evolvedbinary/rocksjava:ubuntu20_riscv64-be /rocksdb-host/java/crossbuild/docker-build-linux.sh

 rocksdbjavastaticdockerx86musl:
 	mkdir -p java/target
@@ -2342,19 +2400,19 @@ rocksdbjavastaticdockerx86musl:

 rocksdbjavastaticdockerx86_64musl:
 	mkdir -p java/target
-	docker run --rm --name rocksdb_linux_x64-musl-be --platform linux/amd64 --attach stdin --attach stdout --attach stderr --volume $(HOME)/.m2:/root/.m2:ro --volume `pwd`:/rocksdb-host:ro --volume /rocksdb-local-build --volume `pwd`/java/target:/rocksdb-java-target --env DEBUG_LEVEL=$(DEBUG_LEVEL) --env J=$(J) evolvedbinary/rocksjava:alpine3_x64-be /rocksdb-host/java/crossbuild/docker-build-linux.sh
+	docker run --rm --name rocksdb_linux_x64-musl-be --attach stdin --attach stdout --attach stderr --volume $(HOME)/.m2:/root/.m2:ro --volume `pwd`:/rocksdb-host:ro --volume /rocksdb-local-build --volume `pwd`/java/target:/rocksdb-java-target --env DEBUG_LEVEL=$(DEBUG_LEVEL) --env J=$(J) evolvedbinary/rocksjava:alpine3_x64-be /rocksdb-host/java/crossbuild/docker-build-linux.sh

 rocksdbjavastaticdockerppc64lemusl:
 	mkdir -p java/target
-	docker run --rm --name rocksdb_linux_ppc64le-musl-be --platform linux/ppc64le --attach stdin --attach stdout --attach stderr --volume $(HOME)/.m2:/root/.m2:ro --volume `pwd`:/rocksdb-host:ro --volume /rocksdb-local-build --volume `pwd`/java/target:/rocksdb-java-target --env DEBUG_LEVEL=$(DEBUG_LEVEL) --env J=$(J) evolvedbinary/rocksjava:alpine3_ppc64le-be /rocksdb-host/java/crossbuild/docker-build-linux.sh
+	docker run --rm --name rocksdb_linux_ppc64le-musl-be --attach stdin --attach stdout --attach stderr --volume $(HOME)/.m2:/root/.m2:ro --volume `pwd`:/rocksdb-host:ro --volume /rocksdb-local-build --volume `pwd`/java/target:/rocksdb-java-target --env DEBUG_LEVEL=$(DEBUG_LEVEL) --env J=$(J) evolvedbinary/rocksjava:alpine3_ppc64le-be /rocksdb-host/java/crossbuild/docker-build-linux.sh

 rocksdbjavastaticdockerarm64v8musl:
 	mkdir -p java/target
-	docker run --rm --name rocksdb_linux_arm64v8-musl-be --platform linux/aarch64 --attach stdin --attach stdout --attach stderr --volume $(HOME)/.m2:/root/.m2:ro --volume `pwd`:/rocksdb-host:ro --volume /rocksdb-local-build --volume `pwd`/java/target:/rocksdb-java-target --env DEBUG_LEVEL=$(DEBUG_LEVEL) --env J=$(J) evolvedbinary/rocksjava:alpine3_arm64v8-be /rocksdb-host/java/crossbuild/docker-build-linux.sh
+	docker run --rm --name rocksdb_linux_arm64v8-musl-be --attach stdin --attach stdout --attach stderr --volume $(HOME)/.m2:/root/.m2:ro --volume `pwd`:/rocksdb-host:ro --volume /rocksdb-local-build --volume `pwd`/java/target:/rocksdb-java-target --env DEBUG_LEVEL=$(DEBUG_LEVEL) --env J=$(J) evolvedbinary/rocksjava:alpine3_arm64v8-be /rocksdb-host/java/crossbuild/docker-build-linux.sh

 rocksdbjavastaticdockers390xmusl:
 	mkdir -p java/target
-	docker run --rm --name rocksdb_linux_s390x-musl-be --platform linux/s390x --attach stdin --attach stdout --attach stderr --volume $(HOME)/.m2:/root/.m2:ro --volume `pwd`:/rocksdb-host:ro --volume /rocksdb-local-build --volume `pwd`/java/target:/rocksdb-java-target --env DEBUG_LEVEL=$(DEBUG_LEVEL) --env J=$(J) evolvedbinary/rocksjava:alpine3_s390x-be /rocksdb-host/java/crossbuild/docker-build-linux.sh
+	docker run --rm --name rocksdb_linux_s390x-musl-be --attach stdin --attach stdout --attach stderr --volume $(HOME)/.m2:/root/.m2:ro --volume `pwd`:/rocksdb-host:ro --volume /rocksdb-local-build --volume `pwd`/java/target:/rocksdb-java-target --env DEBUG_LEVEL=$(DEBUG_LEVEL) --env J=$(J) evolvedbinary/rocksjava:alpine3_s390x-be /rocksdb-host/java/crossbuild/docker-build-linux.sh

 rocksdbjavastaticpublish: rocksdbjavastaticrelease rocksdbjavastaticpublishcentral

@@ -2409,8 +2467,8 @@ jtest_run:
 jtest: rocksdbjava
 	cd java;$(MAKE) sample test

-jpmd: rocksdbjavageneratepom
-	cd java;$(MAKE) java java_test pmd
+jpmd: rocksdbjava rocksdbjavageneratepom
+	cd java;$(MAKE) pmd

 jdb_bench:
 	cd java;$(MAKE) db_bench;
@@ -2420,6 +2478,38 @@ commit_prereq:
 	false # J=$(J) build_tools/precommit_checker.py unit clang_unit release clang_release tsan asan ubsan lite unit_non_shm
 	# $(MAKE) clean && $(MAKE) jclean && $(MAKE) rocksdbjava;

+# For public CI runs, checkout folly in a way that can build with RocksDB.
+# This is mostly intended as a test-only simulation of Meta-internal folly
+# integration.
+checkout_folly:
+	if [ -e third-party/folly ]; then \
+		cd third-party/folly && ${GIT_COMMAND} fetch origin; \
+	else \
+		cd third-party && ${GIT_COMMAND} clone https://github.com/facebook/folly.git; \
+	fi
+	@# Pin to a particular version for public CI, so that PR authors don't
+	@# need to worry about folly breaking our integration. Update periodically
+	cd third-party/folly && git reset --hard 33f5b67fcaeb8705b04fd1b850873a180dc89aaa
+	@# NOTE: this hack is required for clang in some cases
+	perl -pi -e 's/int rv = syscall/int rv = (int)syscall/' third-party/folly/folly/detail/Futex.cpp
+	@# NOTE: this hack is required for gcc in some cases
+	perl -pi -e 's/(__has_include.<experimental.memory_resource>.)/__cpp_rtti && $$1/' third-party/folly/folly/memory/MemoryResource.h
+	@# NOTE: boost source will be needed for any build including `USE_FOLLY_LITE` builds as those depend on boost headers
+	cd third-party/folly && $(PYTHON) build/fbcode_builder/getdeps.py fetch boost
+
+CXX_M_FLAGS = $(filter -m%, $(CXXFLAGS))
+
+build_folly:
+	FOLLY_INST_PATH=`cd third-party/folly; $(PYTHON) build/fbcode_builder/getdeps.py show-inst-dir`; \
+	if [ "$$FOLLY_INST_PATH" ]; then \
+		rm -rf $${FOLLY_INST_PATH}/../../*; \
+	else \
+		echo "Please run checkout_folly first"; \
+		false; \
+	fi
+	cd third-party/folly && \
+		CXXFLAGS=" $(CXX_M_FLAGS) -DHAVE_CXX11_ATOMIC " $(PYTHON) build/fbcode_builder/getdeps.py build --no-tests
+
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #   Build size testing
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -135,9 +135,6 @@ def generate_buck(repo_path, deps_map):

    BUCK = TARGETSBuilder("%s/BUCK" % repo_path, extra_argv)

-    # Add oncall("rocksdb_point_of_contact") at the top
-    BUCK.add_oncall("rocksdb_point_of_contact")
-
    # rocksdb_lib
    BUCK.add_library(
        "rocksdb_lib",
@@ -209,12 +206,6 @@ def generate_buck(repo_path, deps_map):
        src_mk.get("CACHE_BENCH_LIB_SOURCES", []),
        [":rocksdb_lib"],
    )
-    # rocksdb_point_lock_bench_tools_lib
-    BUCK.add_library(
-        "rocksdb_point_lock_bench_tools_lib",
-        src_mk.get("POINT_LOCK_BENCH_LIB_SOURCES", []),
-        [":rocksdb_lib"],
-    )
    # rocksdb_stress_lib
    BUCK.add_rocksdb_library(
        "rocksdb_stress_lib",
@@ -238,12 +229,6 @@ def generate_buck(repo_path, deps_map):
    BUCK.add_binary(
        "cache_bench", ["cache/cache_bench.cc"], [":rocksdb_cache_bench_tools_lib"]
    )
-    # point_lock_bench binary
-    BUCK.add_binary(
-        "point_lock_bench",
-        ["utilities/transactions/lock/point/point_lock_bench.cc"],
-        [":rocksdb_point_lock_bench_tools_lib"]
-    )
    # bench binaries
    for src in src_mk.get("MICROBENCH_SOURCES", []):
        name = src.rsplit("/", 1)[1].split(".")[0] if "/" in src else src.split(".")[0]
@@ -45,11 +45,6 @@ class TARGETSBuilder:
        self.total_bin = 0
        self.total_test = 0
        self.tests_cfg = ""
-    
-    def add_oncall(self, oncall):
-       with open(self.path, "ab") as targets_file:
-            targets_file.write(targets_cfg.oncall_template.format(name=oncall).encode("utf-8"))
-                

    def add_library(
        self,
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-#  Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
-#  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the COPYING file in the root directory)
-#  and the Apache 2.0 License (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
+# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

 rocksdb_target_header_template = """# This file \100generated by:
 #$ python3 buckifier/buckify_rocksdb.py{extra_argv}
 # --> DO NOT EDIT MANUALLY <--
-# This file is a Meta-specific integration for buck builds, so can
-# only be validated by Meta employees.
+# This file is a Facebook-specific integration for buck builds, so can
+# only be validated by Facebook employees.
 load("//rocks/buckifier:defs.bzl", "cpp_library_wrapper","rocks_cpp_library_wrapper","cpp_binary_wrapper","cpp_unittest_wrapper","fancy_bench_wrapper","add_c_test_wrapper")
 load("@fbcode_macros//build_defs:export_files.bzl", "export_file")

@@ -43,8 +41,3 @@ fancy_bench_wrapper(suite_name="{name}", binary_to_bench_to_metric_list_map={ben
 export_file_template = """
 export_file(name = "{name}")
 """
-
-
-oncall_template = """
-oncall("{name}")
-"""
@@ -45,21 +45,18 @@ if test -z "$OUTPUT"; then
  exit 1
 fi

-# we depend on C++20, but should be compatible with newer standards
+# we depend on C++17, but should be compatible with newer standards
 if [ "$ROCKSDB_CXX_STANDARD" ]; then
  PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS="-std=$ROCKSDB_CXX_STANDARD"
 else
-  PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS="-std=c++20"
+  PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS="-std=c++17"
 fi

 # we currently depend on POSIX platform
 COMMON_FLAGS="-DROCKSDB_PLATFORM_POSIX -DROCKSDB_LIB_IO_POSIX"

-# Default to fbcode gcc on Meta internal machines
-IS_META_HOST="$(hostname | grep -E '(facebook|meta).com|fbinfra.net')"
-if [ -z "$ROCKSDB_NO_FBCODE" -a "$IS_META_HOST" ]; then
-  if [ -d /mnt/gvfs/third-party ]; then
-    echo "NOTE: Using fbcode build" >&2
+# Default to fbcode gcc on internal fb machines
+if [ -z "$ROCKSDB_NO_FBCODE" -a -d /mnt/gvfs/third-party ]; then
    FBCODE_BUILD="true"
    # If we're compiling with TSAN or shared lib, we need pic build
    PIC_BUILD=$COMPILE_WITH_TSAN
@@ -67,11 +64,6 @@ if [ -z "$ROCKSDB_NO_FBCODE" -a "$IS_META_HOST" ]; then
      PIC_BUILD=1
    fi
    source "$PWD/build_tools/fbcode_config_platform010.sh"
-  else
-    echo "************************************************************************" >&2
-    echo "WARNING: -d /mnt/gvfs/third-party failed; no fbcode build" >&2
-    echo "************************************************************************" >&2
-  fi
 fi

 # Delete existing output, if it exists
@@ -79,9 +71,7 @@ rm -f "$OUTPUT"
 touch "$OUTPUT"

 if test -z "$CC"; then
-    if [ "$USE_CLANG" -a -x "$(command -v clang)" ]; then
-        CC=clang
-    elif [ -x "$(command -v cc)" ]; then
+    if [ -x "$(command -v cc)" ]; then
        CC=cc
    elif [ -x "$(command -v clang)" ]; then
        CC=clang
@@ -91,9 +81,7 @@ if test -z "$CC"; then
 fi

 if test -z "$CXX"; then
-    if [ "$USE_CLANG" -a -x "$(command -v clang++)" ]; then
-        CXX=clang++
-    elif [ -x "$(command -v g++)" ]; then
+    if [ -x "$(command -v g++)" ]; then
        CXX=g++
    elif [ -x "$(command -v clang++)" ]; then
        CXX=clang++
@@ -103,9 +91,7 @@ if test -z "$CXX"; then
 fi

 if test -z "$AR"; then
-    if [ "$USE_CLANG" -a -x "$(command -v llvm-ar)" ]; then
-        AR=llvm-ar
-    elif [ -x "$(command -v gcc-ar)" ]; then
+    if [ -x "$(command -v gcc-ar)" ]; then
        AR=gcc-ar
    elif [ -x "$(command -v llvm-ar)" ]; then
        AR=llvm-ar
@@ -311,8 +297,7 @@ EOF
 EOF
        then
          COMMON_FLAGS="$COMMON_FLAGS -DGFLAGS=1"
-          # Hack: don't link extra gflags assuming it comes with folly
-          [ "$USE_FOLLY" ] || PLATFORM_LDFLAGS="$PLATFORM_LDFLAGS -lgflags"
+          PLATFORM_LDFLAGS="$PLATFORM_LDFLAGS -lgflags"
        # check if namespace is gflags
        elif $CXX $PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS -x c++ - -o test.o 2>/dev/null << EOF
            #include <gflags/gflags.h>
@@ -321,8 +306,7 @@ EOF
 EOF
        then
          COMMON_FLAGS="$COMMON_FLAGS -DGFLAGS=1 -DGFLAGS_NAMESPACE=gflags"
-          # Hack: don't link extra gflags assuming it comes with folly
-          [ "$USE_FOLLY" ] || PLATFORM_LDFLAGS="$PLATFORM_LDFLAGS -lgflags"
+          PLATFORM_LDFLAGS="$PLATFORM_LDFLAGS -lgflags"
        # check if namespace is google
        elif $CXX $PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS -x c++ - -o test.o 2>/dev/null << EOF
            #include <gflags/gflags.h>
@@ -376,13 +360,9 @@ EOF
    fi

    if ! test $ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ZSTD; then
-        # Test whether zstd library is installed with minimum version
-        # (Keep in sync with compression.h)
+        # Test whether zstd library is installed
        $CXX $PLATFORM_CXXFLAGS $COMMON_FLAGS -x c++ - -o /dev/null 2>/dev/null  <<EOF
          #include <zstd.h>
-          #if ZSTD_VERSION_NUMBER < 10400
-          #error "ZSTD support requires version >= 1.4.0 (libzstd-devel)"
-          #endif  // ZSTD_VERSION_NUMBER
          int main() {}
 EOF
        if [ "$?" = 0 ]; then
@@ -774,7 +754,6 @@ fi
 if [ "$USE_FOLLY_LITE" ]; then
  if [ "$FOLLY_DIR" ]; then
    BOOST_SOURCE_PATH=`cd $FOLLY_DIR && $PYTHON build/fbcode_builder/getdeps.py show-source-dir boost`
-    FMT_SOURCE_PATH=`cd $FOLLY_DIR && $PYTHON build/fbcode_builder/getdeps.py show-source-dir fmt`
  fi
 fi

@@ -819,7 +798,6 @@ echo "FIND=$FIND" >> "$OUTPUT"
 echo "WATCH=$WATCH" >> "$OUTPUT"
 echo "FOLLY_PATH=$FOLLY_PATH" >> "$OUTPUT"
 echo "BOOST_SOURCE_PATH=$BOOST_SOURCE_PATH" >> "$OUTPUT"
-echo "FMT_SOURCE_PATH=$FMT_SOURCE_PATH" >> "$OUTPUT"

 # This will enable some related identifiers for the preprocessor
 if test -n "$JEMALLOC"; then
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
-#
-# Check for some simple mistakes in public headers (on the command line)
-# that should prevent commit or push
-
-BAD=""
-
-# Look for potential for ODR violations caused by public headers depending on
-# build parameters that could vary between RocksDB build and application build.
-# * Cases like LUA, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE, and ROCKSDB_ASSERT_STATUS_CHECKED are
-#   intentional, hard to avoid. (We expect definitions to change and the user
-#   should also.)
-# * Cases like _WIN32, OS_WIN, and __cplusplus are essentially ODR-safe.
-# * Cases like
-#   #ifdef BLAH  // ODR-SAFE
-#   #undef BLAH
-#   #endif
-#   that should not cause ODR violations can be exempted with the ODR-SAFE
-#   marker recognized here.
-
-grep -nHE '^#if' -- "$@" | grep -vE 'ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE|ROCKSDB_ASSERT_STATUS_CHECKED|LUA|_WIN32|OS_WIN|ODR-SAFE|__cplusplus|ROCKSDB_DLL|ROCKSDB_LIBRARY_EXPORTS'
-if [ "$?" != "1" ]; then
-  echo "^^^^^ #if in public API could cause an ODR violation."
-  echo "      Add // ODR-SAFE if verified safe."
-  BAD=1
-fi
-
-if [ "$BAD" ]; then
-  exit 1
-fi
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fi
 if ! test $ROCKSDB_DISABLE_ZSTD; then
  ZSTD_INCLUDE=" -I $ZSTD_BASE/include/"
  ZSTD_LIBS=" $ZSTD_BASE/lib/libzstd${MAYBE_PIC}.a"
-  CFLAGS+=" -DZSTD -DZSTD_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY"
+  CFLAGS+=" -DZSTD"
 fi

 # location of gflags headers and libraries
@@ -118,9 +118,6 @@ fi
 # fi
 set -e

-# Exclude third-party from formatting
-EXCLUDE=':!third-party/'
-
 uncommitted_code=`git diff HEAD`

 # If there's no uncommitted changes, we assume user are doing post-commit
@@ -140,78 +137,14 @@ then
  # should be relevant for formatting fixes.
  FORMAT_UPSTREAM_MERGE_BASE="$(git merge-base "$FORMAT_UPSTREAM" HEAD)"
  # Get the differences
-  diffs=$(git diff -U0 "$FORMAT_UPSTREAM_MERGE_BASE" -- $EXCLUDE | $CLANG_FORMAT_DIFF -p 1) || true
+  diffs=$(git diff -U0 "$FORMAT_UPSTREAM_MERGE_BASE" | $CLANG_FORMAT_DIFF -p 1) || true
  echo "Checking format of changes not yet in $FORMAT_UPSTREAM..."
 else
  # Check the format of uncommitted lines,
-  diffs=$(git diff -U0 HEAD -- $EXCLUDE | $CLANG_FORMAT_DIFF -p 1) || true
+  diffs=$(git diff -U0 HEAD | $CLANG_FORMAT_DIFF -p 1) || true
  echo "Checking format of uncommitted changes..."
 fi

-# Check for missing copyright in new files
-echo "Checking for copyright headers in new files..."
-
-# Get list of new files (added, not just modified)
-if [ -z "$uncommitted_code" ]; then
-  # Post-commit: check files added since merge base
-  new_files=$(git diff --name-only --diff-filter=A "$FORMAT_UPSTREAM_MERGE_BASE" -- '*.h' '*.cc' '*.py' $EXCLUDE)
-else
-  # Pre-commit: check staged new files
-  new_files=$(git diff --name-only --diff-filter=A --cached HEAD -- '*.h' '*.cc' '*.py' $EXCLUDE)
-fi
-
-if [ -n "$new_files" ]; then
-  files_missing_copyright=""
-
-  for file in $new_files; do
-    if [ -f "$file" ]; then
-      # Check if file is missing copyright
-      # For .py files, check for Python-style comment
-      # For .h and .cc files, check for C++-style comment
-      if [[ "$file" == *.py ]]; then
-        if ! grep -q "Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates" "$file"; then
-          files_missing_copyright="$files_missing_copyright $file"
-          # Add copyright header to Python file
-          temp_file=$(mktemp)
-          {
-            echo "#  Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates."
-            echo "#  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the COPYING file in the root directory)"
-            echo "#  and the Apache 2.0 License (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory)."
-            echo
-            cat "$file"
-          } > "$temp_file"
-          mv "$temp_file" "$file"
-          echo "Added copyright header to $file"
-        fi
-      elif [[ "$file" == *.h ]] || [[ "$file" == *.cc ]]; then
-        if ! grep -q "Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates" "$file"; then
-          files_missing_copyright="$files_missing_copyright $file"
-          # Add copyright header to C++ file
-          temp_file=$(mktemp)
-          {
-            echo "//  Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. "
-            echo "//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the "
-            echo "//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License "
-            echo "//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory)."
-            echo
-            cat "$file"
-          } > "$temp_file"
-          mv "$temp_file" "$file"
-          echo "Added copyright header to $file"
-        fi
-      fi
-    fi
-  done
-
-  if [ -n "$files_missing_copyright" ]; then
-    echo "Copyright headers were added to new files."
-  else
-    echo "All new files have copyright headers."
-  fi
-else
-  echo "No new files to check for copyright headers."
-fi
-
 if [ -z "$diffs" ]
 then
  echo "Nothing needs to be reformatted!"
@@ -254,9 +187,9 @@ fi
 # Do in-place format adjustment.
 if [ -z "$uncommitted_code" ]
 then
-  git diff -U0 "$FORMAT_UPSTREAM_MERGE_BASE" -- $EXCLUDE | $CLANG_FORMAT_DIFF -i -p 1
+  git diff -U0 "$FORMAT_UPSTREAM_MERGE_BASE" | $CLANG_FORMAT_DIFF -i -p 1
 else
-  git diff -U0 HEAD -- $EXCLUDE | $CLANG_FORMAT_DIFF -i -p 1
+  git diff -U0 HEAD | $CLANG_FORMAT_DIFF -i -p 1
 fi
 echo "Files reformatted!"

@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-# INSTRUCTIONS:
-# I was not able to build docker images on an isolated devserver because of
-# issues with proxy internet access. Use a public cloud or other Linux system.
-# (I used a Debian system after installing docker features, adding my user to
-# the docker and docker-registry groups, and logging out and back in to pick
-# those up.)
-#
-# Follow https://docs.github.com/en/packages/working-with-a-github-packages-registry/working-with-the-container-registry#authenticating-with-a-personal-access-token-classic
-# to login with your GitHub credentials, as in
-#
-# $ docker login ghcr.io -u pdillinger
-#
-# and paste the limited-purpose GitHub token into the terminal.
-#
-# Then in the build_tools/ubuntu22_image directory, (bump minor version for
-# random docker file updates, major version tracks Ubuntu release)
-#
-# $ docker build -t ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.0
-# $ docker push ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:22.0
-#
-# Might need to change visibility to public through
-# https://github.com/orgs/facebook/packages/container/rocksdb_ubuntu/settings
-# or similar.
-
-# from official ubuntu 22.04
-FROM ubuntu:22.04
-# update system
-RUN apt-get update
-RUN apt-get upgrade -y
-# install basic tools
-RUN apt-get install -y vim wget curl
-# install tzdata noninteractive
-RUN DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive TZ=Etc/UTC apt-get -y install tzdata
-# install git and default compilers
-RUN apt-get install -y git gcc g++ clang clang-tools
-# install basic package
-RUN apt-get install -y lsb-release software-properties-common gnupg
-# install gflags, tbb
-RUN apt-get install -y libgflags-dev libtbb-dev
-# install compression libs
-RUN apt-get install -y libsnappy-dev zlib1g-dev libbz2-dev liblz4-dev libzstd-dev
-# install cmake
-RUN apt-get install -y cmake
-RUN apt-get install -y libssl-dev
-# install clang-13
-WORKDIR /root
-RUN wget https://apt.llvm.org/llvm.sh
-RUN chmod +x llvm.sh
-RUN ./llvm.sh 13 all
-# There are incompatibilities between clang with -std=c++20 and libstdc++
-# provided by gcc, so we have to compile with clang-13 using -stdlib=libc++
-# and only one version of libc++ can be installed on the system at one time.
-# So to avoid confusion we remove unusable clang-14 also.
-RUN apt-get install libc++-13-dev libc++abi-13-dev
-RUN apt-get purge -y clang-14 && apt-get autoremove -y
-
-# install gcc-10 and more, default is 11
-RUN apt-get install -y gcc-10 g++-10
-RUN add-apt-repository -y ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test
-RUN apt-get install -y gcc-13 g++-13
-# install apt-get install -y valgrind
-RUN apt-get install -y valgrind
-# install folly depencencies
-# Missing compatible libunwind: RUN apt-get install -y libgoogle-glog-dev
-# So instead install from source. This currently requires compiling with
-# -DGLOG_USE_GLOG_EXPORT
-RUN wget https://github.com/google/glog/archive/refs/tags/v0.7.1.tar.gz && tar xzf v0.7.1.tar.gz && cd glog-0.7.1/ && cmake -S . -B build -G "Unix Makefiles" && cmake --build build && cmake --build build --target install && cd .. && rm -rf v0.7.1.tar.gz glog-0.7.1
-# install openjdk 8
-RUN apt-get install -y openjdk-8-jdk
-ENV JAVA_HOME /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.8.0-openjdk-amd64
-# install mingw
-RUN apt-get install -y mingw-w64
-
-# install gtest-parallel package
-RUN git clone --single-branch --branch master --depth 1 https://github.com/google/gtest-parallel.git ~/gtest-parallel
-ENV PATH $PATH:/root/gtest-parallel
-
-# install libprotobuf for fuzzers test
-RUN apt-get install -y ninja-build binutils liblzma-dev libz-dev pkg-config autoconf libtool
-RUN git clone --branch v1.0 https://github.com/google/libprotobuf-mutator.git ~/libprotobuf-mutator && cd ~/libprotobuf-mutator && git checkout ffd86a32874e5c08a143019aad1aaf0907294c9f && mkdir build && cd build && cmake .. -GNinja -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=clang-13 -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++-13 -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DLIB_PROTO_MUTATOR_DOWNLOAD_PROTOBUF=ON && ninja && ninja install
-ENV PKG_CONFIG_PATH /usr/local/OFF/:/root/libprotobuf-mutator/build/external.protobuf/lib/pkgconfig/
-ENV PROTOC_BIN /root/libprotobuf-mutator/build/external.protobuf/bin/protoc
-
-# install the latest google benchmark
-RUN git clone --depth 1 --branch v1.7.0 https://github.com/google/benchmark.git ~/benchmark && cd ~/benchmark && mkdir build && cd build && cmake .. -GNinja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DBENCHMARK_ENABLE_GTEST_TESTS=0 && ninja && ninja install && cd ~ && rm -rf /root/benchmark
-
-# clean up
-RUN rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-# INSTRUCTIONS:
-# I was not able to build docker images on an isolated devserver because of
-# issues with proxy internet access. Use a public cloud or other Linux system.
-# (I used a Debian system after installing docker features, adding my user to
-# the docker and docker-registry groups, and logging out and back in to pick
-# those up.)
-#
-# Follow https://docs.github.com/en/packages/working-with-a-github-packages-registry/working-with-the-container-registry#authenticating-with-a-personal-access-token-classic
-# to login with your GitHub credentials, as in
-#
-# $ docker login ghcr.io -u pdillinger
-#
-# and paste the limited-purpose GitHub token into the terminal.
-#
-# Then in the build_tools/ubuntu24_image directory, (bump minor version for
-# random docker file updates, major version tracks Ubuntu release)
-#
-# $ docker build -t ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:24.0
-# $ docker push ghcr.io/facebook/rocksdb_ubuntu:24.0
-#
-# Might need to change visibility to public through
-# https://github.com/orgs/facebook/packages/container/rocksdb_ubuntu/settings
-# or similar.
-
-# from official ubuntu 24.04
-FROM ubuntu:24.04
-# update system
-RUN apt-get update
-RUN apt-get upgrade -y
-# install basic tools
-RUN apt-get install -y vim wget curl
-# install tzdata noninteractive
-RUN DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive TZ=Etc/UTC apt-get -y install tzdata
-# install git and default compilers
-RUN apt-get install -y git gcc g++ clang clang-tools
-# install basic package
-RUN apt-get install -y lsb-release software-properties-common gnupg
-# install gflags, tbb
-RUN apt-get install -y libgflags-dev libtbb-dev
-# install compression libs
-RUN apt-get install -y libsnappy-dev zlib1g-dev libbz2-dev liblz4-dev libzstd-dev
-# install cmake
-RUN apt-get install -y cmake
-RUN apt-get install -y libssl-dev
-
-# install gcc-12 and more, default is 13
-RUN apt-get install -y gcc-12 g++-12 gcc-14 g++-14
-# install apt-get install -y valgrind
-RUN apt-get install -y valgrind
-# install folly depencencies
-RUN apt-get install -y libgoogle-glog-dev
-# install openjdk 8
-RUN apt-get install -y openjdk-8-jdk
-ENV JAVA_HOME /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.8.0-openjdk-amd64
-# install mingw
-RUN apt-get install -y mingw-w64
-
-# install gtest-parallel package
-RUN git clone --single-branch --branch master --depth 1 https://github.com/google/gtest-parallel.git ~/gtest-parallel
-ENV PATH $PATH:/root/gtest-parallel
-
-# install libprotobuf for fuzzers test
-RUN apt-get install -y ninja-build binutils liblzma-dev libz-dev pkg-config autoconf libtool
-RUN git clone --branch v1.0 https://github.com/google/libprotobuf-mutator.git ~/libprotobuf-mutator && cd ~/libprotobuf-mutator && git checkout ffd86a32874e5c08a143019aad1aaf0907294c9f && mkdir build && cd build && cmake .. -GNinja -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=clang -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++ -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DLIB_PROTO_MUTATOR_DOWNLOAD_PROTOBUF=ON && ninja && ninja install
-ENV PKG_CONFIG_PATH /usr/local/OFF/:/root/libprotobuf-mutator/build/external.protobuf/lib/pkgconfig/
-ENV PROTOC_BIN /root/libprotobuf-mutator/build/external.protobuf/bin/protoc
-
-# install the latest google benchmark
-RUN git clone --depth 1 --branch v1.7.0 https://github.com/google/benchmark.git ~/benchmark && cd ~/benchmark && mkdir build && cd build && cmake .. -GNinja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DBENCHMARK_ENABLE_GTEST_TESTS=0 && ninja && ninja install && cd ~ && rm -rf /root/benchmark
-
-# clean up
-RUN rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
@@ -118,6 +118,7 @@ Status SecondaryCache::CreateFromString(
      sec_cache = NewCompressedSecondaryCache(sec_cache_opts);
    }

+
    if (status.ok()) {
      result->swap(sec_cache);
    }
@@ -60,8 +60,6 @@ DEFINE_uint32(value_bytes, 8 * KiB, "Size of each value added.");
 DEFINE_uint32(value_bytes_estimate, 0,
              "If > 0, overrides estimated_entry_charge or "
              "min_avg_entry_charge depending on cache_type.");
-DEFINE_double(compressible_to_ratio, 0.5,
-              "Approximate size ratio that values can be compressed to.");

 DEFINE_int32(
    degenerate_hash_bits, 0,
@@ -119,7 +117,7 @@ DEFINE_uint32(seed, 0, "Hashing/random seed to use. 0 = choose at random");
 DEFINE_string(secondary_cache_uri, "",
              "Full URI for creating a custom secondary cache object");

-DEFINE_string(cache_type, "hyper_clock_cache", "Type of block cache.");
+DEFINE_string(cache_type, "lru_cache", "Type of block cache.");

 DEFINE_bool(use_jemalloc_no_dump_allocator, false,
            "Whether to use JemallocNoDumpAllocator");
@@ -184,11 +182,6 @@ DEFINE_bool(sck_randomize, false,
 DEFINE_bool(sck_footer_unique_id, false,
            "(-stress_cache_key) Simulate using proposed footer unique id");
 // ## END stress_cache_key sub-tool options ##
-// ## BEGIN stress_cache_instances sub-tool options ##
-DEFINE_uint32(stress_cache_instances, 0,
-              "If > 0, run cache instance stress test instead");
-// Uses cache_size and cache_type, maybe more
-// ## END stress_cache_instance sub-tool options ##

 namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {

@@ -198,7 +191,8 @@ namespace {
 class SharedState {
 public:
  explicit SharedState(CacheBench* cache_bench)
-      : cv_(&mu_), cache_bench_(cache_bench) {}
+      : cv_(&mu_),
+        cache_bench_(cache_bench) {}

  ~SharedState() = default;

@@ -298,19 +292,10 @@ struct KeyGen {

 Cache::ObjectPtr createValue(Random64& rnd, MemoryAllocator* alloc) {
  char* rv = AllocateBlock(FLAGS_value_bytes, alloc).release();
-  // Fill with some filler data, and take some CPU time, but add redundancy
-  // as requested for compressibility.
-  uint32_t random_fill_size = std::max(
-      uint32_t{1}, std::min(FLAGS_value_bytes,
-                            static_cast<uint32_t>(FLAGS_compressible_to_ratio *
-                                                  FLAGS_value_bytes)));
-  uint32_t i = 0;
-  for (; i < random_fill_size; i += 8) {
+  // Fill with some filler data, and take some CPU time
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < FLAGS_value_bytes; i += 8) {
    EncodeFixed64(rv + i, rnd.Next());
  }
-  for (; i < FLAGS_value_bytes; i++) {
-    rv[i] = rv[i % random_fill_size];
-  }
  return rv;
 }

@@ -325,16 +310,16 @@ Status SaveToFn(Cache::ObjectPtr from_obj, size_t /*from_offset*/,

 Status CreateFn(const Slice& data, CompressionType /*type*/,
                CacheTier /*source*/, Cache::CreateContext* /*context*/,
-                MemoryAllocator* alloc, Cache::ObjectPtr* out_obj,
+                MemoryAllocator* /*allocator*/, Cache::ObjectPtr* out_obj,
                size_t* out_charge) {
-  *out_obj = AllocateBlock(data.size(), alloc).release();
+  *out_obj = new char[data.size()];
  memcpy(*out_obj, data.data(), data.size());
  *out_charge = data.size();
  return Status::OK();
 };

 void DeleteFn(Cache::ObjectPtr value, MemoryAllocator* alloc) {
-  CacheAllocationDeleter{alloc}(static_cast<char*>(value));
+  CustomDeleter{alloc}(static_cast<char*>(value));
 }

 Cache::CacheItemHelper helper1_wos(CacheEntryRole::kDataBlock, DeleteFn);
@@ -392,12 +377,7 @@ class CacheBench {
      fprintf(stderr, "Percentages must add to 100.\n");
      exit(1);
    }
-    cache_ = MakeCache();
-  }

-  ~CacheBench() = default;
-
-  static std::shared_ptr<Cache> MakeCache() {
    std::shared_ptr<MemoryAllocator> allocator;
    if (FLAGS_use_jemalloc_no_dump_allocator) {
      JemallocAllocatorOptions opts;
@@ -416,12 +396,12 @@ class CacheBench {
      opts.hash_seed = BitwiseAnd(FLAGS_seed, INT32_MAX);
      opts.memory_allocator = allocator;
      opts.eviction_effort_cap = FLAGS_eviction_effort_cap;
-      if (FLAGS_cache_type == "fixed_hyper_clock_cache") {
+      if (FLAGS_cache_type == "fixed_hyper_clock_cache" ||
+          FLAGS_cache_type == "hyper_clock_cache") {
        opts.estimated_entry_charge = FLAGS_value_bytes_estimate > 0
                                          ? FLAGS_value_bytes_estimate
                                          : FLAGS_value_bytes;
-      } else if (FLAGS_cache_type == "auto_hyper_clock_cache" ||
-                 FLAGS_cache_type == "hyper_clock_cache") {
+      } else if (FLAGS_cache_type == "auto_hyper_clock_cache") {
        if (FLAGS_value_bytes_estimate > 0) {
          opts.min_avg_entry_charge = FLAGS_value_bytes_estimate;
        }
@@ -430,7 +410,7 @@ class CacheBench {
        exit(1);
      }
      ConfigureSecondaryCache(opts);
-      return opts.MakeSharedCache();
+      cache_ = opts.MakeSharedCache();
    } else if (FLAGS_cache_type == "lru_cache") {
      LRUCacheOptions opts(FLAGS_cache_size, FLAGS_num_shard_bits,
                           false /* strict_capacity_limit */,
@@ -438,13 +418,15 @@ class CacheBench {
      opts.hash_seed = BitwiseAnd(FLAGS_seed, INT32_MAX);
      opts.memory_allocator = allocator;
      ConfigureSecondaryCache(opts);
-      return NewLRUCache(opts);
+      cache_ = NewLRUCache(opts);
    } else {
      fprintf(stderr, "Cache type not supported.\n");
      exit(1);
    }
  }

+  ~CacheBench() = default;
+
  void PopulateCache() {
    Random64 rnd(FLAGS_seed);
    KeyGen keygen;
@@ -498,7 +480,7 @@ class CacheBench {

    PrintEnv();
    SharedState shared(this);
-    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ThreadState>> threads(FLAGS_threads);
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ThreadState> > threads(FLAGS_threads);
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < FLAGS_threads; i++) {
      threads[i].reset(new ThreadState(i, &shared));
      std::thread(ThreadBody, threads[i].get()).detach();
@@ -1160,59 +1142,6 @@ class StressCacheKey {
  double multiplier_ = 0.0;
 };

-// cache_bench -stress_cache_instances is a partially independent embedded tool
-// for evaluating the time and space required to create and destroy many cache
-// instances, as this is considered important for a default cache implementation
-// which could see many throw-away instances in handling of Options, or created
-// in large numbers for many very small DBs with many CFs. Prefix command line
-// with /usr/bin/time to see max RSS memory.
-class StressCacheInstances {
- public:
-  void Run() {
-    const int kNumIterations = 10;
-    const auto clock = SystemClock::Default().get();
-    caches_.reserve(FLAGS_stress_cache_instances);
-
-    uint64_t total_create_time_us = 0;
-    uint64_t total_destroy_time_us = 0;
-
-    for (int iter = 0; iter < kNumIterations; ++iter) {
-      // Create many cache instances
-      uint64_t start_create = clock->NowMicros();
-      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < FLAGS_stress_cache_instances; ++i) {
-        caches_.emplace_back(CacheBench::MakeCache());
-      }
-      uint64_t end_create = clock->NowMicros();
-      uint64_t create_time = end_create - start_create;
-      total_create_time_us += create_time;
-
-      // Destroy them
-      uint64_t start_destroy = clock->NowMicros();
-      caches_.clear();
-      uint64_t end_destroy = clock->NowMicros();
-      uint64_t destroy_time = end_destroy - start_destroy;
-      total_destroy_time_us += destroy_time;
-
-      printf(
-          "Iteration %d: Created %u caches in %.3f ms, destroyed in %.3f ms\n",
-          iter + 1, FLAGS_stress_cache_instances, create_time / 1000.0,
-          destroy_time / 1000.0);
-    }
-
-    printf("Average creation time: %.3f ms (%.1f us per cache)\n",
-           static_cast<double>(total_create_time_us) / kNumIterations / 1000.0,
-           static_cast<double>(total_create_time_us) / kNumIterations /
-               FLAGS_stress_cache_instances);
-    printf("Average destruction time: %.3f ms (%.1f us per cache)\n",
-           static_cast<double>(total_destroy_time_us) / kNumIterations / 1000.0,
-           static_cast<double>(total_destroy_time_us) / kNumIterations /
-               FLAGS_stress_cache_instances);
-  }
-
- private:
-  std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Cache>> caches_;
-};
-
 int cache_bench_tool(int argc, char** argv) {
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::port::InstallStackTraceHandler();
  ParseCommandLineFlags(&argc, &argv, true);
@@ -1223,11 +1152,6 @@ int cache_bench_tool(int argc, char** argv) {
    return 0;
  }

-  if (FLAGS_stress_cache_instances > 0) {
-    StressCacheInstances().Run();
-    return 0;
-  }
-
  if (FLAGS_threads <= 0) {
    fprintf(stderr, "threads number <= 0\n");
    exit(1);
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@
 #include "cache/clock_cache.h"

 #include <algorithm>
+#include <atomic>
 #include <bitset>
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
-#include <cstdio>
 #include <exception>
 #include <functional>
 #include <numeric>
@@ -26,9 +26,10 @@
 #include "cache/cache_key.h"
 #include "cache/secondary_cache_adapter.h"
 #include "logging/logging.h"
-#include "port/likely.h"
+#include "monitoring/perf_context_imp.h"
+#include "monitoring/statistics_impl.h"
+#include "port/lang.h"
 #include "rocksdb/env.h"
-#include "util/autovector.h"
 #include "util/hash.h"
 #include "util/math.h"
 #include "util/random.h"
@@ -360,9 +361,16 @@ void ConstApplyToEntriesRange(const Func& func, const HandleImpl* begin,
  }
 }

-uint32_t SanitizeEvictionEffortCap(int eviction_effort_cap) {
+constexpr uint32_t kStrictCapacityLimitBit = 1u << 31;
+
+uint32_t SanitizeEncodeEecAndScl(int eviction_effort_cap,
+                                 bool strict_capacit_limit) {
  eviction_effort_cap = std::max(int{1}, eviction_effort_cap);
-  return static_cast<uint32_t>(eviction_effort_cap);
+  eviction_effort_cap =
+      std::min(static_cast<int>(~kStrictCapacityLimitBit), eviction_effort_cap);
+  uint32_t eec_and_scl = static_cast<uint32_t>(eviction_effort_cap);
+  eec_and_scl |= strict_capacit_limit ? kStrictCapacityLimitBit : 0;
+  return eec_and_scl;
 }

 }  // namespace
@@ -373,22 +381,6 @@ void ClockHandleBasicData::FreeData(MemoryAllocator* allocator) const {
  }
 }

-BaseClockTable::BaseClockTable(size_t capacity, bool strict_capacity_limit,
-                               int eviction_effort_cap,
-                               CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy,
-                               MemoryAllocator* allocator,
-                               const Cache::EvictionCallback* eviction_callback,
-                               const uint32_t* hash_seed)
-    : capacity_(capacity),
-      eec_and_scl_(EecAndScl{}
-                       .With<EvictionEffortCap>(
-                           SanitizeEvictionEffortCap(eviction_effort_cap))
-                       .With<StrictCapacityLimit>(strict_capacity_limit)),
-      metadata_charge_policy_(metadata_charge_policy),
-      allocator_(allocator),
-      eviction_callback_(*eviction_callback),
-      hash_seed_(*hash_seed) {}
-
 template <class HandleImpl>
 HandleImpl* BaseClockTable::StandaloneInsert(
    const ClockHandleBasicData& proto) {
@@ -410,7 +402,8 @@ HandleImpl* BaseClockTable::StandaloneInsert(

 template <class Table>
 typename Table::HandleImpl* BaseClockTable::CreateStandalone(
-    ClockHandleBasicData& proto, bool allow_uncharged) {
+    ClockHandleBasicData& proto, size_t capacity, uint32_t eec_and_scl,
+    bool allow_uncharged) {
  Table& derived = static_cast<Table&>(*this);
  typename Table::InsertState state;
  derived.StartInsert(state);
@@ -419,10 +412,10 @@ typename Table::HandleImpl* BaseClockTable::CreateStandalone(
  // NOTE: we can use eec_and_scl as eviction_effort_cap below because
  // strict_capacity_limit=true is supposed to disable the limit on eviction
  // effort, and a large value effectively does that.
-  if (eec_and_scl_.LoadRelaxed().Get<StrictCapacityLimit>()) {
+  if (eec_and_scl & kStrictCapacityLimitBit) {
    Status s = ChargeUsageMaybeEvictStrict<Table>(
-        total_charge,
-        /*need_evict_for_occupancy=*/false, state);
+        total_charge, capacity,
+        /*need_evict_for_occupancy=*/false, eec_and_scl, state);
    if (!s.ok()) {
      if (allow_uncharged) {
        proto.total_charge = 0;
@@ -433,8 +426,8 @@ typename Table::HandleImpl* BaseClockTable::CreateStandalone(
  } else {
    // Case strict_capacity_limit == false
    bool success = ChargeUsageMaybeEvictNonStrict<Table>(
-        total_charge,
-        /*need_evict_for_occupancy=*/false, state);
+        total_charge, capacity,
+        /*need_evict_for_occupancy=*/false, eec_and_scl, state);
    if (!success) {
      // Force the issue
      usage_.FetchAddRelaxed(total_charge);
@@ -446,9 +439,8 @@ typename Table::HandleImpl* BaseClockTable::CreateStandalone(

 template <class Table>
 Status BaseClockTable::ChargeUsageMaybeEvictStrict(
-    size_t total_charge, bool need_evict_for_occupancy,
-    typename Table::InsertState& state) {
-  const size_t capacity = capacity_.LoadRelaxed();
+    size_t total_charge, size_t capacity, bool need_evict_for_occupancy,
+    uint32_t eviction_effort_cap, typename Table::InsertState& state) {
  if (total_charge > capacity) {
    return Status::MemoryLimit(
        "Cache entry too large for a single cache shard: " +
@@ -473,7 +465,8 @@ Status BaseClockTable::ChargeUsageMaybeEvictStrict(
  }
  if (request_evict_charge > 0) {
    EvictionData data;
-    static_cast<Table*>(this)->Evict(request_evict_charge, state, &data);
+    static_cast<Table*>(this)->Evict(request_evict_charge, state, &data,
+                                     eviction_effort_cap);
    occupancy_.FetchSub(data.freed_count);
    if (LIKELY(data.freed_charge > need_evict_charge)) {
      assert(data.freed_count > 0);
@@ -502,8 +495,8 @@ Status BaseClockTable::ChargeUsageMaybeEvictStrict(

 template <class Table>
 inline bool BaseClockTable::ChargeUsageMaybeEvictNonStrict(
-    size_t total_charge, bool need_evict_for_occupancy,
-    typename Table::InsertState& state) {
+    size_t total_charge, size_t capacity, bool need_evict_for_occupancy,
+    uint32_t eviction_effort_cap, typename Table::InsertState& state) {
  // For simplicity, we consider that either the cache can accept the insert
  // with no evictions, or we must evict enough to make (at least) enough
  // space. It could lead to unnecessary failures or excessive evictions in
@@ -513,8 +506,7 @@ inline bool BaseClockTable::ChargeUsageMaybeEvictNonStrict(
  // charge. Thus, we should evict some extra if it's not a signifcant
  // portion of the shard capacity. This can have the side benefit of
  // involving fewer threads in eviction.
-  const size_t old_usage = usage_.LoadRelaxed();
-  const size_t capacity = capacity_.LoadRelaxed();
+  size_t old_usage = usage_.LoadRelaxed();
  size_t need_evict_charge;
  // NOTE: if total_charge > old_usage, there isn't yet enough to evict
  // `total_charge` amount. Even if we only try to evict `old_usage` amount,
@@ -540,7 +532,8 @@ inline bool BaseClockTable::ChargeUsageMaybeEvictNonStrict(
  }
  EvictionData data;
  if (need_evict_charge > 0) {
-    static_cast<Table*>(this)->Evict(need_evict_charge, state, &data);
+    static_cast<Table*>(this)->Evict(need_evict_charge, state, &data,
+                                     eviction_effort_cap);
    // Deal with potential occupancy deficit
    if (UNLIKELY(need_evict_for_occupancy) && data.freed_count == 0) {
      assert(data.freed_charge == 0);
@@ -576,10 +569,8 @@ void BaseClockTable::TrackAndReleaseEvictedEntry(ClockHandle* h) {
  MarkEmpty(*h);
 }

-bool BaseClockTable::IsEvictionEffortExceeded(
-    const BaseClockTable::EvictionData& data) const {
-  auto eviction_effort_cap =
-      eec_and_scl_.LoadRelaxed().GetEffectiveEvictionEffortCap();
+bool IsEvictionEffortExceeded(const BaseClockTable::EvictionData& data,
+                              uint32_t eviction_effort_cap) {
  // Basically checks whether the ratio of useful effort to wasted effort is
  // too low, with a start-up allowance for wasted effort before any useful
  // effort.
@@ -590,7 +581,8 @@ bool BaseClockTable::IsEvictionEffortExceeded(
 template <class Table>
 Status BaseClockTable::Insert(const ClockHandleBasicData& proto,
                              typename Table::HandleImpl** handle,
-                              Cache::Priority priority) {
+                              Cache::Priority priority, size_t capacity,
+                              uint32_t eec_and_scl) {
  using HandleImpl = typename Table::HandleImpl;
  Table& derived = static_cast<Table&>(*this);

@@ -611,9 +603,9 @@ Status BaseClockTable::Insert(const ClockHandleBasicData& proto,
  // NOTE: we can use eec_and_scl as eviction_effort_cap below because
  // strict_capacity_limit=true is supposed to disable the limit on eviction
  // effort, and a large value effectively does that.
-  if (eec_and_scl_.LoadRelaxed().Get<StrictCapacityLimit>()) {
+  if (eec_and_scl & kStrictCapacityLimitBit) {
    Status s = ChargeUsageMaybeEvictStrict<Table>(
-        total_charge, need_evict_for_occupancy, state);
+        total_charge, capacity, need_evict_for_occupancy, eec_and_scl, state);
    if (!s.ok()) {
      // Revert occupancy
      occupancy_.FetchSubRelaxed(1);
@@ -622,7 +614,7 @@ Status BaseClockTable::Insert(const ClockHandleBasicData& proto,
  } else {
    // Case strict_capacity_limit == false
    bool success = ChargeUsageMaybeEvictNonStrict<Table>(
-        total_charge, need_evict_for_occupancy, state);
+        total_charge, capacity, need_evict_for_occupancy, eec_and_scl, state);
    if (!success) {
      // Revert occupancy
      occupancy_.FetchSubRelaxed(1);
@@ -726,13 +718,11 @@ void BaseClockTable::TEST_ReleaseNMinus1(ClockHandle* h, size_t n) {
 #endif

 FixedHyperClockTable::FixedHyperClockTable(
-    size_t capacity, bool strict_capacity_limit,
-    CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy,
+    size_t capacity, CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy,
    MemoryAllocator* allocator,
    const Cache::EvictionCallback* eviction_callback, const uint32_t* hash_seed,
    const Opts& opts)
-    : BaseClockTable(capacity, strict_capacity_limit, opts.eviction_effort_cap,
-                     metadata_charge_policy, allocator, eviction_callback,
+    : BaseClockTable(metadata_charge_policy, allocator, eviction_callback,
                     hash_seed),
      length_bits_(CalcHashBits(capacity, opts.estimated_value_size,
                                metadata_charge_policy)),
@@ -1123,7 +1113,8 @@ inline void FixedHyperClockTable::ReclaimEntryUsage(size_t total_charge) {
 }

 inline void FixedHyperClockTable::Evict(size_t requested_charge, InsertState&,
-                                        EvictionData* data) {
+                                        EvictionData* data,
+                                        uint32_t eviction_effort_cap) {
  // precondition
  assert(requested_charge > 0);

@@ -1158,7 +1149,7 @@ inline void FixedHyperClockTable::Evict(size_t requested_charge, InsertState&,
    if (old_clock_pointer >= max_clock_pointer) {
      return;
    }
-    if (IsEvictionEffortExceeded(*data)) {
+    if (IsEvictionEffortExceeded(*data, eviction_effort_cap)) {
      eviction_effort_exceeded_count_.FetchAddRelaxed(1);
      return;
    }
@@ -1176,11 +1167,14 @@ ClockCacheShard<Table>::ClockCacheShard(
    const Cache::EvictionCallback* eviction_callback, const uint32_t* hash_seed,
    const typename Table::Opts& opts)
    : CacheShardBase(metadata_charge_policy),
-      table_(capacity, strict_capacity_limit, metadata_charge_policy, allocator,
-             eviction_callback, hash_seed, opts) {
+      table_(capacity, metadata_charge_policy, allocator, eviction_callback,
+             hash_seed, opts),
+      capacity_(capacity),
+      eec_and_scl_(SanitizeEncodeEecAndScl(opts.eviction_effort_cap,
+                                           strict_capacity_limit)) {
  // Initial charge metadata should not exceed capacity
-  assert(table_.GetUsage() <= table_.GetCapacity() ||
-         table_.GetCapacity() < sizeof(HandleImpl));
+  assert(table_.GetUsage() <= capacity_.LoadRelaxed() ||
+         capacity_.LoadRelaxed() < sizeof(HandleImpl));
 }

 template <class Table>
@@ -1246,14 +1240,18 @@ int FixedHyperClockTable::CalcHashBits(

 template <class Table>
 void ClockCacheShard<Table>::SetCapacity(size_t capacity) {
-  table_.SetCapacity(capacity);
+  capacity_.StoreRelaxed(capacity);
  // next Insert will take care of any necessary evictions
 }

 template <class Table>
 void ClockCacheShard<Table>::SetStrictCapacityLimit(
    bool strict_capacity_limit) {
-  table_.SetStrictCapacityLimit(strict_capacity_limit);
+  if (strict_capacity_limit) {
+    eec_and_scl_.FetchOrRelaxed(kStrictCapacityLimitBit);
+  } else {
+    eec_and_scl_.FetchAndRelaxed(~kStrictCapacityLimitBit);
+  }
  // next Insert will take care of any necessary evictions
 }

@@ -1273,7 +1271,9 @@ Status ClockCacheShard<Table>::Insert(const Slice& key,
  proto.value = value;
  proto.helper = helper;
  proto.total_charge = charge;
-  return table_.template Insert<Table>(proto, handle, priority);
+  return table_.template Insert<Table>(proto, handle, priority,
+                                       capacity_.LoadRelaxed(),
+                                       eec_and_scl_.LoadRelaxed());
 }

 template <class Table>
@@ -1288,7 +1288,9 @@ typename Table::HandleImpl* ClockCacheShard<Table>::CreateStandalone(
  proto.value = obj;
  proto.helper = helper;
  proto.total_charge = charge;
-  return table_.template CreateStandalone<Table>(proto, allow_uncharged);
+  return table_.template CreateStandalone<Table>(proto, capacity_.LoadRelaxed(),
+                                                 eec_and_scl_.LoadRelaxed(),
+                                                 allow_uncharged);
 }

 template <class Table>
@@ -1357,7 +1359,7 @@ size_t ClockCacheShard<Table>::GetStandaloneUsage() const {

 template <class Table>
 size_t ClockCacheShard<Table>::GetCapacity() const {
-  return table_.GetCapacity();
+  return capacity_.LoadRelaxed();
 }

 template <class Table>
@@ -1725,13 +1727,10 @@ inline uint64_t UsedLengthToLengthInfo(size_t used_length) {
  return length_info;
 }

-// Avoid potential initialization order race with port::kPageSize
-constexpr size_t kPresumedPageSize = 4096;
-
 inline size_t GetStartingLength(size_t capacity) {
-  if (capacity > kPresumedPageSize) {
+  if (capacity > port::kPageSize) {
    // Start with one memory page
-    return kPresumedPageSize / sizeof(AutoHyperClockTable::HandleImpl);
+    return port::kPageSize / sizeof(AutoHyperClockTable::HandleImpl);
  } else {
    // Mostly to make unit tests happy
    return 4;
@@ -1970,13 +1969,11 @@ class AutoHyperClockTable::ChainRewriteLock {
 };

 AutoHyperClockTable::AutoHyperClockTable(
-    size_t capacity, bool strict_capacity_limit,
-    CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy,
+    size_t capacity, CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy,
    MemoryAllocator* allocator,
    const Cache::EvictionCallback* eviction_callback, const uint32_t* hash_seed,
    const Opts& opts)
-    : BaseClockTable(capacity, strict_capacity_limit, opts.eviction_effort_cap,
-                     metadata_charge_policy, allocator, eviction_callback,
+    : BaseClockTable(metadata_charge_policy, allocator, eviction_callback,
                     hash_seed),
      array_(MemMapping::AllocateLazyZeroed(
          sizeof(HandleImpl) * CalcMaxUsableLength(capacity,
@@ -1988,11 +1985,6 @@ AutoHyperClockTable::AutoHyperClockTable(
      grow_frontier_(GetTableSize()),
      clock_pointer_mask_(
          BottomNBits(UINT64_MAX, LengthInfoToMinShift(length_info_.Load()))) {
-  if (array_.Get() == nullptr) {
-    fprintf(stderr,
-            "Anonymous mmap for RocksDB HyperClockCache failed. Aborting.\n");
-    std::terminate();
-  }
  if (metadata_charge_policy ==
      CacheMetadataChargePolicy::kFullChargeCacheMetadata) {
    // NOTE: ignoring page boundaries for simplicity
@@ -2060,21 +2052,15 @@ AutoHyperClockTable::~AutoHyperClockTable() {
             HandleImpl::kUnusedMarker) {
    used_end++;
  }
-  // This check can be extra expensive for a cache that is just created,
-  // maybe used for a small number of entries, as in a unit test, and then
-  // destroyed. Only do this in rare modes. REVISED: Don't scan the whole mmap,
-  // just a reasonable frontier past what we expect to have written.
-#ifdef MUST_FREE_HEAP_ALLOCATIONS
-  for (size_t i = used_end; i < array_.Count() && i < used_end + 64U; i++) {
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  for (size_t i = used_end; i < array_.Count(); i++) {
    assert(array_[i].head_next_with_shift.LoadRelaxed() == 0);
    assert(array_[i].chain_next_with_shift.LoadRelaxed() == 0);
    assert(array_[i].meta.LoadRelaxed() == 0);
  }
-#endif          // MUST_FREE_HEAP_ALLOCATIONS
-#ifndef NDEBUG  // Extra invariant checking
  std::vector<bool> was_populated(used_end);
  std::vector<bool> was_pointed_to(used_end);
-#endif  // !NDEBUG
+#endif
  for (size_t i = 0; i < used_end; i++) {
    HandleImpl& h = array_[i];
    switch (h.meta.LoadRelaxed() >> ClockHandle::kStateShift) {
@@ -2097,7 +2083,7 @@ AutoHyperClockTable::~AutoHyperClockTable() {
          assert(!was_pointed_to[next]);
          was_pointed_to[next] = true;
        }
-#endif  // !NDEBUG
+#endif
        break;
      // otherwise
      default:
@@ -2111,7 +2097,7 @@ AutoHyperClockTable::~AutoHyperClockTable() {
      assert(!was_pointed_to[next]);
      was_pointed_to[next] = true;
    }
-#endif  // !NDEBUG
+#endif
  }
 #ifndef NDEBUG  // Extra invariant checking
  // This check is not perfect, but should detect most reasonable cases
@@ -2124,7 +2110,7 @@ AutoHyperClockTable::~AutoHyperClockTable() {
      assert(!was_pointed_to[i]);
    }
  }
-#endif  // !NDEBUG
+#endif

  // Metadata charging only follows the published table size
  assert(usage_.LoadRelaxed() == 0 ||
@@ -3482,7 +3468,8 @@ void AutoHyperClockTable::EraseUnRefEntries() {
 }

 void AutoHyperClockTable::Evict(size_t requested_charge, InsertState& state,
-                                EvictionData* data) {
+                                EvictionData* data,
+                                uint32_t eviction_effort_cap) {
  // precondition
  assert(requested_charge > 0);

@@ -3574,7 +3561,7 @@ void AutoHyperClockTable::Evict(size_t requested_charge, InsertState& state,
      return;
    }

-    if (IsEvictionEffortExceeded(*data)) {
+    if (IsEvictionEffortExceeded(*data, eviction_effort_cap)) {
      eviction_effort_exceeded_count_.FetchAddRelaxed(1);
      return;
    }
@@ -3592,7 +3579,7 @@ size_t AutoHyperClockTable::CalcMaxUsableLength(
  size_t num_slots =
      static_cast<size_t>(capacity / min_avg_slot_charge + 0.999999);

-  const size_t slots_per_page = kPresumedPageSize / sizeof(HandleImpl);
+  const size_t slots_per_page = port::kPageSize / sizeof(HandleImpl);

  // Round up to page size
  return ((num_slots + slots_per_page - 1) / slots_per_page) * slots_per_page;
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@

 #pragma once

+#include <array>
+#include <atomic>
 #include <climits>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
@@ -17,10 +19,14 @@

 #include "cache/cache_key.h"
 #include "cache/sharded_cache.h"
+#include "port/lang.h"
+#include "port/malloc.h"
 #include "port/mmap.h"
+#include "port/port.h"
 #include "rocksdb/cache.h"
+#include "rocksdb/secondary_cache.h"
 #include "util/atomic.h"
-#include "util/bit_fields.h"
+#include "util/autovector.h"
 #include "util/math.h"

 namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
@@ -377,20 +383,25 @@ class BaseClockTable {
    int eviction_effort_cap;
  };

-  BaseClockTable(size_t capacity, bool strict_capacity_limit,
-                 int eviction_effort_cap,
-                 CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy,
+  BaseClockTable(CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy,
                 MemoryAllocator* allocator,
                 const Cache::EvictionCallback* eviction_callback,
-                 const uint32_t* hash_seed);
+                 const uint32_t* hash_seed)
+      : metadata_charge_policy_(metadata_charge_policy),
+        allocator_(allocator),
+        eviction_callback_(*eviction_callback),
+        hash_seed_(*hash_seed) {}

  template <class Table>
  typename Table::HandleImpl* CreateStandalone(ClockHandleBasicData& proto,
+                                               size_t capacity,
+                                               uint32_t eec_and_scl,
                                               bool allow_uncharged);

  template <class Table>
  Status Insert(const ClockHandleBasicData& proto,
-                typename Table::HandleImpl** handle, Cache::Priority priority);
+                typename Table::HandleImpl** handle, Cache::Priority priority,
+                size_t capacity, uint32_t eec_and_scl);

  void Ref(ClockHandle& handle);

@@ -400,18 +411,6 @@ class BaseClockTable {

  size_t GetStandaloneUsage() const { return standalone_usage_.LoadRelaxed(); }

-  size_t GetCapacity() const { return capacity_.LoadRelaxed(); }
-
-  void SetCapacity(size_t capacity) { capacity_.StoreRelaxed(capacity); }
-
-  void SetStrictCapacityLimit(bool strict_capacity_limit) {
-    if (strict_capacity_limit) {
-      eec_and_scl_.ApplyRelaxed(StrictCapacityLimit::SetTransform());
-    } else {
-      eec_and_scl_.ApplyRelaxed(StrictCapacityLimit::ClearTransform());
-    }
-  }
-
  uint32_t GetHashSeed() const { return hash_seed_; }

  uint64_t GetYieldCount() const { return yield_count_.LoadRelaxed(); }
@@ -428,7 +427,6 @@ class BaseClockTable {

  void TrackAndReleaseEvictedEntry(ClockHandle* h);

-  bool IsEvictionEffortExceeded(const BaseClockTable::EvictionData& data) const;
 #ifndef NDEBUG
  // Acquire N references
  void TEST_RefN(ClockHandle& handle, size_t n);
@@ -450,8 +448,9 @@ class BaseClockTable {
  // required, and the operation should fail if not possible.
  // NOTE: Otherwise, occupancy_ is not managed in this function
  template <class Table>
-  Status ChargeUsageMaybeEvictStrict(size_t total_charge,
+  Status ChargeUsageMaybeEvictStrict(size_t total_charge, size_t capacity,
                                     bool need_evict_for_occupancy,
+                                     uint32_t eviction_effort_cap,
                                     typename Table::InsertState& state);

  // Helper for updating `usage_` for new entry with given `total_charge`
@@ -463,8 +462,9 @@ class BaseClockTable {
  // true, indicating success.
  // NOTE: occupancy_ is not managed in this function
  template <class Table>
-  bool ChargeUsageMaybeEvictNonStrict(size_t total_charge,
+  bool ChargeUsageMaybeEvictNonStrict(size_t total_charge, size_t capacity,
                                      bool need_evict_for_occupancy,
+                                      uint32_t eviction_effort_cap,
                                      typename Table::InsertState& state);

 protected:  // data
@@ -497,25 +497,6 @@ class BaseClockTable {
  // Part of usage by standalone entries (not in table)
  AcqRelAtomic<size_t> standalone_usage_{};

-  // Maximum total charge of all elements stored in the table.
-  // (Relaxed: eventual consistency/update is OK)
-  RelaxedAtomic<size_t> capacity_;
-
-  // Encodes eviction_effort_cap (bottom 31 bits) and strict_capacity_limit
-  // (top bit). See HyperClockCacheOptions::eviction_effort_cap etc.
-  struct EecAndScl : public BitFields<uint32_t, EecAndScl> {
-    uint32_t GetEffectiveEvictionEffortCap() const {
-      // Because setting strict_capacity_limit is supposed to imply infinite
-      // cap on eviction effort, we can let the bit for strict_capacity_limit
-      // in the upper-most bit position to used as part of the effective cap.
-      return underlying;
-    }
-  };
-  using EvictionEffortCap = UnsignedBitField<EecAndScl, 31, NoPrevBitField>;
-  using StrictCapacityLimit = BoolBitField<EecAndScl, EvictionEffortCap>;
-  // (Relaxed: eventual consistency/update is OK)
-  RelaxedBitFieldsAtomic<EecAndScl> eec_and_scl_;
-
  ALIGN_AS(CACHE_LINE_SIZE)
  const CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy_;

@@ -570,7 +551,7 @@ class FixedHyperClockTable : public BaseClockTable {
    size_t estimated_value_size;
  };

-  FixedHyperClockTable(size_t capacity, bool strict_capacity_limit,
+  FixedHyperClockTable(size_t capacity,
                       CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy,
                       MemoryAllocator* allocator,
                       const Cache::EvictionCallback* eviction_callback,
@@ -592,7 +573,8 @@ class FixedHyperClockTable : public BaseClockTable {
  // Runs the clock eviction algorithm trying to reclaim at least
  // requested_charge. Returns how much is evicted, which could be less
  // if it appears impossible to evict the requested amount without blocking.
-  void Evict(size_t requested_charge, InsertState& state, EvictionData* data);
+  void Evict(size_t requested_charge, InsertState& state, EvictionData* data,
+             uint32_t eviction_effort_cap);

  HandleImpl* Lookup(const UniqueId64x2& hashed_key);

@@ -859,7 +841,7 @@ class AutoHyperClockTable : public BaseClockTable {
    size_t min_avg_value_size;
  };

-  AutoHyperClockTable(size_t capacity, bool strict_capacity_limit,
+  AutoHyperClockTable(size_t capacity,
                      CacheMetadataChargePolicy metadata_charge_policy,
                      MemoryAllocator* allocator,
                      const Cache::EvictionCallback* eviction_callback,
@@ -886,7 +868,8 @@ class AutoHyperClockTable : public BaseClockTable {
  // Runs the clock eviction algorithm trying to reclaim at least
  // requested_charge. Returns how much is evicted, which could be less
  // if it appears impossible to evict the requested amount without blocking.
-  void Evict(size_t requested_charge, InsertState& state, EvictionData* data);
+  void Evict(size_t requested_charge, InsertState& state, EvictionData* data,
+             uint32_t eviction_effort_cap);

  HandleImpl* Lookup(const UniqueId64x2& hashed_key);

@@ -1119,6 +1102,15 @@ class ALIGN_AS(CACHE_LINE_SIZE) ClockCacheShard final : public CacheShardBase {

 private:  // data
  Table table_;
+
+  // Maximum total charge of all elements stored in the table.
+  // (Relaxed: eventual consistency/update is OK)
+  RelaxedAtomic<size_t> capacity_;
+
+  // Encodes eviction_effort_cap (bottom 31 bits) and strict_capacity_limit
+  // (top bit). See HyperClockCacheOptions::eviction_effort_cap etc.
+  // (Relaxed: eventual consistency/update is OK)
+  RelaxedAtomic<uint32_t> eec_and_scl_;
 };  // class ClockCacheShard

 template <class Table>
@@ -16,31 +16,6 @@
 #include "util/string_util.h"

 namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
-namespace {
-// Format of values in CompressedSecondaryCache:
-// If enable_custom_split_merge:
-//  * A chain of CacheValueChunk representing the sequence of bytes for a tagged
-//    value. The overall length of the tagged value is determined by the chain
-//    of CacheValueChunks.
-// If !enable_custom_split_merge:
-//  * A LengthPrefixedSlice (starts with varint64 size) of a tagged value.
-//
-// A tagged value has a 2-byte header before the "saved" or compressed block
-// data:
-//  * 1 byte for "source" CacheTier indicating which tier is responsible for
-//    compression/decompression.
-//  * 1 byte for compression type which is generated/used by
-//    CompressedSecondaryCache iff source == CacheTier::kVolatileCompressedTier
-//    (original entry passed in was uncompressed). Otherwise, the compression
-//    type is preserved from the entry passed in.
-constexpr uint32_t kTagSize = 2;
-
-// Size of tag + varint size prefix when applicable
-uint32_t GetHeaderSize(size_t data_size, bool enable_split_merge) {
-  return (enable_split_merge ? 0 : VarintLength(kTagSize + data_size)) +
-         kTagSize;
-}
-}  // namespace

 CompressedSecondaryCache::CompressedSecondaryCache(
    const CompressedSecondaryCacheOptions& opts)
@@ -49,14 +24,7 @@ CompressedSecondaryCache::CompressedSecondaryCache(
      cache_res_mgr_(std::make_shared<ConcurrentCacheReservationManager>(
          std::make_shared<CacheReservationManagerImpl<CacheEntryRole::kMisc>>(
              cache_))),
-      disable_cache_(opts.capacity == 0) {
-  auto mgr =
-      GetBuiltinCompressionManager(cache_options_.compress_format_version);
-  compressor_ = mgr->GetCompressor(cache_options_.compression_opts,
-                                   cache_options_.compression_type);
-  decompressor_ =
-      mgr->GetDecompressorOptimizeFor(cache_options_.compression_type);
-}
+      disable_cache_(opts.capacity == 0) {}

 CompressedSecondaryCache::~CompressedSecondaryCache() = default;

@@ -65,9 +33,13 @@ std::unique_ptr<SecondaryCacheResultHandle> CompressedSecondaryCache::Lookup(
    Cache::CreateContext* create_context, bool /*wait*/, bool advise_erase,
    Statistics* stats, bool& kept_in_sec_cache) {
  assert(helper);
-  if (disable_cache_.LoadRelaxed()) {
+  // This is a minor optimization. Its ok to skip it in TSAN in order to
+  // avoid a false positive.
+#ifndef __SANITIZE_THREAD__
+  if (disable_cache_) {
    return nullptr;
  }
+#endif

  std::unique_ptr<SecondaryCacheResultHandle> handle;
  kept_in_sec_cache = false;
@@ -83,58 +55,75 @@ std::unique_ptr<SecondaryCacheResultHandle> CompressedSecondaryCache::Lookup(
    return nullptr;
  }

-  std::string merged_value;
-  Slice tagged_data;
+  CacheAllocationPtr* ptr{nullptr};
+  CacheAllocationPtr merged_value;
+  size_t handle_value_charge{0};
+  const char* data_ptr = nullptr;
+  CacheTier source = CacheTier::kVolatileCompressedTier;
+  CompressionType type = cache_options_.compression_type;
  if (cache_options_.enable_custom_split_merge) {
    CacheValueChunk* value_chunk_ptr =
-        static_cast<CacheValueChunk*>(handle_value);
-    merged_value = MergeChunksIntoValue(value_chunk_ptr);
-    tagged_data = Slice(merged_value);
+        reinterpret_cast<CacheValueChunk*>(handle_value);
+    merged_value = MergeChunksIntoValue(value_chunk_ptr, handle_value_charge);
+    ptr = &merged_value;
+    data_ptr = ptr->get();
  } else {
-    tagged_data = GetLengthPrefixedSlice(static_cast<char*>(handle_value));
+    uint32_t type_32 = static_cast<uint32_t>(type);
+    uint32_t source_32 = static_cast<uint32_t>(source);
+    ptr = reinterpret_cast<CacheAllocationPtr*>(handle_value);
+    handle_value_charge = cache_->GetCharge(lru_handle);
+    data_ptr = ptr->get();
+    data_ptr = GetVarint32Ptr(data_ptr, data_ptr + 1,
+                              static_cast<uint32_t*>(&type_32));
+    type = static_cast<CompressionType>(type_32);
+    data_ptr = GetVarint32Ptr(data_ptr, data_ptr + 1,
+                              static_cast<uint32_t*>(&source_32));
+    source = static_cast<CacheTier>(source_32);
+    uint64_t data_size = 0;
+    data_ptr = GetVarint64Ptr(data_ptr, ptr->get() + handle_value_charge,
+                              static_cast<uint64_t*>(&data_size));
+    assert(handle_value_charge > data_size);
+    handle_value_charge = data_size;
  }
+  MemoryAllocator* allocator = cache_options_.memory_allocator.get();

-  auto source = lossless_cast<CacheTier>(tagged_data[0]);
-  auto type = lossless_cast<CompressionType>(tagged_data[1]);
-
-  std::unique_ptr<char[]> uncompressed;
-  Slice saved(tagged_data.data() + kTagSize, tagged_data.size() - kTagSize);
+  Status s;
+  Cache::ObjectPtr value{nullptr};
+  size_t charge{0};
  if (source == CacheTier::kVolatileCompressedTier) {
-    if (type != kNoCompression) {
-      // TODO: can we do something to avoid yet another allocation?
-      Decompressor::Args args;
-      args.compressed_data = saved;
-      args.compression_type = type;
-      Status s = decompressor_->ExtractUncompressedSize(args);
-      assert(s.ok());  // in-memory data
-      if (s.ok()) {
-        uncompressed = std::make_unique<char[]>(args.uncompressed_size);
-        s = decompressor_->DecompressBlock(args, uncompressed.get());
-        assert(s.ok());  // in-memory data
-      }
-      if (!s.ok()) {
+    if (cache_options_.compression_type == kNoCompression ||
+        cache_options_.do_not_compress_roles.Contains(helper->role)) {
+      s = helper->create_cb(Slice(data_ptr, handle_value_charge),
+                            kNoCompression, CacheTier::kVolatileTier,
+                            create_context, allocator, &value, &charge);
+    } else {
+      UncompressionContext uncompression_context(
+          cache_options_.compression_type);
+      UncompressionInfo uncompression_info(uncompression_context,
+                                           UncompressionDict::GetEmptyDict(),
+                                           cache_options_.compression_type);
+
+      size_t uncompressed_size{0};
+      CacheAllocationPtr uncompressed =
+          UncompressData(uncompression_info, (char*)data_ptr,
+                         handle_value_charge, &uncompressed_size,
+                         cache_options_.compress_format_version, allocator);
+
+      if (!uncompressed) {
        cache_->Release(lru_handle, /*erase_if_last_ref=*/true);
        return nullptr;
      }
-      saved = Slice(uncompressed.get(), args.uncompressed_size);
-      type = kNoCompression;
-      // Free temporary compressed data as early as we can. This could matter
-      // for unusually large blocks because we also have
-      // * Another compressed copy above (from lru_cache).
-      // * The uncompressed copy in `uncompressed`.
-      // * Another uncompressed copy in `result_value` below.
-      // Let's try to max out at 3 copies instead of 4.
-      merged_value = std::string();
+      s = helper->create_cb(Slice(uncompressed.get(), uncompressed_size),
+                            kNoCompression, CacheTier::kVolatileTier,
+                            create_context, allocator, &value, &charge);
    }
-    // Reduced as if it came from primary cache
-    source = CacheTier::kVolatileTier;
+  } else {
+    // The item was not compressed by us. Let the helper create_cb
+    // uncompress it
+    s = helper->create_cb(Slice(data_ptr, handle_value_charge), type, source,
+                          create_context, allocator, &value, &charge);
  }

-  Cache::ObjectPtr result_value = nullptr;
-  size_t result_charge = 0;
-  Status s = helper->create_cb(saved, type, source, create_context,
-                               cache_options_.memory_allocator.get(),
-                               &result_value, &result_charge);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    cache_->Release(lru_handle, /*erase_if_last_ref=*/true);
    return nullptr;
@@ -152,8 +141,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<SecondaryCacheResultHandle> CompressedSecondaryCache::Lookup(
    kept_in_sec_cache = true;
    cache_->Release(lru_handle, /*erase_if_last_ref=*/false);
  }
-  handle.reset(
-      new CompressedSecondaryCacheResultHandle(result_value, result_charge));
+  handle.reset(new CompressedSecondaryCacheResultHandle(value, charge));
  RecordTick(stats, COMPRESSED_SECONDARY_CACHE_HITS);
  return handle;
 }
@@ -176,111 +164,88 @@ bool CompressedSecondaryCache::MaybeInsertDummy(const Slice& key) {

 Status CompressedSecondaryCache::InsertInternal(
    const Slice& key, Cache::ObjectPtr value,
-    const Cache::CacheItemHelper* helper, CompressionType from_type,
+    const Cache::CacheItemHelper* helper, CompressionType type,
    CacheTier source) {
-  bool enable_split_merge = cache_options_.enable_custom_split_merge;
-  const Cache::CacheItemHelper* internal_helper = GetHelper(enable_split_merge);
+  if (source != CacheTier::kVolatileCompressedTier &&
+      cache_options_.enable_custom_split_merge) {
+    // We don't support custom split/merge for the tiered case
+    return Status::OK();
+  }

-  // TODO: variant of size_cb that also returns a pointer to the data if
-  // already available. Saves an allocation if we keep the compressed version.
-  const size_t data_size_original = (*helper->size_cb)(value);
+  auto internal_helper = GetHelper(cache_options_.enable_custom_split_merge);
+  char header[20];
+  char* payload = header;
+  payload = EncodeVarint32(payload, static_cast<uint32_t>(type));
+  payload = EncodeVarint32(payload, static_cast<uint32_t>(source));
+  size_t data_size = (*helper->size_cb)(value);
+  char* data_size_ptr = payload;
+  payload = EncodeVarint64(payload, data_size);

-  // Allocate enough memory for header/tag + original data because (a) we might
-  // not be attempting compression at all, and (b) we might keep the original if
-  // compression is insufficient. But we don't need the length prefix with
-  // enable_split_merge. TODO: be smarter with CacheValueChunk to save an
-  // allocation in the enable_split_merge case.
-  size_t header_size = GetHeaderSize(data_size_original, enable_split_merge);
-  CacheAllocationPtr allocation = AllocateBlock(
-      header_size + data_size_original, cache_options_.memory_allocator.get());
-  char* data_ptr = allocation.get() + header_size;
-  Slice tagged_data(data_ptr - kTagSize, data_size_original + kTagSize);
-  assert(tagged_data.data() >= allocation.get());
+  size_t header_size = payload - header;
+  size_t total_size = data_size + header_size;
+  CacheAllocationPtr ptr =
+      AllocateBlock(total_size, cache_options_.memory_allocator.get());
+  char* data_ptr = ptr.get() + header_size;

-  Status s = (*helper->saveto_cb)(value, 0, data_size_original, data_ptr);
+  Status s = (*helper->saveto_cb)(value, 0, data_size, data_ptr);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    return s;
  }
+  Slice val(data_ptr, data_size);

-  std::unique_ptr<char[]> tagged_compressed_data;
-  CompressionType to_type = kNoCompression;
-  if (compressor_ && from_type == kNoCompression &&
+  std::string compressed_val;
+  if (cache_options_.compression_type != kNoCompression &&
+      type == kNoCompression &&
      !cache_options_.do_not_compress_roles.Contains(helper->role)) {
-    assert(source == CacheTier::kVolatileCompressedTier);
+    PERF_COUNTER_ADD(compressed_sec_cache_uncompressed_bytes, data_size);
+    CompressionContext compression_context(cache_options_.compression_type,
+                                           cache_options_.compression_opts);
+    uint64_t sample_for_compression{0};
+    CompressionInfo compression_info(
+        cache_options_.compression_opts, compression_context,
+        CompressionDict::GetEmptyDict(), cache_options_.compression_type,
+        sample_for_compression);

-    // TODO: consider malloc sizes for max acceptable compressed size
-    // Or maybe max_compressed_bytes_per_kb
-    size_t data_size_compressed = data_size_original - 1;
-    tagged_compressed_data =
-        std::make_unique<char[]>(data_size_compressed + kTagSize);
-    s = compressor_->CompressBlock(Slice(data_ptr, data_size_original),
-                                   tagged_compressed_data.get() + kTagSize,
-                                   &data_size_compressed, &to_type,
-                                   nullptr /*working_area*/);
-    if (!s.ok()) {
-      return s;
+    bool success =
+        CompressData(val, compression_info,
+                     cache_options_.compress_format_version, &compressed_val);
+
+    if (!success) {
+      return Status::Corruption("Error compressing value.");
    }
-    PERF_COUNTER_ADD(compressed_sec_cache_uncompressed_bytes,
-                     data_size_original);
-    if (to_type == kNoCompression) {
-      // Compression rejected or otherwise aborted/failed
-      to_type = kNoCompression;
-      tagged_compressed_data.reset();
-      // TODO: consider separate counters for rejected compressions
-      PERF_COUNTER_ADD(compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes,
-                       data_size_original);
-    } else {
-      PERF_COUNTER_ADD(compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes,
-                       data_size_compressed);
-      if (enable_split_merge) {
-        // Only need tagged_data for copying into CacheValueChunks.
-        tagged_data = Slice(tagged_compressed_data.get(),
-                            data_size_compressed + kTagSize);
-        allocation.reset();
-      } else {
-        // Replace allocation with compressed version, copied from string
-        header_size = GetHeaderSize(data_size_compressed, enable_split_merge);
-        allocation = AllocateBlock(header_size + data_size_compressed,
-                                   cache_options_.memory_allocator.get());
-        data_ptr = allocation.get() + header_size;
-        // Ignore unpopulated tag on tagged_compressed_data; will only be
-        // populated on the new allocation.
-        std::memcpy(data_ptr, tagged_compressed_data.get() + kTagSize,
-                    data_size_compressed);
-        tagged_data =
-            Slice(data_ptr - kTagSize, data_size_compressed + kTagSize);
-        assert(tagged_data.data() >= allocation.get());
-      }
+
+    val = Slice(compressed_val);
+    data_size = compressed_val.size();
+    payload = EncodeVarint64(data_size_ptr, data_size);
+    header_size = payload - header;
+    total_size = header_size + data_size;
+    PERF_COUNTER_ADD(compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes, data_size);
+
+    if (!cache_options_.enable_custom_split_merge) {
+      ptr = AllocateBlock(total_size, cache_options_.memory_allocator.get());
+      data_ptr = ptr.get() + header_size;
+      memcpy(data_ptr, compressed_val.data(), data_size);
    }
  }

  PERF_COUNTER_ADD(compressed_sec_cache_insert_real_count, 1);
-
-  // Save the tag fields
-  const_cast<char*>(tagged_data.data())[0] = lossless_cast<char>(source);
-  const_cast<char*>(tagged_data.data())[1] = lossless_cast<char>(
-      source == CacheTier::kVolatileCompressedTier ? to_type : from_type);
-
-  if (enable_split_merge) {
+  if (cache_options_.enable_custom_split_merge) {
    size_t split_charge{0};
-    CacheValueChunk* value_chunks_head =
-        SplitValueIntoChunks(tagged_data, split_charge);
-    s = cache_->Insert(key, value_chunks_head, internal_helper, split_charge);
-    assert(s.ok());  // LRUCache::Insert() with handle==nullptr always OK
+    CacheValueChunk* value_chunks_head = SplitValueIntoChunks(
+        val, cache_options_.compression_type, split_charge);
+    return cache_->Insert(key, value_chunks_head, internal_helper,
+                          split_charge);
  } else {
-    // Save the size prefix
-    char* ptr = allocation.get();
-    ptr = EncodeVarint64(ptr, tagged_data.size());
-    assert(ptr == tagged_data.data());
 #ifdef ROCKSDB_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
-    size_t charge = malloc_usable_size(allocation.get());
+    size_t charge = malloc_usable_size(ptr.get());
 #else
-    size_t charge = tagged_data.size();
+    size_t charge = total_size;
 #endif
-    s = cache_->Insert(key, allocation.release(), internal_helper, charge);
-    assert(s.ok());  // LRUCache::Insert() with handle==nullptr always OK
+    std::memcpy(ptr.get(), header, header_size);
+    CacheAllocationPtr* buf = new CacheAllocationPtr(std::move(ptr));
+    charge += sizeof(CacheAllocationPtr);
+    return cache_->Insert(key, buf, internal_helper, charge);
  }
-  return Status::OK();
 }

 Status CompressedSecondaryCache::Insert(const Slice& key,
@@ -302,17 +267,7 @@ Status CompressedSecondaryCache::Insert(const Slice& key,
 Status CompressedSecondaryCache::InsertSaved(
    const Slice& key, const Slice& saved, CompressionType type = kNoCompression,
    CacheTier source = CacheTier::kVolatileTier) {
-  if (source == CacheTier::kVolatileCompressedTier) {
-    // Unexpected, would violate InsertInternal preconditions
-    assert(source != CacheTier::kVolatileCompressedTier);
-    return Status::OK();
-  }
  if (type == kNoCompression) {
-    // Not currently supported (why?)
-    return Status::OK();
-  }
-  if (cache_options_.enable_custom_split_merge) {
-    // We don't support custom split/merge for the tiered case (why?)
    return Status::OK();
  }

@@ -332,7 +287,7 @@ Status CompressedSecondaryCache::SetCapacity(size_t capacity) {
  MutexLock l(&capacity_mutex_);
  cache_options_.capacity = capacity;
  cache_->SetCapacity(capacity);
-  disable_cache_.StoreRelaxed(capacity == 0);
+  disable_cache_ = capacity == 0;
  return Status::OK();
 }

@@ -362,14 +317,9 @@ std::string CompressedSecondaryCache::GetPrintableOptions() const {
  return ret;
 }

-// FIXME: this could use a lot of attention, including:
-// * Use allocator
-// * We shouldn't be worse than non-split; be more pro-actively aware of
-// internal fragmentation
-// * Consider a unified object/chunk structure that may or may not split
-// * Optimize size overhead of chunks
 CompressedSecondaryCache::CacheValueChunk*
 CompressedSecondaryCache::SplitValueIntoChunks(const Slice& value,
+                                               CompressionType compression_type,
                                               size_t& charge) {
  assert(!value.empty());
  const char* src_ptr = value.data();
@@ -390,14 +340,15 @@ CompressedSecondaryCache::SplitValueIntoChunks(const Slice& value,
    // size, or there is no compression.
    if (upper == malloc_bin_sizes_.begin() ||
        upper == malloc_bin_sizes_.end() ||
-        *upper - predicted_chunk_size < malloc_bin_sizes_.front()) {
+        *upper - predicted_chunk_size < malloc_bin_sizes_.front() ||
+        compression_type == kNoCompression) {
      tmp_size = predicted_chunk_size;
    } else {
      tmp_size = *(--upper);
    }

    CacheValueChunk* new_chunk =
-        static_cast<CacheValueChunk*>(static_cast<void*>(new char[tmp_size]));
+        reinterpret_cast<CacheValueChunk*>(new char[tmp_size]);
    current_chunk->next = new_chunk;
    current_chunk = current_chunk->next;
    actual_chunk_size = tmp_size - sizeof(CacheValueChunk) + 1;
@@ -412,24 +363,28 @@ CompressedSecondaryCache::SplitValueIntoChunks(const Slice& value,
  return dummy_head.next;
 }

-std::string CompressedSecondaryCache::MergeChunksIntoValue(
-    const CacheValueChunk* head) {
+CacheAllocationPtr CompressedSecondaryCache::MergeChunksIntoValue(
+    const void* chunks_head, size_t& charge) {
+  const CacheValueChunk* head =
+      reinterpret_cast<const CacheValueChunk*>(chunks_head);
  const CacheValueChunk* current_chunk = head;
-  size_t total_size = 0;
+  charge = 0;
  while (current_chunk != nullptr) {
-    total_size += current_chunk->size;
+    charge += current_chunk->size;
    current_chunk = current_chunk->next;
  }

-  std::string result;
-  result.reserve(total_size);
+  CacheAllocationPtr ptr =
+      AllocateBlock(charge, cache_options_.memory_allocator.get());
  current_chunk = head;
+  size_t pos{0};
  while (current_chunk != nullptr) {
-    result.append(current_chunk->data, current_chunk->size);
+    memcpy(ptr.get() + pos, current_chunk->data, current_chunk->size);
+    pos += current_chunk->size;
    current_chunk = current_chunk->next;
  }
-  assert(result.size() == total_size);
-  return result;
+
+  return ptr;
 }

 const Cache::CacheItemHelper* CompressedSecondaryCache::GetHelper(
@@ -443,16 +398,16 @@ const Cache::CacheItemHelper* CompressedSecondaryCache::GetHelper(
            CacheValueChunk* tmp_chunk = chunks_head;
            chunks_head = chunks_head->next;
            tmp_chunk->Free();
+            obj = nullptr;
          }
        }};
    return &kHelper;
  } else {
    static const Cache::CacheItemHelper kHelper{
        CacheEntryRole::kMisc,
-        [](Cache::ObjectPtr obj, MemoryAllocator* alloc) {
-          if (obj != nullptr) {
-            CacheAllocationDeleter{alloc}(static_cast<char*>(obj));
-          }
+        [](Cache::ObjectPtr obj, MemoryAllocator* /*alloc*/) {
+          delete static_cast<CacheAllocationPtr*>(obj);
+          obj = nullptr;
        }};
    return &kHelper;
  }
@@ -463,7 +418,12 @@ size_t CompressedSecondaryCache::TEST_GetCharge(const Slice& key) {
  if (lru_handle == nullptr) {
    return 0;
  }
+
  size_t charge = cache_->GetCharge(lru_handle);
+  if (cache_->Value(lru_handle) != nullptr &&
+      !cache_options_.enable_custom_split_merge) {
+    charge -= 10;
+  }
  cache_->Release(lru_handle, /*erase_if_last_ref=*/false);
  return charge;
 }
@@ -10,12 +10,13 @@
 #include <memory>

 #include "cache/cache_reservation_manager.h"
+#include "cache/lru_cache.h"
 #include "memory/memory_allocator_impl.h"
-#include "rocksdb/advanced_compression.h"
 #include "rocksdb/secondary_cache.h"
 #include "rocksdb/slice.h"
 #include "rocksdb/status.h"
-#include "util/atomic.h"
+#include "util/compression.h"
+#include "util/mutexlock.h"

 namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {

@@ -123,9 +124,14 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCache : public SecondaryCache {
  // Split value into chunks to better fit into jemalloc bins. The chunks
  // are stored in CacheValueChunk and extra charge is needed for each chunk,
  // so the cache charge is recalculated here.
-  CacheValueChunk* SplitValueIntoChunks(const Slice& value, size_t& charge);
+  CacheValueChunk* SplitValueIntoChunks(const Slice& value,
+                                        CompressionType compression_type,
+                                        size_t& charge);

-  std::string MergeChunksIntoValue(const CacheValueChunk* head);
+  // After merging chunks, the extra charge for each chunk is removed, so
+  // the charge is recalculated.
+  CacheAllocationPtr MergeChunksIntoValue(const void* chunks_head,
+                                          size_t& charge);

  bool MaybeInsertDummy(const Slice& key);

@@ -139,11 +145,9 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCache : public SecondaryCache {
  const Cache::CacheItemHelper* GetHelper(bool enable_custom_split_merge) const;
  std::shared_ptr<Cache> cache_;
  CompressedSecondaryCacheOptions cache_options_;
-  std::unique_ptr<Compressor> compressor_;
-  std::shared_ptr<Decompressor> decompressor_;
  mutable port::Mutex capacity_mutex_;
  std::shared_ptr<ConcurrentCacheReservationManager> cache_res_mgr_;
-  RelaxedAtomic<bool> disable_cache_;
+  bool disable_cache_;
 };

 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
@@ -24,14 +24,6 @@ namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
 using secondary_cache_test_util::GetTestingCacheTypes;
 using secondary_cache_test_util::WithCacheType;

-// Read and reset a statistic
-template <typename T>
-T Pop(T& var) {
-  T ret = var;
-  var = T();
-  return ret;
-}
-
 // 16 bytes for HCC compatibility
 const std::string key0 = "____    ____key0";
 const std::string key1 = "____    ____key1";
@@ -59,7 +51,7 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCacheTestBase : public testing::Test,

    Random rnd(301);
    // Insert and Lookup the item k1 for the first time.
-    std::string str1 = test::CompressibleString(&rnd, 0.5, 1000);
+    std::string str1(rnd.RandomString(1000));
    TestItem item1(str1.data(), str1.length());
    // A dummy handle is inserted if the item is inserted for the first time.
    ASSERT_OK(sec_cache->Insert(key1, &item1, GetHelper(), false));
@@ -76,14 +68,7 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCacheTestBase : public testing::Test,
    ASSERT_OK(sec_cache->Insert(key1, &item1, GetHelper(), false));
    ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_insert_real_count, 1);

-    if (sec_cache_is_compressed) {
-      ASSERT_GT(comp_sec_cache->TEST_GetCharge(key1), str1.length() / 4);
-      ASSERT_LT(comp_sec_cache->TEST_GetCharge(key1), str1.length() * 3 / 4);
-    } else {
-      ASSERT_GE(comp_sec_cache->TEST_GetCharge(key1), str1.length());
-      // NOTE: split-merge is worse (1048 vs. 1024)
-      ASSERT_LE(comp_sec_cache->TEST_GetCharge(key1), 1048U);
-    }
+    ASSERT_GT(comp_sec_cache->TEST_GetCharge(key1), 1000);

    std::unique_ptr<SecondaryCacheResultHandle> handle1_2 =
        sec_cache->Lookup(key1, GetHelper(), this, true, /*advise_erase=*/true,
@@ -91,13 +76,10 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCacheTestBase : public testing::Test,
    ASSERT_NE(handle1_2, nullptr);
    ASSERT_FALSE(kept_in_sec_cache);
    if (sec_cache_is_compressed) {
-      ASSERT_EQ(
-          Pop(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_uncompressed_bytes),
-          str1.length());
-      ASSERT_LT(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes,
-                str1.length() * 3 / 4);
-      ASSERT_GT(Pop(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes),
-                str1.length() / 4);
+      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_uncompressed_bytes,
+                1000);
+      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes,
+                1007);
    } else {
      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_uncompressed_bytes, 0);
      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes, 0);
@@ -115,7 +97,7 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCacheTestBase : public testing::Test,
    ASSERT_EQ(handle1_3, nullptr);

    // Insert and Lookup the item k2.
-    std::string str2 = test::CompressibleString(&rnd, 0.5, 1017);
+    std::string str2(rnd.RandomString(1000));
    TestItem item2(str2.data(), str2.length());
    ASSERT_OK(sec_cache->Insert(key2, &item2, GetHelper(), false));
    ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_insert_dummy_count, 2);
@@ -127,13 +109,10 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCacheTestBase : public testing::Test,
    ASSERT_OK(sec_cache->Insert(key2, &item2, GetHelper(), false));
    ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_insert_real_count, 2);
    if (sec_cache_is_compressed) {
-      ASSERT_EQ(
-          Pop(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_uncompressed_bytes),
-          str2.length());
-      ASSERT_LT(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes,
-                str2.length() * 3 / 4);
-      ASSERT_GT(Pop(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes),
-                str2.length() / 4);
+      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_uncompressed_bytes,
+                2000);
+      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes,
+                2014);
    } else {
      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_uncompressed_bytes, 0);
      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes, 0);
@@ -147,48 +126,9 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCacheTestBase : public testing::Test,
    ASSERT_NE(val2, nullptr);
    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(val2->Buf(), item2.Buf(), item2.Size()), 0);

-    // Release handles
    std::vector<SecondaryCacheResultHandle*> handles = {handle1_2.get(),
                                                        handle2_2.get()};
    sec_cache->WaitAll(handles);
-    handle1_2.reset();
-    handle2_2.reset();
-
-    // Insert and Lookup a non-compressible item k3.
-    std::string str3 = rnd.RandomBinaryString(480);
-    TestItem item3(str3.data(), str3.length());
-    ASSERT_OK(sec_cache->Insert(key3, &item3, GetHelper(), false));
-    ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_insert_dummy_count, 3);
-    std::unique_ptr<SecondaryCacheResultHandle> handle3_1 =
-        sec_cache->Lookup(key3, GetHelper(), this, true, /*advise_erase=*/false,
-                          /*stats=*/nullptr, kept_in_sec_cache);
-    ASSERT_EQ(handle3_1, nullptr);
-
-    ASSERT_OK(sec_cache->Insert(key3, &item3, GetHelper(), false));
-    ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_insert_real_count, 3);
-    if (sec_cache_is_compressed) {
-      // TODO: consider a compression rejected stat?
-      ASSERT_EQ(
-          Pop(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_uncompressed_bytes),
-          str3.length());
-      ASSERT_EQ(Pop(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes),
-                str3.length());
-    } else {
-      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_uncompressed_bytes, 0);
-      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes, 0);
-    }
-
-    std::unique_ptr<SecondaryCacheResultHandle> handle3_2 =
-        sec_cache->Lookup(key3, GetHelper(), this, true, /*advise_erase=*/false,
-                          /*stats=*/nullptr, kept_in_sec_cache);
-    ASSERT_NE(handle3_2, nullptr);
-    std::unique_ptr<TestItem> val3 =
-        std::unique_ptr<TestItem>(static_cast<TestItem*>(handle3_2->Value()));
-    ASSERT_NE(val3, nullptr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(val3->Buf(), item3.Buf(), item3.Size()), 0);
-
-    EXPECT_GE(comp_sec_cache->TEST_GetCharge(key3), str3.length());
-    EXPECT_LE(comp_sec_cache->TEST_GetCharge(key3), 512);

    sec_cache.reset();
  }
@@ -238,9 +178,8 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCacheTestBase : public testing::Test,
      secondary_cache_opts.compression_type = CompressionType::kNoCompression;
    }

-    secondary_cache_opts.capacity = 1400;
+    secondary_cache_opts.capacity = 1100;
    secondary_cache_opts.num_shard_bits = 0;
-    secondary_cache_opts.strict_capacity_limit = true;
    std::shared_ptr<SecondaryCache> sec_cache =
        NewCompressedSecondaryCache(secondary_cache_opts);

@@ -254,7 +193,7 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCacheTestBase : public testing::Test,
    ASSERT_OK(sec_cache->Insert(key1, &item1, GetHelper(), false));

    // Insert and Lookup the second item.
-    std::string str2(rnd.RandomString(500));
+    std::string str2(rnd.RandomString(200));
    TestItem item2(str2.data(), str2.length());
    // Insert a dummy handle, k1 is not evicted.
    ASSERT_OK(sec_cache->Insert(key2, &item2, GetHelper(), false));
@@ -262,23 +201,16 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCacheTestBase : public testing::Test,
    std::unique_ptr<SecondaryCacheResultHandle> handle1 =
        sec_cache->Lookup(key1, GetHelper(), this, true, /*advise_erase=*/false,
                          /*stats=*/nullptr, kept_in_sec_cache);
-    ASSERT_NE(handle1, nullptr);
-    std::unique_ptr<TestItem> val1{static_cast<TestItem*>(handle1->Value())};
-    ASSERT_NE(val1, nullptr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(val1->ToString(), str1);
-    handle1.reset();
+    ASSERT_EQ(handle1, nullptr);

    // Insert k2 and k1 is evicted.
    ASSERT_OK(sec_cache->Insert(key2, &item2, GetHelper(), false));
-    handle1 =
-        sec_cache->Lookup(key1, GetHelper(), this, true, /*advise_erase=*/false,
-                          /*stats=*/nullptr, kept_in_sec_cache);
-    ASSERT_EQ(handle1, nullptr);
    std::unique_ptr<SecondaryCacheResultHandle> handle2 =
        sec_cache->Lookup(key2, GetHelper(), this, true, /*advise_erase=*/false,
                          /*stats=*/nullptr, kept_in_sec_cache);
    ASSERT_NE(handle2, nullptr);
-    std::unique_ptr<TestItem> val2{static_cast<TestItem*>(handle2->Value())};
+    std::unique_ptr<TestItem> val2 =
+        std::unique_ptr<TestItem>(static_cast<TestItem*>(handle2->Value()));
    ASSERT_NE(val2, nullptr);
    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(val2->Buf(), item2.Buf(), item2.Size()), 0);

@@ -300,7 +232,7 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCacheTestBase : public testing::Test,
    // Save Fails.
    std::string str3 = rnd.RandomString(10);
    TestItem item3(str3.data(), str3.length());
-    // The first Status is OK because a dummy handle is inserted.
+    // The Status is OK because a dummy handle is inserted.
    ASSERT_OK(sec_cache->Insert(key3, &item3, GetHelperFail(), false));
    ASSERT_NOK(sec_cache->Insert(key3, &item3, GetHelperFail(), false));

@@ -333,11 +265,11 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCacheTestBase : public testing::Test,

    get_perf_context()->Reset();
    Random rnd(301);
-    std::string str1 = test::CompressibleString(&rnd, 0.5, 1001);
+    std::string str1 = rnd.RandomString(1001);
    auto item1_1 = new TestItem(str1.data(), str1.length());
    ASSERT_OK(cache->Insert(key1, item1_1, GetHelper(), str1.length()));

-    std::string str2 = test::CompressibleString(&rnd, 0.5, 1012);
+    std::string str2 = rnd.RandomString(1012);
    auto item2_1 = new TestItem(str2.data(), str2.length());
    // After this Insert, primary cache contains k2 and secondary cache contains
    // k1's dummy item.
@@ -346,7 +278,7 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCacheTestBase : public testing::Test,
    ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_uncompressed_bytes, 0);
    ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes, 0);

-    std::string str3 = test::CompressibleString(&rnd, 0.5, 1024);
+    std::string str3 = rnd.RandomString(1024);
    auto item3_1 = new TestItem(str3.data(), str3.length());
    // After this Insert, primary cache contains k3 and secondary cache contains
    // k1's dummy item and k2's dummy item.
@@ -365,13 +297,10 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCacheTestBase : public testing::Test,
    ASSERT_OK(cache->Insert(key2, item2_2, GetHelper(), str2.length()));
    ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_insert_real_count, 1);
    if (sec_cache_is_compressed) {
-      ASSERT_EQ(
-          Pop(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_uncompressed_bytes),
-          str1.length());
-      ASSERT_LT(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes,
+      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_uncompressed_bytes,
                str1.length());
-      ASSERT_GT(Pop(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes),
-                str1.length() / 10);
+      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes,
+                1008);
    } else {
      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_uncompressed_bytes, 0);
      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes, 0);
@@ -383,13 +312,10 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCacheTestBase : public testing::Test,
    ASSERT_OK(cache->Insert(key3, item3_2, GetHelper(), str3.length()));
    ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_insert_real_count, 2);
    if (sec_cache_is_compressed) {
-      ASSERT_EQ(
-          Pop(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_uncompressed_bytes),
-          str2.length());
-      ASSERT_LT(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes,
-                str2.length());
-      ASSERT_GT(Pop(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes),
-                str2.length() / 10);
+      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_uncompressed_bytes,
+                str1.length() + str2.length());
+      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes,
+                2027);
    } else {
      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_uncompressed_bytes, 0);
      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes, 0);
@@ -715,7 +641,8 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCacheTestBase : public testing::Test,
    size_t str_size{8500};
    std::string str = rnd.RandomString(static_cast<int>(str_size));
    size_t charge{0};
-    CacheValueChunk* chunks_head = sec_cache->SplitValueIntoChunks(str, charge);
+    CacheValueChunk* chunks_head =
+        sec_cache->SplitValueIntoChunks(str, kLZ4Compression, charge);
    ASSERT_EQ(charge, str_size + 3 * (sizeof(CacheValueChunk) - 1));

    CacheValueChunk* current_chunk = chunks_head;
@@ -761,9 +688,12 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCacheTestBase : public testing::Test,
    std::unique_ptr<CompressedSecondaryCache> sec_cache =
        std::make_unique<CompressedSecondaryCache>(
            CompressedSecondaryCacheOptions(1000, 0, true, 0.5, 0.0));
-    std::string value_str = sec_cache->MergeChunksIntoValue(chunks_head);
-    ASSERT_EQ(value_str.size(), size1 + size2 + size3);
-    ASSERT_EQ(value_str, str);
+    size_t charge{0};
+    CacheAllocationPtr value =
+        sec_cache->MergeChunksIntoValue(chunks_head, charge);
+    ASSERT_EQ(charge, size1 + size2 + size3);
+    std::string value_str{value.get(), charge};
+    ASSERT_EQ(strcmp(value_str.data(), str.data()), 0);

    while (chunks_head != nullptr) {
      CacheValueChunk* tmp_chunk = chunks_head;
@@ -795,12 +725,15 @@ class CompressedSecondaryCacheTestBase : public testing::Test,
    size_t str_size{8500};
    std::string str = rnd.RandomString(static_cast<int>(str_size));
    size_t charge{0};
-    CacheValueChunk* chunks_head = sec_cache->SplitValueIntoChunks(str, charge);
+    CacheValueChunk* chunks_head =
+        sec_cache->SplitValueIntoChunks(str, kLZ4Compression, charge);
    ASSERT_EQ(charge, str_size + 3 * (sizeof(CacheValueChunk) - 1));

-    std::string value_str = sec_cache->MergeChunksIntoValue(chunks_head);
-    ASSERT_EQ(value_str.size(), str_size);
-    ASSERT_EQ(value_str, str);
+    CacheAllocationPtr value =
+        sec_cache->MergeChunksIntoValue(chunks_head, charge);
+    ASSERT_EQ(charge, str_size);
+    std::string value_str{value.get(), charge};
+    ASSERT_EQ(strcmp(value_str.data(), str.data()), 0);

    sec_cache->GetHelper(true)->del_cb(chunks_head, /*alloc*/ nullptr);
  }
@@ -912,6 +845,7 @@ TEST_P(CompressedSecondaryCacheTestWithCompressionParam,
  BasicTestHelper(sec_cache, sec_cache_is_compressed_);
 }

+
 TEST_P(CompressedSecondaryCacheTestWithCompressionParam, FailsTest) {
  FailsTest(sec_cache_is_compressed_);
 }
@@ -963,8 +897,8 @@ TEST_P(CompressedSecondaryCacheTestWithCompressionParam, EntryRoles) {

  std::shared_ptr<SecondaryCache> sec_cache = NewCompressedSecondaryCache(opts);

-  Random rnd(301);
-  std::string junk = test::CompressibleString(&rnd, 0.5, 1000);
+  // Fixed seed to ensure consistent compressibility (doesn't compress)
+  std::string junk(Random(301).RandomString(1000));

  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kNumCacheEntryRoles; ++i) {
    CacheEntryRole role = static_cast<CacheEntryRole>(i);
@@ -997,11 +931,9 @@ TEST_P(CompressedSecondaryCacheTestWithCompressionParam, EntryRoles) {
        sec_cache_is_compressed_ && !do_not_compress.Contains(role);
    if (compressed) {
      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_uncompressed_bytes,
-                junk.length());
-      ASSERT_LT(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes,
-                junk.length() * 3 / 4);
-      ASSERT_GT(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes,
-                junk.length() / 4);
+                1000);
+      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes,
+                1007);
    } else {
      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_uncompressed_bytes, 0);
      ASSERT_EQ(get_perf_context()->compressed_sec_cache_compressed_bytes, 0);
@@ -93,8 +93,9 @@ void LRUHandleTable::Resize() {

  uint32_t old_length = uint32_t{1} << length_bits_;
  int new_length_bits = length_bits_ + 1;
-  std::unique_ptr<LRUHandle*[]> new_list{
-      new LRUHandle* [size_t{1} << new_length_bits] {}};
+  std::unique_ptr<LRUHandle* []> new_list {
+    new LRUHandle* [size_t{1} << new_length_bits] {}
+  };
  [[maybe_unused]] uint32_t count = 0;
  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < old_length; i++) {
    LRUHandle* h = list_[i];
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ TYPED_TEST(ClockCacheTest, Limits) {
    // verify usage tracking on detached entries.)
    {
      size_t n = kCapacity * 5 + 1;
-      std::unique_ptr<HandleImpl*[]> ha{new HandleImpl* [n] {}};
+      std::unique_ptr<HandleImpl* []> ha { new HandleImpl* [n] {} };
      Status s;
      for (size_t i = 0; i < n && s.ok(); ++i) {
        hkey[1] = i;
@@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ TYPED_TEST(ClockCacheTest, ClockEvictionEffortCapTest) {
      // evictable entries are present beyond the cache capacity, despite
      // being evictable.
      constexpr size_t kCount = kCapacity - 1;
-      std::unique_ptr<HandleImpl*[]> ha{new HandleImpl* [kCount] {}};
+      std::unique_ptr<HandleImpl* []> ha { new HandleImpl* [kCount] {} };
      for (size_t i = 0; i < 2 * kCount; ++i) {
        UniqueId64x2 hkey = this->CheapHash(i);
        ASSERT_OK(shard.Insert(
@@ -1405,9 +1405,9 @@ TEST_P(BasicSecondaryCacheTest, SaveFailTest) {
  TestItem* item1 = new TestItem(str1.data(), str1.length());
  ASSERT_OK(cache->Insert(k1.AsSlice(), item1, GetHelperFail(), str1.length()));
  std::string str2 = rnd.RandomString(1020);
-  ASSERT_EQ(secondary_cache->num_inserts(), 0u);
  TestItem* item2 = new TestItem(str2.data(), str2.length());
  // k1 should be demoted to NVM
+  ASSERT_EQ(secondary_cache->num_inserts(), 0u);
  ASSERT_OK(cache->Insert(k2.AsSlice(), item2, GetHelperFail(), str2.length()));
  ASSERT_EQ(secondary_cache->num_inserts(), 1u);

@@ -7,4 +7,6 @@

 #include "cache/cache_entry_roles.h"

-namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {}  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
+namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
+
+}  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ const char* kTieredCacheName = "TieredCache";
 // proportionally across the primary/secondary caches.
 //
 // The primary block cache is initially sized to the sum of the primary cache
-// budget + the secondary cache budget, as follows -
+// budget + teh secondary cache budget, as follows -
 //   |---------    Primary Cache Configured Capacity  -----------|
 //   |---Secondary Cache Budget----|----Primary Cache Budget-----|
 //
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ const char* kTieredCacheName = "TieredCache";
 // placeholder is counted against the primary cache. To compensate and count
 // a portion of it against the secondary cache, the secondary cache Deflate()
 // method is called to shrink it. Since the Deflate() causes the secondary
-// actual usage to shrink, it is reflected here by releasing an equal amount
+// actual usage to shrink, it is refelcted here by releasing an equal amount
 // from the pri_cache_res_ reservation. The Deflate() in the secondary cache
 // can be, but is not required to be, implemented using its own cache
 // reservation manager.
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ const char* kTieredCacheName = "TieredCache";
 // reservation is increased by an equal amount.
 //
 // Another way of implementing this would have been to simply split the user
-// reservation into primary and secondary components. However, this would
+// reservation into primary and seconary components. However, this would
 // require allocating a structure to track the associated secondary cache
 // reservation, which adds some complexity and overhead.
 //
@@ -121,14 +121,7 @@ CacheWithSecondaryAdapter::~CacheWithSecondaryAdapter() {
    assert(s.ok());
    assert(placeholder_usage_ == 0);
    assert(reserved_usage_ == 0);
-    if (pri_cache_res_->GetTotalMemoryUsed() != sec_capacity) {
-      fprintf(stdout,
-              "~CacheWithSecondaryAdapter: Primary cache reservation: "
-              "%zu, Secondary cache capacity: %zu, "
-              "Secondary cache reserved: %zu\n",
-              pri_cache_res_->GetTotalMemoryUsed(), sec_capacity,
-              sec_reserved_);
-    }
+    assert(pri_cache_res_->GetTotalMemoryUsed() == sec_capacity);
  }
 #endif  // NDEBUG
 }
@@ -486,10 +479,12 @@ const char* CacheWithSecondaryAdapter::Name() const {
 // as well. At the moment, we don't have a good way of handling the case
 // where the new capacity < total cache reservations.
 void CacheWithSecondaryAdapter::SetCapacity(size_t capacity) {
+  size_t sec_capacity = static_cast<size_t>(
+      capacity * (distribute_cache_res_ ? sec_cache_res_ratio_ : 0.0));
+  size_t old_sec_capacity = 0;
+
  if (distribute_cache_res_) {
    MutexLock m(&cache_res_mutex_);
-    size_t sec_capacity = static_cast<size_t>(capacity * sec_cache_res_ratio_);
-    size_t old_sec_capacity = 0;

    Status s = secondary_cache_->GetCapacity(old_sec_capacity);
    if (!s.ok()) {
@@ -584,7 +579,7 @@ Status CacheWithSecondaryAdapter::UpdateCacheReservationRatio(
  size_t pri_capacity = target_->GetCapacity();
  size_t sec_capacity =
      static_cast<size_t>(pri_capacity * compressed_secondary_ratio);
-  size_t old_sec_capacity = 0;
+  size_t old_sec_capacity;
  Status s = secondary_cache_->GetCapacity(old_sec_capacity);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    return s;
@@ -608,7 +603,6 @@ Status CacheWithSecondaryAdapter::UpdateCacheReservationRatio(
    //    cache utilization (increase in capacity - increase in share of cache
    //    reservation)
    // 3. Increase secondary cache capacity
-    assert(new_sec_reserved >= sec_reserved_);
    s = secondary_cache_->Deflate(new_sec_reserved - sec_reserved_);
    assert(s.ok());
    s = pri_cache_res_->UpdateCacheReservation(
@@ -621,7 +615,7 @@ Status CacheWithSecondaryAdapter::UpdateCacheReservationRatio(
  } else {
    // We're shrinking the ratio. Try to avoid unnecessary evictions -
    // 1. Lower the secondary cache capacity
-    // 2. Decrease pri_cache_res_ reservation to reflect lower secondary
+    // 2. Decrease pri_cache_res_ reservation to relect lower secondary
    //    cache utilization (decrease in capacity - decrease in share of cache
    //    reservations)
    // 3. Inflate the secondary cache to give it back the reduction in its
@@ -951,20 +951,12 @@ TEST_F(DBTieredSecondaryCacheTest, FSBufferTest) {
                           IODebugContext* dbg) override {
          for (size_t i = 0; i < num_reqs; ++i) {
            FSReadRequest& req = reqs[i];
-            // See https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/13195 for why we
-            // want to set up our test implementation for FSAllocationPtr this
-            // way.
-            char* internalData = new char[req.len];
-            req.status = Read(req.offset, req.len, options, &req.result,
-                              internalData, dbg);
-
-            Slice* internalSlice = new Slice(internalData, req.len);
-            FSAllocationPtr internalPtr(internalSlice, [](void* ptr) {
-              delete[] static_cast<const char*>(
-                  static_cast<Slice*>(ptr)->data_);
-              delete static_cast<Slice*>(ptr);
+            FSAllocationPtr buffer(new char[req.len], [](void* ptr) {
+              delete[] static_cast<char*>(ptr);
            });
-            req.fs_scratch = std::move(internalPtr);
+            req.fs_scratch = std::move(buffer);
+            req.status = Read(req.offset, req.len, options, &req.result,
+                              static_cast<char*>(req.fs_scratch.get()), dbg);
          }
          return IOStatus::OK();
        }
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-ccache.exe cl.exe %*
@@ -11,29 +11,18 @@ CRASHTEST_MAKE=$(MAKE) -f crash_test.mk
 CRASHTEST_PY=$(PYTHON) -u tools/db_crashtest.py --stress_cmd=$(DB_STRESS_CMD) --cleanup_cmd='$(DB_CLEANUP_CMD)'

 .PHONY: crash_test crash_test_with_atomic_flush crash_test_with_txn \
-	crash_test_with_wc_txn crash_test_with_wp_txn crash_test_with_wup_txn \
 	crash_test_with_best_efforts_recovery crash_test_with_ts \
-	crash_test_with_multiops_wc_txn \
-	crash_test_with_multiops_wp_txn \
-	crash_test_with_multiops_wup_txn \
-	crash_test_with_optimistic_txn \
-	crash_test_with_tiered_storage \
 	blackbox_crash_test blackbox_crash_test_with_atomic_flush \
-	blackbox_crash_test_with_wc_txn blackbox_crash_test_with_wp_txn \
-	blackbox_crash_test_with_wup_txn \
 	blackbox_crash_test_with_txn blackbox_crash_test_with_ts \
 	blackbox_crash_test_with_best_efforts_recovery \
+	whitebox_crash_test whitebox_crash_test_with_atomic_flush \
+	whitebox_crash_test_with_txn whitebox_crash_test_with_ts \
 	blackbox_crash_test_with_multiops_wc_txn \
 	blackbox_crash_test_with_multiops_wp_txn \
-	blackbox_crash_test_with_multiops_wup_txn \
-	blackbox_crash_test_with_optimistic_txn \
-	blackbox_crash_test_with_tiered_storage \
-	whitebox_crash_test whitebox_crash_test_with_atomic_flush \
-	whitebox_crash_test_with_wc_txn whitebox_crash_test_with_wp_txn \
-	whitebox_crash_test_with_wup_txn \
-	whitebox_crash_test_with_txn whitebox_crash_test_with_ts \
-	whitebox_crash_test_with_optimistic_txn \
+	crash_test_with_tiered_storage blackbox_crash_test_with_tiered_storage \
 	whitebox_crash_test_with_tiered_storage \
+	whitebox_crash_test_with_optimistic_txn \
+	blackbox_crash_test_with_optimistic_txn \

 crash_test: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 # Do not parallelize
@@ -45,20 +34,10 @@ crash_test_with_atomic_flush: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 	$(CRASHTEST_MAKE) whitebox_crash_test_with_atomic_flush
 	$(CRASHTEST_MAKE) blackbox_crash_test_with_atomic_flush

-crash_test_with_wc_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
+crash_test_with_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 # Do not parallelize
-	$(CRASHTEST_MAKE) whitebox_crash_test_with_wc_txn
-	$(CRASHTEST_MAKE) blackbox_crash_test_with_wc_txn
-
-crash_test_with_wp_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
-# Do not parallelize
-	$(CRASHTEST_MAKE) whitebox_crash_test_with_wp_txn
-	$(CRASHTEST_MAKE) blackbox_crash_test_with_wp_txn
-
-crash_test_with_wup_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
-# Do not parallelize
-	$(CRASHTEST_MAKE) whitebox_crash_test_with_wup_txn
-	$(CRASHTEST_MAKE) blackbox_crash_test_with_wup_txn
+	$(CRASHTEST_MAKE) whitebox_crash_test_with_txn
+	$(CRASHTEST_MAKE) blackbox_crash_test_with_txn

 crash_test_with_optimistic_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 # Do not parallelize
@@ -83,9 +62,6 @@ crash_test_with_multiops_wc_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 crash_test_with_multiops_wp_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 	$(CRASHTEST_MAKE) blackbox_crash_test_with_multiops_wp_txn

-crash_test_with_multiops_wup_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
-	$(CRASHTEST_MAKE) blackbox_crash_test_with_multiops_wup_txn
-
 blackbox_crash_test: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --simple blackbox $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)
 	$(CRASHTEST_PY) blackbox $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)
@@ -93,14 +69,8 @@ blackbox_crash_test: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 blackbox_crash_test_with_atomic_flush: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --cf_consistency blackbox $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)

-blackbox_crash_test_with_wc_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
-	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --txn blackbox --txn_write_policy 0 $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)
-
-blackbox_crash_test_with_wp_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
-	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --txn blackbox --txn_write_policy 1 $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)
-
-blackbox_crash_test_with_wup_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
-	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --txn blackbox --txn_write_policy 2 $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)
+blackbox_crash_test_with_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
+	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --txn blackbox $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)

 blackbox_crash_test_with_best_efforts_recovery: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --test_best_efforts_recovery blackbox $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)
@@ -109,13 +79,10 @@ blackbox_crash_test_with_ts: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --enable_ts blackbox $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)

 blackbox_crash_test_with_multiops_wc_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
-	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --test_multiops_txn --txn_write_policy 0 blackbox $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)
+	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --test_multiops_txn --write_policy write_committed blackbox $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)

 blackbox_crash_test_with_multiops_wp_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
-	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --test_multiops_txn --txn_write_policy 1 blackbox $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)
-
-blackbox_crash_test_with_multiops_wup_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
-	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --test_multiops_txn --txn_write_policy 2 blackbox $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)
+	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --test_multiops_txn --write_policy write_prepared blackbox $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)

 blackbox_crash_test_with_tiered_storage: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --test_tiered_storage blackbox $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)
@@ -137,17 +104,9 @@ whitebox_crash_test_with_atomic_flush: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --cf_consistency whitebox  --random_kill_odd \
      $(CRASH_TEST_KILL_ODD) $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)

-whitebox_crash_test_with_wc_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
-	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --txn whitebox --txn_write_policy 0 \
-	  --random_kill_odd $(CRASH_TEST_KILL_ODD) $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)
-
-whitebox_crash_test_with_wp_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
-	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --txn whitebox --txn_write_policy 1 \
-      --random_kill_odd $(CRASH_TEST_KILL_ODD) $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)
-
-whitebox_crash_test_with_wup_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
-	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --txn whitebox --txn_write_policy 2 \
-      --random_kill_odd $(CRASH_TEST_KILL_ODD) $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)
+whitebox_crash_test_with_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
+	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --txn whitebox --random_kill_odd \
+      $(CRASH_TEST_KILL_ODD) $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)

 whitebox_crash_test_with_ts: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --enable_ts whitebox --random_kill_odd \
@@ -160,8 +119,3 @@ whitebox_crash_test_with_tiered_storage: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 whitebox_crash_test_with_optimistic_txn: $(DB_STRESS_CMD)
 	$(CRASHTEST_PY) --optimistic_txn whitebox --random_kill_odd \
      $(CRASH_TEST_KILL_ODD) $(CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS)
-
-# Old names DEPRECATED
-crash_test_with_txn: crash_test_with_wc_txn
-whitebox_crash_test_with_txn: whitebox_crash_test_with_wc_txn
-blackbox_crash_test_with_txn: blackbox_crash_test_with_wc_txn
@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ Status ArenaWrappedDBIter::GetProperty(std::string prop_name,
 void ArenaWrappedDBIter::Init(
    Env* env, const ReadOptions& read_options, const ImmutableOptions& ioptions,
    const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options, const Version* version,
-    const SequenceNumber& sequence, uint64_t version_number,
-    ReadCallback* read_callback, ColumnFamilyHandleImpl* cfh,
-    bool expose_blob_index, bool allow_refresh, ReadOnlyMemTable* active_mem) {
+    const SequenceNumber& sequence, uint64_t max_sequential_skip_in_iteration,
+    uint64_t version_number, ReadCallback* read_callback,
+    ColumnFamilyHandleImpl* cfh, bool expose_blob_index, bool allow_refresh) {
  read_options_ = read_options;
  if (!CheckFSFeatureSupport(env->GetFileSystem().get(),
                             FSSupportedOps::kAsyncIO)) {
@@ -52,128 +52,20 @@ void ArenaWrappedDBIter::Init(
  }
  read_options_.total_order_seek |= ioptions.prefix_seek_opt_in_only;

-  db_iter_ = DBIter::NewIter(
-      env, read_options_, ioptions, mutable_cf_options,
-      ioptions.user_comparator, /*internal_iter=*/nullptr, version, sequence,
-      read_callback, active_mem, cfh, expose_blob_index, &arena_);
+  auto mem = arena_.AllocateAligned(sizeof(DBIter));
+  db_iter_ = new (mem) DBIter(env, read_options_, ioptions, mutable_cf_options,
+                              ioptions.user_comparator,
+                              /* iter */ nullptr, version, sequence, true,
+                              max_sequential_skip_in_iteration, read_callback,
+                              cfh, expose_blob_index);

  sv_number_ = version_number;
  allow_refresh_ = allow_refresh;
-  allow_mark_memtable_for_flush_ = active_mem;
  memtable_range_tombstone_iter_ = nullptr;
 }

-void ArenaWrappedDBIter::MaybeAutoRefresh(bool is_seek,
-                                          DBIter::Direction direction) {
-  if (cfh_ != nullptr && read_options_.snapshot != nullptr && allow_refresh_ &&
-      read_options_.auto_refresh_iterator_with_snapshot) {
-    // The intent here is to capture the superversion number change
-    // reasonably soon from the time it actually happened. As such,
-    // we're fine with weaker synchronization / ordering guarantees
-    // provided by relaxed atomic (in favor of less CPU / mem overhead).
-    uint64_t cur_sv_number = cfh_->cfd()->GetSuperVersionNumberRelaxed();
-    if ((sv_number_ != cur_sv_number) && status().ok()) {
-      // Changing iterators' direction is pretty heavy-weight operation and
-      // could have unintended consequences when it comes to prefix seek.
-      // Therefore, we need an efficient implementation that does not duplicate
-      // the effort by doing things like double seek(forprev).
-      //
-      // Auto refresh can be triggered on the following groups of operations:
-      //
-      //  1. [Seek]: Seek(), SeekForPrev()
-      //  2. [Non-Seek]: Next(), Prev()
-      //
-      // In case of 'Seek' group, procedure is fairly straightforward as we'll
-      // simply call refresh and then invoke the operation on intended target.
-      //
-      // In case of 'Non-Seek' group, we'll first advance the cursor by invoking
-      // intended user operation (Next() or Prev()), capture the target key T,
-      // refresh the iterator and then reconcile the refreshed iterator by
-      // explicitly calling [Seek(T) or SeekForPrev(T)]. Below is an example
-      // flow for Next(), but same principle applies to Prev():
-      //
-      //
-      //          T0: Before the operation     T1: Execute Next()
-      //                         |                      |
-      //                         |         -------------
-      //                         |        |   * capture the key (T)
-      //           DBIter(SV#A)  |        |
-      //          --------------\ /------\ /---------
-      //  SV #A  |     ... ->  [ X ] -> [ T ] -> ... |
-      //          -----------------------------------
-      //                                / |
-      //                               /  |
-      //                              /  T2: Refresh iterator
-      //                             /
-      //           DBIter(SV#A')    /
-      //          ----------------------------------
-      //  SV #A' |       ... ->  [ T ] -> ...       |
-      //          ----------------/ \---------------
-      //                           |
-      //                            ---- T3: Seek(T)
-      //
-      bool valid = false;
-      std::string key;
-      if (!is_seek && db_iter_->Valid()) {
-        // The key() Slice is valid until the iterator state changes.
-        // Given that refresh is heavy-weight operation it itself,
-        // we should copy the target key upfront to avoid reading bad value.
-        valid = true;
-        key = db_iter_->key().ToString();
-      }
-
-      // It's perfectly fine to unref the corresponding superversion
-      // as we rely on pinning behavior of snapshot for consistency.
-      DoRefresh(read_options_.snapshot, cur_sv_number);
-
-      if (!is_seek && valid) {  // Reconcile new iterator after Next() / Prev()
-        if (direction == DBIter::kForward) {
-          db_iter_->Seek(key);
-        } else {
-          assert(direction == DBIter::kReverse);
-          db_iter_->SeekForPrev(key);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
 Status ArenaWrappedDBIter::Refresh() { return Refresh(nullptr); }

-void ArenaWrappedDBIter::DoRefresh(const Snapshot* snapshot,
-                                   [[maybe_unused]] uint64_t sv_number) {
-  Env* env = db_iter_->env();
-
-  // NOTE:
-  //
-  // Errors like file deletion (as a part of SV cleanup in ~DBIter) will be
-  // present in the error log, but won't be reflected in the iterator status.
-  // This is by design as we expect compaction to clean up those obsolete files
-  // eventually.
-  db_iter_->~DBIter();
-
-  arena_.~Arena();
-  new (&arena_) Arena();
-
-  auto cfd = cfh_->cfd();
-  auto db_impl = cfh_->db();
-
-  SuperVersion* sv = cfd->GetReferencedSuperVersion(db_impl);
-  assert(sv->version_number >= sv_number);
-  SequenceNumber read_seq = GetSeqNum(db_impl, snapshot);
-  if (read_callback_) {
-    read_callback_->Refresh(read_seq);
-  }
-  Init(env, read_options_, cfd->ioptions(), sv->mutable_cf_options, sv->current,
-       read_seq, sv->version_number, read_callback_, cfh_, expose_blob_index_,
-       allow_refresh_, allow_mark_memtable_for_flush_ ? sv->mem : nullptr);
-
-  InternalIterator* internal_iter = db_impl->NewInternalIterator(
-      read_options_, cfd, sv, &arena_, read_seq,
-      /* allow_unprepared_value */ true, /* db_iter */ this);
-  SetIterUnderDBIter(internal_iter);
-}
-
 Status ArenaWrappedDBIter::Refresh(const Snapshot* snapshot) {
  if (cfh_ == nullptr || !allow_refresh_) {
    return Status::NotSupported("Creating renew iterator is not allowed.");
@@ -193,9 +85,32 @@ Status ArenaWrappedDBIter::Refresh(const Snapshot* snapshot) {
  TEST_SYNC_POINT("ArenaWrappedDBIter::Refresh:1");
  TEST_SYNC_POINT("ArenaWrappedDBIter::Refresh:2");

+  auto reinit_internal_iter = [&]() {
+    Env* env = db_iter_->env();
+    db_iter_->~DBIter();
+    arena_.~Arena();
+    new (&arena_) Arena();
+
+    SuperVersion* sv = cfd->GetReferencedSuperVersion(db_impl);
+    assert(sv->version_number >= cur_sv_number);
+    SequenceNumber read_seq = GetSeqNum(db_impl, snapshot);
+    if (read_callback_) {
+      read_callback_->Refresh(read_seq);
+    }
+    Init(env, read_options_, *(cfd->ioptions()), sv->mutable_cf_options,
+         sv->current, read_seq,
+         sv->mutable_cf_options.max_sequential_skip_in_iterations,
+         sv->version_number, read_callback_, cfh_, expose_blob_index_,
+         allow_refresh_);
+
+    InternalIterator* internal_iter = db_impl->NewInternalIterator(
+        read_options_, cfd, sv, &arena_, read_seq,
+        /* allow_unprepared_value */ true, /* db_iter */ this);
+    SetIterUnderDBIter(internal_iter);
+  };
  while (true) {
    if (sv_number_ != cur_sv_number) {
-      DoRefresh(snapshot, cur_sv_number);
+      reinit_internal_iter();
      break;
    } else {
      SequenceNumber read_seq = GetSeqNum(db_impl, snapshot);
@@ -223,7 +138,7 @@ Status ArenaWrappedDBIter::Refresh(const Snapshot* snapshot) {
            db_impl->ReturnAndCleanupSuperVersion(cfd, sv);
            // The memtable under DBIter did not have range tombstone before
            // refresh.
-            DoRefresh(snapshot, cur_sv_number);
+            reinit_internal_iter();
            break;
          } else {
            *memtable_range_tombstone_iter_ =
@@ -251,26 +166,20 @@ Status ArenaWrappedDBIter::Refresh(const Snapshot* snapshot) {
 }

 ArenaWrappedDBIter* NewArenaWrappedDbIterator(
-    Env* env, const ReadOptions& read_options, ColumnFamilyHandleImpl* cfh,
-    SuperVersion* sv, const SequenceNumber& sequence,
-    ReadCallback* read_callback, DBImpl* db_impl, bool expose_blob_index,
-    bool allow_refresh, bool allow_mark_memtable_for_flush) {
-  ArenaWrappedDBIter* db_iter = new ArenaWrappedDBIter();
-  db_iter->Init(env, read_options, cfh->cfd()->ioptions(),
-                sv->mutable_cf_options, sv->current, sequence,
-                sv->version_number, read_callback, cfh, expose_blob_index,
-                allow_refresh,
-                allow_mark_memtable_for_flush ? sv->mem : nullptr);
+    Env* env, const ReadOptions& read_options, const ImmutableOptions& ioptions,
+    const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options, const Version* version,
+    const SequenceNumber& sequence, uint64_t max_sequential_skip_in_iterations,
+    uint64_t version_number, ReadCallback* read_callback,
+    ColumnFamilyHandleImpl* cfh, bool expose_blob_index, bool allow_refresh) {
+  ArenaWrappedDBIter* iter = new ArenaWrappedDBIter();
+  iter->Init(env, read_options, ioptions, mutable_cf_options, version, sequence,
+             max_sequential_skip_in_iterations, version_number, read_callback,
+             cfh, expose_blob_index, allow_refresh);
  if (cfh != nullptr && allow_refresh) {
-    db_iter->StoreRefreshInfo(cfh, read_callback, expose_blob_index);
+    iter->StoreRefreshInfo(cfh, read_callback, expose_blob_index);
  }

-  InternalIterator* internal_iter = db_impl->NewInternalIterator(
-      db_iter->GetReadOptions(), cfh->cfd(), sv, db_iter->GetArena(), sequence,
-      /*allow_unprepared_value=*/true, db_iter);
-  db_iter->SetIterUnderDBIter(internal_iter);
-
-  return db_iter;
+  return iter;
 }

 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "options/cf_options.h"
 #include "rocksdb/db.h"
 #include "rocksdb/iterator.h"
+#include "util/autovector.h"

 namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {

@@ -64,26 +65,12 @@ class ArenaWrappedDBIter : public Iterator {
  void SeekToLast() override { db_iter_->SeekToLast(); }
  // 'target' does not contain timestamp, even if user timestamp feature is
  // enabled.
-  void Seek(const Slice& target) override {
-    MaybeAutoRefresh(true /* is_seek */, DBIter::kForward);
-    db_iter_->Seek(target);
-  }
-
+  void Seek(const Slice& target) override { db_iter_->Seek(target); }
  void SeekForPrev(const Slice& target) override {
-    MaybeAutoRefresh(true /* is_seek */, DBIter::kReverse);
    db_iter_->SeekForPrev(target);
  }
-
-  void Next() override {
-    db_iter_->Next();
-    MaybeAutoRefresh(false /* is_seek */, DBIter::kForward);
-  }
-
-  void Prev() override {
-    db_iter_->Prev();
-    MaybeAutoRefresh(false /* is_seek */, DBIter::kReverse);
-  }
-
+  void Next() override { db_iter_->Next(); }
+  void Prev() override { db_iter_->Prev(); }
  Slice key() const override { return db_iter_->key(); }
  Slice value() const override { return db_iter_->value(); }
  const WideColumns& columns() const override { return db_iter_->columns(); }
@@ -98,19 +85,13 @@ class ArenaWrappedDBIter : public Iterator {

  bool PrepareValue() override { return db_iter_->PrepareValue(); }

-  void Prepare(const MultiScanArgs& scan_opts) override {
-    db_iter_->Prepare(scan_opts);
-  }
-
-  // FIXME: we could just pass SV in for mutable cf option, version and version
-  // number, but this is used by SstFileReader which does not have a SV.
  void Init(Env* env, const ReadOptions& read_options,
            const ImmutableOptions& ioptions,
            const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options, const Version* version,
-            const SequenceNumber& sequence, uint64_t version_number,
+            const SequenceNumber& sequence,
+            uint64_t max_sequential_skip_in_iterations, uint64_t version_number,
            ReadCallback* read_callback, ColumnFamilyHandleImpl* cfh,
-            bool expose_blob_index, bool allow_refresh,
-            ReadOnlyMemTable* active_mem);
+            bool expose_blob_index, bool allow_refresh);

  // Store some parameters so we can refresh the iterator at a later point
  // with these same params
@@ -122,9 +103,6 @@ class ArenaWrappedDBIter : public Iterator {
  }

 private:
-  void DoRefresh(const Snapshot* snapshot, uint64_t sv_number);
-  void MaybeAutoRefresh(bool is_seek, DBIter::Direction direction);
-
  DBIter* db_iter_ = nullptr;
  Arena arena_;
  uint64_t sv_number_;
@@ -133,16 +111,20 @@ class ArenaWrappedDBIter : public Iterator {
  ReadCallback* read_callback_;
  bool expose_blob_index_ = false;
  bool allow_refresh_ = true;
-  bool allow_mark_memtable_for_flush_ = true;
  // If this is nullptr, it means the mutable memtable does not contain range
  // tombstone when added under this DBIter.
  std::unique_ptr<TruncatedRangeDelIterator>* memtable_range_tombstone_iter_ =
      nullptr;
 };

+// Generate the arena wrapped iterator class.
+// `cfh` is used for reneweal. If left null, renewal will not
+// be supported.
 ArenaWrappedDBIter* NewArenaWrappedDbIterator(
-    Env* env, const ReadOptions& read_options, ColumnFamilyHandleImpl* cfh,
-    SuperVersion* sv, const SequenceNumber& sequence,
-    ReadCallback* read_callback, DBImpl* db_impl, bool expose_blob_index,
-    bool allow_refresh, bool allow_mark_memtable_for_flush);
+    Env* env, const ReadOptions& read_options, const ImmutableOptions& ioptions,
+    const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options, const Version* version,
+    const SequenceNumber& sequence, uint64_t max_sequential_skip_in_iterations,
+    uint64_t version_number, ReadCallback* read_callback,
+    ColumnFamilyHandleImpl* cfh = nullptr, bool expose_blob_index = false,
+    bool allow_refresh = true);
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
@@ -188,12 +188,10 @@ Status BlobFileBuilder::OpenBlobFileIfNeeded() {
  }

  std::unique_ptr<FSWritableFile> file;
-  FileOptions fo_copy;
+
  {
    assert(file_options_);
-    fo_copy = *file_options_;
-    fo_copy.write_hint = write_hint_;
-    Status s = NewWritableFile(fs_, blob_file_path, &file, fo_copy);
+    Status s = NewWritableFile(fs_, blob_file_path, &file, *file_options_);

    TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK(
        "BlobFileBuilder::OpenBlobFileIfNeeded:NewWritableFile", &s);
@@ -211,9 +209,7 @@ Status BlobFileBuilder::OpenBlobFileIfNeeded() {

  assert(file);
  file->SetIOPriority(write_options_->rate_limiter_priority);
-  // Subsequent attempts to override the hint via SetWriteLifeTimeHint
-  // with the very same value will be ignored by the fs.
-  file->SetWriteLifeTimeHint(fo_copy.write_hint);
+  file->SetWriteLifeTimeHint(write_hint_);
  FileTypeSet tmp_set = immutable_options_->checksum_handoff_file_types;
  Statistics* const statistics = immutable_options_->stats;
  std::unique_ptr<WritableFileWriter> file_writer(new WritableFileWriter(
@@ -267,9 +263,10 @@ Status BlobFileBuilder::CompressBlobIfNeeded(
  // TODO: allow user CompressionOptions, including max_compressed_bytes_per_kb
  CompressionOptions opts;
  CompressionContext context(blob_compression_type_, opts);
+  constexpr uint64_t sample_for_compression = 0;

  CompressionInfo info(opts, context, CompressionDict::GetEmptyDict(),
-                       blob_compression_type_);
+                       blob_compression_type_, sample_for_compression);

  constexpr uint32_t compression_format_version = 2;

@@ -278,8 +275,8 @@ Status BlobFileBuilder::CompressBlobIfNeeded(
  {
    StopWatch stop_watch(immutable_options_->clock, immutable_options_->stats,
                         BLOB_DB_COMPRESSION_MICROS);
-    success = OLD_CompressData(*blob, info, compression_format_version,
-                               compressed_blob);
+    success =
+        CompressData(*blob, info, compression_format_version, compressed_blob);
  }

  if (!success) {
@@ -405,9 +405,10 @@ TEST_F(BlobFileBuilderTest, Compression) {

  CompressionOptions opts;
  CompressionContext context(kSnappyCompression, opts);
+  constexpr uint64_t sample_for_compression = 0;

  CompressionInfo info(opts, context, CompressionDict::GetEmptyDict(),
-                       kSnappyCompression);
+                       kSnappyCompression, sample_for_compression);

  std::string compressed_value;
  ASSERT_TRUE(Snappy_Compress(info, uncompressed_value.data(),
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 #pragma once

 #include <cassert>
-#include <cstdint>
 #include <iosfwd>
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
@@ -250,8 +250,7 @@ Status BlobFileReader::ReadFromFile(const RandomAccessFileReader* file_reader,
  Status s;

  IOOptions io_options;
-  IODebugContext dbg;
-  s = file_reader->PrepareIOOptions(read_options, io_options, &dbg);
+  s = file_reader->PrepareIOOptions(read_options, io_options);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    return s;
  }
@@ -260,13 +259,13 @@ Status BlobFileReader::ReadFromFile(const RandomAccessFileReader* file_reader,
    constexpr char* scratch = nullptr;

    s = file_reader->Read(io_options, read_offset, read_size, slice, scratch,
-                          aligned_buf, &dbg);
+                          aligned_buf);
  } else {
    buf->reset(new char[read_size]);
    constexpr AlignedBuf* aligned_scratch = nullptr;

    s = file_reader->Read(io_options, read_offset, read_size, slice, buf->get(),
-                          aligned_scratch, &dbg);
+                          aligned_scratch);
  }

  if (!s.ok()) {
@@ -335,8 +334,7 @@ Status BlobFileReader::GetBlob(
    constexpr bool for_compaction = true;

    IOOptions io_options;
-    IODebugContext dbg;
-    s = file_reader_->PrepareIOOptions(read_options, io_options, &dbg);
+    s = file_reader_->PrepareIOOptions(read_options, io_options);
    if (!s.ok()) {
      return s;
    }
@@ -465,11 +463,10 @@ void BlobFileReader::MultiGetBlob(
  PERF_COUNTER_ADD(blob_read_count, num_blobs);
  PERF_COUNTER_ADD(blob_read_byte, total_len);
  IOOptions opts;
-  IODebugContext dbg;
-  s = file_reader_->PrepareIOOptions(read_options, opts, &dbg);
+  s = file_reader_->PrepareIOOptions(read_options, opts);
  if (s.ok()) {
    s = file_reader_->MultiRead(opts, read_reqs.data(), read_reqs.size(),
-                                direct_io ? &aligned_buf : nullptr, &dbg);
+                                direct_io ? &aligned_buf : nullptr);
  }
  if (!s.ok()) {
    for (auto& req : read_reqs) {
@@ -605,9 +602,9 @@ Status BlobFileReader::UncompressBlobIfNeeded(
  {
    PERF_TIMER_GUARD(blob_decompress_time);
    StopWatch stop_watch(clock, statistics, BLOB_DB_DECOMPRESSION_MICROS);
-    output = OLD_UncompressData(info, value_slice.data(), value_slice.size(),
-                                &uncompressed_size, compression_format_version,
-                                allocator);
+    output = UncompressData(info, value_slice.data(), value_slice.size(),
+                            &uncompressed_size, compression_format_version,
+                            allocator);
  }

  TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK(
@@ -75,14 +75,15 @@ void WriteBlobFile(const ImmutableOptions& immutable_options,
  } else {
    CompressionOptions opts;
    CompressionContext context(compression, opts);
+    constexpr uint64_t sample_for_compression = 0;
    CompressionInfo info(opts, context, CompressionDict::GetEmptyDict(),
-                         compression);
+                         compression, sample_for_compression);

    constexpr uint32_t compression_format_version = 2;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < num; ++i) {
-      ASSERT_TRUE(OLD_CompressData(blobs[i], info, compression_format_version,
-                                   &compressed_blobs[i]));
+      ASSERT_TRUE(CompressData(blobs[i], info, compression_format_version,
+                               &compressed_blobs[i]));
      blobs_to_write[i] = compressed_blobs[i];
      blob_sizes[i] = compressed_blobs[i].size();
    }
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ Status BlobSource::PutBlobIntoCache(
  assert(cached_blob->IsEmpty());

  TypedHandle* cache_handle = nullptr;
-  const Status s = InsertEntryIntoCache(cache_key, blob->get(), &cache_handle,
-                                        Cache::Priority::BOTTOM);
+  const Status s = InsertEntryIntoCache(cache_key, blob->get(),
+                                        &cache_handle, Cache::Priority::BOTTOM);
  if (s.ok()) {
    blob->release();

@@ -77,14 +77,15 @@ void WriteBlobFile(const ImmutableOptions& immutable_options,
  } else {
    CompressionOptions opts;
    CompressionContext context(compression, opts);
+    constexpr uint64_t sample_for_compression = 0;
    CompressionInfo info(opts, context, CompressionDict::GetEmptyDict(),
-                         compression);
+                         compression, sample_for_compression);

    constexpr uint32_t compression_format_version = 2;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < num; ++i) {
-      ASSERT_TRUE(OLD_CompressData(blobs[i], info, compression_format_version,
-                                   &compressed_blobs[i]));
+      ASSERT_TRUE(CompressData(blobs[i], info, compression_format_version,
+                               &compressed_blobs[i]));
      blobs_to_write[i] = compressed_blobs[i];
      blob_sizes[i] = compressed_blobs[i].size();
    }
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ Status BuildTable(
    EventLogger* event_logger, int job_id, TableProperties* table_properties,
    Env::WriteLifeTimeHint write_hint, const std::string* full_history_ts_low,
    BlobFileCompletionCallback* blob_callback, Version* version,
-    uint64_t* memtable_payload_bytes, uint64_t* memtable_garbage_bytes,
-    InternalStats::CompactionStats* flush_stats) {
+    uint64_t* num_input_entries, uint64_t* memtable_payload_bytes,
+    uint64_t* memtable_garbage_bytes) {
  assert((tboptions.column_family_id ==
          TablePropertiesCollectorFactory::Context::kUnknownColumnFamily) ==
         tboptions.column_family_name.empty());
@@ -145,9 +145,7 @@ Status BuildTable(
      bool use_direct_writes = file_options.use_direct_writes;
      TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("BuildTable:create_file", &use_direct_writes);
 #endif  // !NDEBUG
-      FileOptions fo_copy = file_options;
-      fo_copy.write_hint = write_hint;
-      IOStatus io_s = NewWritableFile(fs, fname, &file, fo_copy);
+      IOStatus io_s = NewWritableFile(fs, fname, &file, file_options);
      assert(s.ok());
      s = io_s;
      if (io_status->ok()) {
@@ -165,9 +163,7 @@ Status BuildTable(
      table_file_created = true;
      FileTypeSet tmp_set = ioptions.checksum_handoff_file_types;
      file->SetIOPriority(tboptions.write_options.rate_limiter_priority);
-      // Subsequent attempts to override the hint via SetWriteLifeTimeHint
-      // with the very same value will be ignored by the fs.
-      file->SetWriteLifeTimeHint(fo_copy.write_hint);
+      file->SetWriteLifeTimeHint(write_hint);
      file_writer.reset(new WritableFileWriter(
          std::move(file), fname, file_options, ioptions.clock, io_tracer,
          ioptions.stats, Histograms::SST_WRITE_MICROS, ioptions.listeners,
@@ -201,7 +197,8 @@ Status BuildTable(
    CompactionIterator c_iter(
        iter, ucmp, &merge, kMaxSequenceNumber, &snapshots, earliest_snapshot,
        earliest_write_conflict_snapshot, job_snapshot, snapshot_checker, env,
-        ShouldReportDetailedTime(env, ioptions.stats), range_del_agg.get(),
+        ShouldReportDetailedTime(env, ioptions.stats),
+        true /* internal key corruption is not ok */, range_del_agg.get(),
        blob_file_builder.get(), ioptions.allow_data_in_errors,
        ioptions.enforce_single_del_contracts,
        /*manual_compaction_canceled=*/kManualCompactionCanceledFalse,
@@ -217,7 +214,8 @@ Status BuildTable(
      const Slice& key = c_iter.key();
      const Slice& value = c_iter.value();
      ParsedInternalKey ikey = c_iter.ikey();
-      Slice key_after_flush = key;
+      key_after_flush_buf.assign(key.data(), key.size());
+      Slice key_after_flush = key_after_flush_buf;
      Slice value_after_flush = value;

      if (ikey.type == kTypeValuePreferredSeqno) {
@@ -235,7 +233,6 @@ Status BuildTable(
              std::min(smallest_preferred_seqno, preferred_seqno);
        } else {
          // Cannot get a useful preferred seqno, convert it to a kTypeValue.
-          key_after_flush_buf.assign(key.data(), key.size());
          UpdateInternalKey(&key_after_flush_buf, ikey.sequence, kTypeValue);
          ikey = ParsedInternalKey(ikey.user_key, ikey.sequence, kTypeValue);
          key_after_flush = key_after_flush_buf;
@@ -252,10 +249,6 @@ Status BuildTable(
      }
      builder->Add(key_after_flush, value_after_flush);

-      if (flush_stats) {
-        flush_stats->num_output_records++;
-      }
-
      s = meta->UpdateBoundaries(key_after_flush, value_after_flush,
                                 ikey.sequence, ikey.type);
      if (!s.ok()) {
@@ -287,9 +280,6 @@ Status BuildTable(
        auto tombstone = range_del_it->Tombstone();
        std::pair<InternalKey, Slice> kv = tombstone.Serialize();
        builder->Add(kv.first.Encode(), kv.second);
-        if (flush_stats) {
-          flush_stats->num_output_records++;
-        }
        InternalKey tombstone_end = tombstone.SerializeEndKey();
        meta->UpdateBoundariesForRange(kv.first, tombstone_end, tombstone.seq_,
                                       tboptions.internal_comparator);
@@ -311,9 +301,9 @@ Status BuildTable(

    TEST_SYNC_POINT("BuildTable:BeforeFinishBuildTable");
    const bool empty = builder->IsEmpty();
-    if (flush_stats) {
+    if (num_input_entries != nullptr) {
      assert(c_iter.HasNumInputEntryScanned());
-      flush_stats->num_input_records =
+      *num_input_entries =
          c_iter.NumInputEntryScanned() + num_unfragmented_tombstones;
    }
    if (!s.ok() || empty) {
@@ -340,12 +330,6 @@ Status BuildTable(
    }

    if (s.ok() && !empty) {
-      if (flush_stats) {
-        flush_stats->bytes_written_pre_comp = builder->PreCompressionSize();
-        // Add worker CPU micros here. Caller needs to add CPU micros from
-        // calling thread.
-        flush_stats->cpu_micros += builder->GetWorkerCPUMicros();
-      }
      uint64_t file_size = builder->FileSize();
      meta->fd.file_size = file_size;
      meta->tail_size = builder->GetTailSize();
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>

-#include "db/internal_stats.h"
 #include "db/range_tombstone_fragmenter.h"
 #include "db/seqno_to_time_mapping.h"
 #include "db/table_properties_collector.h"
@@ -35,6 +34,7 @@ class SnapshotChecker;
 class TableCache;
 class TableBuilder;
 class WritableFileWriter;
+class InternalStats;
 class BlobFileCompletionCallback;

 // Convenience function for NewTableBuilder on the embedded table_factory.
@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ TableBuilder* NewTableBuilder(const TableBuilderOptions& tboptions,
 //
 // @param column_family_name Name of the column family that is also identified
 //    by column_family_id, or empty string if unknown.
-// @param flush_stats treat flush as level 0 compaction in internal stats
 Status BuildTable(
    const std::string& dbname, VersionSet* versions,
    const ImmutableDBOptions& db_options, const TableBuilderOptions& tboptions,
@@ -70,8 +69,8 @@ Status BuildTable(
    Env::WriteLifeTimeHint write_hint = Env::WLTH_NOT_SET,
    const std::string* full_history_ts_low = nullptr,
    BlobFileCompletionCallback* blob_callback = nullptr,
-    Version* version = nullptr, uint64_t* memtable_payload_bytes = nullptr,
-    uint64_t* memtable_garbage_bytes = nullptr,
-    InternalStats::CompactionStats* flush_stats = nullptr);
+    Version* version = nullptr, uint64_t* num_input_entries = nullptr,
+    uint64_t* memtable_payload_bytes = nullptr,
+    uint64_t* memtable_garbage_bytes = nullptr);

 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
@@ -103,12 +103,6 @@ static void CheckValue(char* err, const char* expected, char** actual,
  Free(actual);
 }

-static void CheckPinnedValue(char* err, const char* expected,
-                             const char** actual, size_t actual_length) {
-  CheckNoError(err);
-  CheckEqual(expected, *actual, actual_length);
-}
-
 static void CheckGet(rocksdb_t* db, const rocksdb_readoptions_t* options,
                     const char* key, const char* expected) {
  char* err = NULL;
@@ -1036,78 +1030,6 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    rocksdb_options_set_error_if_exists(options, 1);
  }

-  StartPhase("checkpoint_export_column_family");
-  {
-    static char cf_export_path[200];
-    static char db_import_path[200];
-    snprintf(cf_export_path, sizeof(cf_export_path),
-             "%s/rocksdb_c_test-%d-cf_export", GetTempDir(), ((int)geteuid()));
-    snprintf(db_import_path, sizeof(db_import_path),
-             "%s/rocksdb_c_test-%d-db_import", GetTempDir(), ((int)geteuid()));
-
-    rocksdb_options_t* db_options = rocksdb_options_create();
-    rocksdb_column_family_handle_t* cf_export =
-        rocksdb_create_column_family(db, db_options, "cf_export", &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-
-    rocksdb_put_cf(db, woptions, cf_export, "k1", 2, "v1", 2, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-    rocksdb_put_cf(db, woptions, cf_export, "k2", 2, "v2", 2, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-
-    rocksdb_checkpoint_t* checkpoint =
-        rocksdb_checkpoint_object_create(db, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-
-    rocksdb_export_import_files_metadata_t* export_metadata =
-        rocksdb_checkpoint_export_column_family(checkpoint, cf_export,
-                                                cf_export_path, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-    const char* comparator_name =
-        rocksdb_export_import_files_metadata_get_db_comparator_name(
-            export_metadata);
-    CheckEqual("leveldb.BytewiseComparator", comparator_name, 26);
-    rocksdb_free((void*)comparator_name);
-    rocksdb_checkpoint_object_destroy(checkpoint);
-    checkpoint = NULL;
-    rocksdb_drop_column_family(db, cf_export, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-    rocksdb_column_family_handle_destroy(cf_export);
-    rocksdb_options_set_create_if_missing(db_options, 1);
-    rocksdb_options_set_error_if_exists(db_options, 1);
-    rocksdb_t* db_import = rocksdb_open(db_options, db_import_path, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-    rocksdb_import_column_family_options_t* import_options =
-        rocksdb_import_column_family_options_create();
-    rocksdb_column_family_handle_t* cf_import =
-        rocksdb_create_column_family_with_import(db_import, db_options,
-                                                 "cf_import", import_options,
-                                                 export_metadata, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-    rocksdb_import_column_family_options_destroy(import_options);
-    rocksdb_export_import_files_metadata_destroy(export_metadata);
-    size_t val_len;
-    char* val =
-        rocksdb_get_cf(db_import, roptions, cf_import, "k1", 2, &val_len, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-    CheckEqual("v1", val, val_len);
-    free(val);
-
-    val =
-        rocksdb_get_cf(db_import, roptions, cf_import, "k2", 2, &val_len, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-    CheckEqual("v2", val, val_len);
-    free(val);
-
-    rocksdb_column_family_handle_destroy(cf_import);
-    cf_import = NULL;
-    rocksdb_close(db_import);
-    rocksdb_destroy_db(db_options, db_import_path, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-    rocksdb_options_destroy(db_options);
-    db_options = NULL;
-  }
-
  StartPhase("compactall");
  rocksdb_compact_range(db, NULL, 0, NULL, 0);
  CheckGet(db, roptions, "foo", "hello");
@@ -1255,70 +1177,6 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    rocksdb_writebatch_destroy(wb);
  }

-  StartPhase("writebatch_vectors_cf");
-  {
-    const char* cf_name = "wb_vectors_cf";
-    rocksdb_column_family_handle_t* wb_cf =
-        rocksdb_create_column_family(db, options, cf_name, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-
-    rocksdb_writebatch_t* wb = rocksdb_writebatch_create();
-
-    // Test putv_cf: concatenates multiple slices into a single key/value
-    const char* put_keys[2] = {"k", "ey"};
-    const size_t put_key_sizes[2] = {1, 2};
-    const char* put_vals[3] = {"v", "a", "l"};
-    const size_t put_val_sizes[3] = {1, 1, 1};
-    rocksdb_writebatch_putv_cf(wb, wb_cf, 2, put_keys, put_key_sizes, 3,
-                               put_vals, put_val_sizes);
-    rocksdb_write(db, woptions, wb, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-    // putv_cf concatenates: key="k"+"ey"="key", value="v"+"a"+"l"="val"
-    CheckGetCF(db, roptions, wb_cf, "key", "val");
-    CheckGetCF(db, roptions, wb_cf, "k", NULL);
-    CheckGetCF(db, roptions, wb_cf, "ey", NULL);
-
-    // Test deletev_cf: concatenates multiple slices for key
-    rocksdb_writebatch_clear(wb);
-    const char* del_keys[2] = {"k", "ey"};
-    const size_t del_key_sizes[2] = {1, 2};
-    rocksdb_writebatch_deletev_cf(wb, wb_cf, 2, del_keys, del_key_sizes);
-    rocksdb_write(db, woptions, wb, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-    CheckGetCF(db, roptions, wb_cf, "key", NULL);
-
-    // Test delete_rangev_cf: concatenates slices for range deletion
-    rocksdb_writebatch_clear(wb);
-    rocksdb_writebatch_put_cf(wb, wb_cf, "a", 1, "1", 1);
-    rocksdb_writebatch_put_cf(wb, wb_cf, "b", 1, "2", 1);
-    rocksdb_writebatch_put_cf(wb, wb_cf, "c", 1, "3", 1);
-    rocksdb_write(db, woptions, wb, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-    CheckGetCF(db, roptions, wb_cf, "a", "1");
-    CheckGetCF(db, roptions, wb_cf, "b", "2");
-    CheckGetCF(db, roptions, wb_cf, "c", "3");
-
-    rocksdb_writebatch_clear(wb);
-    const char* range_start[2] = {"a", ""};  // "a" + "" = "a"
-    const size_t range_start_sizes[2] = {1, 0};
-    const char* range_end[2] = {"c", ""};
-    const size_t range_end_sizes[2] = {1, 0};
-    rocksdb_writebatch_delete_rangev_cf(wb, wb_cf, 2, range_start,
-                                        range_start_sizes, range_end,
-                                        range_end_sizes);
-    rocksdb_write(db, woptions, wb, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-    // Range [a, c) should delete "a" and "b", but not "c"
-    CheckGetCF(db, roptions, wb_cf, "a", NULL);
-    CheckGetCF(db, roptions, wb_cf, "b", NULL);
-    CheckGetCF(db, roptions, wb_cf, "c", "3");
-
-    rocksdb_writebatch_destroy(wb);
-    rocksdb_drop_column_family(db, wb_cf, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-    rocksdb_column_family_handle_destroy(wb_cf);
-  }
-
  StartPhase("writebatch_vectors");
  {
    rocksdb_writebatch_t* wb = rocksdb_writebatch_create();
@@ -1387,8 +1245,6 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    CheckCondition(count == 3);
    size_t size;
    char* value;
-    const char* pinned_value;
-    rocksdb_pinnableslice_t* p;
    value = rocksdb_writebatch_wi_get_from_batch(wbi, options, "box", 3, &size,
                                                 &err);
    CheckValue(err, "c", &value, size);
@@ -1398,19 +1254,9 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    value = rocksdb_writebatch_wi_get_from_batch_and_db(wbi, db, roptions,
                                                        "foo", 3, &size, &err);
    CheckValue(err, "hello", &value, size);
-    p = rocksdb_writebatch_wi_get_pinned_from_batch_and_db(wbi, db, roptions,
-                                                           "foo", 3, &err);
-    pinned_value = rocksdb_pinnableslice_value(p, &size);
-    CheckPinnedValue(err, "hello", &pinned_value, size);
-    rocksdb_pinnableslice_destroy(p);
    value = rocksdb_writebatch_wi_get_from_batch_and_db(wbi, db, roptions,
                                                        "box", 3, &size, &err);
    CheckValue(err, "c", &value, size);
-    p = rocksdb_writebatch_wi_get_pinned_from_batch_and_db(wbi, db, roptions,
-                                                           "box", 3, &err);
-    pinned_value = rocksdb_pinnableslice_value(p, &size);
-    CheckPinnedValue(err, "c", &pinned_value, size);
-    rocksdb_pinnableslice_destroy(p);
    rocksdb_write_writebatch_wi(db, woptions, wbi, &err);
    CheckNoError(err);
    CheckGet(db, roptions, "foo", "hello");
@@ -1484,43 +1330,6 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    rocksdb_iter_destroy(iter);
  }

-  StartPhase("iter_slice");
-  {
-    // Test the new slice-based iterator API for better performance
-    rocksdb_iterator_t* iter = rocksdb_create_iterator(db, roptions);
-    CheckCondition(!rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
-    rocksdb_iter_seek_to_first(iter);
-    CheckCondition(rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
-
-    // Test rocksdb_iter_key_slice
-    rocksdb_slice_t key_slice = rocksdb_iter_key_slice(iter);
-    CheckEqual("box", key_slice.data, key_slice.size);
-
-    // Test rocksdb_iter_value_slice
-    rocksdb_slice_t value_slice = rocksdb_iter_value_slice(iter);
-    CheckEqual("c", value_slice.data, value_slice.size);
-
-    // Move to next entry and test again
-    rocksdb_iter_next(iter);
-    CheckCondition(rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
-    key_slice = rocksdb_iter_key_slice(iter);
-    value_slice = rocksdb_iter_value_slice(iter);
-    CheckEqual("foo", key_slice.data, key_slice.size);
-    CheckEqual("hello", value_slice.data, value_slice.size);
-
-    // Test seeking with slice API
-    rocksdb_iter_seek(iter, "b", 1);
-    CheckCondition(rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
-    key_slice = rocksdb_iter_key_slice(iter);
-    value_slice = rocksdb_iter_value_slice(iter);
-    CheckEqual("box", key_slice.data, key_slice.size);
-    CheckEqual("c", value_slice.data, value_slice.size);
-
-    rocksdb_iter_get_error(iter, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-    rocksdb_iter_destroy(iter);
-  }
-
  StartPhase("wbwi_iter");
  {
    rocksdb_iterator_t* base_iter = rocksdb_create_iterator(db, roptions);
@@ -1553,46 +1362,6 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    rocksdb_writebatch_wi_destroy(wbi);
  }

-  StartPhase("wbwi_iter_readoptions");
-  {
-    rocksdb_readoptions_t* iter_roptions = rocksdb_readoptions_create();
-    rocksdb_readoptions_set_iterate_lower_bound(iter_roptions, "boy", 3);
-    rocksdb_readoptions_set_iterate_upper_bound(iter_roptions, "fool", 4);
-    rocksdb_iterator_t* base_iter = rocksdb_create_iterator(db, iter_roptions);
-    rocksdb_writebatch_wi_t* wbi = rocksdb_writebatch_wi_create(0, 1);
-    rocksdb_writebatch_wi_put(wbi, "bar", 3, "b",
-                              1);  // should get filtered out
-    rocksdb_writebatch_wi_put(wbi, "cat", 3, "miau", 4);
-    rocksdb_writebatch_wi_put(wbi, "gnu", 3, "muh",
-                              3);  // should get filtered out
-    rocksdb_iterator_t* iter =
-        rocksdb_writebatch_wi_create_iterator_with_base_readopts(wbi, base_iter,
-                                                                 iter_roptions);
-    CheckCondition(!rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
-    rocksdb_iter_seek_to_first(iter);
-    CheckCondition(rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
-    CheckIter(iter, "cat", "miau");
-    rocksdb_iter_next(iter);
-    CheckIter(iter, "foo", "hello");
-    rocksdb_iter_prev(iter);
-    CheckIter(iter, "cat", "miau");
-    rocksdb_iter_prev(iter);
-    CheckCondition(!rocksdb_iter_valid(iter));
-    rocksdb_iter_seek_to_last(iter);
-    CheckIter(iter, "foo", "hello");
-    rocksdb_iter_seek(iter, "b", 1);
-    CheckIter(iter, "cat", "miau");
-    rocksdb_iter_seek_for_prev(iter, "d", 1);
-    CheckIter(iter, "cat", "miau");
-    rocksdb_iter_seek_for_prev(iter, "fool", 3);
-    CheckIter(iter, "foo", "hello");
-    rocksdb_iter_get_error(iter, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-    rocksdb_iter_destroy(iter);
-    rocksdb_writebatch_wi_destroy(wbi);
-    rocksdb_readoptions_destroy(iter_roptions);
-  }
-
  StartPhase("multiget");
  {
    const char* keys[3] = {"box", "foo", "notfound"};
@@ -1606,53 +1375,6 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    CheckMultiGetValues(3, vals, vals_sizes, errs, expected);
  }

-  StartPhase("zero_copy_get_pinned_v2");
-  {
-    // Test new zero-copy get functions
-
-    // Test rocksdb_get_pinned_v2
-    rocksdb_pinnable_handle_t* handle =
-        rocksdb_get_pinned_v2(db, roptions, "foo", 3, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-    CheckCondition(handle != NULL);
-    size_t val_len;
-    const char* val = rocksdb_pinnable_handle_get_value(handle, &val_len);
-    CheckEqual("hello", val, val_len);
-    rocksdb_pinnable_handle_destroy(handle);
-
-    // Test with non-existent key
-    handle = rocksdb_get_pinned_v2(db, roptions, "notfound", 8, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-    CheckCondition(handle == NULL);
-
-    // Test rocksdb_get_into_buffer
-    char buffer[100];
-    unsigned char found;
-    unsigned char success = rocksdb_get_into_buffer(
-        db, roptions, "foo", 3, buffer, sizeof(buffer), &val_len, &found, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-    CheckCondition(success == 1);
-    CheckCondition(found == 1);
-    CheckCondition(val_len == 5);
-    CheckCondition(memcmp(buffer, "hello", 5) == 0);
-
-    // Test with buffer too small
-    success = rocksdb_get_into_buffer(db, roptions, "foo", 3, buffer,
-                                      2,  // Buffer too small
-                                      &val_len, &found, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-    CheckCondition(success == 0);  // Should fail due to small buffer
-    CheckCondition(found == 1);
-    CheckCondition(val_len == 5);  // Should still report actual size
-
-    // Test with non-existent key
-    success = rocksdb_get_into_buffer(db, roptions, "notfound", 8, buffer,
-                                      sizeof(buffer), &val_len, &found, &err);
-    CheckNoError(err);
-    CheckCondition(success == 0);
-    CheckCondition(found == 0);
-  }
-
  StartPhase("pin_get");
  {
    CheckPinGet(db, roptions, "box", "c");
@@ -2070,84 +1792,6 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    rocksdb_flush_wal(db, 1, &err);
    CheckNoError(err);

-    // Test column family handle get name
-    {
-      size_t name_len;
-      char* cf_name =
-          rocksdb_column_family_handle_get_name(handles[1], &name_len);
-      CheckCondition(name_len == 3);
-      CheckCondition(memcmp(cf_name, "cf1", 3) == 0);
-      rocksdb_free(cf_name);
-    }
-
-    // Test zero-copy get with column families
-    {
-      rocksdb_pinnable_handle_t* handle =
-          rocksdb_get_pinned_cf_v2(db, roptions, handles[1], "box", 3, &err);
-      CheckNoError(err);
-      CheckCondition(handle != NULL);
-      size_t val_len;
-      const char* val = rocksdb_pinnable_handle_get_value(handle, &val_len);
-      CheckEqual("c", val, val_len);
-      rocksdb_pinnable_handle_destroy(handle);
-
-      // Test with non-existent key
-      handle = rocksdb_get_pinned_cf_v2(db, roptions, handles[1], "notfound", 8,
-                                        &err);
-      CheckNoError(err);
-      CheckCondition(handle == NULL);
-
-      // Test rocksdb_get_into_buffer_cf
-      char buffer[100];
-      unsigned char found;
-      unsigned char success = rocksdb_get_into_buffer_cf(
-          db, roptions, handles[1], "buff", 4, buffer, sizeof(buffer), &val_len,
-          &found, &err);
-      CheckNoError(err);
-      CheckCondition(success == 1);
-      CheckCondition(found == 1);
-      CheckCondition(val_len == 7);
-      CheckCondition(memcmp(buffer, "rocksdb", 7) == 0);
-
-      // Test with buffer too small
-      success = rocksdb_get_into_buffer_cf(db, roptions, handles[1], "buff", 4,
-                                           buffer, 3,  // Buffer too small
-                                           &val_len, &found, &err);
-      CheckNoError(err);
-      CheckCondition(success == 0);  // Should fail due to small buffer
-      CheckCondition(found == 1);
-      CheckCondition(val_len == 7);  // Should still report actual size
-    }
-
-    // Test WriteBatchWithIndex iteration with Column Family
-    rocksdb_writebatch_wi_t* wbwi = rocksdb_writebatch_wi_create(0, true);
-    rocksdb_writebatch_wi_put_cf(wbwi, handles[1], "boat", 4, "row",
-                                 3);  // should be filtered out
-    rocksdb_writebatch_wi_put_cf(wbwi, handles[1], "buffy", 5, "charmed", 7);
-    rocksdb_writebatch_wi_put_cf(wbwi, handles[1], "bus", 3, "yellow",
-                                 6);  // should be filtered out
-    rocksdb_readoptions_t* iter_roptions = rocksdb_readoptions_create();
-    rocksdb_readoptions_set_iterate_lower_bound(iter_roptions, "bu", 2);
-    rocksdb_readoptions_set_iterate_upper_bound(iter_roptions, "buffz", 5);
-    rocksdb_iterator_t* base_iter =
-        rocksdb_create_iterator_cf(db, iter_roptions, handles[1]);
-    rocksdb_iterator_t* wbwi_iter =
-        rocksdb_writebatch_wi_create_iterator_with_base_cf_readopts(
-            wbwi, base_iter, handles[1], iter_roptions);
-
-    CheckCondition(!rocksdb_iter_valid(wbwi_iter));
-    rocksdb_iter_seek_to_first(wbwi_iter);
-    CheckCondition(rocksdb_iter_valid(wbwi_iter));
-    CheckIter(wbwi_iter, "buff", "rocksdb");
-    rocksdb_iter_next(wbwi_iter);
-    CheckIter(wbwi_iter, "buffy", "charmed");
-    rocksdb_iter_next(wbwi_iter);
-    CheckCondition(!rocksdb_iter_valid(wbwi_iter));
-
-    rocksdb_iter_destroy(wbwi_iter);
-    rocksdb_writebatch_wi_destroy(wbwi);
-    rocksdb_readoptions_destroy(iter_roptions);
-
    const char* keys[3] = {"box", "box", "barfooxx"};
    const rocksdb_column_family_handle_t* get_handles[3] = {
        handles[0], handles[1], handles[1]};
@@ -2195,74 +1839,6 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
      }
    }

-    {
-      // Test rocksdb_batched_multi_get_cf_slice for better performance
-      // Build rocksdb_slice_t array directly to avoid conversion overhead
-      rocksdb_slice_t batched_key_slices[4];
-      batched_key_slices[0].data = "box";
-      batched_key_slices[0].size = 3;
-      batched_key_slices[1].data = "buff";
-      batched_key_slices[1].size = 4;
-      batched_key_slices[2].data = "barfooxx";
-      batched_key_slices[2].size = 8;
-      batched_key_slices[3].data = "box";
-      batched_key_slices[3].size = 3;
-
-      const char* expected_value[4] = {"c", "rocksdb", NULL, "c"};
-      char* batched_errs[4];
-      rocksdb_pinnableslice_t* pvals[4];
-
-      rocksdb_batched_multi_get_cf_slice(db, roptions, handles[1], 4,
-                                         batched_key_slices, pvals,
-                                         batched_errs, false);
-
-      const char* val;
-      size_t val_len;
-      for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
-        CheckNoError(batched_errs[i]);
-        if (pvals[i] != NULL) {
-          val = rocksdb_pinnableslice_value(pvals[i], &val_len);
-          CheckEqual(expected_value[i], val, val_len);
-          rocksdb_pinnableslice_destroy(pvals[i]);
-        } else {
-          CheckEqual(expected_value[i], NULL, 0);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    {
-      // Test rocksdb_batched_multi_get_cf_slice with sorted_input=true
-      // Keys must be in sorted order for this optimization
-      rocksdb_slice_t sorted_key_slices[3];
-      sorted_key_slices[0].data = "box";
-      sorted_key_slices[0].size = 3;
-      sorted_key_slices[1].data = "buff";
-      sorted_key_slices[1].size = 4;
-      sorted_key_slices[2].data = "notfound";
-      sorted_key_slices[2].size = 8;
-
-      const char* expected_value[3] = {"c", "rocksdb", NULL};
-      char* batched_errs[3];
-      rocksdb_pinnableslice_t* pvals[3];
-
-      rocksdb_batched_multi_get_cf_slice(db, roptions, handles[1], 3,
-                                         sorted_key_slices, pvals, batched_errs,
-                                         true);
-
-      const char* val;
-      size_t val_len;
-      for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
-        CheckNoError(batched_errs[i]);
-        if (pvals[i] != NULL) {
-          val = rocksdb_pinnableslice_value(pvals[i], &val_len);
-          CheckEqual(expected_value[i], val, val_len);
-          rocksdb_pinnableslice_destroy(pvals[i]);
-        } else {
-          CheckEqual(expected_value[i], NULL, 0);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
    {
      unsigned char value_found = 0;

@@ -2553,20 +2129,16 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    CheckCondition(100000 ==
                   rocksdb_options_get_periodic_compaction_seconds(o));

-    rocksdb_options_set_memtable_op_scan_flush_trigger(o, 100);
-    CheckCondition(100 ==
-                   rocksdb_options_get_memtable_op_scan_flush_trigger(o));
-
-    rocksdb_options_set_memtable_avg_op_scan_flush_trigger(o, 150);
-    CheckCondition(150 ==
-                   rocksdb_options_get_memtable_avg_op_scan_flush_trigger(o));
-
    rocksdb_options_set_ttl(o, 5000);
    CheckCondition(5000 == rocksdb_options_get_ttl(o));

    rocksdb_options_set_skip_stats_update_on_db_open(o, 1);
    CheckCondition(1 == rocksdb_options_get_skip_stats_update_on_db_open(o));

+    rocksdb_options_set_skip_checking_sst_file_sizes_on_db_open(o, 1);
+    CheckCondition(
+        1 == rocksdb_options_get_skip_checking_sst_file_sizes_on_db_open(o));
+
    rocksdb_options_set_max_write_buffer_number(o, 97);
    CheckCondition(97 == rocksdb_options_get_max_write_buffer_number(o));

@@ -2574,6 +2146,10 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    CheckCondition(23 ==
                   rocksdb_options_get_min_write_buffer_number_to_merge(o));

+    rocksdb_options_set_max_write_buffer_number_to_maintain(o, 64);
+    CheckCondition(64 ==
+                   rocksdb_options_get_max_write_buffer_number_to_maintain(o));
+
    rocksdb_options_set_max_write_buffer_size_to_maintain(o, 50000);
    CheckCondition(50000 ==
                   rocksdb_options_get_max_write_buffer_size_to_maintain(o));
@@ -2826,9 +2402,13 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    CheckCondition(2.0 ==
                   rocksdb_options_get_max_bytes_for_level_multiplier(copy));
    CheckCondition(1 == rocksdb_options_get_skip_stats_update_on_db_open(copy));
+    CheckCondition(
+        1 == rocksdb_options_get_skip_checking_sst_file_sizes_on_db_open(copy));
    CheckCondition(97 == rocksdb_options_get_max_write_buffer_number(copy));
    CheckCondition(23 ==
                   rocksdb_options_get_min_write_buffer_number_to_merge(copy));
+    CheckCondition(
+        64 == rocksdb_options_get_max_write_buffer_number_to_maintain(copy));
    CheckCondition(50000 ==
                   rocksdb_options_get_max_write_buffer_size_to_maintain(copy));
    CheckCondition(1 == rocksdb_options_get_enable_pipelined_write(copy));
@@ -2992,18 +2572,6 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    CheckCondition(100000 ==
                   rocksdb_options_get_periodic_compaction_seconds(o));

-    rocksdb_options_set_memtable_op_scan_flush_trigger(copy, 800);
-    CheckCondition(800 ==
-                   rocksdb_options_get_memtable_op_scan_flush_trigger(copy));
-    CheckCondition(100 ==
-                   rocksdb_options_get_memtable_op_scan_flush_trigger(o));
-
-    rocksdb_options_set_memtable_avg_op_scan_flush_trigger(copy, 900);
-    CheckCondition(
-        900 == rocksdb_options_get_memtable_avg_op_scan_flush_trigger(copy));
-    CheckCondition(150 ==
-                   rocksdb_options_get_memtable_avg_op_scan_flush_trigger(o));
-
    rocksdb_options_set_ttl(copy, 8000);
    CheckCondition(8000 == rocksdb_options_get_ttl(copy));
    CheckCondition(5000 == rocksdb_options_get_ttl(o));
@@ -3012,6 +2580,12 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    CheckCondition(0 == rocksdb_options_get_skip_stats_update_on_db_open(copy));
    CheckCondition(1 == rocksdb_options_get_skip_stats_update_on_db_open(o));

+    rocksdb_options_set_skip_checking_sst_file_sizes_on_db_open(copy, 0);
+    CheckCondition(
+        0 == rocksdb_options_get_skip_checking_sst_file_sizes_on_db_open(copy));
+    CheckCondition(
+        1 == rocksdb_options_get_skip_checking_sst_file_sizes_on_db_open(o));
+
    rocksdb_options_set_max_write_buffer_number(copy, 2000);
    CheckCondition(2000 == rocksdb_options_get_max_write_buffer_number(copy));
    CheckCondition(97 == rocksdb_options_get_max_write_buffer_number(o));
@@ -3022,6 +2596,12 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    CheckCondition(23 ==
                   rocksdb_options_get_min_write_buffer_number_to_merge(o));

+    rocksdb_options_set_max_write_buffer_number_to_maintain(copy, 128);
+    CheckCondition(
+        128 == rocksdb_options_get_max_write_buffer_number_to_maintain(copy));
+    CheckCondition(64 ==
+                   rocksdb_options_get_max_write_buffer_number_to_maintain(o));
+
    rocksdb_options_set_max_write_buffer_size_to_maintain(copy, 9000);
    CheckCondition(9000 ==
                   rocksdb_options_get_max_write_buffer_size_to_maintain(copy));
@@ -3358,15 +2938,6 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    rocksdb_compactoptions_set_target_level(co, 1);
    CheckCondition(1 == rocksdb_compactoptions_get_target_level(co));

-    rocksdb_compactoptions_set_target_path_id(co, 1);
-    CheckCondition(1 == rocksdb_compactoptions_get_target_path_id(co));
-
-    rocksdb_compactoptions_set_allow_write_stall(co, 1);
-    CheckCondition(1 == rocksdb_compactoptions_get_allow_write_stall(co));
-
-    rocksdb_compactoptions_set_max_subcompactions(co, 1);
-    CheckCondition(1 == rocksdb_compactoptions_get_max_subcompactions(co));
-
    rocksdb_compactoptions_destroy(co);
  }

@@ -3734,17 +3305,6 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    rocksdb_transaction_put(txn, "foo", 3, "hello", 5, &err);
    CheckNoError(err);

-    // test transaction get/set name (before commit)
-    {
-      rocksdb_transaction_set_name(txn, "test_txn", 8, &err);
-      CheckNoError(err);
-      size_t name_len;
-      char* txn_name = rocksdb_transaction_get_name(txn, &name_len);
-      CheckCondition(name_len == 8);
-      CheckCondition(memcmp(txn_name, "test_txn", 8) == 0);
-      rocksdb_free(txn_name);
-    }
-
    // read from outside transaction, before commit
    CheckTxnDBGet(txn_db, roptions, "foo", NULL);
    CheckTxnDBPinGet(txn_db, roptions, "foo", NULL);
@@ -4483,23 +4043,6 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    rocksdb_cache_destroy(lru);
  }

-  StartPhase("sst_file_manager");
-  {
-    rocksdb_sst_file_manager_t* sst_file_manager;
-    sst_file_manager = rocksdb_sst_file_manager_create(env);
-    rocksdb_sst_file_manager_set_delete_rate_bytes_per_second(sst_file_manager,
-                                                              1);
-    rocksdb_sst_file_manager_set_max_trash_db_ratio(sst_file_manager, 0.75);
-
-    CheckCondition(1 ==
-                   rocksdb_sst_file_manager_get_delete_rate_bytes_per_second(
-                       sst_file_manager));
-    CheckCondition(0.75 == rocksdb_sst_file_manager_get_max_trash_db_ratio(
-                               sst_file_manager));
-
-    rocksdb_sst_file_manager_destroy(sst_file_manager);
-  }
-
  StartPhase("cancel_all_background_work");
  rocksdb_cancel_all_background_work(db, 1);

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ ColumnFamilyHandleImpl::ColumnFamilyHandleImpl(

 ColumnFamilyHandleImpl::~ColumnFamilyHandleImpl() {
  if (cfd_ != nullptr) {
-    for (auto& listener : cfd_->ioptions().listeners) {
+    for (auto& listener : cfd_->ioptions()->listeners) {
      listener->OnColumnFamilyHandleDeletionStarted(this);
    }
    // Job id == 0 means that this is not our background process, but rather
@@ -110,48 +110,23 @@ void GetInternalTblPropCollFactory(
  }
 }

-Status CheckCompressionSupportedWithManager(
-    CompressionType type, UnownedPtr<CompressionManager> mgr) {
-  if (mgr) {
-    if (!mgr->SupportsCompressionType(type)) {
-      return Status::NotSupported("Compression type " +
-                                  CompressionTypeToString(type) +
-                                  " is not recognized/supported by this "
-                                  "version of CompressionManager " +
-                                  mgr->GetId());
-    }
-  } else {
-    if (!CompressionTypeSupported(type)) {
-      if (type <= kLastBuiltinCompression) {
-        return Status::InvalidArgument("Compression type " +
-                                       CompressionTypeToString(type) +
-                                       " is not linked with the binary.");
-      } else {
-        return Status::NotSupported(
-            "Compression type " + CompressionTypeToString(type) +
-            " is not recognized/supported by built-in CompressionManager.");
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  return Status::OK();
-}
-
 Status CheckCompressionSupported(const ColumnFamilyOptions& cf_options) {
  if (!cf_options.compression_per_level.empty()) {
    for (size_t level = 0; level < cf_options.compression_per_level.size();
         ++level) {
-      Status s = CheckCompressionSupportedWithManager(
-          cf_options.compression_per_level[level],
-          cf_options.compression_manager.get());
-      if (!s.ok()) {
-        return s;
+      if (!CompressionTypeSupported(cf_options.compression_per_level[level])) {
+        return Status::InvalidArgument(
+            "Compression type " +
+            CompressionTypeToString(cf_options.compression_per_level[level]) +
+            " is not linked with the binary.");
      }
    }
  } else {
-    Status s = CheckCompressionSupportedWithManager(
-        cf_options.compression, cf_options.compression_manager.get());
-    if (!s.ok()) {
-      return s;
+    if (!CompressionTypeSupported(cf_options.compression)) {
+      return Status::InvalidArgument(
+          "Compression type " +
+          CompressionTypeToString(cf_options.compression) +
+          " is not linked with the binary.");
    }
  }
  if (cf_options.compression_opts.zstd_max_train_bytes > 0) {
@@ -193,8 +168,7 @@ Status CheckConcurrentWritesSupported(const ColumnFamilyOptions& cf_options) {
  }
  if (!cf_options.memtable_factory->IsInsertConcurrentlySupported()) {
    return Status::InvalidArgument(
-        "Memtable doesn't allow concurrent writes "
-        "(allow_concurrent_memtable_write)");
+        "Memtable doesn't concurrent writes (allow_concurrent_memtable_write)");
  }
  return Status::OK();
 }
@@ -225,9 +199,8 @@ const uint64_t kDefaultTtl = 0xfffffffffffffffe;
 const uint64_t kDefaultPeriodicCompSecs = 0xfffffffffffffffe;
 }  // anonymous namespace

-ColumnFamilyOptions SanitizeCfOptions(const ImmutableDBOptions& db_options,
-                                      bool read_only,
-                                      const ColumnFamilyOptions& src) {
+ColumnFamilyOptions SanitizeOptions(const ImmutableDBOptions& db_options,
+                                    const ColumnFamilyOptions& src) {
  ColumnFamilyOptions result = src;
  size_t clamp_max = std::conditional<
      sizeof(size_t) == 4, std::integral_constant<size_t, 0xffffffff>,
@@ -266,10 +239,6 @@ ColumnFamilyOptions SanitizeCfOptions(const ImmutableDBOptions& db_options,

    result.min_write_buffer_number_to_merge = 1;
  }
-  if (result.disallow_memtable_writes) {
-    // A simple memtable that enforces MarkReadOnly (unlike skip list)
-    result.memtable_factory = std::make_shared<VectorRepFactory>();
-  }

  if (result.num_levels < 1) {
    result.num_levels = 1;
@@ -280,18 +249,22 @@ ColumnFamilyOptions SanitizeCfOptions(const ImmutableDBOptions& db_options,
  }

  if (result.compaction_style == kCompactionStyleUniversal &&
-      (db_options.allow_ingest_behind || result.cf_allow_ingest_behind) &&
-      result.num_levels < 3) {
+      db_options.allow_ingest_behind && result.num_levels < 3) {
    result.num_levels = 3;
  }

  if (result.max_write_buffer_number < 2) {
    result.max_write_buffer_number = 2;
  }
+  // fall back max_write_buffer_number_to_maintain if
+  // max_write_buffer_size_to_maintain is not set
  if (result.max_write_buffer_size_to_maintain < 0) {
    result.max_write_buffer_size_to_maintain =
        result.max_write_buffer_number *
        static_cast<int64_t>(result.write_buffer_size);
+  } else if (result.max_write_buffer_size_to_maintain == 0 &&
+             result.max_write_buffer_number_to_maintain < 0) {
+    result.max_write_buffer_number_to_maintain = result.max_write_buffer_number;
  }
  // bloom filter size shouldn't exceed 1/4 of memtable size.
  if (result.memtable_prefix_bloom_size_ratio > 0.25) {
@@ -462,33 +435,6 @@ ColumnFamilyOptions SanitizeCfOptions(const ImmutableDBOptions& db_options,
    result.periodic_compaction_seconds = 0;
  }

-  if (read_only && (result.preserve_internal_time_seconds > 0 ||
-                    result.preclude_last_level_data_seconds > 0)) {
-    // With no writes coming in, we don't need periodic SeqnoToTime entries.
-    // Existing SST files may or may not have that info associated with them.
-    ROCKS_LOG_WARN(
-        db_options.info_log.get(),
-        "preserve_internal_time_seconds and preclude_last_level_data_seconds "
-        "are ignored in read-only DB");
-    result.preserve_internal_time_seconds = 0;
-    result.preclude_last_level_data_seconds = 0;
-  }
-
-  if (read_only) {
-    if (result.memtable_op_scan_flush_trigger) {
-      ROCKS_LOG_WARN(db_options.info_log.get(),
-                     "option memtable_op_scan_flush_trigger is sanitized to "
-                     "0(disabled) for read only DB.");
-      result.memtable_op_scan_flush_trigger = 0;
-    }
-    if (result.memtable_avg_op_scan_flush_trigger) {
-      ROCKS_LOG_WARN(
-          db_options.info_log.get(),
-          "option memtable_avg_op_scan_flush_trigger is sanitized to "
-          "0(disabled) for read only DB.");
-      result.memtable_avg_op_scan_flush_trigger = 0;
-    }
-  }
  return result;
 }

@@ -546,17 +492,6 @@ void SuperVersion::Init(
  imm->Ref();
  current->Ref();
  refs.store(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
-
-  // There should be at least one mapping entry iff time tracking is enabled.
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-  MinAndMaxPreserveSeconds preserve_info{mutable_cf_options};
-  if (preserve_info.IsEnabled()) {
-    assert(seqno_to_time_mapping);
-    assert(!seqno_to_time_mapping->Empty());
-  } else {
-    assert(seqno_to_time_mapping == nullptr);
-  }
-#endif  // NDEBUG
 }

 namespace {
@@ -595,7 +530,7 @@ ColumnFamilyData::ColumnFamilyData(
    const FileOptions* file_options, ColumnFamilySet* column_family_set,
    BlockCacheTracer* const block_cache_tracer,
    const std::shared_ptr<IOTracer>& io_tracer, const std::string& db_id,
-    const std::string& db_session_id, bool read_only)
+    const std::string& db_session_id)
    : id_(id),
      name_(name),
      dummy_versions_(_dummy_versions),
@@ -605,7 +540,7 @@ ColumnFamilyData::ColumnFamilyData(
      dropped_(false),
      flush_skip_reschedule_(false),
      internal_comparator_(cf_options.comparator),
-      initial_cf_options_(SanitizeCfOptions(db_options, read_only, cf_options)),
+      initial_cf_options_(SanitizeOptions(db_options, cf_options)),
      ioptions_(db_options, initial_cf_options_),
      mutable_cf_options_(initial_cf_options_),
      is_delete_range_supported_(
@@ -613,6 +548,7 @@ ColumnFamilyData::ColumnFamilyData(
      write_buffer_manager_(write_buffer_manager),
      mem_(nullptr),
      imm_(ioptions_.min_write_buffer_number_to_merge,
+           ioptions_.max_write_buffer_number_to_maintain,
           ioptions_.max_write_buffer_size_to_maintain),
      super_version_(nullptr),
      super_version_number_(0),
@@ -657,7 +593,7 @@ ColumnFamilyData::ColumnFamilyData(
                                      block_cache_tracer, io_tracer,
                                      db_session_id));
    blob_file_cache_.reset(
-        new BlobFileCache(_table_cache, &ioptions(), soptions(), id_,
+        new BlobFileCache(_table_cache, ioptions(), soptions(), id_,
                          internal_stats_->GetBlobFileReadHist(), io_tracer));
    blob_source_.reset(new BlobSource(ioptions_, mutable_cf_options_, db_id,
                                      db_session_id, blob_file_cache_.get()));
@@ -1032,7 +968,7 @@ WriteStallCondition ColumnFamilyData::RecalculateWriteStallConditions(
    auto write_stall_condition_and_cause = GetWriteStallConditionAndCause(
        imm()->NumNotFlushed(), vstorage->l0_delay_trigger_count(),
        vstorage->estimated_compaction_needed_bytes(), mutable_cf_options,
-        ioptions());
+        *ioptions());
    write_stall_condition = write_stall_condition_and_cause.first;
    auto write_stall_cause = write_stall_condition_and_cause.second;

@@ -1224,13 +1160,12 @@ MemTable* ColumnFamilyData::ConstructNewMemtable(
                      write_buffer_manager_, earliest_seq, id_);
 }

-void ColumnFamilyData::CreateNewMemtable(SequenceNumber earliest_seq) {
+void ColumnFamilyData::CreateNewMemtable(
+    const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options, SequenceNumber earliest_seq) {
  if (mem_ != nullptr) {
    delete mem_->Unref();
  }
-  // NOTE: db mutex must be locked for SetMemtable, so safe for
-  // GetLatestMutableCFOptions
-  SetMemtable(ConstructNewMemtable(GetLatestMutableCFOptions(), earliest_seq));
+  SetMemtable(ConstructNewMemtable(mutable_cf_options, earliest_seq));
  mem_->Ref();
 }

@@ -1243,12 +1178,10 @@ Compaction* ColumnFamilyData::PickCompaction(
    const MutableCFOptions& mutable_options,
    const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options,
    const std::vector<SequenceNumber>& existing_snapshots,
-    const SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker, LogBuffer* log_buffer,
-    bool require_max_output_level) {
+    const SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker, LogBuffer* log_buffer) {
  auto* result = compaction_picker_->PickCompaction(
      GetName(), mutable_options, mutable_db_options, existing_snapshots,
-      snapshot_checker, current_->storage_info(), log_buffer,
-      require_max_output_level);
+      snapshot_checker, current_->storage_info(), log_buffer);
  if (result != nullptr) {
    result->FinalizeInputInfo(current_);
  }
@@ -1332,7 +1265,7 @@ Compaction* ColumnFamilyData::CompactRange(
    const InternalKey* begin, const InternalKey* end,
    InternalKey** compaction_end, bool* conflict,
    uint64_t max_file_num_to_ignore, const std::string& trim_ts) {
-  auto* result = compaction_picker_->PickCompactionForCompactRange(
+  auto* result = compaction_picker_->CompactRange(
      GetName(), mutable_cf_options, mutable_db_options,
      current_->storage_info(), input_level, output_level,
      compact_range_options, begin, end, compaction_end, conflict,
@@ -1405,17 +1338,20 @@ bool ColumnFamilyData::ReturnThreadLocalSuperVersion(SuperVersion* sv) {
  return false;
 }

-void ColumnFamilyData::InstallSuperVersion(
-    SuperVersionContext* sv_context, InstrumentedMutex* db_mutex,
-    std::optional<std::shared_ptr<SeqnoToTimeMapping>>
-        new_seqno_to_time_mapping) {
+void ColumnFamilyData::InstallSuperVersion(SuperVersionContext* sv_context,
+                                           InstrumentedMutex* db_mutex) {
  db_mutex->AssertHeld();
+  return InstallSuperVersion(sv_context, mutable_cf_options_);
+}

+void ColumnFamilyData::InstallSuperVersion(
+    SuperVersionContext* sv_context,
+    const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options) {
  SuperVersion* new_superversion = sv_context->new_superversion.release();
-  new_superversion->mutable_cf_options = GetLatestMutableCFOptions();
+  new_superversion->mutable_cf_options = mutable_cf_options;
  new_superversion->Init(this, mem_, imm_.current(), current_,
-                         new_seqno_to_time_mapping.has_value()
-                             ? std::move(new_seqno_to_time_mapping.value())
+                         sv_context->new_seqno_to_time_mapping
+                             ? std::move(sv_context->new_seqno_to_time_mapping)
                         : super_version_
                             ? super_version_->ShareSeqnoToTimeMapping()
                             : nullptr);
@@ -1428,7 +1364,7 @@ void ColumnFamilyData::InstallSuperVersion(
    // currently RecalculateWriteStallConditions() treats it as further slowing
    // down is needed.
    super_version_->write_stall_condition =
-        RecalculateWriteStallConditions(new_superversion->mutable_cf_options);
+        RecalculateWriteStallConditions(mutable_cf_options);
  } else {
    super_version_->write_stall_condition =
        old_superversion->write_stall_condition;
@@ -1441,15 +1377,14 @@ void ColumnFamilyData::InstallSuperVersion(
    ResetThreadLocalSuperVersions();

    if (old_superversion->mutable_cf_options.write_buffer_size !=
-        new_superversion->mutable_cf_options.write_buffer_size) {
-      mem_->UpdateWriteBufferSize(
-          new_superversion->mutable_cf_options.write_buffer_size);
+        mutable_cf_options.write_buffer_size) {
+      mem_->UpdateWriteBufferSize(mutable_cf_options.write_buffer_size);
    }
    if (old_superversion->write_stall_condition !=
        new_superversion->write_stall_condition) {
      sv_context->PushWriteStallNotification(
          old_superversion->write_stall_condition,
-          new_superversion->write_stall_condition, GetName(), &ioptions());
+          new_superversion->write_stall_condition, GetName(), ioptions());
    }
    if (old_superversion->Unref()) {
      old_superversion->Cleanup();
@@ -1634,8 +1569,6 @@ Status ColumnFamilyData::SetOptions(
  Status s = GetColumnFamilyOptionsFromMap(config_opts, cf_opts, options_map,
                                           &cf_opts);
  if (s.ok()) {
-    // FIXME: we should call SanitizeOptions() too or consolidate it with
-    // ValidateOptions().
    s = ValidateOptions(db_opts, cf_opts);
  }
  if (s.ok()) {
@@ -1746,8 +1679,7 @@ ColumnFamilySet::ColumnFamilySet(const std::string& dbname,
      dummy_cfd_(new ColumnFamilyData(
          ColumnFamilyData::kDummyColumnFamilyDataId, "", nullptr, nullptr,
          nullptr, ColumnFamilyOptions(), *db_options, &file_options_, nullptr,
-          block_cache_tracer, io_tracer, db_id, db_session_id,
-          /*read_only*/ true)),
+          block_cache_tracer, io_tracer, db_id, db_session_id)),
      default_cfd_cache_(nullptr),
      db_name_(dbname),
      db_options_(db_options),
@@ -1819,12 +1751,12 @@ size_t ColumnFamilySet::NumberOfColumnFamilies() const {
 // under a DB mutex AND write thread
 ColumnFamilyData* ColumnFamilySet::CreateColumnFamily(
    const std::string& name, uint32_t id, Version* dummy_versions,
-    const ColumnFamilyOptions& options, bool read_only) {
+    const ColumnFamilyOptions& options) {
  assert(column_families_.find(name) == column_families_.end());
  ColumnFamilyData* new_cfd = new ColumnFamilyData(
      id, name, dummy_versions, table_cache_, write_buffer_manager_, options,
      *db_options_, &file_options_, this, block_cache_tracer_, io_tracer_,
-      db_id_, db_session_id_, read_only);
+      db_id_, db_session_id_);
  column_families_.insert({name, id});
  column_family_data_.insert({id, new_cfd});
  auto ucmp = new_cfd->user_comparator();
@@ -1912,7 +1844,10 @@ const ImmutableOptions& GetImmutableOptions(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family) {
  const ColumnFamilyData* const cfd = handle->cfd();
  assert(cfd);

-  return cfd->ioptions();
+  const ImmutableOptions* ioptions = cfd->ioptions();
+  assert(ioptions);
+
+  return *ioptions;
 }

 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
@@ -210,7 +210,6 @@ struct SuperVersion {
  ReadOnlyMemTable* mem;
  MemTableListVersion* imm;
  Version* current;
-  // TODO: do we really need this in addition to what's in current Version?
  MutableCFOptions mutable_cf_options;
  // Version number of the current SuperVersion
  uint64_t version_number;
@@ -222,8 +221,7 @@ struct SuperVersion {
  // enable UDT feature, this is an empty string.
  std::string full_history_ts_low;

-  // An immutable snapshot of the DB's seqno to time mapping, usually shared
-  // between SuperVersions.
+  // A shared copy of the DB's seqno to time mapping.
  std::shared_ptr<const SeqnoToTimeMapping> seqno_to_time_mapping{nullptr};

  // should be called outside the mutex
@@ -281,9 +279,8 @@ Status CheckConcurrentWritesSupported(const ColumnFamilyOptions& cf_options);
 Status CheckCFPathsSupported(const DBOptions& db_options,
                             const ColumnFamilyOptions& cf_options);

-ColumnFamilyOptions SanitizeCfOptions(const ImmutableDBOptions& db_options,
-                                      bool read_only,
-                                      const ColumnFamilyOptions& src);
+ColumnFamilyOptions SanitizeOptions(const ImmutableDBOptions& db_options,
+                                    const ColumnFamilyOptions& src);
 // Wrap user defined table properties collector factories `from cf_options`
 // into internal ones in internal_tbl_prop_coll_factories. Add a system internal
 // one too.
@@ -345,17 +342,17 @@ class ColumnFamilyData {

  // thread-safe
  const FileOptions* soptions() const;
-  const ImmutableOptions& ioptions() const { return ioptions_; }
+  const ImmutableOptions* ioptions() const { return &ioptions_; }
  // REQUIRES: DB mutex held
  // This returns the MutableCFOptions used by current SuperVersion
  // You should use this API to reference MutableCFOptions most of the time.
-  const MutableCFOptions& GetCurrentMutableCFOptions() const {
-    return super_version_->mutable_cf_options;
+  const MutableCFOptions* GetCurrentMutableCFOptions() const {
+    return &(super_version_->mutable_cf_options);
  }
  // REQUIRES: DB mutex held
  // This returns the latest MutableCFOptions, which may be not in effect yet.
-  const MutableCFOptions& GetLatestMutableCFOptions() const {
-    return mutable_cf_options_;
+  const MutableCFOptions* GetLatestMutableCFOptions() const {
+    return &mutable_cf_options_;
  }

  // REQUIRES: DB mutex held
@@ -382,20 +379,17 @@ class ColumnFamilyData {
    return mem()->GetFirstSequenceNumber() == 0 && imm()->NumNotFlushed() == 0;
  }

+  Version* current() { return current_; }
  Version* dummy_versions() { return dummy_versions_; }
-  Version* current() { return current_; }  // REQUIRE: DB mutex held
-  void SetCurrent(Version* _current);      // REQUIRE: DB mutex held
-  uint64_t GetNumLiveVersions() const;     // REQUIRE: DB mutex held
-  uint64_t GetTotalSstFilesSize() const;   // REQUIRE: DB mutex held
-  uint64_t GetLiveSstFilesSize() const;    // REQUIRE: DB mutex held
-  uint64_t GetTotalBlobFileSize() const;   // REQUIRE: DB mutex held
+  void SetCurrent(Version* _current);
+  uint64_t GetNumLiveVersions() const;    // REQUIRE: DB mutex held
+  uint64_t GetTotalSstFilesSize() const;  // REQUIRE: DB mutex held
+  uint64_t GetLiveSstFilesSize() const;   // REQUIRE: DB mutex held
+  uint64_t GetTotalBlobFileSize() const;  // REQUIRE: DB mutex held
  // REQUIRE: DB mutex held
  void SetMemtable(MemTable* new_mem) {
    AssignMemtableID(new_mem);
    mem_ = new_mem;
-    if (ioptions_.disallow_memtable_writes) {
-      mem_->MarkImmutable();
-    }
  }

  void AssignMemtableID(ReadOnlyMemTable* new_imm) {
@@ -406,11 +400,10 @@ class ColumnFamilyData {
  uint64_t OldestLogToKeep();

  // See Memtable constructor for explanation of earliest_seq param.
-  // `mutable_cf_options` might need to be a saved copy if calling this without
-  // holding the DB mutex.
  MemTable* ConstructNewMemtable(const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
                                 SequenceNumber earliest_seq);
-  void CreateNewMemtable(SequenceNumber earliest_seq);
+  void CreateNewMemtable(const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
+                         SequenceNumber earliest_seq);

  TableCache* table_cache() const { return table_cache_.get(); }
  BlobFileCache* blob_file_cache() const { return blob_file_cache_.get(); }
@@ -424,8 +417,7 @@ class ColumnFamilyData {
      const MutableCFOptions& mutable_options,
      const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options,
      const std::vector<SequenceNumber>& existing_snapshots,
-      const SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker, LogBuffer* log_buffer,
-      bool require_max_output_level = false);
+      const SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker, LogBuffer* log_buffer);

  // Check if the passed range overlap with any running compactions.
  // REQUIRES: DB mutex held
@@ -489,14 +481,15 @@ class ColumnFamilyData {
  uint64_t GetSuperVersionNumber() const {
    return super_version_number_.load();
  }
-  uint64_t GetSuperVersionNumberRelaxed() const {
-    return super_version_number_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
-  }
-  // Only intended for use by DBImpl::InstallSuperVersion() and variants
+  // will return a pointer to SuperVersion* if previous SuperVersion
+  // if its reference count is zero and needs deletion or nullptr if not
+  // As argument takes a pointer to allocated SuperVersion to enable
+  // the clients to allocate SuperVersion outside of mutex.
+  // IMPORTANT: Only call this from DBImpl::InstallSuperVersion()
  void InstallSuperVersion(SuperVersionContext* sv_context,
-                           InstrumentedMutex* db_mutex,
-                           std::optional<std::shared_ptr<SeqnoToTimeMapping>>
-                               new_seqno_to_time_mapping = {});
+                           const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options);
+  void InstallSuperVersion(SuperVersionContext* sv_context,
+                           InstrumentedMutex* db_mutex);

  void ResetThreadLocalSuperVersions();

@@ -538,12 +531,6 @@ class ColumnFamilyData {
    assert(!ts_low.empty());
    const Comparator* ucmp = user_comparator();
    assert(ucmp);
-    // Guard against resurrected full_history_ts_low persisted in MANIFEST
-    // from previous DB sessions. This could happen if UDT was enabled and then
-    // disabled.
-    if (ucmp->timestamp_size() == 0) {
-      return;
-    }
    if (full_history_ts_low_.empty() ||
        ucmp->CompareTimestamp(ts_low, full_history_ts_low_) > 0) {
      full_history_ts_low_ = std::move(ts_low);
@@ -551,11 +538,6 @@ class ColumnFamilyData {
  }

  const std::string& GetFullHistoryTsLow() const {
-    const Comparator* ucmp = user_comparator();
-    assert(ucmp);
-    if (ucmp->timestamp_size() == 0) {
-      assert(full_history_ts_low_.empty());
-    }
    return full_history_ts_low_;
  }

@@ -600,21 +582,18 @@ class ColumnFamilyData {
    return (mem_->IsEmpty() ? 0 : 1) + imm_.NumNotFlushed();
  }

-  // thread-safe, DB mutex not needed.
-  bool AllowIngestBehind() const {
-    return ioptions_.cf_allow_ingest_behind || ioptions_.allow_ingest_behind;
-  }
-
 private:
  friend class ColumnFamilySet;
-  ColumnFamilyData(
-      uint32_t id, const std::string& name, Version* dummy_versions,
-      Cache* table_cache, WriteBufferManager* write_buffer_manager,
-      const ColumnFamilyOptions& options, const ImmutableDBOptions& db_options,
-      const FileOptions* file_options, ColumnFamilySet* column_family_set,
-      BlockCacheTracer* const block_cache_tracer,
-      const std::shared_ptr<IOTracer>& io_tracer, const std::string& db_id,
-      const std::string& db_session_id, bool read_only);
+  ColumnFamilyData(uint32_t id, const std::string& name,
+                   Version* dummy_versions, Cache* table_cache,
+                   WriteBufferManager* write_buffer_manager,
+                   const ColumnFamilyOptions& options,
+                   const ImmutableDBOptions& db_options,
+                   const FileOptions* file_options,
+                   ColumnFamilySet* column_family_set,
+                   BlockCacheTracer* const block_cache_tracer,
+                   const std::shared_ptr<IOTracer>& io_tracer,
+                   const std::string& db_id, const std::string& db_session_id);

  std::vector<std::string> GetDbPaths() const;

@@ -776,8 +755,7 @@ class ColumnFamilySet {

  ColumnFamilyData* CreateColumnFamily(const std::string& name, uint32_t id,
                                       Version* dummy_version,
-                                       const ColumnFamilyOptions& options,
-                                       bool read_only);
+                                       const ColumnFamilyOptions& options);

  const UnorderedMap<uint32_t, size_t>& GetRunningColumnFamiliesTimestampSize()
      const {
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ class ColumnFamilyTestBase : public testing::Test {
    env_->skip_fsync_ = true;
    dbname_ = test::PerThreadDBPath("column_family_test");
    db_options_.create_if_missing = true;
+    db_options_.fail_if_options_file_error = true;
    db_options_.env = env_;
  }

@@ -270,8 +271,7 @@ class ColumnFamilyTestBase : public testing::Test {
      // them.
      ASSERT_OK(RocksDBOptionsParser::VerifyCFOptions(
          ConfigOptions(), desc.options,
-          SanitizeCfOptions(dbfull()->immutable_db_options(),
-                            /*read_only*/ false, current_cf_opt)));
+          SanitizeOptions(dbfull()->immutable_db_options(), current_cf_opt)));
      cfi++;
    }
  }
@@ -2175,7 +2175,7 @@ TEST_P(ColumnFamilyTest, FlushStaleColumnFamilies) {
  ASSERT_TRUE(has_cf2_sst);

  ASSERT_OK(Flush(0));
-  ASSERT_EQ(0, dbfull()->TEST_wals_total_size());
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, dbfull()->TEST_total_log_size());
  Close();
 }

@@ -2232,7 +2232,7 @@ TEST_P(ColumnFamilyTest, CreateMissingColumnFamilies) {
  ASSERT_EQ(my_fs->options_files_created.load(), 2);
 }

-TEST_P(ColumnFamilyTest, SanitizeCfOptions) {
+TEST_P(ColumnFamilyTest, SanitizeOptions) {
  DBOptions db_options;
  for (int s = kCompactionStyleLevel; s <= kCompactionStyleUniversal; ++s) {
    for (int l = 0; l <= 2; l++) {
@@ -2248,8 +2248,8 @@ TEST_P(ColumnFamilyTest, SanitizeCfOptions) {
            original.write_buffer_size =
                l * 4 * 1024 * 1024 + i * 1024 * 1024 + j * 1024 + k;

-            ColumnFamilyOptions result = SanitizeCfOptions(
-                ImmutableDBOptions(db_options), /*read_only*/ false, original);
+            ColumnFamilyOptions result =
+                SanitizeOptions(ImmutableDBOptions(db_options), original);
            ASSERT_TRUE(result.level0_stop_writes_trigger >=
                        result.level0_slowdown_writes_trigger);
            ASSERT_TRUE(result.level0_slowdown_writes_trigger >=
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 //  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
 //  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).

+
 #include <mutex>
 #include <string>
 #include <thread>
@@ -441,10 +442,6 @@ TEST_F(CompactFilesTest, SentinelCompressionType) {
 }

 TEST_F(CompactFilesTest, CompressionWithBlockAlign) {
-  if (!Snappy_Supported()) {
-    ROCKSDB_GTEST_SKIP("Test requires Snappy support");
-    return;
-  }
  Options options;
  options.compression = CompressionType::kNoCompression;
  options.create_if_missing = true;
@@ -534,232 +531,6 @@ TEST_F(CompactFilesTest, GetCompactionJobInfo) {
  delete db;
 }

-// Helper function to generate zero-padded keys
-// e.g., MakeKey("a", 5) -> "a05", MakeKey("b", 42) -> "b42"
-static std::string MakeKey(const std::string& prefix, int index) {
-  return prefix + (index < 10 ? "0" : "") + std::to_string(index);
-}
-
-TEST_F(CompactFilesTest, TrivialMoveNonOverlappingFiles) {
-  Options options;
-  options.create_if_missing = true;
-  options.disable_auto_compactions = true;
-  options.compression = kNoCompression;
-  options.level_compaction_dynamic_level_bytes = false;
-
-  DB* db = nullptr;
-  ASSERT_OK(DestroyDB(db_name_, options));
-  Status s = DB::Open(options, db_name_, &db);
-  ASSERT_OK(s);
-  ASSERT_NE(db, nullptr);
-
-  // Create 3 non-overlapping files in L0
-  // File 1: keys [a00-a99]
-  for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
-    std::string key = MakeKey("a", i);
-    ASSERT_OK(db->Put(WriteOptions(), key, "value_" + key));
-  }
-  ASSERT_OK(db->Flush(FlushOptions()));
-
-  // File 2: keys [b00-b99]
-  for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
-    std::string key = MakeKey("b", i);
-    ASSERT_OK(db->Put(WriteOptions(), key, "value_" + key));
-  }
-  ASSERT_OK(db->Flush(FlushOptions()));
-
-  // File 3: keys [c00-c99]
-  for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
-    std::string key = MakeKey("c", i);
-    ASSERT_OK(db->Put(WriteOptions(), key, "value_" + key));
-  }
-  ASSERT_OK(db->Flush(FlushOptions()));
-
-  // Verify files are in L0
-  ColumnFamilyMetaData meta;
-  db->GetColumnFamilyMetaData(&meta);
-  ASSERT_EQ(meta.levels[0].files.size(), 3);
-  ASSERT_EQ(meta.levels[1].files.size(), 0);
-
-  // Get L0 files
-  std::vector<std::string> l0_files;
-  for (const auto& file : meta.levels[0].files) {
-    l0_files.push_back(file.db_path + "/" + file.name);
-  }
-
-  CompactionOptions compact_option;
-  compact_option.allow_trivial_move = true;
-  // Compact all L0 files to L1 (non-overlapping in L1)
-  ASSERT_OK(db->CompactFiles(compact_option, l0_files, 1));
-
-  // Verify files are now in L1
-  db->GetColumnFamilyMetaData(&meta);
-  ASSERT_EQ(meta.levels[0].files.size(), 0);
-  ASSERT_EQ(meta.levels[1].files.size(), 3);
-
-  // Get the first file from L1 (should be the one with keys a00-a99)
-  std::string l1_file_to_move;
-  std::vector<std::string> l1_files_to_move_later;
-  uint64_t l1_file_number = 0;
-  for (const auto& file : meta.levels[1].files) {
-    if (file.smallestkey[0] == 'a') {
-      l1_file_to_move = file.db_path + "/" + file.name;
-      l1_file_number = file.file_number;
-    } else {
-      l1_files_to_move_later.push_back(file.db_path + "/" + file.name);
-    }
-  }
-  ASSERT_FALSE(l1_file_to_move.empty());
-
-  // Set up sync point to verify trivial move path is taken
-  bool trivial_move_executed = false;
-  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->SetCallBack(
-      "DBImpl::CompactFilesImpl:TrivialMove",
-      [&](void* /*arg*/) { trivial_move_executed = true; });
-  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->EnableProcessing();
-
-  // Move the file from L1 to L6 - this should be a trivial move
-  // because the file doesn't overlap with anything in L6
-  std::vector<std::string> files_to_move = {l1_file_to_move};
-  ASSERT_OK(db->CompactFiles(compact_option, files_to_move, 6));
-
-  // Verify trivial move was executed
-  ASSERT_TRUE(trivial_move_executed);
-
-  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->DisableProcessing();
-  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->ClearAllCallBacks();
-
-  // Verify the file is now in L6
-  db->GetColumnFamilyMetaData(&meta);
-  ASSERT_EQ(meta.levels[1].files.size(), 2);  // Two files remain in L1
-  ASSERT_EQ(meta.levels[6].files.size(), 1);  // One file in L6
-
-  // Verify it's the correct file in L6
-  bool found_file_in_l6 = false;
-  for (const auto& file : meta.levels[6].files) {
-    if (file.file_number == l1_file_number) {
-      found_file_in_l6 = true;
-      // Verify key range hasn't changed
-      ASSERT_EQ(file.smallestkey[0], 'a');
-      ASSERT_EQ(file.largestkey[0], 'a');
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-  ASSERT_TRUE(found_file_in_l6);
-
-  // Move the other 2 files from L1 to L6, with allow_trivial_move set to false.
-  // This will trigger a normal compaction, so the 2 files will be compacted
-  // into a single file in L6.
-  ASSERT_OK(db->CompactFiles(CompactionOptions(), l1_files_to_move_later, 6));
-
-  // Verify files in L6
-  db->GetColumnFamilyMetaData(&meta);
-  ASSERT_EQ(meta.levels[1].files.size(), 0);  // Zero files remain in L1
-  ASSERT_EQ(meta.levels[6].files.size(), 2);  // Two file in L6
-
-  // Verify data integrity - all keys should still be readable
-  for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
-    std::string key = MakeKey("a", i);
-    std::string value;
-    ASSERT_OK(db->Get(ReadOptions(), key, &value));
-    ASSERT_EQ(value, "value_" + key);
-  }
-
-  delete db;
-}
-
-TEST_F(CompactFilesTest, TrivialMoveBlockedByOverlap) {
-  Options options;
-  options.create_if_missing = true;
-  options.disable_auto_compactions = true;
-  options.compression = kNoCompression;
-  options.level_compaction_dynamic_level_bytes = false;
-  options.num_levels = 7;
-
-  DB* db = nullptr;
-  ASSERT_OK(DestroyDB(db_name_, options));
-  Status s = DB::Open(options, db_name_, &db);
-  ASSERT_OK(s);
-  ASSERT_NE(db, nullptr);
-
-  // Create a file in L6 with keys [m00-m99] (wide range)
-  for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
-    std::string key = MakeKey("m", i);
-    ASSERT_OK(db->Put(WriteOptions(), key, "value_" + key));
-  }
-  ASSERT_OK(db->Flush(FlushOptions()));
-
-  // Get L0 file
-  ColumnFamilyMetaData meta;
-  db->GetColumnFamilyMetaData(&meta);
-  std::vector<std::string> l0_files;
-  for (const auto& file : meta.levels[0].files) {
-    l0_files.push_back(file.db_path + "/" + file.name);
-  }
-
-  CompactionOptions compact_option;
-  compact_option.allow_trivial_move = true;
-
-  // Move to L6
-  ASSERT_OK(db->CompactFiles(compact_option, l0_files, 6));
-
-  // Now create a file in L1 with overlapping keys [m50-m60]
-  for (int i = 50; i <= 60; i++) {
-    std::string key = "m" + std::to_string(i);
-    ASSERT_OK(db->Put(WriteOptions(), key, "updated_value_" + key));
-  }
-  ASSERT_OK(db->Flush(FlushOptions()));
-
-  // Get the L0 file
-  db->GetColumnFamilyMetaData(&meta);
-  std::vector<std::string> l0_files_2;
-  for (const auto& file : meta.levels[0].files) {
-    l0_files_2.push_back(file.db_path + "/" + file.name);
-  }
-
-  // Move to L1
-  ASSERT_OK(db->CompactFiles(compact_option, l0_files_2, 1));
-
-  // Get the L1 file
-  db->GetColumnFamilyMetaData(&meta);
-  ASSERT_EQ(meta.levels[1].files.size(), 1);
-  std::string l1_file =
-      meta.levels[1].files[0].db_path + "/" + meta.levels[1].files[0].name;
-
-  // Set up sync point to verify full compaction path is taken
-  bool trivial_move_executed = false;
-  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->SetCallBack(
-      "DBImpl::CompactFilesImpl:TrivialMove",
-      [&](void* /*arg*/) { trivial_move_executed = true; });
-  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->EnableProcessing();
-
-  // Try to move from L1 to L6 - this should NOT be a trivial move
-  // because the file overlaps with the existing file in L6
-  ASSERT_OK(db->CompactFiles(compact_option, {l1_file}, 6));
-
-  // Verify trivial move was NOT executed (full compaction happened)
-  ASSERT_FALSE(trivial_move_executed);
-
-  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->DisableProcessing();
-  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->ClearAllCallBacks();
-
-  // Verify the result - should have merged data in L6
-  db->GetColumnFamilyMetaData(&meta);
-  ASSERT_EQ(meta.levels[1].files.size(), 0);  // L1 should be empty
-  // L6 should have the merged file (may be 1 file if merged, or 2 if not)
-  ASSERT_GE(meta.levels[6].files.size(), 1);
-
-  // Verify updated values are present
-  for (int i = 50; i <= 60; i++) {
-    std::string key = "m" + std::to_string(i);
-    std::string value;
-    ASSERT_OK(db->Get(ReadOptions(), key, &value));
-    ASSERT_EQ(value, "updated_value_" + key);
-  }
-
-  delete db;
-}
-
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
@@ -281,13 +281,12 @@ Compaction::Compaction(
    std::vector<CompactionInputFiles> _inputs, int _output_level,
    uint64_t _target_file_size, uint64_t _max_compaction_bytes,
    uint32_t _output_path_id, CompressionType _compression,
-    CompressionOptions _compression_opts,
-    Temperature _output_temperature_override, uint32_t _max_subcompactions,
-    std::vector<FileMetaData*> _grandparents,
+    CompressionOptions _compression_opts, Temperature _output_temperature,
+    uint32_t _max_subcompactions, std::vector<FileMetaData*> _grandparents,
    std::optional<SequenceNumber> _earliest_snapshot,
-    const SnapshotChecker* _snapshot_checker,
-    CompactionReason _compaction_reason, const std::string& _trim_ts,
-    double _score, bool l0_files_might_overlap,
+    const SnapshotChecker* _snapshot_checker, bool _manual_compaction,
+    const std::string& _trim_ts, double _score, bool _deletion_compaction,
+    bool l0_files_might_overlap, CompactionReason _compaction_reason,
    BlobGarbageCollectionPolicy _blob_garbage_collection_policy,
    double _blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff)
    : input_vstorage_(vstorage),
@@ -304,10 +303,8 @@ Compaction::Compaction(
      output_path_id_(_output_path_id),
      output_compression_(_compression),
      output_compression_opts_(_compression_opts),
-      output_temperature_override_(_output_temperature_override),
-      deletion_compaction_(_compaction_reason == CompactionReason::kFIFOTtl ||
-                           _compaction_reason ==
-                               CompactionReason::kFIFOMaxSize),
+      output_temperature_(_output_temperature),
+      deletion_compaction_(_deletion_compaction),
      l0_files_might_overlap_(l0_files_might_overlap),
      inputs_(PopulateWithAtomicBoundaries(vstorage, std::move(_inputs))),
      grandparents_(std::move(_grandparents)),
@@ -324,8 +321,7 @@ Compaction::Compaction(
              ? false
              : IsBottommostLevel(output_level_, vstorage, inputs_)),
      is_full_compaction_(IsFullCompaction(vstorage, inputs_)),
-      is_manual_compaction_(_compaction_reason ==
-                            CompactionReason::kManualCompaction),
+      is_manual_compaction_(_manual_compaction),
      trim_ts_(_trim_ts),
      is_trivial_move_(false),
      compaction_reason_(_compaction_reason),
@@ -336,23 +332,26 @@ Compaction::Compaction(
              : (_blob_garbage_collection_policy ==
                         BlobGarbageCollectionPolicy::kDisable
                     ? false
-                     : mutable_cf_options().enable_blob_garbage_collection)),
+                     : mutable_cf_options()->enable_blob_garbage_collection)),
      blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff_(
          _blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff < 0 ||
                  _blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff > 1
-              ? mutable_cf_options().blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff
+              ? mutable_cf_options()->blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff
              : _blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff),
-      proximal_level_(
-          // For simplicity, we don't support the concept of "proximal level"
+      penultimate_level_(
+          // For simplicity, we don't support the concept of "penultimate level"
          // with `CompactionReason::kExternalSstIngestion` and
          // `CompactionReason::kRefitLevel`
          _compaction_reason == CompactionReason::kExternalSstIngestion ||
                  _compaction_reason == CompactionReason::kRefitLevel
              ? Compaction::kInvalidLevel
-              : EvaluateProximalLevel(vstorage, mutable_cf_options_,
-                                      immutable_options_, start_level_,
-                                      output_level_)) {
+              : EvaluatePenultimateLevel(vstorage, mutable_cf_options_,
+                                         immutable_options_, start_level_,
+                                         output_level_)) {
  MarkFilesBeingCompacted(true);
+  if (is_manual_compaction_) {
+    compaction_reason_ = CompactionReason::kManualCompaction;
+  }
  if (max_subcompactions_ == 0) {
    max_subcompactions_ = _mutable_db_options.max_subcompactions;
  }
@@ -406,71 +405,53 @@ Compaction::Compaction(
    }
  }

-  PopulateProximalLevelOutputRange();
+  PopulatePenultimateLevelOutputRange();
 }

-void Compaction::PopulateProximalLevelOutputRange() {
+void Compaction::PopulatePenultimateLevelOutputRange() {
  if (!SupportsPerKeyPlacement()) {
-    assert(keep_in_last_level_through_seqno_ == kMaxSequenceNumber);
    return;
  }

  // exclude the last level, the range of all input levels is the safe range
  // of keys that can be moved up.
  int exclude_level = number_levels_ - 1;
-  proximal_output_range_type_ = ProximalOutputRangeType::kNonLastRange;
+  penultimate_output_range_type_ = PenultimateOutputRangeType::kNonLastRange;

-  // For universal compaction, the proximal_output_range could be extended if
-  // all proximal level files are included in the compaction (which includes
-  // the case that the proximal level is empty).
+  // For universal compaction, the penultimate_output_range could be extended if
+  // all penultimate level files are included in the compaction (which includes
+  // the case that the penultimate level is empty).
  if (immutable_options_.compaction_style == kCompactionStyleUniversal) {
    exclude_level = kInvalidLevel;
-    proximal_output_range_type_ = ProximalOutputRangeType::kFullRange;
-    std::set<uint64_t> proximal_inputs;
+    penultimate_output_range_type_ = PenultimateOutputRangeType::kFullRange;
+    std::set<uint64_t> penultimate_inputs;
    for (const auto& input_lvl : inputs_) {
-      if (input_lvl.level == proximal_level_) {
+      if (input_lvl.level == penultimate_level_) {
        for (const auto& file : input_lvl.files) {
-          proximal_inputs.emplace(file->fd.GetNumber());
+          penultimate_inputs.emplace(file->fd.GetNumber());
        }
      }
    }
-    auto proximal_files = input_vstorage_->LevelFiles(proximal_level_);
-    for (const auto& file : proximal_files) {
-      if (proximal_inputs.find(file->fd.GetNumber()) == proximal_inputs.end()) {
+    auto penultimate_files = input_vstorage_->LevelFiles(penultimate_level_);
+    for (const auto& file : penultimate_files) {
+      if (penultimate_inputs.find(file->fd.GetNumber()) ==
+          penultimate_inputs.end()) {
        exclude_level = number_levels_ - 1;
-        proximal_output_range_type_ = ProximalOutputRangeType::kNonLastRange;
+        penultimate_output_range_type_ =
+            PenultimateOutputRangeType::kNonLastRange;
        break;
      }
    }
  }

-  // FIXME: should make use of `proximal_output_range_type_`.
+  // FIXME: should make use of `penultimate_output_range_type_`.
  // FIXME: when last level's input range does not overlap with
-  //  proximal level, and proximal level input is empty,
-  //  this call will not set proximal_level_smallest_ or
-  //  proximal_level_largest_. No keys will be compacted up.
-  GetBoundaryInternalKeys(input_vstorage_, inputs_, &proximal_level_smallest_,
-                          &proximal_level_largest_, exclude_level);
-
-  if (proximal_output_range_type_ != ProximalOutputRangeType::kFullRange) {
-    // If not full range in proximal level, must keep everything already
-    // in the last level there, because moving it back up might cause
-    // overlap/placement issues that are difficult to resolve properly in the
-    // presence of range deletes
-    SequenceNumber max_last_level_seqno = 0;
-    for (const auto& input_lvl : inputs_) {
-      if (input_lvl.level == output_level_) {
-        for (const auto& file : input_lvl.files) {
-          max_last_level_seqno =
-              std::max(max_last_level_seqno, file->fd.largest_seqno);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    keep_in_last_level_through_seqno_ = max_last_level_seqno;
-  } else {
-    keep_in_last_level_through_seqno_ = 0;
-  }
+  //  penultimate level, and penultimate level input is empty,
+  //  this call will not set penultimate_level_smallest_ or
+  //  penultimate_level_largest_. No keys will be compacted up.
+  GetBoundaryInternalKeys(input_vstorage_, inputs_,
+                          &penultimate_level_smallest_,
+                          &penultimate_level_largest_, exclude_level);
 }

 Compaction::~Compaction() {
@@ -483,23 +464,23 @@ Compaction::~Compaction() {
 }

 bool Compaction::SupportsPerKeyPlacement() const {
-  return proximal_level_ != kInvalidLevel;
+  return penultimate_level_ != kInvalidLevel;
 }

-int Compaction::GetProximalLevel() const { return proximal_level_; }
+int Compaction::GetPenultimateLevel() const { return penultimate_level_; }

 // smallest_key and largest_key include timestamps if user-defined timestamp is
 // enabled.
-bool Compaction::OverlapProximalLevelOutputRange(
+bool Compaction::OverlapPenultimateLevelOutputRange(
    const Slice& smallest_key, const Slice& largest_key) const {
  if (!SupportsPerKeyPlacement()) {
    return false;
  }

-  // See FIXME in Compaction::PopulateProximalLevelOutputRange().
+  // See FIXME in Compaction::PopulatePenultimateLevelOutputRange().
  // We do not compact any key up in this case.
-  if (proximal_level_smallest_.size() == 0 ||
-      proximal_level_largest_.size() == 0) {
+  if (penultimate_level_smallest_.size() == 0 ||
+      penultimate_level_largest_.size() == 0) {
    return false;
  }

@@ -507,35 +488,28 @@ bool Compaction::OverlapProximalLevelOutputRange(
      input_vstorage_->InternalComparator()->user_comparator();

  return ucmp->CompareWithoutTimestamp(
-             smallest_key, proximal_level_largest_.user_key()) <= 0 &&
+             smallest_key, penultimate_level_largest_.user_key()) <= 0 &&
         ucmp->CompareWithoutTimestamp(
-             largest_key, proximal_level_smallest_.user_key()) >= 0;
+             largest_key, penultimate_level_smallest_.user_key()) >= 0;
 }

 // key includes timestamp if user-defined timestamp is enabled.
-void Compaction::TEST_AssertWithinProximalLevelOutputRange(
-    const Slice& user_key, bool expect_failure) const {
-#ifdef NDEBUG
-  (void)user_key;
-  (void)expect_failure;
-#else
-  assert(SupportsPerKeyPlacement());
+bool Compaction::WithinPenultimateLevelOutputRange(
+    const ParsedInternalKey& ikey) const {
+  if (!SupportsPerKeyPlacement()) {
+    return false;
+  }

-  assert(proximal_level_smallest_.size() > 0);
-  assert(proximal_level_largest_.size() > 0);
+  if (penultimate_level_smallest_.size() == 0 ||
+      penultimate_level_largest_.size() == 0) {
+    return false;
+  }

-  auto* cmp = input_vstorage_->user_comparator();
+  const InternalKeyComparator* icmp = input_vstorage_->InternalComparator();

  // op_type of a key can change during compaction, e.g. Merge -> Put.
-  if (!(cmp->Compare(user_key, proximal_level_smallest_.user_key()) >= 0)) {
-    assert(expect_failure);
-  } else if (!(cmp->Compare(user_key, proximal_level_largest_.user_key()) <=
-               0)) {
-    assert(expect_failure);
-  } else {
-    assert(!expect_failure);
-  }
-#endif
+  return icmp->CompareKeySeq(ikey, penultimate_level_smallest_.Encode()) >= 0 &&
+         icmp->CompareKeySeq(ikey, penultimate_level_largest_.Encode()) <= 0;
 }

 bool Compaction::InputCompressionMatchesOutput() const {
@@ -589,7 +563,7 @@ bool Compaction::IsTrivialMove() const {
  // input files are non overlapping
  if ((mutable_cf_options_.compaction_options_universal.allow_trivial_move) &&
      (output_level_ != 0) &&
-      (cfd_->ioptions().compaction_style == kCompactionStyleUniversal)) {
+      (cfd_->ioptions()->compaction_style == kCompactionStyleUniversal)) {
    return is_trivial_move_;
  }

@@ -647,9 +621,7 @@ bool Compaction::KeyNotExistsBeyondOutputLevel(
  if (bottommost_level_) {
    return true;
  } else if (output_level_ != 0 &&
-             cfd_->ioptions().compaction_style == kCompactionStyleLevel) {
-    // TODO: apply the optimization here to other compaction styles and
-    // compaction/flush to L0.
+             cfd_->ioptions()->compaction_style == kCompactionStyleLevel) {
    // Maybe use binary search to find right entry instead of linear search?
    const Comparator* user_cmp = cfd_->user_comparator();
    for (int lvl = output_level_ + 1; lvl < number_levels_; lvl++) {
@@ -690,7 +662,7 @@ bool Compaction::KeyRangeNotExistsBeyondOutputLevel(
  if (bottommost_level_) {
    return true /* does not overlap */;
  } else if (output_level_ != 0 &&
-             cfd_->ioptions().compaction_style == kCompactionStyleLevel) {
+             cfd_->ioptions()->compaction_style == kCompactionStyleLevel) {
    const Comparator* user_cmp = cfd_->user_comparator();
    for (int lvl = output_level_ + 1; lvl < number_levels_; lvl++) {
      const std::vector<FileMetaData*>& files =
@@ -866,12 +838,12 @@ uint64_t Compaction::OutputFilePreallocationSize() const {
 }

 std::unique_ptr<CompactionFilter> Compaction::CreateCompactionFilter() const {
-  if (!cfd_->ioptions().compaction_filter_factory) {
+  if (!cfd_->ioptions()->compaction_filter_factory) {
    return nullptr;
  }

  if (!cfd_->ioptions()
-           .compaction_filter_factory->ShouldFilterTableFileCreation(
+           ->compaction_filter_factory->ShouldFilterTableFileCreation(
               TableFileCreationReason::kCompaction)) {
    return nullptr;
  }
@@ -890,7 +862,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<CompactionFilter> Compaction::CreateCompactionFilter() const {
        "for compaction.");
  }

-  return cfd_->ioptions().compaction_filter_factory->CreateCompactionFilter(
+  return cfd_->ioptions()->compaction_filter_factory->CreateCompactionFilter(
      context);
 }

@@ -924,8 +896,8 @@ bool Compaction::ShouldFormSubcompactions() const {

  // Round-Robin pri under leveled compaction allows subcompactions by default
  // and the number of subcompactions can be larger than max_subcompactions_
-  if (cfd_->ioptions().compaction_pri == kRoundRobin &&
-      cfd_->ioptions().compaction_style == kCompactionStyleLevel) {
+  if (cfd_->ioptions()->compaction_pri == kRoundRobin &&
+      cfd_->ioptions()->compaction_style == kCompactionStyleLevel) {
    return output_level_ > 0;
  }

@@ -933,9 +905,9 @@ bool Compaction::ShouldFormSubcompactions() const {
    return false;
  }

-  if (cfd_->ioptions().compaction_style == kCompactionStyleLevel) {
+  if (cfd_->ioptions()->compaction_style == kCompactionStyleLevel) {
    return (start_level_ == 0 || is_manual_compaction_) && output_level_ > 0;
-  } else if (cfd_->ioptions().compaction_style == kCompactionStyleUniversal) {
+  } else if (cfd_->ioptions()->compaction_style == kCompactionStyleUniversal) {
    return number_levels_ > 1 && output_level_ > 0;
  } else {
    return false;
@@ -1017,7 +989,7 @@ uint64_t Compaction::MinInputFileEpochNumber() const {
  return min_epoch_number;
 }

-int Compaction::EvaluateProximalLevel(
+int Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(
    const VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
    const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
    const ImmutableOptions& immutable_options, const int start_level,
@@ -1032,21 +1004,21 @@ int Compaction::EvaluateProximalLevel(
    return kInvalidLevel;
  }

-  int proximal_level = output_level - 1;
-  assert(proximal_level < immutable_options.num_levels);
-  if (proximal_level <= 0) {
+  int penultimate_level = output_level - 1;
+  assert(penultimate_level < immutable_options.num_levels);
+  if (penultimate_level <= 0) {
    return kInvalidLevel;
  }

-  // If the proximal level is not within input level -> output level range
-  // check if the proximal output level is empty, if it's empty, it could
-  // also be locked for the proximal output.
+  // If the penultimate level is not within input level -> output level range
+  // check if the penultimate output level is empty, if it's empty, it could
+  // also be locked for the penultimate output.
  // TODO: ideally, it only needs to check if there's a file within the
  //  compaction output key range. For simplicity, it just check if there's any
-  //  file on the proximal level.
+  //  file on the penultimate level.
  if (start_level == immutable_options.num_levels - 1 &&
      (immutable_options.compaction_style != kCompactionStyleUniversal ||
-       !vstorage->LevelFiles(proximal_level).empty())) {
+       !vstorage->LevelFiles(penultimate_level).empty())) {
    return kInvalidLevel;
  }

@@ -1060,7 +1032,7 @@ int Compaction::EvaluateProximalLevel(
    return kInvalidLevel;
  }

-  return proximal_level;
+  return penultimate_level;
 }

 void Compaction::FilterInputsForCompactionIterator() {
@@ -1129,17 +1101,4 @@ void Compaction::FilterInputsForCompactionIterator() {
  }
 }

-Temperature Compaction::GetOutputTemperature(bool is_proximal_level) const {
-  if (output_temperature_override_ != Temperature::kUnknown) {
-    return output_temperature_override_;
-  }
-
-  if (is_last_level() && !is_proximal_level &&
-      mutable_cf_options_.last_level_temperature != Temperature::kUnknown) {
-    return mutable_cf_options_.last_level_temperature;
-  }
-
-  return mutable_cf_options_.default_write_temperature;
-}
-
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
@@ -90,25 +90,25 @@ class Compaction {
             uint64_t target_file_size, uint64_t max_compaction_bytes,
             uint32_t output_path_id, CompressionType compression,
             CompressionOptions compression_opts,
-             Temperature output_temperature_override,
-             uint32_t max_subcompactions,
+             Temperature output_temperature, uint32_t max_subcompactions,
             std::vector<FileMetaData*> grandparents,
             std::optional<SequenceNumber> earliest_snapshot,
             const SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker,
-             CompactionReason compaction_reason,
-             const std::string& trim_ts = "", double score = -1,
+             bool manual_compaction = false, const std::string& trim_ts = "",
+             double score = -1, bool deletion_compaction = false,
             bool l0_files_might_overlap = true,
+             CompactionReason compaction_reason = CompactionReason::kUnknown,
             BlobGarbageCollectionPolicy blob_garbage_collection_policy =
                 BlobGarbageCollectionPolicy::kUseDefault,
             double blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff = -1);

-  // The type of the proximal level output range
-  enum class ProximalOutputRangeType : int {
-    kNotSupported,  // it cannot output to the proximal level
-    kFullRange,     // any data could be output to the proximal level
+  // The type of the penultimate level output range
+  enum class PenultimateOutputRangeType : int {
+    kNotSupported,  // it cannot output to the penultimate level
+    kFullRange,     // any data could be output to the penultimate level
    kNonLastRange,  // only the keys within non_last_level compaction inputs can
-                    // be outputted to the proximal level
-    kDisabled,      // no data can be outputted to the proximal level
+                    // be outputted to the penultimate level
+    kDisabled,      // no data can be outputted to the penultimate level
  };

  // No copying allowed
@@ -180,10 +180,6 @@ class Compaction {
  const std::vector<CompactionInputFiles>* inputs() { return &inputs_; }

  // Returns the LevelFilesBrief of the specified compaction input level.
-  // Note that if the compaction includes standalone range deletion file,
-  // this function returns the result after filtering out input files covered
-  // by the range deletion file.
-  // Use inputs() if you want to get the original input files.
  const LevelFilesBrief* input_levels(size_t compaction_input_level) const {
    return &input_levels_[compaction_input_level];
  }
@@ -287,26 +283,19 @@ class Compaction {
  // are non-overlapping and can be trivially moved.
  bool is_trivial_move() const { return is_trivial_move_; }

-  bool is_trivial_copy_compaction() const {
-    return immutable_options_.compaction_style == kCompactionStyleFIFO &&
-           compaction_reason_ == CompactionReason::kChangeTemperature &&
-           mutable_cf_options_.compaction_options_fifo
-               .allow_trivial_copy_when_change_temperature;
-  }
-
  // How many total levels are there?
  int number_levels() const { return number_levels_; }

  // Return the ImmutableOptions that should be used throughout the compaction
  // procedure
-  const ImmutableOptions& immutable_options() const {
-    return immutable_options_;
+  const ImmutableOptions* immutable_options() const {
+    return &immutable_options_;
  }

  // Return the MutableCFOptions that should be used throughout the compaction
  // procedure
-  const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options() const {
-    return mutable_cf_options_;
+  const MutableCFOptions* mutable_cf_options() const {
+    return &mutable_cf_options_;
  }

  // Returns the size in bytes that the output file should be preallocated to.
@@ -381,30 +370,30 @@ class Compaction {

  Slice GetLargestUserKey() const { return largest_user_key_; }

-  ProximalOutputRangeType GetProximalOutputRangeType() const {
-    return proximal_output_range_type_;
+  PenultimateOutputRangeType GetPenultimateOutputRangeType() const {
+    return penultimate_output_range_type_;
  }

  // Return true if the compaction supports per_key_placement
  bool SupportsPerKeyPlacement() const;

-  // Get per_key_placement proximal output level, which is `last_level - 1`
+  // Get per_key_placement penultimate output level, which is `last_level - 1`
  // if per_key_placement feature is supported. Otherwise, return -1.
-  int GetProximalLevel() const;
+  int GetPenultimateLevel() const;

-  // Return true if the given range is overlap with proximal level output
+  // Return true if the given range is overlap with penultimate level output
  // range.
  // Both smallest_key and largest_key include timestamps if user-defined
  // timestamp is enabled.
-  bool OverlapProximalLevelOutputRange(const Slice& smallest_key,
-                                       const Slice& largest_key) const;
+  bool OverlapPenultimateLevelOutputRange(const Slice& smallest_key,
+                                          const Slice& largest_key) const;

-  // For testing purposes, check that a key is within proximal level
-  // output range for per_key_placement feature, which is safe to place the key
-  // to the proximal level. Different compaction strategies have different
-  // rules. `user_key` includes timestamp if user-defined timestamp is enabled.
-  void TEST_AssertWithinProximalLevelOutputRange(
-      const Slice& user_key, bool expect_failure = false) const;
+  // Return true if the key is within penultimate level output range for
+  // per_key_placement feature, which is safe to place the key to the
+  // penultimate level. different compaction strategy has different rules.
+  // If per_key_placement is not supported, always return false.
+  //  key includes timestamp if user-defined timestamp is enabled.
+  bool WithinPenultimateLevelOutputRange(const ParsedInternalKey& ikey) const;

  CompactionReason compaction_reason() const { return compaction_reason_; }

@@ -414,11 +403,7 @@ class Compaction {

  uint64_t max_compaction_bytes() const { return max_compaction_bytes_; }

-  // Order of precedence for temperature:
-  // 1. Override temp if not kUnknown
-  // 2. Temperature of the last level files if applicable
-  // 3. Default write temperature
-  Temperature GetOutputTemperature(bool is_proximal_level = false) const;
+  Temperature output_temperature() const { return output_temperature_; }

  uint32_t max_subcompactions() const { return max_subcompactions_; }

@@ -456,37 +441,26 @@ class Compaction {

  static constexpr int kInvalidLevel = -1;

-  // Evaluate proximal output level. If the compaction supports
-  // per_key_placement feature, it returns the proximal level number.
+  // Evaluate penultimate output level. If the compaction supports
+  // per_key_placement feature, it returns the penultimate level number.
  // Otherwise, it's set to kInvalidLevel (-1), which means
-  // output_to_proximal_level is not supported.
-  // Note: even the proximal level output is supported (ProximalLevel !=
+  // output_to_penultimate_level is not supported.
+  // Note: even the penultimate level output is supported (PenultimateLevel !=
  // kInvalidLevel), some key range maybe unsafe to be outputted to the
-  // proximal level. The safe key range is populated by
-  // `PopulateProximalLevelOutputRange()`.
-  // Which could potentially disable all proximal level output.
-  static int EvaluateProximalLevel(const VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
-                                   const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
-                                   const ImmutableOptions& immutable_options,
-                                   const int start_level,
-                                   const int output_level);
-
-  static bool OutputToNonZeroMaxOutputLevel(int output_level,
-                                            int max_output_level) {
-    return output_level > 0 && output_level == max_output_level;
-  }
-
-  // If some data cannot be safely migrated "up" the LSM tree due to a change
-  // in the preclude_last_level_data_seconds setting, this indicates a sequence
-  // number for the newest data that must be kept in the last level.
-  SequenceNumber GetKeepInLastLevelThroughSeqno() const {
-    return keep_in_last_level_through_seqno_;
-  }
+  // penultimate level. The safe key range is populated by
+  // `PopulatePenultimateLevelOutputRange()`.
+  // Which could potentially disable all penultimate level output.
+  static int EvaluatePenultimateLevel(
+      const VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
+      const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
+      const ImmutableOptions& immutable_options, const int start_level,
+      const int output_level);

  // mark (or clear) all files that are being compacted
  void MarkFilesBeingCompacted(bool being_compacted) const;

 private:
+
  Status InitInputTableProperties();

  // get the smallest and largest key present in files to be compacted
@@ -502,10 +476,10 @@ class Compaction {
      InternalKey* smallest_key, InternalKey* largest_key,
      int exclude_level = -1);

-  // populate proximal level output range, which will be used to determine if
-  // a key is safe to output to the proximal level (details see
-  // `Compaction::WithinProximalLevelOutputRange()`.
-  void PopulateProximalLevelOutputRange();
+  // populate penultimate level output range, which will be used to determine if
+  // a key is safe to output to the penultimate level (details see
+  // `Compaction::WithinPenultimateLevelOutputRange()`.
+  void PopulatePenultimateLevelOutputRange();

  // If oldest snapshot is specified at Compaction construction time, we have
  // an opportunity to optimize inputs for compaction iterator for this case:
@@ -550,7 +524,7 @@ class Compaction {
  const uint32_t output_path_id_;
  CompressionType output_compression_;
  CompressionOptions output_compression_opts_;
-  Temperature output_temperature_override_;
+  Temperature output_temperature_;
  // If true, then the compaction can be done by simply deleting input files.
  const bool deletion_compaction_;
  // should it split the output file using the compact cursor?
@@ -632,24 +606,22 @@ class Compaction {
  // Blob garbage collection age cutoff.
  double blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff_;

-  SequenceNumber keep_in_last_level_through_seqno_ = kMaxSequenceNumber;
-
  // only set when per_key_placement feature is enabled, -1 (kInvalidLevel)
  // means not supported.
-  const int proximal_level_;
+  const int penultimate_level_;

-  // Key range for proximal level output
+  // Key range for penultimate level output
  // includes timestamp if user-defined timestamp is enabled.
-  // proximal_output_range_type_ shows the range type
-  InternalKey proximal_level_smallest_;
-  InternalKey proximal_level_largest_;
-  ProximalOutputRangeType proximal_output_range_type_ =
-      ProximalOutputRangeType::kNotSupported;
+  // penultimate_output_range_type_ shows the range type
+  InternalKey penultimate_level_smallest_;
+  InternalKey penultimate_level_largest_;
+  PenultimateOutputRangeType penultimate_output_range_type_ =
+      PenultimateOutputRangeType::kNotSupported;
 };

 #ifndef NDEBUG
 // Helper struct only for tests, which contains the data to decide if a key
-// should be output to the proximal level.
+// should be output to the penultimate level.
 // TODO: remove this when the public feature knob is available
 struct PerKeyPlacementContext {
  const int level;
@@ -657,16 +629,16 @@ struct PerKeyPlacementContext {
  const Slice value;
  const SequenceNumber seq_num;

-  bool& output_to_proximal_level;
+  bool& output_to_penultimate_level;

  PerKeyPlacementContext(int _level, Slice _key, Slice _value,
                         SequenceNumber _seq_num,
-                         bool& _output_to_proximal_level)
+                         bool& _output_to_penultimate_level)
      : level(_level),
        key(_key),
        value(_value),
        seq_num(_seq_num),
-        output_to_proximal_level(_output_to_proximal_level) {}
+        output_to_penultimate_level(_output_to_penultimate_level) {}
 };
 #endif /* !NDEBUG */

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ CompactionIterator::CompactionIterator(
    SequenceNumber earliest_snapshot,
    SequenceNumber earliest_write_conflict_snapshot,
    SequenceNumber job_snapshot, const SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker,
-    Env* env, bool report_detailed_time,
+    Env* env, bool report_detailed_time, bool expect_valid_internal_key,
    CompactionRangeDelAggregator* range_del_agg,
    BlobFileBuilder* blob_file_builder, bool allow_data_in_errors,
    bool enforce_single_del_contracts,
@@ -38,16 +38,19 @@ CompactionIterator::CompactionIterator(
    const std::atomic<bool>* shutting_down,
    const std::shared_ptr<Logger> info_log,
    const std::string* full_history_ts_low,
-    std::optional<SequenceNumber> preserve_seqno_min)
+    const SequenceNumber preserve_time_min_seqno,
+    const SequenceNumber preclude_last_level_min_seqno)
    : CompactionIterator(
          input, cmp, merge_helper, last_sequence, snapshots, earliest_snapshot,
          earliest_write_conflict_snapshot, job_snapshot, snapshot_checker, env,
-          report_detailed_time, range_del_agg, blob_file_builder,
-          allow_data_in_errors, enforce_single_del_contracts,
+          report_detailed_time, expect_valid_internal_key, range_del_agg,
+          blob_file_builder, allow_data_in_errors, enforce_single_del_contracts,
          manual_compaction_canceled,
-          compaction ? std::make_unique<RealCompaction>(compaction) : nullptr,
+          std::unique_ptr<CompactionProxy>(
+              compaction ? new RealCompaction(compaction) : nullptr),
          must_count_input_entries, compaction_filter, shutting_down, info_log,
-          full_history_ts_low, preserve_seqno_min) {}
+          full_history_ts_low, preserve_time_min_seqno,
+          preclude_last_level_min_seqno) {}

 CompactionIterator::CompactionIterator(
    InternalIterator* input, const Comparator* cmp, MergeHelper* merge_helper,
@@ -55,7 +58,7 @@ CompactionIterator::CompactionIterator(
    SequenceNumber earliest_snapshot,
    SequenceNumber earliest_write_conflict_snapshot,
    SequenceNumber job_snapshot, const SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker,
-    Env* env, bool report_detailed_time,
+    Env* env, bool report_detailed_time, bool expect_valid_internal_key,
    CompactionRangeDelAggregator* range_del_agg,
    BlobFileBuilder* blob_file_builder, bool allow_data_in_errors,
    bool enforce_single_del_contracts,
@@ -65,7 +68,8 @@ CompactionIterator::CompactionIterator(
    const std::atomic<bool>* shutting_down,
    const std::shared_ptr<Logger> info_log,
    const std::string* full_history_ts_low,
-    std::optional<SequenceNumber> preserve_seqno_min)
+    const SequenceNumber preserve_time_min_seqno,
+    const SequenceNumber preclude_last_level_min_seqno)
    : input_(input, cmp, must_count_input_entries),
      cmp_(cmp),
      merge_helper_(merge_helper),
@@ -76,14 +80,16 @@ CompactionIterator::CompactionIterator(
      env_(env),
      clock_(env_->GetSystemClock().get()),
      report_detailed_time_(report_detailed_time),
+      expect_valid_internal_key_(expect_valid_internal_key),
      range_del_agg_(range_del_agg),
      blob_file_builder_(blob_file_builder),
      compaction_(std::move(compaction)),
      compaction_filter_(compaction_filter),
      shutting_down_(shutting_down),
      manual_compaction_canceled_(manual_compaction_canceled),
-      bottommost_level_(compaction_ && compaction_->bottommost_level() &&
-                        !compaction_->allow_ingest_behind()),
+      bottommost_level_(!compaction_ ? false
+                                     : compaction_->bottommost_level() &&
+                                           !compaction_->allow_ingest_behind()),
      // snapshots_ cannot be nullptr, but we will assert later in the body of
      // the constructor.
      visible_at_tip_(snapshots_ ? snapshots_->empty() : false),
@@ -104,9 +110,10 @@ CompactionIterator::CompactionIterator(
      current_key_committed_(false),
      cmp_with_history_ts_low_(0),
      level_(compaction_ == nullptr ? 0 : compaction_->level()),
-      preserve_seqno_after_(preserve_seqno_min.value_or(earliest_snapshot)) {
+      preserve_time_min_seqno_(preserve_time_min_seqno),
+      preclude_last_level_min_seqno_(preclude_last_level_min_seqno) {
  assert(snapshots_ != nullptr);
-  assert(preserve_seqno_after_ <= earliest_snapshot_);
+  assert(preserve_time_min_seqno_ <= preclude_last_level_min_seqno_);

  if (compaction_ != nullptr) {
    level_ptrs_ = std::vector<size_t>(compaction_->number_levels(), 0);
@@ -159,7 +166,6 @@ void CompactionIterator::Next() {
      // MergeUntil stops when it encounters a corrupt key and does not
      // include them in the result, so we expect the keys here to be valid.
      if (!s.ok()) {
-        // FIXME: should fail compaction after this fatal logging.
        ROCKS_LOG_FATAL(
            info_log_, "Invalid ikey %s in compaction. %s",
            allow_data_in_errors_ ? key_.ToString(true).c_str() : "hidden",
@@ -463,9 +469,18 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
    if (!pik_status.ok()) {
      iter_stats_.num_input_corrupt_records++;

-      // Always fail compaction when encountering corrupted internal keys
-      status_ = pik_status;
-      return;
+      // If `expect_valid_internal_key_` is false, return the corrupted key
+      // and let the caller decide what to do with it.
+      if (expect_valid_internal_key_) {
+        status_ = pik_status;
+        return;
+      }
+      key_ = current_key_.SetInternalKey(key_);
+      has_current_user_key_ = false;
+      current_user_key_sequence_ = kMaxSequenceNumber;
+      current_user_key_snapshot_ = 0;
+      validity_info_.SetValid(ValidContext::kParseKeyError);
+      break;
    }
    TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("CompactionIterator:ProcessKV", &ikey_);
    if (is_range_del_) {
@@ -632,8 +647,7 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
    } else if (ikey_.type == kTypeSingleDeletion) {
      // We can compact out a SingleDelete if:
      // 1) We encounter the corresponding PUT -OR- we know that this key
-      //    doesn't appear past this output level and  we are not in
-      //    ingest_behind mode.
+      //    doesn't appear past this output level
      // =AND=
      // 2) We've already returned a record in this snapshot -OR-
      //    there are no earlier earliest_write_conflict_snapshot.
@@ -722,8 +736,6 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
            "CompactionIterator::NextFromInput:SingleDelete:1",
            const_cast<Compaction*>(c));
        if (last_key_seq_zeroed_) {
-          // Drop SD and the next key since they are both in the last
-          // snapshot (since last key has seqno zeroed).
          ++iter_stats_.num_record_drop_hidden;
          ++iter_stats_.num_record_drop_obsolete;
          assert(bottommost_level_);
@@ -834,7 +846,7 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
        // iteration. If the next key is corrupt, we return before the
        // comparison, so the value of has_current_user_key does not matter.
        has_current_user_key_ = false;
-        if (compaction_ != nullptr && !compaction_->allow_ingest_behind() &&
+        if (compaction_ != nullptr &&
            DefinitelyInSnapshot(ikey_.sequence, earliest_snapshot_) &&
            compaction_->KeyNotExistsBeyondOutputLevel(ikey_.user_key,
                                                       &level_ptrs_) &&
@@ -847,9 +859,6 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
            ++iter_stats_.num_optimized_del_drop_obsolete;
          }
        } else if (last_key_seq_zeroed_) {
-          // Sequence number zeroing requires bottommost_level_, which is
-          // false with ingest_behind.
-          assert(!compaction_->allow_ingest_behind());
          // Skip.
          ++iter_stats_.num_record_drop_hidden;
          ++iter_stats_.num_record_drop_obsolete;
@@ -866,7 +875,6 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
    } else if (last_sequence != kMaxSequenceNumber &&
               (last_snapshot == current_user_key_snapshot_ ||
                last_snapshot < current_user_key_snapshot_)) {
-      // rule (A):
      // If the earliest snapshot is which this key is visible in
      // is the same as the visibility of a previous instance of the
      // same key, then this kv is not visible in any snapshot.
@@ -875,15 +883,6 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
      // Note: Dropping this key will not affect TransactionDB write-conflict
      // checking since there has already been a record returned for this key
      // in this snapshot.
-      // When ingest_behind is enabled, it's ok that we drop an overwritten
-      // Delete here. The overwritting key still covers whatever that will be
-      // ingested. Note that we will not drop SingleDelete here as SingleDelte
-      // is handled entirely in its own if clause. This is important, see
-      // example: from new to old: SingleDelete_1, PUT_1, SingleDelete_2, PUT_2,
-      // where all operations are on the same key and PUT_2 is ingested with
-      // ingest_behind=true. If SingleDelete_2 is dropped due to being compacted
-      // together with PUT_1, and then PUT_1 is compacted away together with
-      // SingleDelete_1, PUT_2 can incorrectly becomes visible.
      if (last_sequence < current_user_key_sequence_) {
        ROCKS_LOG_FATAL(info_log_,
                        "key %s, last_sequence (%" PRIu64
@@ -893,13 +892,12 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
        assert(false);
      }

-      ++iter_stats_.num_record_drop_hidden;
+      ++iter_stats_.num_record_drop_hidden;  // rule (A)
      AdvanceInputIter();
    } else if (compaction_ != nullptr &&
               (ikey_.type == kTypeDeletion ||
                (ikey_.type == kTypeDeletionWithTimestamp &&
                 cmp_with_history_ts_low_ < 0)) &&
-               !compaction_->allow_ingest_behind() &&
               DefinitelyInSnapshot(ikey_.sequence, earliest_snapshot_) &&
               compaction_->KeyNotExistsBeyondOutputLevel(ikey_.user_key,
                                                          &level_ptrs_)) {
@@ -935,13 +933,11 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
                (ikey_.type == kTypeDeletionWithTimestamp &&
                 cmp_with_history_ts_low_ < 0)) &&
               bottommost_level_) {
-      assert(compaction_);
-      assert(!compaction_->allow_ingest_behind());  // bottommost_level_ is true
      // Handle the case where we have a delete key at the bottom most level
      // We can skip outputting the key iff there are no subsequent puts for
      // this key
-      assert(compaction_->KeyNotExistsBeyondOutputLevel(ikey_.user_key,
-                                                        &level_ptrs_));
+      assert(!compaction_ || compaction_->KeyNotExistsBeyondOutputLevel(
+                                 ikey_.user_key, &level_ptrs_));
      ParsedInternalKey next_ikey;
      AdvanceInputIter();
 #ifndef NDEBUG
@@ -983,12 +979,6 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
                (compaction_ != nullptr &&
                 compaction_->KeyNotExistsBeyondOutputLevel(ikey_.user_key,
                                                            &level_ptrs_)))) {
-      // FIXME: it's possible that we are setting sequence number to 0 as
-      // preferred sequence number here. If cf_ingest_behind is enabled, this
-      // may fail ingestions since they expect all keys above the last level
-      // to have non-zero sequence number. We should probably not allow seqno
-      // zeroing here.
-      //
      // This section that attempts to swap preferred sequence number will not
      // be invoked if this is a CompactionIterator created for flush, since
      // `compaction_` will be nullptr and it's not bottommost either.
@@ -1028,6 +1018,7 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
        } else {
          if (ikey_.sequence != 0) {
            iter_stats_.num_timed_put_swap_preferred_seqno++;
+            saved_seq_for_penul_check_ = ikey_.sequence;
            ikey_.sequence = preferred_seqno;
          }
          ikey_.type = kTypeValue;
@@ -1120,15 +1111,17 @@ void CompactionIterator::NextFromInput() {
    }
  }

-  if (status_.ok()) {
-    if (!Valid() && IsShuttingDown()) {
-      status_ = Status::ShutdownInProgress();
-    } else if (IsPausingManualCompaction()) {
-      status_ = Status::Incomplete(Status::SubCode::kManualCompactionPaused);
-    } else if (!input_.Valid() && input_.status().IsCorruption()) {
-      // Propagate corruption status from memtable iterator
-      status_ = input_.status();
-    }
+  if (!Valid() && IsShuttingDown()) {
+    status_ = Status::ShutdownInProgress();
+  }
+
+  if (IsPausingManualCompaction()) {
+    status_ = Status::Incomplete(Status::SubCode::kManualCompactionPaused);
+  }
+
+  // Propagate corruption status from memtable itereator
+  if (!input_.Valid() && input_.status().IsCorruption()) {
+    status_ = input_.status();
  }
 }

@@ -1266,6 +1259,71 @@ void CompactionIterator::GarbageCollectBlobIfNeeded() {
  }
 }

+void CompactionIterator::DecideOutputLevel() {
+  assert(compaction_->SupportsPerKeyPlacement());
+  output_to_penultimate_level_ = false;
+  // if the key is newer than the cutoff sequence or within the earliest
+  // snapshot, it should output to the penultimate level.
+  if (ikey_.sequence > preclude_last_level_min_seqno_ ||
+      ikey_.sequence > earliest_snapshot_) {
+    output_to_penultimate_level_ = true;
+  }
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  // Could be overridden by unittest
+  PerKeyPlacementContext context(level_, ikey_.user_key, value_, ikey_.sequence,
+                                 output_to_penultimate_level_);
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("CompactionIterator::PrepareOutput.context",
+                           &context);
+  if (ikey_.sequence > earliest_snapshot_) {
+    output_to_penultimate_level_ = true;
+  }
+#endif  // NDEBUG
+
+  // saved_seq_for_penul_check_ is populated in `NextFromInput` when the
+  // entry's sequence number is non zero and validity context for output this
+  // entry is kSwapPreferredSeqno for use in `DecideOutputLevel`. It should be
+  // cleared out here unconditionally. Otherwise, it may end up getting consumed
+  // incorrectly by a different entry.
+  SequenceNumber seq_for_range_check =
+      (saved_seq_for_penul_check_.has_value() &&
+       saved_seq_for_penul_check_.value() != kMaxSequenceNumber)
+          ? saved_seq_for_penul_check_.value()
+          : ikey_.sequence;
+  saved_seq_for_penul_check_ = std::nullopt;
+  ParsedInternalKey ikey_for_range_check = ikey_;
+  if (seq_for_range_check != ikey_.sequence) {
+    ikey_for_range_check.sequence = seq_for_range_check;
+  }
+  if (output_to_penultimate_level_) {
+    // If it's decided to output to the penultimate level, but unsafe to do so,
+    // still output to the last level. For example, moving the data from a lower
+    // level to a higher level outside of the higher-level input key range is
+    // considered unsafe, because the key may conflict with higher-level SSTs
+    // not from this compaction.
+    // TODO: add statistic for declined output_to_penultimate_level
+    bool safe_to_penultimate_level =
+        compaction_->WithinPenultimateLevelOutputRange(ikey_for_range_check);
+    if (!safe_to_penultimate_level) {
+      output_to_penultimate_level_ = false;
+      // It could happen when disable/enable `last_level_temperature` while
+      // holding a snapshot. When `last_level_temperature` is not set
+      // (==kUnknown), the data newer than any snapshot is pushed to the last
+      // level, but when the per_key_placement feature is enabled on the fly,
+      // the data later than the snapshot has to be moved to the penultimate
+      // level, which may or may not be safe. So the user needs to make sure all
+      // snapshot is released before enabling `last_level_temperature` feature
+      // We will migrate the feature to `last_level_temperature` and maybe make
+      // it not dynamically changeable.
+      if (seq_for_range_check > earliest_snapshot_) {
+        status_ = Status::Corruption(
+            "Unsafe to store Seq later than snapshot in the last level if "
+            "per_key_placement is enabled");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 void CompactionIterator::PrepareOutput() {
  if (Valid()) {
    if (LIKELY(!is_range_del_)) {
@@ -1274,6 +1332,13 @@ void CompactionIterator::PrepareOutput() {
      } else if (ikey_.type == kTypeBlobIndex) {
        GarbageCollectBlobIfNeeded();
      }
+
+      // For range del sentinel, we don't use it to cut files for bottommost
+      // compaction. So it should not make a difference which output level we
+      // decide.
+      if (compaction_ != nullptr && compaction_->SupportsPerKeyPlacement()) {
+        DecideOutputLevel();
+      }
    }

    // Zeroing out the sequence number leads to better compression.
@@ -1287,11 +1352,12 @@ void CompactionIterator::PrepareOutput() {
    //
    // Can we do the same for levels above bottom level as long as
    // KeyNotExistsBeyondOutputLevel() return true?
-    if (Valid() && bottommost_level_ &&
+    if (Valid() && compaction_ != nullptr &&
+        !compaction_->allow_ingest_behind() && bottommost_level_ &&
        DefinitelyInSnapshot(ikey_.sequence, earliest_snapshot_) &&
        ikey_.type != kTypeMerge && current_key_committed_ &&
-        ikey_.sequence <= preserve_seqno_after_ && !is_range_del_) {
-      assert(compaction_ != nullptr && !compaction_->allow_ingest_behind());
+        !output_to_penultimate_level_ &&
+        ikey_.sequence < preserve_time_min_seqno_ && !is_range_del_) {
      if (ikey_.type == kTypeDeletion ||
          (ikey_.type == kTypeSingleDeletion && timestamp_size_ == 0)) {
        ROCKS_LOG_FATAL(
@@ -117,6 +117,10 @@ class CompactionIterator {
    virtual const Compaction* real_compaction() const = 0;

    virtual bool SupportsPerKeyPlacement() const = 0;
+
+    // `key` includes timestamp if user-defined timestamp is enabled.
+    virtual bool WithinPenultimateLevelOutputRange(
+        const ParsedInternalKey&) const = 0;
  };

  class RealCompaction : public CompactionProxy {
@@ -124,6 +128,8 @@ class CompactionIterator {
    explicit RealCompaction(const Compaction* compaction)
        : compaction_(compaction) {
      assert(compaction_);
+      assert(compaction_->immutable_options());
+      assert(compaction_->mutable_cf_options());
    }

    int level() const override { return compaction_->level(); }
@@ -145,12 +151,11 @@ class CompactionIterator {
    }

    bool allow_ingest_behind() const override {
-      return compaction_->immutable_options().cf_allow_ingest_behind ||
-             compaction_->immutable_options().allow_ingest_behind;
+      return compaction_->immutable_options()->allow_ingest_behind;
    }

    bool allow_mmap_reads() const override {
-      return compaction_->immutable_options().allow_mmap_reads;
+      return compaction_->immutable_options()->allow_mmap_reads;
    }

    bool enable_blob_garbage_collection() const override {
@@ -162,7 +167,7 @@ class CompactionIterator {
    }

    uint64_t blob_compaction_readahead_size() const override {
-      return compaction_->mutable_cf_options().blob_compaction_readahead_size;
+      return compaction_->mutable_cf_options()->blob_compaction_readahead_size;
    }

    const Version* input_version() const override {
@@ -179,31 +184,29 @@ class CompactionIterator {
      return compaction_->SupportsPerKeyPlacement();
    }

+    // Check if key is within penultimate level output range, to see if it's
+    // safe to output to the penultimate level for per_key_placement feature.
+    // `key` includes timestamp if user-defined timestamp is enabled.
+    bool WithinPenultimateLevelOutputRange(
+        const ParsedInternalKey& ikey) const override {
+      return compaction_->WithinPenultimateLevelOutputRange(ikey);
+    }
+
   private:
    const Compaction* compaction_;
  };

-  // @param must_count_input_entries Controls input entry counting accuracy vs
-  // performance:
-  //   - If true: `NumInputEntryScanned()` always returns the exact count of
-  //   input keys
-  //     scanned. The iterator will use sequential `Next()` calls instead of
-  //     `Seek()` to maintain count accuracy as `Seek()` will not count the
-  //     skipped input entries, which is slower but guarantees correctness.
-  //   - If false: `NumInputEntryScanned()` returns the count only if no
-  //   `Seek()` operations
-  //     were performed on the input iterator. When compaction filters request
-  //     skipping ranges of keys or other optimizations trigger seek operations,
-  //     the count becomes unreliable. Always call `HasNumInputEntryScanned()`
-  //     first to verify if the count is accurate before using
-  //     `NumInputEntryScanned()`.
+  // @param must_count_input_entries  if true, `NumInputEntryScanned()` will
+  // return the number of input keys scanned. If false, `NumInputEntryScanned()`
+  // will return this number if no Seek was called on `input`. User should call
+  // `HasNumInputEntryScanned()` first in this case.
  CompactionIterator(
      InternalIterator* input, const Comparator* cmp, MergeHelper* merge_helper,
      SequenceNumber last_sequence, std::vector<SequenceNumber>* snapshots,
      SequenceNumber earliest_snapshot,
      SequenceNumber earliest_write_conflict_snapshot,
      SequenceNumber job_snapshot, const SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker,
-      Env* env, bool report_detailed_time,
+      Env* env, bool report_detailed_time, bool expect_valid_internal_key,
      CompactionRangeDelAggregator* range_del_agg,
      BlobFileBuilder* blob_file_builder, bool allow_data_in_errors,
      bool enforce_single_del_contracts,
@@ -213,29 +216,29 @@ class CompactionIterator {
      const std::atomic<bool>* shutting_down = nullptr,
      const std::shared_ptr<Logger> info_log = nullptr,
      const std::string* full_history_ts_low = nullptr,
-      std::optional<SequenceNumber> preserve_seqno_min = {});
+      const SequenceNumber preserve_time_min_seqno = kMaxSequenceNumber,
+      const SequenceNumber preclude_last_level_min_seqno = kMaxSequenceNumber);

  // Constructor with custom CompactionProxy, used for tests.
-  CompactionIterator(InternalIterator* input, const Comparator* cmp,
-                     MergeHelper* merge_helper, SequenceNumber last_sequence,
-                     std::vector<SequenceNumber>* snapshots,
-                     SequenceNumber earliest_snapshot,
-                     SequenceNumber earliest_write_conflict_snapshot,
-                     SequenceNumber job_snapshot,
-                     const SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker, Env* env,
-                     bool report_detailed_time,
-                     CompactionRangeDelAggregator* range_del_agg,
-                     BlobFileBuilder* blob_file_builder,
-                     bool allow_data_in_errors,
-                     bool enforce_single_del_contracts,
-                     const std::atomic<bool>& manual_compaction_canceled,
-                     std::unique_ptr<CompactionProxy> compaction,
-                     bool must_count_input_entries,
-                     const CompactionFilter* compaction_filter = nullptr,
-                     const std::atomic<bool>* shutting_down = nullptr,
-                     const std::shared_ptr<Logger> info_log = nullptr,
-                     const std::string* full_history_ts_low = nullptr,
-                     std::optional<SequenceNumber> preserve_seqno_min = {});
+  CompactionIterator(
+      InternalIterator* input, const Comparator* cmp, MergeHelper* merge_helper,
+      SequenceNumber last_sequence, std::vector<SequenceNumber>* snapshots,
+      SequenceNumber earliest_snapshot,
+      SequenceNumber earliest_write_conflict_snapshot,
+      SequenceNumber job_snapshot, const SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker,
+      Env* env, bool report_detailed_time, bool expect_valid_internal_key,
+      CompactionRangeDelAggregator* range_del_agg,
+      BlobFileBuilder* blob_file_builder, bool allow_data_in_errors,
+      bool enforce_single_del_contracts,
+      const std::atomic<bool>& manual_compaction_canceled,
+      std::unique_ptr<CompactionProxy> compaction,
+      bool must_count_input_entries,
+      const CompactionFilter* compaction_filter = nullptr,
+      const std::atomic<bool>* shutting_down = nullptr,
+      const std::shared_ptr<Logger> info_log = nullptr,
+      const std::string* full_history_ts_low = nullptr,
+      const SequenceNumber preserve_time_min_seqno = kMaxSequenceNumber,
+      const SequenceNumber preclude_last_level_min_seqno = kMaxSequenceNumber);

  ~CompactionIterator();

@@ -265,21 +268,12 @@ class CompactionIterator {
  }
  const CompactionIterationStats& iter_stats() const { return iter_stats_; }
  bool HasNumInputEntryScanned() const { return input_.HasNumItered(); }
-
-  // This method should only be used when `HasNumInputEntryScanned()` returns
-  // true, unless `must_count_input_entries=true` was specified during iterator
-  // creation (which ensures the count is always accurate).
  uint64_t NumInputEntryScanned() const { return input_.NumItered(); }
-
-  // Returns true if the current valid key was already scanned/counted during
-  // a lookahead operation in a previous iteration.
-  //
-  // REQUIRED: Valid() must be true
-  bool IsCurrentKeyAlreadyScanned() const {
-    assert(Valid());
-    return at_next_ || merge_out_iter_.Valid();
+  // If the current key should be placed on penultimate level, only valid if
+  // per_key_placement is supported
+  bool output_to_penultimate_level() const {
+    return output_to_penultimate_level_;
  }
-
  Status InputStatus() const { return input_.status(); }

  bool IsDeleteRangeSentinelKey() const { return is_range_del_; }
@@ -291,6 +285,10 @@ class CompactionIterator {
  // Do final preparations before presenting the output to the callee.
  void PrepareOutput();

+  // Decide the current key should be output to the last level or penultimate
+  // level, only call for compaction supports per key placement
+  void DecideOutputLevel();
+
  // Passes the output value to the blob file builder (if any), and replaces it
  // with the corresponding blob reference if it has been actually written to a
  // blob file (i.e. if it passed the value size check). Returns true if the
@@ -372,6 +370,7 @@ class CompactionIterator {
  Env* env_;
  SystemClock* clock_;
  const bool report_detailed_time_;
+  const bool expect_valid_internal_key_;
  CompactionRangeDelAggregator* range_del_agg_;
  BlobFileBuilder* blob_file_builder_;
  std::unique_ptr<CompactionProxy> compaction_;
@@ -441,15 +440,23 @@ class CompactionIterator {
  // NextFromInput()).
  ParsedInternalKey ikey_;

-  // Stores whether current_user_key_ is valid. If so, current_user_key_
-  // stores the user key of the last key seen by the iterator.
-  // If false, treat the next key to read as a new user key.
+  // When a kTypeValuePreferredSeqno entry's preferred seqno is safely swapped
+  // in in this compaction, this field saves its original sequence number for
+  // range checking whether it's safe to be placed on the penultimate level.
+  // This is to ensure when such an entry happens to be the right boundary of
+  // penultimate safe range, it won't get excluded because with the preferred
+  // seqno swapped in, it's now larger than the right boundary (itself before
+  // the swap). This is safe to do, because preferred seqno is swapped in only
+  // when no entries with the same user key exist on lower levels and this entry
+  // is already visible in the earliest snapshot.
+  std::optional<SequenceNumber> saved_seq_for_penul_check_ = kMaxSequenceNumber;
+  // Stores whether ikey_.user_key is valid. If set to false, the user key is
+  // not compared against the current key in the underlying iterator.
  bool has_current_user_key_ = false;
  // If false, the iterator holds a copy of the current compaction iterator
  // output (or current key in the underlying iterator during NextFromInput()).
  bool at_next_ = false;

-  // A copy of the current internal key.
  IterKey current_key_;
  Slice current_user_key_;
  std::string curr_ts_;
@@ -459,9 +466,8 @@ class CompactionIterator {
  // True if the iterator has already returned a record for the current key.
  bool has_outputted_key_ = false;

-  // Truncate the value of the next key and output it without applying any
-  // compaction rules. This is an optimization for outputting a put after
-  // a single delete. See more in `NextFromInput()` under Optimization 3.
+  // truncated the value of the next key and output it without applying any
+  // compaction rules.  This is used for outputting a put after a single delete.
  bool clear_and_output_next_key_ = false;

  MergeOutputIterator merge_out_iter_;
@@ -501,8 +507,17 @@ class CompactionIterator {
  // just been zeroed out during bottommost compaction.
  bool last_key_seq_zeroed_{false};

-  // Max seqno that can be zeroed out at last level (various reasons)
-  const SequenceNumber preserve_seqno_after_ = kMaxSequenceNumber;
+  // True if the current key should be output to the penultimate level if
+  // possible, compaction logic makes the final decision on which level to
+  // output to.
+  bool output_to_penultimate_level_{false};
+
+  // min seqno for preserving the time information.
+  const SequenceNumber preserve_time_min_seqno_ = kMaxSequenceNumber;
+
+  // min seqno to preclude the data from the last level, if the key seqno larger
+  // than this, it will be output to penultimate level
+  const SequenceNumber preclude_last_level_min_seqno_ = kMaxSequenceNumber;

  void AdvanceInputIter() { input_.Next(); }

@@ -192,6 +192,11 @@ class FakeCompaction : public CompactionIterator::CompactionProxy {
    return supports_per_key_placement;
  }

+  bool WithinPenultimateLevelOutputRange(
+      const ParsedInternalKey& key) const override {
+    return (!key.user_key.starts_with("unsafe_pb"));
+  }
+
  bool key_not_exists_beyond_output_level = false;

  bool is_bottommost_level = false;
@@ -294,7 +299,7 @@ class CompactionIteratorTest : public testing::TestWithParam<bool> {
        snapshots_.empty() ? kMaxSequenceNumber : snapshots_.at(0),
        earliest_write_conflict_snapshot, kMaxSequenceNumber,
        snapshot_checker_.get(), Env::Default(),
-        false /* report_detailed_time */, range_del_agg_.get(),
+        false /* report_detailed_time */, false, range_del_agg_.get(),
        nullptr /* blob_file_builder */, true /*allow_data_in_errors*/,
        true /*enforce_single_del_contracts*/,
        /*manual_compaction_canceled=*/kManualCompactionCanceledFalse_,
@@ -374,7 +379,8 @@ TEST_P(CompactionIteratorTest, EmptyResult) {
  ASSERT_FALSE(c_iter_->Valid());
 }

-// If there is a corruption after a single deletion, the compaction should fail.
+// If there is a corruption after a single deletion, the corrupted key should
+// be preserved.
 TEST_P(CompactionIteratorTest, CorruptionAfterSingleDeletion) {
  InitIterators({test::KeyStr("a", 5, kTypeSingleDeletion),
                 test::KeyStr("a", 3, kTypeValue, true),
@@ -385,10 +391,14 @@ TEST_P(CompactionIteratorTest, CorruptionAfterSingleDeletion) {
  ASSERT_EQ(test::KeyStr("a", 5, kTypeSingleDeletion),
            c_iter_->key().ToString());
  c_iter_->Next();
-  // The iterator should now fail when encountering the corrupted key
+  ASSERT_TRUE(c_iter_->Valid());
+  ASSERT_EQ(test::KeyStr("a", 3, kTypeValue, true), c_iter_->key().ToString());
+  c_iter_->Next();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(c_iter_->Valid());
+  ASSERT_EQ(test::KeyStr("b", 10, kTypeValue), c_iter_->key().ToString());
+  c_iter_->Next();
+  ASSERT_OK(c_iter_->status());
  ASSERT_FALSE(c_iter_->Valid());
-  ASSERT_FALSE(c_iter_->status().ok());
-  ASSERT_TRUE(c_iter_->status().IsCorruption());
 }

 // Tests compatibility of TimedPut and SingleDelete. TimedPut should act as if
@@ -834,6 +844,123 @@ TEST_P(CompactionIteratorTest, ZeroSeqOfKeyAndSnapshot) {
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(CompactionIteratorTestInstance, CompactionIteratorTest,
                        testing::Values(true, false));

+class PerKeyPlacementCompIteratorTest : public CompactionIteratorTest {
+ public:
+  bool SupportsPerKeyPlacement() const override { return true; }
+};
+
+TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompIteratorTest, SplitLastLevelData) {
+  std::atomic_uint64_t latest_cold_seq = 0;
+
+  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->SetCallBack(
+      "CompactionIterator::PrepareOutput.context", [&](void* arg) {
+        auto context = static_cast<PerKeyPlacementContext*>(arg);
+        context->output_to_penultimate_level =
+            context->seq_num > latest_cold_seq;
+      });
+  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->EnableProcessing();
+
+  latest_cold_seq = 5;
+
+  InitIterators(
+      {test::KeyStr("a", 7, kTypeValue), test::KeyStr("b", 6, kTypeValue),
+       test::KeyStr("c", 5, kTypeValue)},
+      {"vala", "valb", "valc"}, {}, {}, kMaxSequenceNumber, kMaxSequenceNumber,
+      nullptr, nullptr, true);
+  c_iter_->SeekToFirst();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(c_iter_->Valid());
+
+  // the first 2 keys are hot, which should has
+  // `output_to_penultimate_level()==true` and seq num not zeroed out
+  ASSERT_EQ(test::KeyStr("a", 7, kTypeValue), c_iter_->key().ToString());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(c_iter_->output_to_penultimate_level());
+  c_iter_->Next();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(c_iter_->Valid());
+  ASSERT_EQ(test::KeyStr("b", 6, kTypeValue), c_iter_->key().ToString());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(c_iter_->output_to_penultimate_level());
+  c_iter_->Next();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(c_iter_->Valid());
+  // `a` is cold data, which should be output to bottommost
+  ASSERT_EQ(test::KeyStr("c", 0, kTypeValue), c_iter_->key().ToString());
+  ASSERT_FALSE(c_iter_->output_to_penultimate_level());
+  c_iter_->Next();
+  ASSERT_OK(c_iter_->status());
+  ASSERT_FALSE(c_iter_->Valid());
+  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->DisableProcessing();
+  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->ClearAllCallBacks();
+}
+
+TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompIteratorTest, SnapshotData) {
+  AddSnapshot(5);
+
+  InitIterators(
+      {test::KeyStr("a", 7, kTypeValue), test::KeyStr("b", 6, kTypeDeletion),
+       test::KeyStr("b", 5, kTypeValue)},
+      {"vala", "", "valb"}, {}, {}, kMaxSequenceNumber, kMaxSequenceNumber,
+      nullptr, nullptr, true);
+  c_iter_->SeekToFirst();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(c_iter_->Valid());
+
+  // The first key and the tombstone are within snapshot, which should output
+  // to the penultimate level (and seq num cannot be zeroed out).
+  ASSERT_EQ(test::KeyStr("a", 7, kTypeValue), c_iter_->key().ToString());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(c_iter_->output_to_penultimate_level());
+  c_iter_->Next();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(c_iter_->Valid());
+  ASSERT_EQ(test::KeyStr("b", 6, kTypeDeletion), c_iter_->key().ToString());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(c_iter_->output_to_penultimate_level());
+  c_iter_->Next();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(c_iter_->Valid());
+  // `a` is not protected by the snapshot, the sequence number is zero out and
+  // should output bottommost
+  ASSERT_EQ(test::KeyStr("b", 0, kTypeValue), c_iter_->key().ToString());
+  ASSERT_FALSE(c_iter_->output_to_penultimate_level());
+  c_iter_->Next();
+  ASSERT_OK(c_iter_->status());
+  ASSERT_FALSE(c_iter_->Valid());
+}
+
+TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompIteratorTest, ConflictWithSnapshot) {
+  std::atomic_uint64_t latest_cold_seq = 0;
+
+  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->SetCallBack(
+      "CompactionIterator::PrepareOutput.context", [&](void* arg) {
+        auto context = static_cast<PerKeyPlacementContext*>(arg);
+        context->output_to_penultimate_level =
+            context->seq_num > latest_cold_seq;
+      });
+  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->EnableProcessing();
+
+  latest_cold_seq = 6;
+
+  AddSnapshot(5);
+
+  InitIterators({test::KeyStr("a", 7, kTypeValue),
+                 test::KeyStr("unsafe_pb", 6, kTypeValue),
+                 test::KeyStr("c", 5, kTypeValue)},
+                {"vala", "valb", "valc"}, {}, {}, kMaxSequenceNumber,
+                kMaxSequenceNumber, nullptr, nullptr, true);
+  c_iter_->SeekToFirst();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(c_iter_->Valid());
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(test::KeyStr("a", 7, kTypeValue), c_iter_->key().ToString());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(c_iter_->output_to_penultimate_level());
+  // the 2nd key is unsafe to output_to_penultimate_level, but it's within
+  // snapshot so for per_key_placement feature it has to be outputted to the
+  // penultimate level. which is a corruption. We should never see
+  // such case as the data with seq num (within snapshot) should always come
+  // from higher compaction input level, which makes it safe to
+  // output_to_penultimate_level.
+  c_iter_->Next();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(c_iter_->status().IsCorruption());
+  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->DisableProcessing();
+  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->ClearAllCallBacks();
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(PerKeyPlacementCompIteratorTest,
+                        PerKeyPlacementCompIteratorTest,
+                        testing::Values(true, false));
+
 // Tests how CompactionIterator work together with SnapshotChecker.
 class CompactionIteratorWithSnapshotCheckerTest
    : public CompactionIteratorTest {
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class SubcompactionState;
 // if needed.
 //
 // CompactionJob has 2 main stats:
-// 1. CompactionJobStats job_stats_
+// 1. CompactionJobStats compaction_job_stats_
 //    CompactionJobStats is a public data structure which is part of Compaction
 //    event listener that rocksdb share the job stats with the user.
 //    Internally it's an aggregation of all the compaction_job_stats from each
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class SubcompactionState;
 // +------------------------+     |
 // | CompactionJob          |     |          +------------------------+
 // |                        |     |          | SubcompactionState     |
-// |   job_stats            +-----+          |                        |
+// |   compaction_job_stats +-----+          |                        |
 // |                        |     +--------->|   compaction_job_stats |
 // |                        |     |          |                        |
 // +------------------------+     |          +------------------------+
@@ -98,13 +98,16 @@ class SubcompactionState;
 //                                +--------->+                        |
 //                                           +------------------------+
 //
-// 2. CompactionStatsFull internal_stats_
+// 2. CompactionStatsFull compaction_stats_
 //    `CompactionStatsFull` is an internal stats about the compaction, which
 //    is eventually sent to `ColumnFamilyData::internal_stats_` and used for
 //    logging and public metrics.
 //    Internally, it's an aggregation of stats_ from each `SubcompactionState`.
-//    It has 2 parts, ordinary output level stats and the proximal level output
-//    stats.
+//    It has 2 parts, normal stats about the main compaction information and
+//    the penultimate level output stats.
+//    `SubcompactionState` maintains the CompactionOutputs for normal output and
+//    the penultimate level output if exists, the per_level stats is
+//    stored with the outputs.
 //                                                +---------------------------+
 //                                                | SubcompactionState        |
 //                                                |                           |
@@ -116,15 +119,15 @@ class SubcompactionState;
 //                                            |   |                           |
 //                                            |   | +----------------------+  |
 // +--------------------------------+         |   | | CompactionOutputs    |  |
-// | CompactionJob                  |         |   | | (proximal_level)     |  |
+// | CompactionJob                  |         |   | | (penultimate_level)  |  |
 // |                                |    +--------->|   stats_             |  |
-// |   internal_stats_              |    |    |   | +----------------------+  |
+// |   compaction_stats_            |    |    |   | +----------------------+  |
 // |    +-------------------------+ |    |    |   |                           |
-// |    |output_level_stats       |------|----+   +---------------------------+
+// |    |stats (normal)           |------|----+   +---------------------------+
 // |    +-------------------------+ |    |    |
 // |                                |    |    |
 // |    +-------------------------+ |    |    |   +---------------------------+
-// |    |proximal_level_stats     |------+    |   | SubcompactionState        |
+// |    |penultimate_level_stats  +------+    |   | SubcompactionState        |
 // |    +-------------------------+ |    |    |   |                           |
 // |                                |    |    |   | +----------------------+  |
 // |                                |    |    |   | | CompactionOutputs    |  |
@@ -134,7 +137,7 @@ class SubcompactionState;
 //                                       |        |                           |
 //                                       |        | +----------------------+  |
 //                                       |        | | CompactionOutputs    |  |
-//                                       |        | | (proximal_level)     |  |
+//                                       |        | | (penultimate_level)  |  |
 //                                       +--------->|   stats_             |  |
 //                                                | +----------------------+  |
 //                                                |                           |
@@ -142,27 +145,27 @@ class SubcompactionState;

 class CompactionJob {
 public:
-  CompactionJob(int job_id, Compaction* compaction,
-                const ImmutableDBOptions& db_options,
-                const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options,
-                const FileOptions& file_options, VersionSet* versions,
-                const std::atomic<bool>* shutting_down, LogBuffer* log_buffer,
-                FSDirectory* db_directory, FSDirectory* output_directory,
-                FSDirectory* blob_output_directory, Statistics* stats,
-                InstrumentedMutex* db_mutex, ErrorHandler* db_error_handler,
-                JobContext* job_context, std::shared_ptr<Cache> table_cache,
-                EventLogger* event_logger, bool paranoid_file_checks,
-                bool measure_io_stats, const std::string& dbname,
-                CompactionJobStats* compaction_job_stats,
-                Env::Priority thread_pri,
-                const std::shared_ptr<IOTracer>& io_tracer,
-                const std::atomic<bool>& manual_compaction_canceled,
-                const std::string& db_id = "",
-                const std::string& db_session_id = "",
-                std::string full_history_ts_low = "", std::string trim_ts = "",
-                BlobFileCompletionCallback* blob_callback = nullptr,
-                int* bg_compaction_scheduled = nullptr,
-                int* bg_bottom_compaction_scheduled = nullptr);
+  CompactionJob(
+      int job_id, Compaction* compaction, const ImmutableDBOptions& db_options,
+      const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options,
+      const FileOptions& file_options, VersionSet* versions,
+      const std::atomic<bool>* shutting_down, LogBuffer* log_buffer,
+      FSDirectory* db_directory, FSDirectory* output_directory,
+      FSDirectory* blob_output_directory, Statistics* stats,
+      InstrumentedMutex* db_mutex, ErrorHandler* db_error_handler,
+      std::vector<SequenceNumber> existing_snapshots,
+      SequenceNumber earliest_write_conflict_snapshot,
+      const SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker, JobContext* job_context,
+      std::shared_ptr<Cache> table_cache, EventLogger* event_logger,
+      bool paranoid_file_checks, bool measure_io_stats,
+      const std::string& dbname, CompactionJobStats* compaction_job_stats,
+      Env::Priority thread_pri, const std::shared_ptr<IOTracer>& io_tracer,
+      const std::atomic<bool>& manual_compaction_canceled,
+      const std::string& db_id = "", const std::string& db_session_id = "",
+      std::string full_history_ts_low = "", std::string trim_ts = "",
+      BlobFileCompletionCallback* blob_callback = nullptr,
+      int* bg_compaction_scheduled = nullptr,
+      int* bg_bottom_compaction_scheduled = nullptr);

  virtual ~CompactionJob();

@@ -173,24 +176,7 @@ class CompactionJob {

  // REQUIRED: mutex held
  // Prepare for the compaction by setting up boundaries for each subcompaction
-  // and organizing seqno <-> time info. `known_single_subcompact` is non-null
-  // if we already have a known single subcompaction, with optional key bounds
-  // (currently for executing a remote compaction).
-  //
-  // @param compaction_progress Previously saved compaction progress
-  //   to resume from. If empty, compaction starts fresh from the
-  //   beginning.
-  //
-  // @param compaction_progress_writer Writer for persisting
-  //   subcompaction progress periodically during compaction
-  //   execution. If nullptr, progress tracking is disabled and compaction
-  //   cannot be resumed later.
-  void Prepare(
-      std::optional<std::pair<std::optional<Slice>, std::optional<Slice>>>
-          known_single_subcompact,
-      const CompactionProgress& compaction_progress = CompactionProgress{},
-      log::Writer* compaction_progress_writer = nullptr);
-
+  void Prepare();
  // REQUIRED mutex not held
  // Launch threads for each subcompaction and wait for them to finish. After
  // that, verify table is usable and finally do bookkeeping to unify
@@ -201,16 +187,30 @@ class CompactionJob {
  // Add compaction input/output to the current version
  // Releases compaction file through Compaction::ReleaseCompactionFiles().
  // Sets *compaction_released to true if compaction is released.
-  Status Install(bool* compaction_released);
+  Status Install(const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
+                 bool* compaction_released);

  // Return the IO status
  IOStatus io_status() const { return io_status_; }

 protected:
-  void UpdateCompactionJobOutputStatsFromInternalStats(
-      const Status& status,
-      const InternalStats::CompactionStatsFull& internal_stats) const;
-
+  // Update the following stats in compaction_stats_.stats
+  // - num_input_files_in_non_output_levels
+  // - num_input_files_in_output_level
+  // - bytes_read_non_output_levels
+  // - bytes_read_output_level
+  // - num_input_records
+  // - bytes_read_blob
+  // - num_dropped_records
+  //
+  // @param num_input_range_del if non-null, will be set to the number of range
+  // deletion entries in this compaction input.
+  //
+  // Returns true iff compaction_stats_.stats.num_input_records and
+  // num_input_range_del are calculated successfully.
+  bool UpdateCompactionStats(uint64_t* num_input_range_del = nullptr);
+  virtual void UpdateCompactionJobStats(
+      const InternalStats::CompactionStats& stats) const;
  void LogCompaction();
  virtual void RecordCompactionIOStats();
  void CleanupCompaction();
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ class CompactionJob {
  void ProcessKeyValueCompaction(SubcompactionState* sub_compact);

  CompactionState* compact_;
-  InternalStats::CompactionStatsFull internal_stats_;
+  InternalStats::CompactionStatsFull compaction_stats_;
  const ImmutableDBOptions& db_options_;
  const MutableDBOptions mutable_db_options_copy_;
  LogBuffer* log_buffer_;
@@ -232,38 +232,11 @@ class CompactionJob {

  IOStatus io_status_;

-  CompactionJobStats* job_stats_;
+  CompactionJobStats* compaction_job_stats_;

 private:
  friend class CompactionJobTestBase;

-  // Collect the following stats from input files and table properties
-  // - num_input_files_in_non_output_levels
-  // - num_input_files_in_output_level
-  // - bytes_read_non_output_levels
-  // - bytes_read_output_level
-  // - num_input_records
-  // - bytes_read_blob
-  // - num_dropped_records
-  // and set them in internal_stats_.output_level_stats
-  //
-  // @param num_input_range_del if non-null, will be set to the number of range
-  // deletion entries in this compaction input.
-  //
-  // Returns true iff internal_stats_.output_level_stats.num_input_records and
-  // num_input_range_del are calculated successfully.
-  //
-  // This should be called only once for compactions (not per subcompaction)
-  bool UpdateInternalStatsFromInputFiles(
-      uint64_t* num_input_range_del = nullptr);
-
-  void UpdateCompactionJobInputStatsFromInternalStats(
-      const InternalStats::CompactionStatsFull& internal_stats,
-      uint64_t num_input_range_del) const;
-
-  Status VerifyInputRecordCount(uint64_t num_input_range_del) const;
-  Status VerifyOutputRecordCount() const;
-
  // Generates a histogram representing potential divisions of key ranges from
  // the input. It adds the starting and/or ending keys of certain input files
  // to the working set and then finds the approximate size of data in between
@@ -271,10 +244,6 @@ class CompactionJob {
  // consecutive groups such that each group has a similar size.
  void GenSubcompactionBoundaries();

-  void MaybeAssignCompactionProgressAndWriter(
-      const CompactionProgress& compaction_progress,
-      log::Writer* compaction_progress_writer);
-
  // Get the number of planned subcompactions based on max_subcompactions and
  // extra reserved resources
  uint64_t GetSubcompactionsLimit();
@@ -295,146 +264,20 @@ class CompactionJob {
  // Release all reserved threads and update the compaction limits.
  void ReleaseSubcompactionResources();

-  void InitializeCompactionRun();
-  void RunSubcompactions();
-  void UpdateTimingStats(uint64_t start_micros);
-  void RemoveEmptyOutputs();
-  bool HasNewBlobFiles() const;
-  Status CollectSubcompactionErrors();
-  Status SyncOutputDirectories();
-  Status VerifyOutputFiles();
-  void SetOutputTableProperties();
-  // Aggregates subcompaction output stats to internal stat, and aggregates
-  // subcompaction's compaction job stats to the whole entire surrounding
-  // compaction job stats.
-  void AggregateSubcompactionOutputAndJobStats();
-  Status VerifyCompactionRecordCounts(bool stats_built_from_input_table_prop,
-                                      uint64_t num_input_range_del);
-  void FinalizeCompactionRun(const Status& status,
-                             bool stats_built_from_input_table_prop,
-                             uint64_t num_input_range_del);
-
  CompactionServiceJobStatus ProcessKeyValueCompactionWithCompactionService(
      SubcompactionState* sub_compact);

-  struct CompactionIOStatsSnapshot {
-    PerfLevel prev_perf_level = PerfLevel::kEnableTime;
-    uint64_t prev_write_nanos = 0;
-    uint64_t prev_fsync_nanos = 0;
-    uint64_t prev_range_sync_nanos = 0;
-    uint64_t prev_prepare_write_nanos = 0;
-    uint64_t prev_cpu_write_nanos = 0;
-    uint64_t prev_cpu_read_nanos = 0;
-  };
-
-  struct SubcompactionKeyBoundaries {
-    const std::optional<const Slice> start;
-    const std::optional<const Slice> end;
-
-    // Boundaries without timestamps for read options
-    std::optional<Slice> start_without_ts;
-    std::optional<Slice> end_without_ts;
-
-    // Timestamp management
-    static constexpr char kMaxTs[] =
-        "\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff";
-    std::string max_ts;
-    Slice ts_slice;
-
-    // Internal key boundaries
-    IterKey start_ikey;
-    IterKey end_ikey;
-    Slice start_internal_key;
-    Slice end_internal_key;
-
-    // User key boundaries
-    Slice start_user_key;
-    Slice end_user_key;
-
-    SubcompactionKeyBoundaries(std::optional<const Slice> start_boundary,
-                               std::optional<const Slice> end_boundary)
-        : start(start_boundary), end(end_boundary) {}
-  };
-
-  struct SubcompactionInternalIterators {
-    std::unique_ptr<InternalIterator> raw_input;
-    std::unique_ptr<InternalIterator> clip;
-    std::unique_ptr<InternalIterator> blob_counter;
-    std::unique_ptr<InternalIterator> trim_history_iter;
-  };
-
-  struct BlobFileResources {
-    std::vector<std::string> blob_file_paths;
-    std::unique_ptr<BlobFileBuilder> blob_file_builder;
-  };
-
-  bool ShouldUseLocalCompaction(SubcompactionState* sub_compact);
-  CompactionIOStatsSnapshot InitializeIOStats();
-  Status SetupAndValidateCompactionFilter(
-      SubcompactionState* sub_compact,
-      const CompactionFilter* configured_compaction_filter,
-      const CompactionFilter*& compaction_filter,
-      std::unique_ptr<CompactionFilter>& compaction_filter_from_factory);
-  void InitializeReadOptionsAndBoundaries(
-      size_t ts_sz, ReadOptions& read_options,
-      SubcompactionKeyBoundaries& boundaries);
-  InternalIterator* CreateInputIterator(
-      SubcompactionState* sub_compact, ColumnFamilyData* cfd,
-      SubcompactionInternalIterators& iterators,
-      SubcompactionKeyBoundaries& boundaries, ReadOptions& read_options);
-  void CreateBlobFileBuilder(SubcompactionState* sub_compact,
-                             ColumnFamilyData* cfd,
-                             BlobFileResources& blob_resources,
-                             const WriteOptions& write_options);
-  std::unique_ptr<CompactionIterator> CreateCompactionIterator(
-      SubcompactionState* sub_compact, ColumnFamilyData* cfd,
-      InternalIterator* input_iter, const CompactionFilter* compaction_filter,
-      MergeHelper& merge, BlobFileResources& blob_resources,
-      const WriteOptions& write_options);
-  std::pair<CompactionFileOpenFunc, CompactionFileCloseFunc> CreateFileHandlers(
-      SubcompactionState* sub_compact, SubcompactionKeyBoundaries& boundaries);
-  Status ProcessKeyValue(SubcompactionState* sub_compact, ColumnFamilyData* cfd,
-                         CompactionIterator* c_iter,
-                         const CompactionFileOpenFunc& open_file_func,
-                         const CompactionFileCloseFunc& close_file_func,
-                         uint64_t& prev_cpu_micros);
-  void UpdateSubcompactionJobStatsIncrementally(
-      CompactionIterator* c_iter, CompactionJobStats* compaction_job_stats,
-      uint64_t cur_cpu_micros, uint64_t& prev_cpu_micros);
-  void FinalizeSubcompactionJobStats(SubcompactionState* sub_compact,
-                                     CompactionIterator* c_iter,
-                                     uint64_t start_cpu_micros,
-                                     uint64_t prev_cpu_micros,
-                                     const CompactionIOStatsSnapshot& io_stats);
-  Status FinalizeProcessKeyValueStatus(ColumnFamilyData* cfd,
-                                       InternalIterator* input_iter,
-                                       CompactionIterator* c_iter,
-                                       Status status);
-  Status CleanupCompactionFiles(SubcompactionState* sub_compact, Status status,
-                                const CompactionFileOpenFunc& open_file_func,
-                                const CompactionFileCloseFunc& close_file_func);
-  Status FinalizeBlobFiles(SubcompactionState* sub_compact,
-                           BlobFileBuilder* blob_file_builder, Status status);
-  void FinalizeSubcompaction(SubcompactionState* sub_compact, Status status,
-                             const CompactionFileOpenFunc& open_file_func,
-                             const CompactionFileCloseFunc& close_file_func,
-                             BlobFileBuilder* blob_file_builder,
-                             CompactionIterator* c_iter,
-                             InternalIterator* input_iter,
-                             uint64_t start_cpu_micros,
-                             uint64_t prev_cpu_micros,
-                             const CompactionIOStatsSnapshot& io_stats);
-
  // update the thread status for starting a compaction.
  void ReportStartedCompaction(Compaction* compaction);

-  Status FinishCompactionOutputFile(
-      const Status& input_status,
-      const ParsedInternalKey& prev_iter_output_internal_key,
-      const Slice& next_table_min_key, const Slice* comp_start_user_key,
-      const Slice* comp_end_user_key, const CompactionIterator* c_iter,
-      SubcompactionState* sub_compact, CompactionOutputs& outputs);
-  Status InstallCompactionResults(bool* compaction_released);
+  Status FinishCompactionOutputFile(const Status& input_status,
+                                    SubcompactionState* sub_compact,
+                                    CompactionOutputs& outputs,
+                                    const Slice& next_table_min_key,
+                                    const Slice* comp_start_user_key,
+                                    const Slice* comp_end_user_key);
+  Status InstallCompactionResults(const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
+                                  bool* compaction_released);
  Status OpenCompactionOutputFile(SubcompactionState* sub_compact,
                                  CompactionOutputs& outputs);

@@ -465,8 +308,21 @@ class CompactionJob {
  FSDirectory* blob_output_directory_;
  InstrumentedMutex* db_mutex_;
  ErrorHandler* db_error_handler_;
+  // If there were two snapshots with seq numbers s1 and
+  // s2 and s1 < s2, and if we find two instances of a key k1 then lies
+  // entirely within s1 and s2, then the earlier version of k1 can be safely
+  // deleted because that version is not visible in any snapshot.
+  std::vector<SequenceNumber> existing_snapshots_;

  SequenceNumber earliest_snapshot_;
+
+  // This is the earliest snapshot that could be used for write-conflict
+  // checking by a transaction.  For any user-key newer than this snapshot, we
+  // should make sure not to remove evidence that a write occurred.
+  SequenceNumber earliest_write_conflict_snapshot_;
+
+  const SnapshotChecker* const snapshot_checker_;
+
  JobContext* job_context_;

  std::shared_ptr<Cache> table_cache_;
@@ -497,21 +353,15 @@ class CompactionJob {
  // it also collects the smallest_seqno -> oldest_ancester_time from the SST.
  SeqnoToTimeMapping seqno_to_time_mapping_;

-  // Max seqno that can be zeroed out in last level, including for preserving
-  // write times.
-  SequenceNumber preserve_seqno_after_ = kMaxSequenceNumber;
+  // Minimal sequence number for preserving the time information. The time info
+  // older than this sequence number won't be preserved after the compaction and
+  // if it's bottommost compaction, the seq num will be zeroed out.
+  SequenceNumber preserve_time_min_seqno_ = kMaxSequenceNumber;

  // Minimal sequence number to preclude the data from the last level. If the
  // key has bigger (newer) sequence number than this, it will be precluded from
-  // the last level (output to proximal level).
-  SequenceNumber proximal_after_seqno_ = kMaxSequenceNumber;
-
-  // Options File Number used for Remote Compaction
-  // Setting this requires DBMutex.
-  uint64_t options_file_number_ = 0;
-
-  // Writer for persisting compaction progress during compaction
-  log::Writer* compaction_progress_writer_ = nullptr;
+  // the last level (output to penultimate level).
+  SequenceNumber preclude_last_level_min_seqno_ = kMaxSequenceNumber;

  // Get table file name in where it's outputting to, which should also be in
  // `output_directory_`.
@@ -520,43 +370,6 @@ class CompactionJob {
  // The Compaction Read and Write priorities are the same for different
  // scenarios, such as write stalled.
  Env::IOPriority GetRateLimiterPriority();
-
-  Status MaybeResumeSubcompactionProgressOnInputIterator(
-      SubcompactionState* sub_compact, InternalIterator* input_iter);
-
-  Status ReadOutputFilesTableProperties(
-      const autovector<FileMetaData>& temporary_output_file_allocation,
-      const ReadOptions& read_options,
-      std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const TableProperties>>&
-          output_files_table_properties,
-      bool is_proximal_level = false);
-
-  Status ReadTablePropertiesDirectly(
-      const ImmutableOptions& ioptions, const MutableCFOptions& moptions,
-      const FileMetaData* file_meta, const ReadOptions& read_options,
-      std::shared_ptr<const TableProperties>* tp);
-
-  void RestoreCompactionOutputs(
-      const ColumnFamilyData* cfd,
-      const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const TableProperties>>&
-          output_files_table_properties,
-      SubcompactionProgressPerLevel& subcompaction_progress_per_level,
-      CompactionOutputs* outputs_to_restore);
-
-  bool ShouldUpdateSubcompactionProgress(
-      const SubcompactionState* sub_compact, const CompactionIterator* c_iter,
-      const ParsedInternalKey& prev_iter_output_internal_key,
-      const Slice& next_table_min_internal_key, const FileMetaData* meta) const;
-
-  void UpdateSubcompactionProgress(const CompactionIterator* c_iter,
-                                   const Slice next_table_min_key,
-                                   SubcompactionState* sub_compact);
-
-  Status PersistSubcompactionProgress(SubcompactionState* sub_compact);
-
-  void UpdateSubcompactionProgressPerLevel(
-      SubcompactionState* sub_compact, bool is_proximal_level,
-      SubcompactionProgress& subcompaction_progress);
 };

 // CompactionServiceInput is used the pass compaction information between two
@@ -598,9 +411,8 @@ struct CompactionServiceInput {
 // CompactionServiceOutputFile is the metadata for the output SST file
 struct CompactionServiceOutputFile {
  std::string file_name;
-  uint64_t file_size{};
-  SequenceNumber smallest_seqno{};
-  SequenceNumber largest_seqno{};
+  SequenceNumber smallest_seqno;
+  SequenceNumber largest_seqno;
  std::string smallest_internal_key;
  std::string largest_internal_key;
  uint64_t oldest_ancester_time = kUnknownOldestAncesterTime;
@@ -608,26 +420,21 @@ struct CompactionServiceOutputFile {
  uint64_t epoch_number = kUnknownEpochNumber;
  std::string file_checksum = kUnknownFileChecksum;
  std::string file_checksum_func_name = kUnknownFileChecksumFuncName;
-  uint64_t paranoid_hash{};
+  uint64_t paranoid_hash;
  bool marked_for_compaction;
  UniqueId64x2 unique_id{};
  TableProperties table_properties;
-  bool is_proximal_level_output;
-  Temperature file_temperature = Temperature::kUnknown;

  CompactionServiceOutputFile() = default;
  CompactionServiceOutputFile(
-      const std::string& name, uint64_t size, SequenceNumber smallest,
-      SequenceNumber largest, std::string _smallest_internal_key,
-      std::string _largest_internal_key, uint64_t _oldest_ancester_time,
-      uint64_t _file_creation_time, uint64_t _epoch_number,
-      const std::string& _file_checksum,
+      const std::string& name, SequenceNumber smallest, SequenceNumber largest,
+      std::string _smallest_internal_key, std::string _largest_internal_key,
+      uint64_t _oldest_ancester_time, uint64_t _file_creation_time,
+      uint64_t _epoch_number, const std::string& _file_checksum,
      const std::string& _file_checksum_func_name, uint64_t _paranoid_hash,
      bool _marked_for_compaction, UniqueId64x2 _unique_id,
-      const TableProperties& _table_properties, bool _is_proximal_level_output,
-      Temperature _file_temperature)
+      const TableProperties& _table_properties)
      : file_name(name),
-        file_size(size),
        smallest_seqno(smallest),
        largest_seqno(largest),
        smallest_internal_key(std::move(_smallest_internal_key)),
@@ -640,9 +447,7 @@ struct CompactionServiceOutputFile {
        paranoid_hash(_paranoid_hash),
        marked_for_compaction(_marked_for_compaction),
        unique_id(std::move(_unique_id)),
-        table_properties(_table_properties),
-        is_proximal_level_output(_is_proximal_level_output),
-        file_temperature(_file_temperature) {}
+        table_properties(_table_properties) {}
 };

 // CompactionServiceResult contains the compaction result from a different db
@@ -658,21 +463,8 @@ struct CompactionServiceResult {

  uint64_t bytes_read = 0;
  uint64_t bytes_written = 0;
-
-  // Job-level Compaction Stats.
-  //
-  // NOTE: Job level stats cannot be rebuilt from scratch by simply aggregating
-  // per-level stats due to some fields populated directly during compaction
-  // (e.g. RecordDroppedKeys()). This is why we need both job-level stats and
-  // per-level in the serialized result. If rebuilding job-level stats from
-  // per-level stats become possible in the future, consider deprecating this
-  // field.
  CompactionJobStats stats;

-  // Per-level Compaction Stats for both output_level_stats and
-  // proximal_level_stats
-  InternalStats::CompactionStatsFull internal_stats;
-
  // serialization interface to read and write the object
  static Status Read(const std::string& data_str, CompactionServiceResult* obj);
  Status Write(std::string* output);
@@ -695,21 +487,15 @@ class CompactionServiceCompactionJob : private CompactionJob {
      const std::atomic<bool>* shutting_down, LogBuffer* log_buffer,
      FSDirectory* output_directory, Statistics* stats,
      InstrumentedMutex* db_mutex, ErrorHandler* db_error_handler,
-      JobContext* job_context, std::shared_ptr<Cache> table_cache,
-      EventLogger* event_logger, const std::string& dbname,
-      const std::shared_ptr<IOTracer>& io_tracer,
+      std::vector<SequenceNumber> existing_snapshots,
+      std::shared_ptr<Cache> table_cache, EventLogger* event_logger,
+      const std::string& dbname, const std::shared_ptr<IOTracer>& io_tracer,
      const std::atomic<bool>& manual_compaction_canceled,
      const std::string& db_id, const std::string& db_session_id,
      std::string output_path,
      const CompactionServiceInput& compaction_service_input,
      CompactionServiceResult* compaction_service_result);

-  // REQUIRED: mutex held
-  // Like CompactionJob::Prepare()
-  void Prepare(
-      const CompactionProgress& compaction_progress = CompactionProgress{},
-      log::Writer* compaction_progress_writer = nullptr);
-
  // Run the compaction in current thread and return the result
  Status Run();

@@ -720,6 +506,9 @@ class CompactionServiceCompactionJob : private CompactionJob {
 protected:
  void RecordCompactionIOStats() override;

+  void UpdateCompactionJobStats(
+      const InternalStats::CompactionStats& stats) const override;
+
 private:
  // Get table file name in output_path
  std::string GetTableFileName(uint64_t file_number) override;
@@ -959,6 +959,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
  return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 }

+
 #else

 int main(int /*argc*/, char** /*argv*/) { return 0; }
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 //  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
 //  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).

+
 #include "db/compaction/compaction_job.h"

 #include <algorithm>
@@ -17,7 +18,6 @@
 #include "db/db_impl/db_impl.h"
 #include "db/error_handler.h"
 #include "db/version_set.h"
-#include "file/filename.h"
 #include "file/random_access_file_reader.h"
 #include "file/writable_file_writer.h"
 #include "options/options_helper.h"
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ void VerifyInitializationOfCompactionJobStats(
  ASSERT_EQ(compaction_job_stats.elapsed_micros, 0U);

  ASSERT_EQ(compaction_job_stats.num_input_records, 0U);
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction_job_stats.num_input_files, 0U);
  ASSERT_EQ(compaction_job_stats.num_input_files_at_output_level, 0U);

  ASSERT_EQ(compaction_job_stats.num_output_records, 0U);
@@ -52,6 +53,7 @@ void VerifyInitializationOfCompactionJobStats(
  ASSERT_TRUE(compaction_job_stats.is_manual_compaction);
  ASSERT_FALSE(compaction_job_stats.is_remote_compaction);

+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction_job_stats.total_input_bytes, 0U);
  ASSERT_EQ(compaction_job_stats.total_output_bytes, 0U);

  ASSERT_EQ(compaction_job_stats.total_input_raw_key_bytes, 0U);
@@ -211,12 +213,12 @@ class CompactionJobTestBase : public testing::Test {
        table_cache_(NewLRUCache(50000, 16)),
        write_buffer_manager_(db_options_.db_write_buffer_size),
        versions_(new VersionSet(
-            dbname_, &db_options_, mutable_db_options_, env_options_,
-            table_cache_.get(), &write_buffer_manager_, &write_controller_,
+            dbname_, &db_options_, env_options_, table_cache_.get(),
+            &write_buffer_manager_, &write_controller_,
            /*block_cache_tracer=*/nullptr,
            /*io_tracer=*/nullptr, /*db_id=*/"", /*db_session_id=*/"",
            /*daily_offpeak_time_utc=*/"",
-            /*error_handler=*/nullptr, /*unchanging=*/false)),
+            /*error_handler=*/nullptr, /*read_only=*/false)),
        shutting_down_(false),
        mock_table_factory_(new mock::MockTableFactory()),
        error_handler_(nullptr, db_options_, &mutex_),
@@ -300,7 +302,7 @@ class CompactionJobTestBase : public testing::Test {
    std::unique_ptr<TableBuilder> table_builder(
        cf_options_.table_factory->NewTableBuilder(
            TableBuilderOptions(
-                cfd_->ioptions(), mutable_cf_options_, read_options,
+                *cfd_->ioptions(), mutable_cf_options_, read_options,
                write_options, cfd_->internal_comparator(),
                cfd_->internal_tbl_prop_coll_factories(),
                CompressionType::kNoCompression, CompressionOptions(),
@@ -396,8 +398,8 @@ class CompactionJobTestBase : public testing::Test {

    mutex_.Lock();
    EXPECT_OK(versions_->LogAndApply(
-        versions_->GetColumnFamilySet()->GetDefault(), read_options_,
-        write_options_, &edit, &mutex_, nullptr));
+        versions_->GetColumnFamilySet()->GetDefault(), mutable_cf_options_,
+        read_options_, write_options_, &edit, &mutex_, nullptr));
    mutex_.Unlock();
  }

@@ -459,10 +461,9 @@ class CompactionJobTestBase : public testing::Test {
      ReadOptions read_opts;
      Status s = cf_options_.table_factory->NewTableReader(
          read_opts,
-          TableReaderOptions(cfd->ioptions(), /*prefix_extractor=*/nullptr,
-                             /*compression_manager=*/nullptr, FileOptions(),
+          TableReaderOptions(*cfd->ioptions(), nullptr, FileOptions(),
                             cfd_->internal_comparator(),
-                             /*block_protection_bytes_per_key=*/0),
+                             0 /* block_protection_bytes_per_key */),
          std::move(freader), file_size, &table_reader, false);
      ASSERT_OK(s);
      assert(table_reader);
@@ -546,13 +547,13 @@ class CompactionJobTestBase : public testing::Test {
    ASSERT_OK(s);
    db_options_.info_log = info_log;

-    versions_.reset(new VersionSet(
-        dbname_, &db_options_, mutable_db_options_, env_options_,
-        table_cache_.get(), &write_buffer_manager_, &write_controller_,
-        /*block_cache_tracer=*/nullptr, /*io_tracer=*/nullptr,
-        test::kUnitTestDbId, /*db_session_id=*/"",
-        /*daily_offpeak_time_utc=*/"",
-        /*error_handler=*/nullptr, /*unchanging=*/false));
+    versions_.reset(
+        new VersionSet(dbname_, &db_options_, env_options_, table_cache_.get(),
+                       &write_buffer_manager_, &write_controller_,
+                       /*block_cache_tracer=*/nullptr, /*io_tracer=*/nullptr,
+                       test::kUnitTestDbId, /*db_session_id=*/"",
+                       /*daily_offpeak_time_utc=*/"",
+                       /*error_handler=*/nullptr, /*read_only=*/false));
    compaction_job_stats_.Reset();

    VersionEdit new_db;
@@ -595,11 +596,11 @@ class CompactionJobTestBase : public testing::Test {
      const std::vector<std::vector<FileMetaData*>>& input_files,
      const std::vector<int> input_levels,
      std::function<void(Compaction& comp)>&& verify_func,
-      std::vector<SequenceNumber>&& snapshots = {}) {
+      const std::vector<SequenceNumber>& snapshots = {}) {
    const int kLastLevel = cf_options_.num_levels - 1;
    verify_per_key_placement_ = std::move(verify_func);
    mock::KVVector empty_map;
-    RunCompaction(input_files, input_levels, {empty_map}, std::move(snapshots),
+    RunCompaction(input_files, input_levels, {empty_map}, snapshots,
                  kMaxSequenceNumber, kLastLevel, false);
  }

@@ -608,7 +609,7 @@ class CompactionJobTestBase : public testing::Test {
      const std::vector<std::vector<FileMetaData*>>& input_files,
      const std::vector<int>& input_levels,
      const std::vector<mock::KVVector>& expected_results,
-      std::vector<SequenceNumber>&& snapshots = {},
+      const std::vector<SequenceNumber>& snapshots = {},
      SequenceNumber earliest_write_conflict_snapshot = kMaxSequenceNumber,
      int output_level = 1, bool verify = true,
      std::vector<uint64_t> expected_oldest_blob_file_numbers = {},
@@ -645,15 +646,14 @@ class CompactionJobTestBase : public testing::Test {
    }

    Compaction compaction(
-        cfd->current()->storage_info(), cfd->ioptions(),
-        cfd->GetLatestMutableCFOptions(), mutable_db_options_,
+        cfd->current()->storage_info(), *cfd->ioptions(),
+        *cfd->GetLatestMutableCFOptions(), mutable_db_options_,
        compaction_input_files, output_level,
        mutable_cf_options_.target_file_size_base,
        mutable_cf_options_.max_compaction_bytes, 0, kNoCompression,
-        cfd->GetLatestMutableCFOptions().compression_opts,
+        cfd->GetLatestMutableCFOptions()->compression_opts,
        Temperature::kUnknown, max_subcompactions, grandparents,
-        /*earliest_snapshot*/ std::nullopt, /*snapshot_checker*/ nullptr,
-        CompactionReason::kManualCompaction);
+        /*earliest_snapshot*/ std::nullopt, /*snapshot_checker*/ nullptr, true);
    compaction.FinalizeInputInfo(cfd->current());

    assert(db_options_.info_log);
@@ -666,28 +666,27 @@ class CompactionJobTestBase : public testing::Test {
                ucmp_->timestamp_size() == full_history_ts_low_.size());
    const std::atomic<bool> kManualCompactionCanceledFalse{false};
    JobContext job_context(1, false /* create_superversion */);
-    job_context.InitSnapshotContext(snapshot_checker, nullptr,
-                                    earliest_write_conflict_snapshot,
-                                    std::move(snapshots));
    CompactionJob compaction_job(
        0, &compaction, db_options_, mutable_db_options_, env_options_,
        versions_.get(), &shutting_down_, &log_buffer, nullptr, nullptr,
-        nullptr, nullptr, &mutex_, &error_handler_, &job_context, table_cache_,
-        &event_logger, false, false, dbname_, &compaction_job_stats_,
-        Env::Priority::USER, nullptr /* IOTracer */,
+        nullptr, nullptr, &mutex_, &error_handler_, snapshots,
+        earliest_write_conflict_snapshot, snapshot_checker, &job_context,
+        table_cache_, &event_logger, false, false, dbname_,
+        &compaction_job_stats_, Env::Priority::USER, nullptr /* IOTracer */,
        /*manual_compaction_canceled=*/kManualCompactionCanceledFalse,
        env_->GenerateUniqueId(), DBImpl::GenerateDbSessionId(nullptr),
        full_history_ts_low_);
    VerifyInitializationOfCompactionJobStats(compaction_job_stats_);

-    compaction_job.Prepare(std::nullopt /*subcompact to be computed*/);
+    compaction_job.Prepare();
    mutex_.Unlock();
    Status s = compaction_job.Run();
    ASSERT_OK(s);
    ASSERT_OK(compaction_job.io_status());
    mutex_.Lock();
    bool compaction_released = false;
-    ASSERT_OK(compaction_job.Install(&compaction_released));
+    ASSERT_OK(compaction_job.Install(*cfd->GetLatestMutableCFOptions(),
+                                     &compaction_released));
    ASSERT_OK(compaction_job.io_status());
    mutex_.Unlock();
    log_buffer.FlushBufferToLog();
@@ -1477,7 +1476,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactionJobTest, OldestBlobFileNumber) {
                /* expected_oldest_blob_file_numbers */ {19});
 }

-TEST_F(CompactionJobTest, VerifyProximalLevelOutput) {
+TEST_F(CompactionJobTest, VerifyPenultimateLevelOutput) {
  cf_options_.last_level_temperature = Temperature::kCold;
  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->SetCallBack(
      "Compaction::SupportsPerKeyPlacement:Enabled", [&](void* arg) {
@@ -1490,7 +1489,8 @@ TEST_F(CompactionJobTest, VerifyProximalLevelOutput) {
  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->SetCallBack(
      "CompactionIterator::PrepareOutput.context", [&](void* arg) {
        auto context = static_cast<PerKeyPlacementContext*>(arg);
-        context->output_to_proximal_level = context->seq_num > latest_cold_seq;
+        context->output_to_penultimate_level =
+            context->seq_num > latest_cold_seq;
      });
  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->EnableProcessing();

@@ -1536,11 +1536,14 @@ TEST_F(CompactionJobTest, VerifyProximalLevelOutput) {
      /*verify_func=*/[&](Compaction& comp) {
        for (char c = 'a'; c <= 'z'; c++) {
          if (c == 'a') {
-            comp.TEST_AssertWithinProximalLevelOutputRange(
-                "a", true /*expect_failure*/);
+            ParsedInternalKey pik("a", 0U, kTypeValue);
+            ASSERT_FALSE(comp.WithinPenultimateLevelOutputRange(pik));
          } else {
            std::string c_str{c};
-            comp.TEST_AssertWithinProximalLevelOutputRange(c_str);
+            // WithinPenultimateLevelOutputRange checks internal key range.
+            // 'z' is the last key, so set seqno properly.
+            ParsedInternalKey pik(c_str, c == 'z' ? 12U : 0U, kTypeValue);
+            ASSERT_TRUE(comp.WithinPenultimateLevelOutputRange(pik));
          }
        }
      });
@@ -1672,7 +1675,6 @@ TEST_F(CompactionJobTest, ResultSerialization) {
    UniqueId64x2 id{rnd64.Uniform(UINT64_MAX), rnd64.Uniform(UINT64_MAX)};
    result.output_files.emplace_back(
        rnd.RandomString(rnd.Uniform(kStrMaxLen)) /* file_name */,
-        rnd64.Uniform(UINT64_MAX) /* file_size */,
        rnd64.Uniform(UINT64_MAX) /* smallest_seqno */,
        rnd64.Uniform(UINT64_MAX) /* largest_seqno */,
        rnd.RandomBinaryString(
@@ -1685,8 +1687,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactionJobTest, ResultSerialization) {
        file_checksum /* file_checksum */,
        file_checksum_func_name /* file_checksum_func_name */,
        rnd64.Uniform(UINT64_MAX) /* paranoid_hash */,
-        rnd.OneIn(2) /* marked_for_compaction */, id /* unique_id */, tp,
-        false /* is_proximal_level_output */, Temperature::kHot);
+        rnd.OneIn(2) /* marked_for_compaction */, id /* unique_id */, tp);
  }
  result.output_level = rnd.Uniform(10);
  result.output_path = rnd.RandomString(rnd.Uniform(kStrMaxLen));
@@ -1740,8 +1741,6 @@ TEST_F(CompactionJobTest, ResultSerialization) {
    ASSERT_EQ(deserialized_tmp.output_files[0].file_checksum, file_checksum);
    ASSERT_EQ(deserialized_tmp.output_files[0].file_checksum_func_name,
              file_checksum_func_name);
-    ASSERT_EQ(deserialized_tmp.output_files[0].file_temperature,
-              Temperature::kHot);
  }

  // Test unknown field
@@ -1901,8 +1900,8 @@ TEST_F(CompactionJobTest, CutToSkipGrandparentFile) {
  const std::vector<int> input_levels = {0, 1};
  auto lvl0_files = cfd_->current()->storage_info()->LevelFiles(0);
  auto lvl1_files = cfd_->current()->storage_info()->LevelFiles(1);
-  RunCompaction({lvl0_files, lvl1_files}, input_levels,
-                {expected_file1, expected_file2});
+    RunCompaction({lvl0_files, lvl1_files}, input_levels,
+                  {expected_file1, expected_file2});
 }

 TEST_F(CompactionJobTest, CutToAlignGrandparentBoundary) {
@@ -1976,8 +1975,8 @@ TEST_F(CompactionJobTest, CutToAlignGrandparentBoundary) {
  const std::vector<int> input_levels = {0, 1};
  auto lvl0_files = cfd_->current()->storage_info()->LevelFiles(0);
  auto lvl1_files = cfd_->current()->storage_info()->LevelFiles(1);
-  RunCompaction({lvl0_files, lvl1_files}, input_levels,
-                {expected_file1, expected_file2});
+    RunCompaction({lvl0_files, lvl1_files}, input_levels,
+                  {expected_file1, expected_file2});
 }

 TEST_F(CompactionJobTest, CutToAlignGrandparentBoundarySameKey) {
@@ -2038,8 +2037,8 @@ TEST_F(CompactionJobTest, CutToAlignGrandparentBoundarySameKey) {
  for (int i = 80; i <= 100; i++) {
    snapshots.emplace_back(i);
  }
-  RunCompaction({lvl0_files, lvl1_files}, input_levels,
-                {expected_file1, expected_file2}, std::move(snapshots));
+    RunCompaction({lvl0_files, lvl1_files}, input_levels,
+                  {expected_file1, expected_file2}, snapshots);
 }

 TEST_F(CompactionJobTest, CutForMaxCompactionBytesSameKey) {
@@ -2098,8 +2097,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactionJobTest, CutForMaxCompactionBytesSameKey) {
    snapshots.emplace_back(i);
  }
  RunCompaction({lvl0_files, lvl1_files}, input_levels,
-                {expected_file1, expected_file2, expected_file3},
-                std::move(snapshots));
+                {expected_file1, expected_file2, expected_file3}, snapshots);
 }

 class CompactionJobTimestampTest : public CompactionJobTestBase {
@@ -2410,458 +2408,6 @@ TEST_F(CompactionJobIOPriorityTest, GetRateLimiterPriority) {
                Env::IO_LOW, Env::IO_LOW);
 }

-class ResumableCompactionJobTest : public CompactionJobTestBase {
- public:
-  ResumableCompactionJobTest()
-      : CompactionJobTestBase(
-            test::PerThreadDBPath("allow_resumption_job_test"),
-            BytewiseComparator(), [](uint64_t /*ts*/) { return ""; },
-            /*test_io_priority=*/false, TableTypeForTest::kBlockBasedTable) {}
-
- protected:
-  static constexpr const char* kCancelBeforeThisKey = "cancel_before_this_key";
-  std::string progress_dir_;
-  bool enable_cancel_ = false;
-  std::atomic<int> stop_count_{0};
-  std::atomic<bool> cancel_{false};
-  SequenceNumber cancel_before_seqno = kMaxSequenceNumber;
-
-  void SetUp() override {
-    CompactionJobTestBase::SetUp();
-    SyncPoint::GetInstance()->SetCallBack(
-        "CompactionOutputs::ShouldStopBefore::manual_decision",
-        [this](void* p) {
-          auto* pair = static_cast<std::pair<bool*, const Slice>*>(p);
-          *(pair->first) = true;
-
-          // Cancel after outputting a specific key
-          if (enable_cancel_) {
-            ParsedInternalKey parsed_key;
-            if (ParseInternalKey(pair->second, &parsed_key, true).ok()) {
-              if (parsed_key.user_key == kCancelBeforeThisKey &&
-                  (cancel_before_seqno == kMaxSequenceNumber ||
-                   parsed_key.sequence == cancel_before_seqno)) {
-                cancel_.store(true);
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        });
-    SyncPoint::GetInstance()->EnableProcessing();
-  }
-
-  void TearDown() override {
-    SyncPoint::GetInstance()->DisableProcessing();
-    SyncPoint::GetInstance()->ClearAllCallBacks();
-
-    if (env_->FileExists(progress_dir_).ok()) {
-      std::vector<std::string> files;
-      EXPECT_OK(env_->GetChildren(progress_dir_, &files));
-      for (const auto& file : files) {
-        if (file != "." && file != "..") {
-          EXPECT_OK(env_->DeleteFile(progress_dir_ + "/" + file));
-        }
-      }
-      EXPECT_OK(env_->DeleteDir(progress_dir_));
-    }
-
-    CompactionJobTestBase::TearDown();
-  }
-
-  void NewDB() {
-    if (env_->FileExists(progress_dir_).ok()) {
-      std::vector<std::string> files;
-      EXPECT_OK(env_->GetChildren(progress_dir_, &files));
-      for (const auto& file : files) {
-        if (file != "." && file != "..") {
-          EXPECT_OK(env_->DeleteFile(progress_dir_ + "/" + file));
-        }
-      }
-      EXPECT_OK(env_->DeleteDir(progress_dir_));
-    }
-
-    CompactionJobTestBase::NewDB();
-
-    progress_dir_ = test::PerThreadDBPath("compaction_progress");
-    ASSERT_OK(env_->CreateDirIfMissing(progress_dir_));
-  }
-
-  void EnableCompactionCancel() { enable_cancel_ = true; }
-
-  void DisableCompactionCancel() {
-    enable_cancel_ = false;
-    cancel_.store(false);
-  }
-
-  std::unique_ptr<log::Writer> CreateCompactionProgressWriter(
-      const std::string& compaction_progress_file) {
-    std::unique_ptr<FSWritableFile> file;
-    EXPECT_OK(fs_->NewWritableFile(compaction_progress_file, FileOptions(),
-                                   &file, nullptr));
-    auto file_writer = std::make_unique<WritableFileWriter>(
-        std::move(file), compaction_progress_file, FileOptions());
-    auto compaction_progress_writer =
-        std::make_unique<log::Writer>(std::move(file_writer), 0, false);
-    return compaction_progress_writer;
-  }
-
-  Status RunCompactionWithProgressTracking(
-      const CompactionProgress& compaction_progress,
-      log::Writer* compaction_progress_writer,
-      std::vector<SequenceNumber> snapshots = {},
-      std::shared_ptr<Statistics> stats = nullptr) {
-    mutex_.Lock();
-
-    auto cfd = versions_->GetColumnFamilySet()->GetDefault();
-    auto files = cfd->current()->storage_info()->LevelFiles(0);
-
-    db_options_.statistics = stats;
-    db_options_.stats = db_options_.statistics.get();
-
-    std::vector<CompactionInputFiles> compaction_input_files;
-    CompactionInputFiles level;
-    level.level = 0;
-    level.files = files;
-    compaction_input_files.push_back(level);
-
-    Compaction compaction(
-        cfd->current()->storage_info(), cfd->ioptions(),
-        cfd->GetLatestMutableCFOptions(), mutable_db_options_,
-        compaction_input_files, 1, mutable_cf_options_.target_file_size_base,
-        mutable_cf_options_.max_compaction_bytes, 0, kNoCompression,
-        cfd->GetLatestMutableCFOptions().compression_opts,
-        Temperature::kUnknown, 0, {}, std::nullopt, nullptr,
-        CompactionReason::kManualCompaction);
-    compaction.FinalizeInputInfo(cfd->current());
-
-    LogBuffer log_buffer(InfoLogLevel::INFO_LEVEL, db_options_.info_log.get());
-    EventLogger event_logger(db_options_.info_log.get());
-    JobContext job_context(1, false);
-    job_context.InitSnapshotContext(nullptr, nullptr, kMaxSequenceNumber,
-                                    std::move(snapshots));
-    CompactionJobStats job_stats;
-
-    CompactionJob compaction_job(
-        0, &compaction, db_options_, mutable_db_options_, env_options_,
-        versions_.get(), &shutting_down_, &log_buffer, nullptr, nullptr,
-        nullptr, stats.get(), &mutex_, &error_handler_, &job_context,
-        table_cache_, &event_logger, false, false, dbname_, &job_stats,
-        Env::Priority::USER, nullptr, cancel_, env_->GenerateUniqueId(),
-        DBImpl::GenerateDbSessionId(nullptr), "");
-
-    compaction_job.Prepare(std::nullopt, compaction_progress,
-                           compaction_progress_writer);
-    mutex_.Unlock();
-
-    compaction_job.Run().PermitUncheckedError();
-    EXPECT_OK(compaction_job.io_status());
-
-    mutex_.Lock();
-
-    bool compaction_released = false;
-    Status s = compaction_job.Install(&compaction_released);
-
-    mutex_.Unlock();
-    if (!compaction_released) {
-      compaction.ReleaseCompactionFiles(s);
-    }
-
-    return s;
-  }
-
-  SubcompactionProgress ReadAndParseProgress(
-      const std::string& compaction_progress_file) {
-    std::unique_ptr<FSSequentialFile> seq_file;
-    EXPECT_OK(fs_->NewSequentialFile(compaction_progress_file, FileOptions(),
-                                     &seq_file, nullptr));
-    auto file_reader = std::make_unique<SequentialFileReader>(
-        std::move(seq_file), compaction_progress_file, 0, nullptr);
-    log::Reader reader(nullptr, std::move(file_reader), nullptr, true, 0);
-
-    SubcompactionProgressBuilder builder;
-    std::string record;
-    Slice slice;
-
-    while (reader.ReadRecord(&slice, &record)) {
-      VersionEdit edit;
-      if (!edit.DecodeFrom(slice).ok()) {
-        continue;
-      }
-      builder.ProcessVersionEdit(edit);
-    }
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(builder.HasAccumulatedSubcompactionProgress());
-
-    return builder.GetAccumulatedSubcompactionProgress();
-  }
-
-  // Test utility function to verify that compaction progress was correctly
-  // persisted to the progress file after compaction interruption.
-  //
-  // VERIFIES:
-  // - Progress file exists and has expected size (empty if no progress
-  // expected)
-  // - Next internal key to compact matches expected user key with proper format
-  // - Number of processed input records matches position in ordered input keys
-  // - Number of processed output records equals number of processed input
-  // records (by test design to simplify verification)
-  // - Each output file contains exactly one user key (by test design to
-  // simplify verification)
-  void VerifyCompactionProgressPersisted(
-      const std::string& compaction_progress_file,
-      const std::string& next_user_key_to_compact,
-      const std::vector<std::string>& ordered_intput_keys) {
-    ASSERT_OK(env_->FileExists(compaction_progress_file));
-
-    uint64_t file_size;
-    ASSERT_OK(env_->GetFileSize(compaction_progress_file, &file_size));
-
-    if (next_user_key_to_compact.empty()) {
-      ASSERT_EQ(file_size, 0);
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const auto& subcompaction_progress =
-        ReadAndParseProgress(compaction_progress_file);
-
-    ASSERT_FALSE(subcompaction_progress.next_internal_key_to_compact.empty());
-    ParsedInternalKey parsed_next_key;
-    ASSERT_OK(
-        ParseInternalKey(subcompaction_progress.next_internal_key_to_compact,
-                         &parsed_next_key, true /* log_err_key */));
-    ASSERT_EQ(parsed_next_key.user_key, next_user_key_to_compact);
-    ASSERT_EQ(parsed_next_key.sequence, kMaxSequenceNumber);
-    ASSERT_EQ(parsed_next_key.type, kValueTypeForSeek);
-
-    auto it = std::find(ordered_intput_keys.begin(), ordered_intput_keys.end(),
-                        next_user_key_to_compact);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(it != ordered_intput_keys.end());
-
-    auto next_key_index = std::distance(ordered_intput_keys.begin(), it);
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(subcompaction_progress.num_processed_input_records,
-              next_key_index);
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(subcompaction_progress.output_level_progress
-                  .GetNumProcessedOutputRecords(),
-              next_key_index);
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(
-        subcompaction_progress.output_level_progress.GetOutputFiles().size(),
-
-        next_key_index);
-
-    for (size_t i = 0;
-         i <
-         subcompaction_progress.output_level_progress.GetOutputFiles().size();
-         ++i) {
-      const auto& output_file =
-          subcompaction_progress.output_level_progress.GetOutputFiles()[i];
-      ASSERT_EQ(output_file.smallest.user_key().ToString(),
-                output_file.largest.user_key().ToString());
-      ASSERT_EQ(output_file.largest.user_key().ToString(),
-                ordered_intput_keys[i]);
-    }
-  }
-
-  void RunCancelAndResumeTest(
-      const std::initializer_list<mock::KVPair>& input_file_1,
-      const std::initializer_list<mock::KVPair>& input_file_2,
-      uint64_t last_sequence, const std::vector<uint64_t>& snapshots,
-      const std::string& expected_next_key_to_compact,
-      const std::vector<std::string>& expected_input_keys,
-      bool cancelled_past_mid_point = false) {
-    std::shared_ptr<Statistics> stats = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CreateDBStatistics();
-
-    auto file1 = mock::MakeMockFile(input_file_1);
-    AddMockFile(file1);
-    auto file2 = mock::MakeMockFile(input_file_2);
-    AddMockFile(file2);
-    SetLastSequence(last_sequence);
-
-    // First compaction (will be cancelled)
-    std::string compaction_progress_file =
-        CompactionProgressFileName(progress_dir_, 123);
-    std::unique_ptr<log::Writer> compaction_progress_writer =
-        CreateCompactionProgressWriter(compaction_progress_file);
-
-    ASSERT_OK(stats->Reset());
-    EnableCompactionCancel();
-
-    Status status = RunCompactionWithProgressTracking(
-        CompactionProgress{}, compaction_progress_writer.get(), snapshots,
-        stats);
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(status.IsManualCompactionPaused());
-    DisableCompactionCancel();
-
-    HistogramData cancelled_compaction_stats;
-    stats->histogramData(FILE_WRITE_COMPACTION_MICROS,
-                         &cancelled_compaction_stats);
-
-    VerifyCompactionProgressPersisted(compaction_progress_file,
-                                      expected_next_key_to_compact,
-                                      expected_input_keys);
-
-    // Resume compaction
-    CompactionProgress compaction_progress;
-    if (expected_next_key_to_compact != "") {
-      compaction_progress.push_back(
-          ReadAndParseProgress(compaction_progress_file));
-    }
-
-    std::string compaction_progress_file_2 =
-        CompactionProgressFileName(progress_dir_, 234);
-    std::unique_ptr<log::Writer> compaction_progress_writer_2 =
-        CreateCompactionProgressWriter(compaction_progress_file_2);
-
-    ASSERT_OK(stats->Reset());
-
-    status = RunCompactionWithProgressTracking(
-        compaction_progress, compaction_progress_writer_2.get(),
-        {} /* snapshots */, stats);
-
-    ASSERT_OK(status);
-
-    if (cancelled_past_mid_point) {
-      HistogramData resumed_compaction_stats;
-      stats->histogramData(FILE_WRITE_COMPACTION_MICROS,
-                           &resumed_compaction_stats);
-      ASSERT_GT(cancelled_compaction_stats.count,
-                resumed_compaction_stats.count);
-    }
-  }
-};
-
-TEST_F(ResumableCompactionJobTest, BasicProgressPersistence) {
-  NewDB();
-
-  auto file1 = mock::MakeMockFile({
-      {KeyStr("a", 1U, kTypeValue), "val1"},
-      {KeyStr("b", 2U, kTypeValue), "val2"},
-  });
-  AddMockFile(file1);
-
-  auto file2 = mock::MakeMockFile({
-      {KeyStr("c", 3U, kTypeValue), "val3"},
-      {KeyStr("d", 4U, kTypeValue), "val4"},
-  });
-  AddMockFile(file2);
-
-  SetLastSequence(4U);
-
-  std::string compaction_progress_file =
-      CompactionProgressFileName(progress_dir_, 123);
-
-  std::unique_ptr<log::Writer> compaction_progress_writer =
-      CreateCompactionProgressWriter(compaction_progress_file);
-
-  Status status = RunCompactionWithProgressTracking(
-      CompactionProgress(), compaction_progress_writer.get());
-
-  ASSERT_OK(status);
-
-  VerifyCompactionProgressPersisted(
-      compaction_progress_file, "d" /* next_user_key_to_compact */,
-      {"a", "b", "c", "d"} /* ordered_intput_keys */);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResumableCompactionJobTest, BasicProgressResume) {
-  NewDB();
-
-  RunCancelAndResumeTest(
-      {{KeyStr("a", 1U, kTypeValue), "val1"},
-       {KeyStr("b", 2U, kTypeValue), "val2"}} /* input_file_1 */,
-      {{KeyStr("bb", 3U, kTypeValue), "val3"},
-       {KeyStr(kCancelBeforeThisKey, 4U, kTypeValue),
-        "val4"}} /* input_file_2 */,
-      4U /* last_sequence */, {} /* snapshots */,
-      kCancelBeforeThisKey /* expected_next_key_to_compact */,
-      {"a", "b", "bb", kCancelBeforeThisKey} /* expected_input_keys */,
-      true /* cancelled_past_mid_point */);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResumableCompactionJobTest, NoProgressResumeOnSameKey) {
-  NewDB();
-
-  // `cancel_before_seqno` is set to 0U to force cancellation after
-  // `kCancelBeforeThisKey@1` instead of `kCancelBeforeThisKey@2`.
-  // The seqno is 0 because `kCancelBeforeThisKey@1` will have its sequence
-  // number zeroed during compaction while `kCancelBeforeThisKey@2` won't be
-  cancel_before_seqno = 0U;
-  RunCancelAndResumeTest(
-      {{KeyStr(kCancelBeforeThisKey, 1U, kTypeValue),
-        "val1"}} /* input_file_1 */,
-      {{KeyStr(kCancelBeforeThisKey, 2U, kTypeValue), "val11"},
-       {KeyStr("d", 3U, kTypeValue), "val2"}} /* input_file_2 */,
-      3U /* last_sequence */, {1U} /* snapshots */,
-      "" /* expected_next_key_to_compact */,
-      {kCancelBeforeThisKey, kCancelBeforeThisKey,
-       "d"} /* expected_input_keys */);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResumableCompactionJobTest, NoProgressResumeOnDeleteRange) {
-  NewDB();
-
-  RunCancelAndResumeTest(
-      {{KeyStr("a", 1U, kTypeValue), "val1"},
-       {KeyStr("b", 2U, kTypeValue), "val2"},
-       {KeyStr(kCancelBeforeThisKey, 3U, kTypeValue),
-        "val3"}} /* input_file_1 */,
-      {{KeyStr(kCancelBeforeThisKey, 4U, kTypeRangeDeletion),
-        "range_deletion_end_key"},
-       {KeyStr("d", 5U, kTypeValue), "val4"}} /* input_file_2 */,
-      5U /* last_sequence */, {3U} /* snapshots */,
-      "b" /* expected_next_key_to_compact */,
-      {"a", "b", kCancelBeforeThisKey, kCancelBeforeThisKey,
-       "d"} /* expected_input_keys */);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResumableCompactionJobTest, NoProgressResumeOnMerge) {
-  merge_op_ = MergeOperators::CreateStringAppendOperator();
-  NewDB();
-
-  RunCancelAndResumeTest(
-      {{KeyStr("a", 1U, kTypeValue), "val1"},
-       {KeyStr("b", 2U, kTypeValue), "val2"}} /* input_file_1 */,
-      {{KeyStr("bb", 3U, kTypeValue), "val3"},
-       {KeyStr(kCancelBeforeThisKey, 4U, kTypeMerge),
-        "val4"}} /* input_file_2 */,
-      4U /* last_sequence */, {} /* snapshots */,
-      "bb" /* expected_next_key_to_compact */,
-      {"a", "b", "bb", kCancelBeforeThisKey} /* expected_input_keys */);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResumableCompactionJobTest, NoProgressResumeOnSingleDelete) {
-  NewDB();
-
-  RunCancelAndResumeTest(
-      {{KeyStr("a", 1U, kTypeValue), "val1"},
-       {KeyStr("b", 2U, kTypeValue), "val2"},
-       {KeyStr(kCancelBeforeThisKey, 3U, kTypeValue),
-        "val3"}} /* input_file_1 */,
-      {{KeyStr(kCancelBeforeThisKey, 4U, kTypeSingleDeletion), ""},
-       {KeyStr("d", 5U, kTypeValue), "val4"}} /* input_file_2 */,
-      5U /* last_sequence */, {3U} /* snapshots */,
-      "b" /* expected_next_key_to_compact */,
-      {"a", "b", kCancelBeforeThisKey, kCancelBeforeThisKey,
-       "d"} /* expected_input_keys */);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResumableCompactionJobTest, NoProgressResumeOnDeletionAtBottom) {
-  NewDB();
-
-  RunCancelAndResumeTest(
-      {{KeyStr("a", 1U, kTypeValue), "val1"},
-       {KeyStr("b", 2U, kTypeValue), "val2"},
-       {KeyStr(kCancelBeforeThisKey, 3U, kTypeValue),
-        "val3"}} /* input_file_1 */,
-      {{KeyStr(kCancelBeforeThisKey, 4U, kTypeDeletion), ""},
-       {KeyStr("d", 5U, kTypeValue), "val4"}} /* input_file_2 */,
-      5U /* last_sequence */, {3U} /* snapshots */,
-      "b" /* expected_next_key_to_compact */,
-      {"a", "b", kCancelBeforeThisKey, kCancelBeforeThisKey,
-       "d"} /* expected_input_keys */);
-}
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
@@ -54,9 +54,7 @@ Status CompactionOutputs::Finish(
  }
  current_output().finished = true;
  stats_.bytes_written += current_bytes;
-  stats_.bytes_written_pre_comp += builder_->PreCompressionSize();
-  stats_.num_output_files = static_cast<int>(outputs_.size());
-  worker_cpu_micros_ += builder_->GetWorkerCPUMicros();
+  stats_.num_output_files = outputs_.size();

  return s;
 }
@@ -278,11 +276,7 @@ bool CompactionOutputs::ShouldStopBefore(const CompactionIterator& c_iter) {
  }

  // reach the max file size
-  uint64_t estimated_file_size = current_output_file_size_;
-  if (compaction_->mutable_cf_options().target_file_size_is_upper_bound) {
-    estimated_file_size += builder_->EstimatedTailSize();
-  }
-  if (estimated_file_size >= compaction_->max_output_file_size()) {
+  if (current_output_file_size_ >= compaction_->max_output_file_size()) {
    return true;
  }

@@ -326,7 +320,7 @@ bool CompactionOutputs::ShouldStopBefore(const CompactionIterator& c_iter) {
    // More details, check PR #1963
    const size_t num_skippable_boundaries_crossed =
        being_grandparent_gap_ ? 2 : 3;
-    if (compaction_->immutable_options().compaction_style ==
+    if (compaction_->immutable_options()->compaction_style ==
            kCompactionStyleLevel &&
        num_grandparent_boundaries_crossed >=
            num_skippable_boundaries_crossed &&
@@ -347,7 +341,7 @@ bool CompactionOutputs::ShouldStopBefore(const CompactionIterator& c_iter) {
    // target file size. The test shows it can generate larger files than a
    // static threshold like 75% and has a similar write amplification
    // improvement.
-    if (compaction_->immutable_options().compaction_style ==
+    if (compaction_->immutable_options()->compaction_style ==
            kCompactionStyleLevel &&
        current_output_file_size_ >=
            ((compaction_->target_output_file_size() + 99) / 100) *
@@ -363,8 +357,7 @@ bool CompactionOutputs::ShouldStopBefore(const CompactionIterator& c_iter) {
 Status CompactionOutputs::AddToOutput(
    const CompactionIterator& c_iter,
    const CompactionFileOpenFunc& open_file_func,
-    const CompactionFileCloseFunc& close_file_func,
-    const ParsedInternalKey& prev_iter_output_internal_key) {
+    const CompactionFileCloseFunc& close_file_func) {
  Status s;
  bool is_range_del = c_iter.IsDeleteRangeSentinelKey();
  if (is_range_del && compaction_->bottommost_level()) {
@@ -375,8 +368,7 @@ Status CompactionOutputs::AddToOutput(
  }
  const Slice& key = c_iter.key();
  if (ShouldStopBefore(c_iter) && HasBuilder()) {
-    s = close_file_func(c_iter.InputStatus(), prev_iter_output_internal_key,
-                        key, &c_iter, *this);
+    s = close_file_func(*this, c_iter.InputStatus(), key);
    if (!s.ok()) {
      return s;
    }
@@ -463,11 +455,9 @@ void SetMaxSeqAndTs(InternalKey& internal_key, const Slice& user_key,
 }  // namespace

 Status CompactionOutputs::AddRangeDels(
-    CompactionRangeDelAggregator& range_del_agg,
    const Slice* comp_start_user_key, const Slice* comp_end_user_key,
    CompactionIterationStats& range_del_out_stats, bool bottommost_level,
    const InternalKeyComparator& icmp, SequenceNumber earliest_snapshot,
-    std::pair<SequenceNumber, SequenceNumber> keep_seqno_range,
    const Slice& next_table_min_key, const std::string& full_history_ts_low) {
  // The following example does not happen since
  // CompactionOutput::ShouldStopBefore() always return false for the first
@@ -480,7 +470,7 @@ Status CompactionOutputs::AddRangeDels(
  // Then meta.smallest will be set to comp_start_user_key@seqno
  // and meta.largest will be set to comp_start_user_key@kMaxSequenceNumber
  // which violates the assumption that meta.smallest should be <= meta.largest.
-  assert(!range_del_agg.IsEmpty());
+  assert(HasRangeDel());
  FileMetaData& meta = current_output().meta;
  const Comparator* ucmp = icmp.user_comparator();
  InternalKey lower_bound_buf, upper_bound_buf;
@@ -589,19 +579,13 @@ Status CompactionOutputs::AddRangeDels(
  assert(comp_end_user_key == nullptr || upper_bound == nullptr ||
         ucmp->CompareWithoutTimestamp(ExtractUserKey(*upper_bound),
                                       *comp_end_user_key) <= 0);
-  auto it = range_del_agg.NewIterator(lower_bound, upper_bound);
+  auto it = range_del_agg_->NewIterator(lower_bound, upper_bound);
  Slice last_tombstone_start_user_key{};
  bool reached_lower_bound = false;
  const ReadOptions read_options(Env::IOActivity::kCompaction);
  for (it->SeekToFirst(); it->Valid(); it->Next()) {
    auto tombstone = it->Tombstone();
    auto kv = tombstone.Serialize();
-    // Filter out by seqno for per-key placement
-    if (tombstone.seq_ < keep_seqno_range.first ||
-        tombstone.seq_ >= keep_seqno_range.second) {
-      continue;
-    }
-
    InternalKey tombstone_end = tombstone.SerializeEndKey();
    // TODO: the underlying iterator should support clamping the bounds.
    // tombstone_end.Encode is of form user_key@kMaxSeqno
@@ -760,10 +744,11 @@ Status CompactionOutputs::AddRangeDels(
 }

 void CompactionOutputs::FillFilesToCutForTtl() {
-  if (compaction_->immutable_options().compaction_style !=
+  if (compaction_->immutable_options()->compaction_style !=
          kCompactionStyleLevel ||
-      compaction_->immutable_options().compaction_pri != kMinOverlappingRatio ||
-      compaction_->mutable_cf_options().ttl == 0 ||
+      compaction_->immutable_options()->compaction_pri !=
+          kMinOverlappingRatio ||
+      compaction_->mutable_cf_options()->ttl == 0 ||
      compaction_->num_input_levels() < 2 || compaction_->bottommost_level()) {
    return;
  }
@@ -771,19 +756,20 @@ void CompactionOutputs::FillFilesToCutForTtl() {
  // We define new file with the oldest ancestor time to be younger than 1/4
  // TTL, and an old one to be older than 1/2 TTL time.
  int64_t temp_current_time;
-  auto get_time_status = compaction_->immutable_options().clock->GetCurrentTime(
-      &temp_current_time);
+  auto get_time_status =
+      compaction_->immutable_options()->clock->GetCurrentTime(
+          &temp_current_time);
  if (!get_time_status.ok()) {
    return;
  }

  auto current_time = static_cast<uint64_t>(temp_current_time);
-  if (current_time < compaction_->mutable_cf_options().ttl) {
+  if (current_time < compaction_->mutable_cf_options()->ttl) {
    return;
  }

  uint64_t old_age_thres =
-      current_time - compaction_->mutable_cf_options().ttl / 2;
+      current_time - compaction_->mutable_cf_options()->ttl / 2;
  const std::vector<FileMetaData*>& olevel =
      *(compaction_->inputs(compaction_->num_input_levels() - 1));
  for (FileMetaData* file : olevel) {
@@ -793,15 +779,15 @@ void CompactionOutputs::FillFilesToCutForTtl() {
    // of small files.
    if (oldest_ancester_time < old_age_thres &&
        file->fd.GetFileSize() >
-            compaction_->mutable_cf_options().target_file_size_base / 2) {
+            compaction_->mutable_cf_options()->target_file_size_base / 2) {
      files_to_cut_for_ttl_.push_back(file);
    }
  }
 }

 CompactionOutputs::CompactionOutputs(const Compaction* compaction,
-                                     const bool is_proximal_level)
-    : compaction_(compaction), is_proximal_level_(is_proximal_level) {
+                                     const bool is_penultimate_level)
+    : compaction_(compaction), is_penultimate_level_(is_penultimate_level) {
  partitioner_ = compaction->output_level() == 0
                     ? nullptr
                     : compaction->CreateSstPartitioner();
@@ -21,8 +21,7 @@ namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
 class CompactionOutputs;
 using CompactionFileOpenFunc = std::function<Status(CompactionOutputs&)>;
 using CompactionFileCloseFunc =
-    std::function<Status(const Status&, const ParsedInternalKey&, const Slice&,
-                         const CompactionIterator*, CompactionOutputs&)>;
+    std::function<Status(CompactionOutputs&, const Status&, const Slice&)>;

 // Files produced by subcompaction, most of the functions are used by
 // compaction_job Open/Close compaction file functions.
@@ -31,36 +30,29 @@ class CompactionOutputs {
  // compaction output file
  struct Output {
    Output(FileMetaData&& _meta, const InternalKeyComparator& _icmp,
-           bool _enable_hash, bool _finished, uint64_t precalculated_hash,
-           bool _is_proximal_level)
+           bool _enable_hash, bool _finished, uint64_t precalculated_hash)
        : meta(std::move(_meta)),
          validator(_icmp, _enable_hash, precalculated_hash),
-          finished(_finished),
-          is_proximal_level(_is_proximal_level) {}
+          finished(_finished) {}
    FileMetaData meta;
    OutputValidator validator;
    bool finished;
-    bool is_proximal_level;
    std::shared_ptr<const TableProperties> table_properties;
  };

  CompactionOutputs() = delete;

  explicit CompactionOutputs(const Compaction* compaction,
-                             const bool is_proximal_level);
-
-  bool IsProximalLevel() const { return is_proximal_level_; }
+                             const bool is_penultimate_level);

  // Add generated output to the list
  void AddOutput(FileMetaData&& meta, const InternalKeyComparator& icmp,
                 bool enable_hash, bool finished = false,
                 uint64_t precalculated_hash = 0) {
    outputs_.emplace_back(std::move(meta), icmp, enable_hash, finished,
-                          precalculated_hash, is_proximal_level_);
+                          precalculated_hash);
  }

-  const std::vector<Output>& GetOutputs() const { return outputs_; }
-
  // Set new table builder for the current output
  void NewBuilder(const TableBuilderOptions& tboptions);

@@ -69,29 +61,34 @@ class CompactionOutputs {
    file_writer_.reset(writer);
  }

+  // TODO: Remove it when remote compaction support tiered compaction
+  void AddBytesWritten(uint64_t bytes) { stats_.bytes_written += bytes; }
+  void SetNumOutputRecords(uint64_t num) { stats_.num_output_records = num; }
+  void SetNumOutputFiles(uint64_t num) { stats_.num_output_files = num; }
+
  // TODO: Move the BlobDB builder into CompactionOutputs
  const std::vector<BlobFileAddition>& GetBlobFileAdditions() const {
-    if (is_proximal_level_) {
+    if (is_penultimate_level_) {
      assert(blob_file_additions_.empty());
    }
    return blob_file_additions_;
  }

  std::vector<BlobFileAddition>* GetBlobFileAdditionsPtr() {
-    assert(!is_proximal_level_);
+    assert(!is_penultimate_level_);
    return &blob_file_additions_;
  }

  bool HasBlobFileAdditions() const { return !blob_file_additions_.empty(); }

  BlobGarbageMeter* CreateBlobGarbageMeter() {
-    assert(!is_proximal_level_);
+    assert(!is_penultimate_level_);
    blob_garbage_meter_ = std::make_unique<BlobGarbageMeter>();
    return blob_garbage_meter_.get();
  }

  BlobGarbageMeter* GetBlobGarbageMeter() const {
-    if (is_proximal_level_) {
+    if (is_penultimate_level_) {
      // blobdb doesn't support per_key_placement yet
      assert(blob_garbage_meter_ == nullptr);
      return nullptr;
@@ -100,9 +97,8 @@ class CompactionOutputs {
  }

  void UpdateBlobStats() {
-    assert(!is_proximal_level_);
-    stats_.num_output_files_blob =
-        static_cast<int>(blob_file_additions_.size());
+    assert(!is_penultimate_level_);
+    stats_.num_output_files_blob = blob_file_additions_.size();
    for (const auto& blob : blob_file_additions_) {
      stats_.bytes_written_blob += blob.GetTotalBlobBytes();
    }
@@ -171,10 +167,6 @@ class CompactionOutputs {

  uint64_t NumEntries() const { return builder_->NumEntries(); }

-  uint64_t GetWorkerCPUMicros() const {
-    return worker_cpu_micros_ + (builder_ ? builder_->GetWorkerCPUMicros() : 0);
-  }
-
  void ResetBuilder() {
    builder_.reset();
    current_output_file_size_ = 0;
@@ -190,16 +182,17 @@ class CompactionOutputs {
  // @param next_table_min_key internal key lower bound for the next compaction
  // output.
  // @param full_history_ts_low used for range tombstone garbage collection.
-  Status AddRangeDels(
-      CompactionRangeDelAggregator& range_del_agg,
-      const Slice* comp_start_user_key, const Slice* comp_end_user_key,
-      CompactionIterationStats& range_del_out_stats, bool bottommost_level,
-      const InternalKeyComparator& icmp, SequenceNumber earliest_snapshot,
-      std::pair<SequenceNumber, SequenceNumber> keep_seqno_range,
-      const Slice& next_table_min_key, const std::string& full_history_ts_low);
+  Status AddRangeDels(const Slice* comp_start_user_key,
+                      const Slice* comp_end_user_key,
+                      CompactionIterationStats& range_del_out_stats,
+                      bool bottommost_level, const InternalKeyComparator& icmp,
+                      SequenceNumber earliest_snapshot,
+                      const Slice& next_table_min_key,
+                      const std::string& full_history_ts_low);

-  void SetNumOutputRecords(uint64_t num_output_records) {
-    stats_.num_output_records = num_output_records;
+  // if the outputs have range delete, range delete is also data
+  bool HasRangeDel() const {
+    return range_del_agg_ && !range_del_agg_->IsEmpty();
  }

 private:
@@ -261,29 +254,21 @@ class CompactionOutputs {
  // close and open new compaction output with the functions provided.
  Status AddToOutput(const CompactionIterator& c_iter,
                     const CompactionFileOpenFunc& open_file_func,
-                     const CompactionFileCloseFunc& close_file_func,
-                     const ParsedInternalKey& prev_iter_output_internal_key);
+                     const CompactionFileCloseFunc& close_file_func);

  // Close the current output. `open_file_func` is needed for creating new file
  // for range-dels only output file.
  Status CloseOutput(const Status& curr_status,
-                     CompactionRangeDelAggregator* range_del_agg,
                     const CompactionFileOpenFunc& open_file_func,
                     const CompactionFileCloseFunc& close_file_func) {
    Status status = curr_status;
-    // Handle subcompaction containing only range deletions. They could
-    // be dropped or sent to another output level, so this is only an
-    // over-approximate check for whether opening is needed.
-    if (status.ok() && !HasBuilder() && !HasOutput() && range_del_agg &&
-        !range_del_agg->IsEmpty()) {
+    // handle subcompaction containing only range deletions
+    if (status.ok() && !HasBuilder() && !HasOutput() && HasRangeDel()) {
      status = open_file_func(*this);
    }
-
    if (HasBuilder()) {
-      const ParsedInternalKey empty_internal_key{};
      const Slice empty_key{};
-      Status s = close_file_func(status, empty_internal_key, empty_key,
-                                 nullptr /* c_iter */, *this);
+      Status s = close_file_func(*this, status, empty_key);
      if (!s.ok() && status.ok()) {
        status = s;
      }
@@ -303,6 +288,16 @@ class CompactionOutputs {
    return outputs_.back();
  }

+  // Assign the range_del_agg to the target output level. There's only one
+  // range-del-aggregator per compaction outputs, for
+  // output_to_penultimate_level compaction it is only assigned to the
+  // penultimate level.
+  void AssignRangeDelAggregator(
+      std::unique_ptr<CompactionRangeDelAggregator>&& range_del_agg) {
+    assert(range_del_agg_ == nullptr);
+    range_del_agg_ = std::move(range_del_agg);
+  }
+
  const Compaction* compaction_;

  // current output builder and writer
@@ -311,9 +306,6 @@ class CompactionOutputs {
  uint64_t current_output_file_size_ = 0;
  SequenceNumber smallest_preferred_seqno_ = kMaxSequenceNumber;

-  // Sum of all the GetWorkerCPUMicros() for all the closed builders so far.
-  uint64_t worker_cpu_micros_ = 0;
-
  // all the compaction outputs so far
  std::vector<Output> outputs_;

@@ -321,12 +313,13 @@ class CompactionOutputs {
  std::vector<BlobFileAddition> blob_file_additions_;
  std::unique_ptr<BlobGarbageMeter> blob_garbage_meter_;

-  // Per level's output stat
-  InternalStats::CompactionStats stats_;
+  // Basic compaction output stats for this level's outputs
+  InternalStats::CompactionOutputsStats stats_;

-  // indicate if this CompactionOutputs obj for proximal_level, should always
+  // indicate if this CompactionOutputs obj for penultimate_level, should always
  // be false if per_key_placement feature is not enabled.
-  const bool is_proximal_level_;
+  const bool is_penultimate_level_;
+  std::unique_ptr<CompactionRangeDelAggregator> range_del_agg_ = nullptr;

  // partitioner information
  std::string last_key_for_partitioner_;
@@ -380,7 +373,7 @@ class CompactionOutputs {
  std::vector<size_t> level_ptrs_;
 };

-// helper struct to concatenate the last level and proximal level outputs
+// helper struct to concatenate the last level and penultimate level outputs
 // which could be replaced by std::ranges::join_view() in c++20
 struct OutputIterator {
 public:
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ bool CompactionPicker::ExpandInputsToCleanCut(const std::string& /*cf_name*/,
    GetRange(*inputs, &smallest, &largest);
    inputs->clear();
    vstorage->GetOverlappingInputs(level, &smallest, &largest, &inputs->files,
-                                   hint_index, &hint_index, true, nullptr,
+                                   hint_index, &hint_index, true,
                                   next_smallest);
  } while (inputs->size() > old_size);

@@ -272,8 +272,8 @@ bool CompactionPicker::RangeOverlapWithCompaction(
      return true;
    }
    if (c->SupportsPerKeyPlacement()) {
-      if (c->OverlapProximalLevelOutputRange(smallest_user_key,
-                                             largest_user_key)) {
+      if (c->OverlapPenultimateLevelOutputRange(smallest_user_key,
+                                                largest_user_key)) {
        return true;
      }
    }
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ bool CompactionPicker::RangeOverlapWithCompaction(

 bool CompactionPicker::FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
    const std::vector<CompactionInputFiles>& inputs, int level,
-    int proximal_level) const {
+    int penultimate_level) const {
  bool is_empty = true;
  for (auto& in : inputs) {
    if (!in.empty()) {
@@ -301,18 +301,18 @@ bool CompactionPicker::FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
  //  files cannot be overlapped in the order of L0 files.
  InternalKey smallest, largest;
  GetRange(inputs, &smallest, &largest, Compaction::kInvalidLevel);
-  if (proximal_level != Compaction::kInvalidLevel) {
+  if (penultimate_level != Compaction::kInvalidLevel) {
    if (ioptions_.compaction_style == kCompactionStyleUniversal) {
      if (RangeOverlapWithCompaction(smallest.user_key(), largest.user_key(),
-                                     proximal_level)) {
+                                     penultimate_level)) {
        return true;
      }
    } else {
-      InternalKey proximal_smallest, proximal_largest;
-      GetRange(inputs, &proximal_smallest, &proximal_largest, level);
-      if (RangeOverlapWithCompaction(proximal_smallest.user_key(),
-                                     proximal_largest.user_key(),
-                                     proximal_level)) {
+      InternalKey penultimate_smallest, penultimate_largest;
+      GetRange(inputs, &penultimate_smallest, &penultimate_largest, level);
+      if (RangeOverlapWithCompaction(penultimate_smallest.user_key(),
+                                     penultimate_largest.user_key(),
+                                     penultimate_level)) {
        return true;
      }
    }
@@ -333,13 +333,11 @@ bool CompactionPicker::AreFilesInCompaction(
  return false;
 }

-Compaction* CompactionPicker::PickCompactionForCompactFiles(
+Compaction* CompactionPicker::CompactFiles(
    const CompactionOptions& compact_options,
    const std::vector<CompactionInputFiles>& input_files, int output_level,
    VersionStorageInfo* vstorage, const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
-    const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options, uint32_t output_path_id,
-    std::optional<SequenceNumber> earliest_snapshot,
-    const SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker) {
+    const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options, uint32_t output_path_id) {
 #ifndef NDEBUG
  assert(input_files.size());
  // This compaction output should not overlap with a running compaction as
@@ -355,7 +353,7 @@ Compaction* CompactionPicker::PickCompactionForCompactFiles(
  }
  assert(output_level == 0 || !FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
                                  input_files, output_level,
-                                  Compaction::EvaluateProximalLevel(
+                                  Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(
                                      vstorage, mutable_cf_options, ioptions_,
                                      start_level, output_level)));
 #endif /* !NDEBUG */
@@ -375,16 +373,15 @@ Compaction* CompactionPicker::PickCompactionForCompactFiles(
    // without configurable `CompressionOptions`, which is inconsistent.
    compression_type = compact_options.compression;
  }
-
  auto c = new Compaction(
      vstorage, ioptions_, mutable_cf_options, mutable_db_options, input_files,
      output_level, compact_options.output_file_size_limit,
      mutable_cf_options.max_compaction_bytes, output_path_id, compression_type,
      GetCompressionOptions(mutable_cf_options, vstorage, output_level),
-      compact_options.output_temperature_override,
+      mutable_cf_options.default_write_temperature,
      compact_options.max_subcompactions,
-      /* grandparents */ {}, earliest_snapshot, snapshot_checker,
-      CompactionReason::kManualCompaction);
+      /* grandparents */ {}, /* earliest_snapshot */ std::nullopt,
+      /* snapshot_checker */ nullptr, true);
  RegisterCompaction(c);
  return c;
 }
@@ -465,8 +462,7 @@ bool CompactionPicker::SetupOtherInputs(
    const std::string& cf_name, const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
    VersionStorageInfo* vstorage, CompactionInputFiles* inputs,
    CompactionInputFiles* output_level_inputs, int* parent_index,
-    int base_index, bool only_expand_towards_right,
-    const FileMetaData* starting_l0_file) {
+    int base_index, bool only_expand_towards_right) {
  assert(!inputs->empty());
  assert(output_level_inputs->empty());
  const int input_level = inputs->level;
@@ -522,11 +518,11 @@ bool CompactionPicker::SetupOtherInputs(
      // Round-robin compaction only allows expansion towards the larger side.
      vstorage->GetOverlappingInputs(input_level, &smallest, &all_limit,
                                     &expanded_inputs.files, base_index,
-                                     nullptr, true, starting_l0_file);
+                                     nullptr);
    } else {
      vstorage->GetOverlappingInputs(input_level, &all_start, &all_limit,
                                     &expanded_inputs.files, base_index,
-                                     nullptr, true, starting_l0_file);
+                                     nullptr);
    }
    uint64_t expanded_inputs_size = TotalFileSize(expanded_inputs.files);
    if (!ExpandInputsToCleanCut(cf_name, vstorage, &expanded_inputs)) {
@@ -605,7 +601,7 @@ void CompactionPicker::GetGrandparents(
  }
 }

-Compaction* CompactionPicker::PickCompactionForCompactRange(
+Compaction* CompactionPicker::CompactRange(
    const std::string& cf_name, const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
    const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options, VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
    int input_level, int output_level,
@@ -621,8 +617,8 @@ Compaction* CompactionPicker::PickCompactionForCompactRange(
    // Universal compaction with more than one level always compacts all the
    // files together to the last level.
    assert(vstorage->num_levels() > 1);
-    int max_output_level = vstorage->MaxOutputLevel(
-        ioptions_.cf_allow_ingest_behind || ioptions_.allow_ingest_behind);
+    int max_output_level =
+        vstorage->MaxOutputLevel(ioptions_.allow_ingest_behind);
    // DBImpl::CompactRange() set output level to be the last level
    assert(output_level == max_output_level);
    // DBImpl::RunManualCompaction will make full range for universal compaction
@@ -663,9 +659,9 @@ Compaction* CompactionPicker::PickCompactionForCompactRange(
    // overlaping outputs in the same level.
    if (FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
            inputs, output_level,
-            Compaction::EvaluateProximalLevel(vstorage, mutable_cf_options,
-                                              ioptions_, start_level,
-                                              output_level))) {
+            Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(vstorage, mutable_cf_options,
+                                                 ioptions_, start_level,
+                                                 output_level))) {
      // This compaction output could potentially conflict with the output
      // of a currently running compaction, we cannot run it.
      *manual_conflict = true;
@@ -681,11 +677,13 @@ Compaction* CompactionPicker::PickCompactionForCompactRange(
        compact_range_options.target_path_id,
        GetCompressionType(vstorage, mutable_cf_options, output_level, 1),
        GetCompressionOptions(mutable_cf_options, vstorage, output_level),
-        Temperature::kUnknown, compact_range_options.max_subcompactions,
+        mutable_cf_options.default_write_temperature,
+        compact_range_options.max_subcompactions,
        /* grandparents */ {}, /* earliest_snapshot */ std::nullopt,
-        /* snapshot_checker */ nullptr, CompactionReason::kManualCompaction,
-        trim_ts, /* score */ -1,
-        /* l0_files_might_overlap */ true,
+        /* snapshot_checker */ nullptr,
+        /* is manual */ true, trim_ts, /* score */ -1,
+        /* deletion_compaction */ false, /* l0_files_might_overlap */ true,
+        CompactionReason::kUnknown,
        compact_range_options.blob_garbage_collection_policy,
        compact_range_options.blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff);

@@ -723,14 +721,14 @@ Compaction* CompactionPicker::PickCompactionForCompactRange(
  // two files overlap.
  if (input_level > 0) {
    const uint64_t limit = mutable_cf_options.max_compaction_bytes;
+    uint64_t input_level_total = 0;
    int hint_index = -1;
-    assert(!inputs.empty());
-    // Always include first file for progress.
-    uint64_t input_level_total = inputs[0]->fd.GetFileSize();
-    InternalKey* smallest = &(inputs[0]->smallest);
+    InternalKey* smallest = nullptr;
    InternalKey* largest = nullptr;
-    for (size_t i = 1; i < inputs.size(); ++i) {
-      // Consider whether to include inputs[i]
+    for (size_t i = 0; i + 1 < inputs.size(); ++i) {
+      if (!smallest) {
+        smallest = &inputs[i]->smallest;
+      }
      largest = &inputs[i]->largest;

      uint64_t input_file_size = inputs[i]->fd.GetFileSize();
@@ -746,11 +744,13 @@ Compaction* CompactionPicker::PickCompactionForCompactRange(

      input_level_total += input_file_size;

-      if (input_level_total + output_level_total > limit) {
-        // To ensure compaction size is <= limit, leave out inputs from
-        // index i onwards.
+      if (input_level_total + output_level_total >= limit) {
        covering_the_whole_range = false;
-        inputs.files.resize(i);
+        // still include the current file, so the compaction could be larger
+        // than max_compaction_bytes, which is also to make sure the compaction
+        // can make progress even `max_compaction_bytes` is small (e.g. smaller
+        // than an SST file).
+        inputs.files.resize(i + 1);
        break;
      }
    }
@@ -819,9 +819,6 @@ Compaction* CompactionPicker::PickCompactionForCompactRange(
    output_level = vstorage->base_level();
    assert(output_level > 0);
  }
-  for (int i = input_level + 1; i < output_level; i++) {
-    assert(vstorage->NumLevelFiles(i) == 0);
-  }
  output_level_inputs.level = output_level;
  if (input_level != output_level) {
    int parent_index = -1;
@@ -850,9 +847,9 @@ Compaction* CompactionPicker::PickCompactionForCompactRange(
  // overlaping outputs in the same level.
  if (FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
          compaction_inputs, output_level,
-          Compaction::EvaluateProximalLevel(vstorage, mutable_cf_options,
-                                            ioptions_, input_level,
-                                            output_level))) {
+          Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(vstorage, mutable_cf_options,
+                                               ioptions_, input_level,
+                                               output_level))) {
    // This compaction output could potentially conflict with the output
    // of a currently running compaction, we cannot run it.
    *manual_conflict = true;
@@ -872,11 +869,12 @@ Compaction* CompactionPicker::PickCompactionForCompactRange(
      GetCompressionType(vstorage, mutable_cf_options, output_level,
                         vstorage->base_level()),
      GetCompressionOptions(mutable_cf_options, vstorage, output_level),
-      Temperature::kUnknown, compact_range_options.max_subcompactions,
-      std::move(grandparents),
+      mutable_cf_options.default_write_temperature,
+      compact_range_options.max_subcompactions, std::move(grandparents),
      /* earliest_snapshot */ std::nullopt, /* snapshot_checker */ nullptr,
-      CompactionReason::kManualCompaction, trim_ts, /* score */ -1,
-      /* l0_files_might_overlap */ true,
+      /* is manual */ true, trim_ts, /* score */ -1,
+      /* deletion_compaction */ false, /* l0_files_might_overlap */ true,
+      CompactionReason::kUnknown,
      compact_range_options.blob_garbage_collection_policy,
      compact_range_options.blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff);

@@ -1138,7 +1136,7 @@ Status CompactionPicker::SanitizeAndConvertCompactionInputFiles(
  if (output_level != 0 &&
      FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
          *converted_input_files, output_level,
-          Compaction::EvaluateProximalLevel(
+          Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(
              version->storage_info(), version->GetMutableCFOptions(),
              ioptions_, (*converted_input_files)[0].level, output_level))) {
    return Status::Aborted(
@@ -1155,7 +1153,7 @@ void CompactionPicker::RegisterCompaction(Compaction* c) {
  assert(ioptions_.compaction_style != kCompactionStyleLevel ||
         c->output_level() == 0 ||
         !FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(*c->inputs(), c->output_level(),
-                                          c->GetProximalLevel()));
+                                          c->GetPenultimateLevel()));
  // CompactionReason::kExternalSstIngestion's start level is just a placeholder
  // number without actual meaning as file ingestion technically does not have
  // an input level like other compactions
@@ -1232,7 +1230,7 @@ void CompactionPicker::PickFilesMarkedForCompaction(

 bool CompactionPicker::GetOverlappingL0Files(
    VersionStorageInfo* vstorage, CompactionInputFiles* start_level_inputs,
-    int output_level, int* parent_index, const FileMetaData* starting_l0_file) {
+    int output_level, int* parent_index) {
  // Two level 0 compaction won't run at the same time, so don't need to worry
  // about files on level 0 being compacted.
  assert(level0_compactions_in_progress()->empty());
@@ -1243,11 +1241,7 @@ bool CompactionPicker::GetOverlappingL0Files(
  // which will include the picked file.
  start_level_inputs->files.clear();
  vstorage->GetOverlappingInputs(0, &smallest, &largest,
-                                 &(start_level_inputs->files),
-                                 /*hint_index=*/-1,
-                                 /*file_index=*/nullptr,
-                                 /*expand_range=*/true,
-                                 /*starting_l0_file=*/starting_l0_file);
+                                 &(start_level_inputs->files));

  // If we include more L0 files in the same compaction run it can
  // cause the 'smallest' and 'largest' key to get extended to a
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class CompactionPicker {
      const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options,
      const std::vector<SequenceNumber>& existing_snapshots,
      const SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker, VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
-      LogBuffer* log_buffer, bool require_max_output_level) = 0;
+      LogBuffer* log_buffer) = 0;

  // The returned Compaction might not include the whole requested range.
  // In that case, compaction_end will be set to the next key that needs
@@ -73,9 +73,7 @@ class CompactionPicker {
  // compaction_end will be set to nullptr.
  // Client is responsible for compaction_end storage -- when called,
  // *compaction_end should point to valid InternalKey!
-  // REQUIRES: If not compacting all levels (input_level == kCompactAllLevels),
-  // then levels between input_level and output_level should be empty.
-  virtual Compaction* PickCompactionForCompactRange(
+  virtual Compaction* CompactRange(
      const std::string& cf_name, const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
      const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options, VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
      int input_level, int output_level,
@@ -117,17 +115,12 @@ class CompactionPicker {
  // Caller must provide a set of input files that has been passed through
  // `SanitizeAndConvertCompactionInputFiles` earlier. The lock should not be
  // released between that call and this one.
-  //
-  //  TODO - Remove default values for earliest_snapshot and snapshot_checker
-  //  and require all callers to pass them in so that DB::CompactFiles() can
-  //  also benefit from Standalone Range Tombstone Optimization
-  Compaction* PickCompactionForCompactFiles(
-      const CompactionOptions& compact_options,
-      const std::vector<CompactionInputFiles>& input_files, int output_level,
-      VersionStorageInfo* vstorage, const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
-      const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options, uint32_t output_path_id,
-      std::optional<SequenceNumber> earliest_snapshot = std::nullopt,
-      const SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker = nullptr);
+  Compaction* CompactFiles(const CompactionOptions& compact_options,
+                           const std::vector<CompactionInputFiles>& input_files,
+                           int output_level, VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
+                           const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
+                           const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options,
+                           uint32_t output_path_id);

  // Converts a set of compaction input file numbers into
  // a list of CompactionInputFiles.
@@ -143,12 +136,6 @@ class CompactionPicker {
    return !level0_compactions_in_progress_.empty();
  }

-  // Is any compaction in progress
-  bool IsCompactionInProgress() const {
-    return !(level0_compactions_in_progress_.empty() &&
-             compactions_in_progress_.empty());
-  }
-
  // Return true if the passed key range overlap with a compaction output
  // that is currently running.
  bool RangeOverlapWithCompaction(const Slice& smallest_user_key,
@@ -201,18 +188,15 @@ class CompactionPicker {
  // key range of a currently running compaction.
  bool FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
      const std::vector<CompactionInputFiles>& inputs, int level,
-      int proximal_level) const;
+      int penultimate_level) const;

-  // @param starting_l0_file If not null, restricts L0 file selection to only
-  //                         include files at or older than starting_l0_file.
  bool SetupOtherInputs(const std::string& cf_name,
                        const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
                        VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
                        CompactionInputFiles* inputs,
                        CompactionInputFiles* output_level_inputs,
                        int* parent_index, int base_index,
-                        bool only_expand_towards_right = false,
-                        const FileMetaData* starting_l0_file = nullptr);
+                        bool only_expand_towards_right = false);

  void GetGrandparents(VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
                       const CompactionInputFiles& inputs,
@@ -225,12 +209,9 @@ class CompactionPicker {
      CompactionInputFiles* start_level_inputs,
      std::function<bool(const FileMetaData*)> skip_marked_file);

-  // @param starting_l0_file If not null, restricts L0 file selection to only
-  //                         include files at or older than starting_l0_file.
  bool GetOverlappingL0Files(VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
                             CompactionInputFiles* start_level_inputs,
-                             int output_level, int* parent_index,
-                             const FileMetaData* starting_l0_file = nullptr);
+                             int output_level, int* parent_index);

  // Register this compaction in the set of running compactions
  void RegisterCompaction(Compaction* c);
@@ -283,23 +264,23 @@ class NullCompactionPicker : public CompactionPicker {
      const MutableDBOptions& /*mutable_db_options*/,
      const std::vector<SequenceNumber>& /*existing_snapshots*/,
      const SnapshotChecker* /*snapshot_checker*/,
-      VersionStorageInfo* /*vstorage*/, LogBuffer* /* log_buffer */,
-      bool /*require_max_output_level*/ = false) override {
+      VersionStorageInfo* /*vstorage*/, LogBuffer* /* log_buffer */) override {
    return nullptr;
  }

  // Always return "nullptr"
-  Compaction* PickCompactionForCompactRange(
-      const std::string& /*cf_name*/,
-      const MutableCFOptions& /*mutable_cf_options*/,
-      const MutableDBOptions& /*mutable_db_options*/,
-      VersionStorageInfo* /*vstorage*/, int /*input_level*/,
-      int /*output_level*/,
-      const CompactRangeOptions& /*compact_range_options*/,
-      const InternalKey* /*begin*/, const InternalKey* /*end*/,
-      InternalKey** /*compaction_end*/, bool* /*manual_conflict*/,
-      uint64_t /*max_file_num_to_ignore*/,
-      const std::string& /*trim_ts*/) override {
+  Compaction* CompactRange(const std::string& /*cf_name*/,
+                           const MutableCFOptions& /*mutable_cf_options*/,
+                           const MutableDBOptions& /*mutable_db_options*/,
+                           VersionStorageInfo* /*vstorage*/,
+                           int /*input_level*/, int /*output_level*/,
+                           const CompactRangeOptions& /*compact_range_options*/,
+                           const InternalKey* /*begin*/,
+                           const InternalKey* /*end*/,
+                           InternalKey** /*compaction_end*/,
+                           bool* /*manual_conflict*/,
+                           uint64_t /*max_file_num_to_ignore*/,
+                           const std::string& /*trim_ts*/) override {
    return nullptr;
  }

@@ -124,11 +124,14 @@ Compaction* FIFOCompactionPicker::PickTTLCompaction(
  Compaction* c = new Compaction(
      vstorage, ioptions_, mutable_cf_options, mutable_db_options,
      std::move(inputs), 0, 0, 0, 0, kNoCompression,
-      mutable_cf_options.compression_opts, Temperature::kUnknown,
+      mutable_cf_options.compression_opts,
+      mutable_cf_options.default_write_temperature,
      /* max_subcompactions */ 0, {}, /* earliest_snapshot */ std::nullopt,
-      /* snapshot_checker */ nullptr, CompactionReason::kFIFOTtl,
+      /* snapshot_checker */ nullptr,
+      /* is manual */ false,
      /* trim_ts */ "", vstorage->CompactionScore(0),
-      /* l0_files_might_overlap */ true);
+      /* is deletion compaction */ true, /* l0_files_might_overlap */ true,
+      CompactionReason::kFIFOTtl);
  return c;
 }

@@ -193,13 +196,15 @@ Compaction* FIFOCompactionPicker::PickSizeCompaction(
            {comp_inputs}, 0, 16 * 1024 * 1024 /* output file size limit */,
            0 /* max compaction bytes, not applicable */,
            0 /* output path ID */, mutable_cf_options.compression,
-            mutable_cf_options.compression_opts, Temperature::kUnknown,
+            mutable_cf_options.compression_opts,
+            mutable_cf_options.default_write_temperature,
            0 /* max_subcompactions */, {},
            /* earliest_snapshot */ std::nullopt,
-            /* snapshot_checker */ nullptr,
-            CompactionReason::kFIFOReduceNumFiles,
+            /* snapshot_checker */ nullptr, /* is manual */ false,
            /* trim_ts */ "", vstorage->CompactionScore(0),
-            /* l0_files_might_overlap */ true);
+            /* is deletion compaction */ false,
+            /* l0_files_might_overlap */ true,
+            CompactionReason::kFIFOReduceNumFiles);
        return c;
      }
    }
@@ -256,9 +261,6 @@ Compaction* FIFOCompactionPicker::PickSizeCompaction(
    // better serves a major type of FIFO use cases where smaller keys are
    // associated with older data.
    for (const auto& f : last_level_files) {
-      if (f->being_compacted) {
-        continue;
-      }
      total_size -= f->fd.file_size;
      inputs[0].files.push_back(f);
      char tmp_fsize[16];
@@ -292,11 +294,14 @@ Compaction* FIFOCompactionPicker::PickSizeCompaction(
      /* target_file_size */ 0,
      /* max_compaction_bytes */ 0,
      /* output_path_id */ 0, kNoCompression,
-      mutable_cf_options.compression_opts, Temperature::kUnknown,
+      mutable_cf_options.compression_opts,
+      mutable_cf_options.default_write_temperature,
      /* max_subcompactions */ 0, {}, /* earliest_snapshot */ std::nullopt,
-      /* snapshot_checker */ nullptr, CompactionReason::kFIFOMaxSize,
+      /* snapshot_checker */ nullptr,
+      /* is manual */ false,
      /* trim_ts */ "", vstorage->CompactionScore(0),
-      /* l0_files_might_overlap */ true);
+      /* is deletion compaction */ true,
+      /* l0_files_might_overlap */ true, CompactionReason::kFIFOMaxSize);
  return c;
 }

@@ -387,14 +392,12 @@ Compaction* FIFOCompactionPicker::PickTemperatureChangeCompaction(
      assert(compaction_target_temp == Temperature::kLastTemperature);
      compaction_target_temp = cur_target_temp;
      inputs[0].files.push_back(cur_file);
-      ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer,
-                       "[%s] FIFO compaction: picking file %" PRIu64
-                       " with estimated newest key time %" PRIu64
-                       " and temperature %s for temperature %s.",
-                       cf_name.c_str(), cur_file->fd.GetNumber(),
-                       est_newest_key_time,
-                       temperature_to_string[cur_file->temperature].c_str(),
-                       temperature_to_string[cur_target_temp].c_str());
+      ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(
+          log_buffer,
+          "[%s] FIFO compaction: picking file %" PRIu64
+          " with estimated newest key time %" PRIu64 " for temperature %s.",
+          cf_name.c_str(), cur_file->fd.GetNumber(), est_newest_key_time,
+          temperature_to_string[cur_target_temp].c_str());
      break;
    }
  }
@@ -413,9 +416,10 @@ Compaction* FIFOCompactionPicker::PickTemperatureChangeCompaction(
      mutable_cf_options.compression, mutable_cf_options.compression_opts,
      compaction_target_temp,
      /* max_subcompactions */ 0, {}, /* earliest_snapshot */ std::nullopt,
-      /* snapshot_checker */ nullptr, CompactionReason::kChangeTemperature,
-      /* trim_ts */ "", vstorage->CompactionScore(0),
-      /* l0_files_might_overlap */ true);
+      /* snapshot_checker */ nullptr,
+      /* is manual */ false, /* trim_ts */ "", vstorage->CompactionScore(0),
+      /* is deletion compaction */ false, /* l0_files_might_overlap */ true,
+      CompactionReason::kChangeTemperature);
  return c;
 }

@@ -424,7 +428,7 @@ Compaction* FIFOCompactionPicker::PickCompaction(
    const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options,
    const std::vector<SequenceNumber>& /* existing_snapshots */,
    const SnapshotChecker* /* snapshot_checker */, VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
-    LogBuffer* log_buffer, bool /* require_max_output_level*/) {
+    LogBuffer* log_buffer) {
  Compaction* c = nullptr;
  if (mutable_cf_options.ttl > 0) {
    c = PickTTLCompaction(cf_name, mutable_cf_options, mutable_db_options,
@@ -442,7 +446,7 @@ Compaction* FIFOCompactionPicker::PickCompaction(
  return c;
 }

-Compaction* FIFOCompactionPicker::PickCompactionForCompactRange(
+Compaction* FIFOCompactionPicker::CompactRange(
    const std::string& cf_name, const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
    const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options, VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
    int input_level, int output_level,
@@ -23,17 +23,18 @@ class FIFOCompactionPicker : public CompactionPicker {
      const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options,
      const std::vector<SequenceNumber>& /* existing_snapshots */,
      const SnapshotChecker* /* snapshot_checker */,
-      VersionStorageInfo* version, LogBuffer* log_buffer,
-      bool /* require_max_output_level*/ = false) override;
+      VersionStorageInfo* version, LogBuffer* log_buffer) override;

-  Compaction* PickCompactionForCompactRange(
-      const std::string& cf_name, const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
-      const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options, VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
-      int input_level, int output_level,
-      const CompactRangeOptions& compact_range_options,
-      const InternalKey* begin, const InternalKey* end,
-      InternalKey** compaction_end, bool* manual_conflict,
-      uint64_t max_file_num_to_ignore, const std::string& trim_ts) override;
+  Compaction* CompactRange(const std::string& cf_name,
+                           const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
+                           const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options,
+                           VersionStorageInfo* vstorage, int input_level,
+                           int output_level,
+                           const CompactRangeOptions& compact_range_options,
+                           const InternalKey* begin, const InternalKey* end,
+                           InternalKey** compaction_end, bool* manual_conflict,
+                           uint64_t max_file_num_to_ignore,
+                           const std::string& trim_ts) override;

  // The maximum allowed output level.  Always returns 0.
  int MaxOutputLevel() const override { return 0; }
@@ -145,6 +145,7 @@ class LevelCompactionBuilder {
  int parent_index_ = -1;
  int base_index_ = -1;
  double start_level_score_ = 0;
+  bool is_manual_ = false;
  bool is_l0_trivial_move_ = false;
  CompactionInputFiles start_level_inputs_;
  std::vector<CompactionInputFiles> compaction_inputs_;
@@ -413,9 +414,9 @@ void LevelCompactionBuilder::SetupOtherFilesWithRoundRobinExpansion() {
                                                    &tmp_start_level_inputs) ||
        compaction_picker_->FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
            {tmp_start_level_inputs}, output_level_,
-            Compaction::EvaluateProximalLevel(vstorage_, mutable_cf_options_,
-                                              ioptions_, start_level_,
-                                              output_level_))) {
+            Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(vstorage_, mutable_cf_options_,
+                                                 ioptions_, start_level_,
+                                                 output_level_))) {
      // Constraint 1a
      tmp_start_level_inputs.clear();
      return;
@@ -489,9 +490,9 @@ bool LevelCompactionBuilder::SetupOtherInputsIfNeeded() {
    // We need to disallow this from happening.
    if (compaction_picker_->FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
            compaction_inputs_, output_level_,
-            Compaction::EvaluateProximalLevel(vstorage_, mutable_cf_options_,
-                                              ioptions_, start_level_,
-                                              output_level_))) {
+            Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(vstorage_, mutable_cf_options_,
+                                                 ioptions_, start_level_,
+                                                 output_level_))) {
      // This compaction output could potentially conflict with the output
      // of a currently running compaction, we cannot run it.
      return false;
@@ -557,11 +558,12 @@ Compaction* LevelCompactionBuilder::GetCompaction() {
      GetCompressionType(vstorage_, mutable_cf_options_, output_level_,
                         vstorage_->base_level()),
      GetCompressionOptions(mutable_cf_options_, vstorage_, output_level_),
-      Temperature::kUnknown,
+      mutable_cf_options_.default_write_temperature,
      /* max_subcompactions */ 0, std::move(grandparents_),
      /* earliest_snapshot */ std::nullopt, /* snapshot_checker */ nullptr,
-      compaction_reason_,
-      /* trim_ts */ "", start_level_score_, l0_files_might_overlap);
+      is_manual_,
+      /* trim_ts */ "", start_level_score_, false /* deletion_compaction */,
+      l0_files_might_overlap, compaction_reason_);

  // If it's level 0 compaction, make sure we don't execute any other level 0
  // compactions in parallel
@@ -844,9 +846,9 @@ bool LevelCompactionBuilder::PickFileToCompact() {
                                                    &start_level_inputs_) ||
        compaction_picker_->FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
            {start_level_inputs_}, output_level_,
-            Compaction::EvaluateProximalLevel(vstorage_, mutable_cf_options_,
-                                              ioptions_, start_level_,
-                                              output_level_))) {
+            Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(vstorage_, mutable_cf_options_,
+                                                 ioptions_, start_level_,
+                                                 output_level_))) {
      // A locked (pending compaction) input-level file was pulled in due to
      // user-key overlap.
      start_level_inputs_.clear();
@@ -976,7 +978,7 @@ Compaction* LevelCompactionPicker::PickCompaction(
    const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options,
    const std::vector<SequenceNumber>& /*existing_snapshots */,
    const SnapshotChecker* /*snapshot_checker*/, VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
-    LogBuffer* log_buffer, bool /* require_max_output_level*/) {
+    LogBuffer* log_buffer) {
  LevelCompactionBuilder builder(cf_name, vstorage, this, log_buffer,
                                 mutable_cf_options, ioptions_,
                                 mutable_db_options);
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ class LevelCompactionPicker : public CompactionPicker {
      const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options,
      const std::vector<SequenceNumber>& /* existing_snapshots */,
      const SnapshotChecker* /* snapshot_checker */,
-      VersionStorageInfo* vstorage, LogBuffer* log_buffer,
-      bool /*require_max_output_level*/ = false) override;
+      VersionStorageInfo* vstorage, LogBuffer* log_buffer) override;

  bool NeedsCompaction(const VersionStorageInfo* vstorage) const override;
 };
@@ -544,48 +544,41 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, NeedsCompactionUniversal) {
 }

 TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, CompactionUniversalIngestBehindReservedLevel) {
-  for (bool cf_option : {false, true}) {
-    SCOPED_TRACE("cf_option = " + std::to_string(cf_option));
-    const uint64_t kFileSize = 100000;
-    NewVersionStorage(3 /* num_levels */, kCompactionStyleUniversal);
-    if (cf_option) {
-      ioptions_.cf_allow_ingest_behind = true;
-    } else {
-      ioptions_.allow_ingest_behind = true;
-    }
-    ioptions_.num_levels = 3;
-    UniversalCompactionPicker universal_compaction_picker(ioptions_, &icmp_);
-    UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
-    // must return false when there's no files.
-    ASSERT_EQ(universal_compaction_picker.NeedsCompaction(vstorage_.get()),
-              false);
+  const uint64_t kFileSize = 100000;
+  NewVersionStorage(3 /* num_levels */, kCompactionStyleUniversal);
+  ioptions_.allow_ingest_behind = true;
+  ioptions_.num_levels = 3;
+  UniversalCompactionPicker universal_compaction_picker(ioptions_, &icmp_);
+  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
+  // must return false when there's no files.
+  ASSERT_EQ(universal_compaction_picker.NeedsCompaction(vstorage_.get()),
+            false);

-    NewVersionStorage(3, kCompactionStyleUniversal);
+  NewVersionStorage(3, kCompactionStyleUniversal);

-    Add(0, 1U, "150", "200", kFileSize, 0, 500, 550);
-    Add(0, 2U, "201", "250", kFileSize, 0, 401, 450);
-    Add(0, 4U, "260", "300", kFileSize, 0, 260, 300);
-    Add(1, 5U, "100", "151", kFileSize, 0, 200, 251);
-    Add(1, 3U, "301", "350", kFileSize, 0, 101, 150);
-    Add(2, 6U, "120", "200", kFileSize, 0, 20, 100);
+  Add(0, 1U, "150", "200", kFileSize, 0, 500, 550);
+  Add(0, 2U, "201", "250", kFileSize, 0, 401, 450);
+  Add(0, 4U, "260", "300", kFileSize, 0, 260, 300);
+  Add(1, 5U, "100", "151", kFileSize, 0, 200, 251);
+  Add(1, 3U, "301", "350", kFileSize, 0, 101, 150);
+  Add(2, 6U, "120", "200", kFileSize, 0, 20, 100);

-    UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
+  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();

-    std::unique_ptr<Compaction> compaction(
-        universal_compaction_picker.PickCompaction(
-            cf_name_, mutable_cf_options_, mutable_db_options_,
-            /*existing_snapshots=*/{}, /* snapshot_checker */ nullptr,
-            vstorage_.get(), &log_buffer_));
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> compaction(
+      universal_compaction_picker.PickCompaction(
+          cf_name_, mutable_cf_options_, mutable_db_options_,
+          /*existing_snapshots=*/{}, /* snapshot_checker */ nullptr,
+          vstorage_.get(), &log_buffer_));

-    // output level should be the one above the bottom-most
-    ASSERT_EQ(1, compaction->output_level());
+  // output level should be the one above the bottom-most
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, compaction->output_level());

-    // input should not include the reserved level
-    const std::vector<CompactionInputFiles>* inputs = compaction->inputs();
-    for (const auto& compaction_input : *inputs) {
-      if (!compaction_input.empty()) {
-        ASSERT_LT(compaction_input.level, 2);
-      }
+  // input should not include the reserved level
+  const std::vector<CompactionInputFiles>* inputs = compaction->inputs();
+  for (const auto& compaction_input : *inputs) {
+    if (!compaction_input.empty()) {
+      ASSERT_LT(compaction_input.level, 2);
    }
  }
 }
@@ -1141,15 +1134,10 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, FIFOToCold1) {
    fifo_options_.max_table_files_size = kMaxSize;
    fifo_options_.file_temperature_age_thresholds = {
        {Temperature::kCold, kColdThreshold}};
-    fifo_options_.allow_trivial_copy_when_change_temperature = true;
-    fifo_options_.trivial_copy_buffer_size = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
    mutable_cf_options_.compaction_options_fifo = fifo_options_;
    mutable_cf_options_.level0_file_num_compaction_trigger = 100;
    mutable_cf_options_.max_compaction_bytes = kFileSize * 100;
-
-    auto copiedIOptions = ioptions_;
-    copiedIOptions.compaction_style = kCompactionStyleFIFO;
-    FIFOCompactionPicker fifo_compaction_picker(copiedIOptions, &icmp_);
+    FIFOCompactionPicker fifo_compaction_picker(ioptions_, &icmp_);

    int64_t current_time = 0;
    ASSERT_OK(Env::Default()->GetCurrentTime(&current_time));
@@ -1178,7 +1166,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, FIFOToCold1) {
    ASSERT_TRUE(compaction.get() != nullptr);
    ASSERT_EQ(compaction->compaction_reason(),
              CompactionReason::kChangeTemperature);
-    ASSERT_EQ(compaction->GetOutputTemperature(), Temperature::kCold);
+    ASSERT_EQ(compaction->output_temperature(), Temperature::kCold);
    ASSERT_EQ(1U, compaction->num_input_files(0));
    ASSERT_EQ(3U, compaction->input(0, 0)->fd.GetNumber());
  }
@@ -1198,10 +1186,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, FIFOToColdMaxCompactionSize) {
    mutable_cf_options_.compaction_options_fifo = fifo_options_;
    mutable_cf_options_.level0_file_num_compaction_trigger = 100;
    mutable_cf_options_.max_compaction_bytes = kFileSize * 9;
-
-    auto copiedIOptions = ioptions_;
-    copiedIOptions.compaction_style = kCompactionStyleFIFO;
-    FIFOCompactionPicker fifo_compaction_picker(copiedIOptions, &icmp_);
+    FIFOCompactionPicker fifo_compaction_picker(ioptions_, &icmp_);

    int64_t current_time = 0;
    ASSERT_OK(Env::Default()->GetCurrentTime(&current_time));
@@ -1248,7 +1233,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, FIFOToColdMaxCompactionSize) {
    ASSERT_EQ(compaction->compaction_reason(),
              CompactionReason::kChangeTemperature);
    // Compaction picker picks older files first and picks one file at a time.
-    ASSERT_EQ(compaction->GetOutputTemperature(), Temperature::kCold);
+    ASSERT_EQ(compaction->output_temperature(), Temperature::kCold);
    ASSERT_EQ(1U, compaction->num_input_files(0));
    ASSERT_EQ(1U, compaction->input(0, 0)->fd.GetNumber());
  }
@@ -1268,10 +1253,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, FIFOToColdWithExistingCold) {
    mutable_cf_options_.compaction_options_fifo = fifo_options_;
    mutable_cf_options_.level0_file_num_compaction_trigger = 100;
    mutable_cf_options_.max_compaction_bytes = kFileSize * 100;
-
-    auto copiedIOptions = ioptions_;
-    copiedIOptions.compaction_style = kCompactionStyleFIFO;
-    FIFOCompactionPicker fifo_compaction_picker(copiedIOptions, &icmp_);
+    FIFOCompactionPicker fifo_compaction_picker(ioptions_, &icmp_);

    int64_t current_time = 0;
    ASSERT_OK(Env::Default()->GetCurrentTime(&current_time));
@@ -1316,7 +1298,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, FIFOToColdWithExistingCold) {
    ASSERT_EQ(compaction->compaction_reason(),
              CompactionReason::kChangeTemperature);
    // Compaction picker picks older files first and picks one file at a time.
-    ASSERT_EQ(compaction->GetOutputTemperature(), Temperature::kCold);
+    ASSERT_EQ(compaction->output_temperature(), Temperature::kCold);
    ASSERT_EQ(1U, compaction->num_input_files(0));
    ASSERT_EQ(2U, compaction->input(0, 0)->fd.GetNumber());
  }
@@ -1336,10 +1318,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, FIFOToColdWithHotBetweenCold) {
    mutable_cf_options_.compaction_options_fifo = fifo_options_;
    mutable_cf_options_.level0_file_num_compaction_trigger = 100;
    mutable_cf_options_.max_compaction_bytes = kFileSize * 100;
-
-    auto copiedIOptions = ioptions_;
-    copiedIOptions.compaction_style = kCompactionStyleFIFO;
-    FIFOCompactionPicker fifo_compaction_picker(copiedIOptions, &icmp_);
+    FIFOCompactionPicker fifo_compaction_picker(ioptions_, &icmp_);

    int64_t current_time = 0;
    ASSERT_OK(Env::Default()->GetCurrentTime(&current_time));
@@ -1383,7 +1362,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, FIFOToColdWithHotBetweenCold) {
    ASSERT_TRUE(compaction.get() != nullptr);
    ASSERT_EQ(compaction->compaction_reason(),
              CompactionReason::kChangeTemperature);
-    ASSERT_EQ(compaction->GetOutputTemperature(), Temperature::kCold);
+    ASSERT_EQ(compaction->output_temperature(), Temperature::kCold);
    ASSERT_EQ(1U, compaction->num_input_files(0));
    ASSERT_EQ(2U, compaction->input(0, 0)->fd.GetNumber());
  }
@@ -1406,10 +1385,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, FIFOToHotAndWarm) {
    mutable_cf_options_.compaction_options_fifo = fifo_options_;
    mutable_cf_options_.level0_file_num_compaction_trigger = 100;
    mutable_cf_options_.max_compaction_bytes = kFileSize * 100;
-
-    auto copiedIOptions = ioptions_;
-    copiedIOptions.compaction_style = kCompactionStyleFIFO;
-    FIFOCompactionPicker fifo_compaction_picker(copiedIOptions, &icmp_);
+    FIFOCompactionPicker fifo_compaction_picker(ioptions_, &icmp_);

    int64_t current_time = 0;
    ASSERT_OK(Env::Default()->GetCurrentTime(&current_time));
@@ -1464,35 +1440,12 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, FIFOToHotAndWarm) {
    ASSERT_EQ(compaction->compaction_reason(),
              CompactionReason::kChangeTemperature);
    // Compaction picker picks older files first and picks one file at a time.
-    ASSERT_EQ(compaction->GetOutputTemperature(), Temperature::kWarm);
+    ASSERT_EQ(compaction->output_temperature(), Temperature::kWarm);
    ASSERT_EQ(1U, compaction->num_input_files(0));
    ASSERT_EQ(1U, compaction->input(0, 0)->fd.GetNumber());
  }
 }

-TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, CompactFilesOutputTemperature) {
-  NewVersionStorage(6, kCompactionStyleLevel);
-  auto file_number = 66U;
-  Add(0, file_number, "150", "200", 1000000000U);
-  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
-
-  std::unordered_set<uint64_t> input{file_number};
-  std::vector<CompactionInputFiles> input_files;
-  ASSERT_OK(level_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
-      &input_files, &input, vstorage_.get(), CompactionOptions()));
-
-  auto compaction_options = CompactionOptions();
-  compaction_options.output_temperature_override = Temperature::kCold;
-
-  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> compaction(
-      level_compaction_picker.PickCompactionForCompactFiles(
-          compaction_options, input_files, 1, vstorage_.get(),
-          mutable_cf_options_, mutable_db_options_, /*output_path_id=*/0));
-
-  ASSERT_TRUE(compaction.get() != nullptr);
-  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->GetOutputTemperature(), Temperature::kCold);
-}
-
 TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, CompactionPriMinOverlapping1) {
  NewVersionStorage(6, kCompactionStyleLevel);
  ioptions_.compaction_pri = kMinOverlappingRatio;
@@ -2703,38 +2656,6 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, HitCompactionLimitWhenAddFileFromInputLevel) {
  ASSERT_EQ(5U, compaction->input(1, 0)->fd.GetNumber());
 }

-TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, CompactRangeMaxCompactionBytes) {
-  mutable_cf_options_.max_compaction_bytes = 800000U;
-  NewVersionStorage(6, kCompactionStyleLevel);
-  // We will first pick file 1 and 2 and then stop before file 3.
-  // Since picking file 3 will pull in file 4 and 5 from L2 and
-  // exceed max_compaction_bytes.
-  Add(1, 1U, "100", "110", 10000U);
-  Add(1, 2U, "200", "210", 10000U, 0, 0);
-  Add(1, 3U, "400", "410", 10000U, 0, 0);
-  Add(2, 4U, "300", "310", 400000U);
-  Add(2, 5U, "320", "330", 400000U);
-  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
-
-  bool manual_conflict = false;
-  InternalKey manual_end;
-  InternalKey* manual_end_ptr = &manual_end;
-  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> compaction(
-      level_compaction_picker.PickCompactionForCompactRange(
-          cf_name_, mutable_cf_options_, mutable_db_options_, vstorage_.get(),
-          /*input_level=*/1, /*output_level=*/2,
-          /*compact_range_options*/ {}, /*begin=*/nullptr, /*end=*/nullptr,
-          &manual_end_ptr, &manual_conflict,
-          /*max_file_num_to_ignore=*/std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(),
-          /*trim_ts=*/""));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(compaction.get() != nullptr);
-  ASSERT_EQ(1U, compaction->num_input_levels());
-  ASSERT_EQ(2, compaction->output_level());
-  ASSERT_EQ(2U, compaction->num_input_files(0));
-  ASSERT_EQ(1U, compaction->input(0, 0)->fd.GetNumber());
-  ASSERT_EQ(2U, compaction->input(0, 1)->fd.GetNumber());
-}
-
 TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, IsTrivialMoveOn) {
  mutable_cf_options_.max_bytes_for_level_base = 10000u;
  mutable_cf_options_.max_compaction_bytes = 10001u;
@@ -3658,7 +3579,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, UniversalMarkedManualCompaction) {
  bool manual_conflict = false;
  InternalKey* manual_end = nullptr;
  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> compaction(
-      universal_compaction_picker.PickCompactionForCompactRange(
+      universal_compaction_picker.CompactRange(
          cf_name_, mutable_cf_options_, mutable_db_options_, vstorage_.get(),
          ColumnFamilyData::kCompactAllLevels, 6, CompactRangeOptions(),
          nullptr, nullptr, &manual_end, &manual_conflict,
@@ -3725,7 +3646,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, UniversalSizeRatioTierCompactionLastLevel) {
  const uint64_t kFileSize = 100000;
  const int kNumLevels = 7;
  const int kLastLevel = kNumLevels - 1;
-  const int kProximalLevel = kLastLevel - 1;
+  const int kPenultimateLevel = kLastLevel - 1;

  ioptions_.compaction_style = kCompactionStyleUniversal;
  mutable_cf_options_.preclude_last_level_data_seconds = 1000;
@@ -3750,14 +3671,14 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, UniversalSizeRatioTierCompactionLastLevel) {
  // Here to make sure it's size ratio compaction instead of size amp
  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->compaction_reason(),
            CompactionReason::kUniversalSizeRatio);
-  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->output_level(), kProximalLevel - 1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->output_level(), kPenultimateLevel - 1);
  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->input_levels(0)->num_files, 2);
  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->input_levels(5)->num_files, 0);
  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->input_levels(6)->num_files, 0);
 }

 TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, UniversalSizeAmpTierCompactionNotSuport) {
-  // Tiered compaction only support level_num > 2 (otherwise the proximal
+  // Tiered compaction only support level_num > 2 (otherwise the penultimate
  // level is going to be level 0, which may make thing more complicated), so
  // when there's only 2 level, still treating level 1 as the last level for
  // size amp compaction
@@ -3801,7 +3722,7 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, UniversalSizeAmpTierCompactionLastLevel) {
  const uint64_t kFileSize = 100000;
  const int kNumLevels = 7;
  const int kLastLevel = kNumLevels - 1;
-  const int kProximalLevel = kLastLevel - 1;
+  const int kPenultimateLevel = kLastLevel - 1;

  ioptions_.compaction_style = kCompactionStyleUniversal;
  mutable_cf_options_.preclude_last_level_data_seconds = 1000;
@@ -3823,10 +3744,10 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, UniversalSizeAmpTierCompactionLastLevel) {
          vstorage_.get(), &log_buffer_));

  // It's a Size Amp compaction, but doesn't include the last level file and
-  // output to the proximal level.
+  // output to the penultimate level.
  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->compaction_reason(),
            CompactionReason::kUniversalSizeAmplification);
-  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->output_level(), kProximalLevel);
+  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->output_level(), kPenultimateLevel);
  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->input_levels(0)->num_files, 2);
  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->input_levels(5)->num_files, 1);
  ASSERT_EQ(compaction->input_levels(6)->num_files, 0);
@@ -3862,10 +3783,9 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerU64TsTest, Overlap) {
  std::vector<CompactionInputFiles> input_files;
  ASSERT_OK(level_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
      &input_files, &input, vstorage_.get(), CompactionOptions()));
-  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(
-      level_compaction_picker.PickCompactionForCompactFiles(
-          CompactionOptions(), input_files, level, vstorage_.get(),
-          mutable_cf_options_, mutable_db_options_, /*output_path_id=*/0));
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(level_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+      CompactionOptions(), input_files, level, vstorage_.get(),
+      mutable_cf_options_, mutable_db_options_, /*output_path_id=*/0));

  {
    // [600, ts=50000] to [600, ts=50000] is the range to check.
@@ -3974,10 +3894,9 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest, OverlapWithNormalCompaction) {
  ASSERT_OK(level_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
      &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));

-  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(
-      level_compaction_picker.PickCompactionForCompactFiles(
-          comp_options, input_files, 5, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
-          mutable_db_options_, 0));
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(level_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+      comp_options, input_files, 5, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
+      mutable_db_options_, 0));

  input_set.clear();
  input_files.clear();
@@ -3990,7 +3909,7 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest, OverlapWithNormalCompaction) {
  ASSERT_EQ(enable_per_key_placement_,
            level_compaction_picker.FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
                input_files, 6,
-                Compaction::EvaluateProximalLevel(
+                Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(
                    vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_, ioptions_, 0, 6)));
 }

@@ -4021,10 +3940,9 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest, NormalCompactionOverlap) {
  ASSERT_OK(level_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
      &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));

-  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(
-      level_compaction_picker.PickCompactionForCompactFiles(
-          comp_options, input_files, 6, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
-          mutable_db_options_, 0));
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(level_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+      comp_options, input_files, 6, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
+      mutable_db_options_, 0));

  input_set.clear();
  input_files.clear();
@@ -4064,10 +3982,9 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest,
  ASSERT_OK(universal_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
      &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));

-  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(
-      universal_compaction_picker.PickCompactionForCompactFiles(
-          comp_options, input_files, 5, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
-          mutable_db_options_, 0));
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(universal_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+      comp_options, input_files, 5, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
+      mutable_db_options_, 0));

  input_set.clear();
  input_files.clear();
@@ -4080,7 +3997,7 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest,
  ASSERT_EQ(enable_per_key_placement_,
            universal_compaction_picker.FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
                input_files, 6,
-                Compaction::EvaluateProximalLevel(
+                Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(
                    vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_, ioptions_, 0, 6)));
 }

@@ -4112,10 +4029,9 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest, NormalCompactionOverlapUniversal) {
  ASSERT_OK(universal_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
      &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));

-  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(
-      universal_compaction_picker.PickCompactionForCompactFiles(
-          comp_options, input_files, 6, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
-          mutable_db_options_, 0));
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(universal_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+      comp_options, input_files, 6, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
+      mutable_db_options_, 0));

  input_set.clear();
  input_files.clear();
@@ -4129,9 +4045,9 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest, NormalCompactionOverlapUniversal) {
                input_files, 5, Compaction::kInvalidLevel));
 }

-TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest, ProximalOverlapUniversal) {
+TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest, PenultimateOverlapUniversal) {
  // This test is make sure the Tiered compaction would lock whole range of
-  // both output level and proximal level
+  // both output level and penultimate level
  if (enable_per_key_placement_) {
    mutable_cf_options_.preclude_last_level_data_seconds = 10000;
  }
@@ -4151,7 +4067,7 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest, ProximalOverlapUniversal) {
  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();

  // the existing compaction is the 1st L4 file + L6 file
-  // then compaction of the 2nd L4 file to L5 (proximal level) is overlapped
+  // then compaction of the 2nd L4 file to L5 (penultimate level) is overlapped
  // when the tiered compaction feature is on.
  CompactionOptions comp_options;
  std::unordered_set<uint64_t> input_set;
@@ -4161,10 +4077,9 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest, ProximalOverlapUniversal) {
  ASSERT_OK(universal_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
      &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));

-  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(
-      universal_compaction_picker.PickCompactionForCompactFiles(
-          comp_options, input_files, 6, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
-          mutable_db_options_, 0));
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(universal_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+      comp_options, input_files, 6, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
+      mutable_db_options_, 0));

  input_set.clear();
  input_files.clear();
@@ -4213,10 +4128,9 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest, LastLevelOnlyOverlapUniversal) {
  ASSERT_OK(universal_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
      &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));

-  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(
-      universal_compaction_picker.PickCompactionForCompactFiles(
-          comp_options, input_files, 6, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
-          mutable_db_options_, 0));
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(universal_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+      comp_options, input_files, 6, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
+      mutable_db_options_, 0));

  // cannot compact file 41 if the preclude_last_level feature is on, otherwise
  // compact file 41 is okay.
@@ -4242,9 +4156,9 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest, LastLevelOnlyOverlapUniversal) {
 }

 TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest,
-       LastLevelOnlyFailProximalUniversal) {
+       LastLevelOnlyFailPenultimateUniversal) {
  // This is to test last_level only compaction still unable to do the
-  // proximal level compaction if there's already a file in the proximal
+  // penultimate level compaction if there's already a file in the penultimate
  // level.
  // This should rarely happen in universal compaction, as the non-empty L5
  // should be included in the compaction.
@@ -4272,15 +4186,14 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest,
  ASSERT_OK(universal_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
      &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));

-  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(
-      universal_compaction_picker.PickCompactionForCompactFiles(
-          comp_options, input_files, 6, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
-          mutable_db_options_, 0));
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(universal_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+      comp_options, input_files, 6, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
+      mutable_db_options_, 0));

  ASSERT_TRUE(comp1);
-  ASSERT_EQ(comp1->GetProximalLevel(), Compaction::kInvalidLevel);
+  ASSERT_EQ(comp1->GetPenultimateLevel(), Compaction::kInvalidLevel);

-  // As comp1 cannot be output to the proximal level, compacting file 40 to
+  // As comp1 cannot be output to the penultimate level, compacting file 40 to
  // L5 is always safe.
  input_set.clear();
  input_files.clear();
@@ -4291,19 +4204,18 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest,
  ASSERT_FALSE(universal_compaction_picker.FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
      input_files, 5, Compaction::kInvalidLevel));

-  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp2(
-      universal_compaction_picker.PickCompactionForCompactFiles(
-          comp_options, input_files, 5, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
-          mutable_db_options_, 0));
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp2(universal_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+      comp_options, input_files, 5, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
+      mutable_db_options_, 0));
  ASSERT_TRUE(comp2);
-  ASSERT_EQ(Compaction::kInvalidLevel, comp2->GetProximalLevel());
+  ASSERT_EQ(Compaction::kInvalidLevel, comp2->GetPenultimateLevel());
 }

 TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest,
       LastLevelOnlyConflictWithOngoingUniversal) {
  // This is to test last_level only compaction still unable to do the
-  // proximal level compaction if there's already an ongoing compaction to
-  // the proximal level
+  // penultimate level compaction if there's already an ongoing compaction to
+  // the penultimate level
  if (enable_per_key_placement_) {
    mutable_cf_options_.preclude_last_level_data_seconds = 10000;
  }
@@ -4322,7 +4234,7 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest,
  Add(6, 60U, "101", "351", 60000000U);
  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();

-  // create an ongoing compaction to L5 (proximal level)
+  // create an ongoing compaction to L5 (penultimate level)
  CompactionOptions comp_options;
  std::unordered_set<uint64_t> input_set;
  input_set.insert(40);
@@ -4330,13 +4242,12 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest,
  ASSERT_OK(universal_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
      &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));

-  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(
-      universal_compaction_picker.PickCompactionForCompactFiles(
-          comp_options, input_files, 5, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
-          mutable_db_options_, 0));
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(universal_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+      comp_options, input_files, 5, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
+      mutable_db_options_, 0));

  ASSERT_TRUE(comp1);
-  ASSERT_EQ(comp1->GetProximalLevel(), Compaction::kInvalidLevel);
+  ASSERT_EQ(comp1->GetPenultimateLevel(), Compaction::kInvalidLevel);

  input_set.clear();
  input_files.clear();
@@ -4347,16 +4258,15 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest,
  ASSERT_EQ(enable_per_key_placement_,
            universal_compaction_picker.FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
                input_files, 6,
-                Compaction::EvaluateProximalLevel(
+                Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(
                    vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_, ioptions_, 6, 6)));

  if (!enable_per_key_placement_) {
-    std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp2(
-        universal_compaction_picker.PickCompactionForCompactFiles(
-            comp_options, input_files, 6, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
-            mutable_db_options_, 0));
+    std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp2(universal_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+        comp_options, input_files, 6, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
+        mutable_db_options_, 0));
    ASSERT_TRUE(comp2);
-    ASSERT_EQ(Compaction::kInvalidLevel, comp2->GetProximalLevel());
+    ASSERT_EQ(Compaction::kInvalidLevel, comp2->GetPenultimateLevel());
  }
 }

@@ -4365,7 +4275,7 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest,
  // This is similar to `LastLevelOnlyConflictWithOngoingUniversal`, the only
  // change is the ongoing compaction to L5 has no overlap with the last level
  // compaction, so it's safe to move data from the last level to the
-  // proximal level.
+  // penultimate level.
  if (enable_per_key_placement_) {
    mutable_cf_options_.preclude_last_level_data_seconds = 10000;
  }
@@ -4384,7 +4294,7 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest,
  Add(6, 60U, "101", "351", 60000000U);
  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();

-  // create an ongoing compaction to L5 (proximal level)
+  // create an ongoing compaction to L5 (penultimate level)
  CompactionOptions comp_options;
  std::unordered_set<uint64_t> input_set;
  input_set.insert(42);
@@ -4392,13 +4302,12 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest,
  ASSERT_OK(universal_compaction_picker.GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
      &input_files, &input_set, vstorage_.get(), comp_options));

-  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(
-      universal_compaction_picker.PickCompactionForCompactFiles(
-          comp_options, input_files, 5, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
-          mutable_db_options_, 0));
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp1(universal_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+      comp_options, input_files, 5, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
+      mutable_db_options_, 0));

  ASSERT_TRUE(comp1);
-  ASSERT_EQ(comp1->GetProximalLevel(), Compaction::kInvalidLevel);
+  ASSERT_EQ(comp1->GetPenultimateLevel(), Compaction::kInvalidLevel);

  input_set.clear();
  input_files.clear();
@@ -4409,19 +4318,18 @@ TEST_P(PerKeyPlacementCompactionPickerTest,
  // always safe to move data up
  ASSERT_FALSE(universal_compaction_picker.FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
      input_files, 6,
-      Compaction::EvaluateProximalLevel(vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
-                                        ioptions_, 6, 6)));
+      Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
+                                           ioptions_, 6, 6)));

  // 2 compactions can be run in parallel
-  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp2(
-      universal_compaction_picker.PickCompactionForCompactFiles(
-          comp_options, input_files, 6, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
-          mutable_db_options_, 0));
+  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> comp2(universal_compaction_picker.CompactFiles(
+      comp_options, input_files, 6, vstorage_.get(), mutable_cf_options_,
+      mutable_db_options_, 0));
  ASSERT_TRUE(comp2);
  if (enable_per_key_placement_) {
-    ASSERT_NE(Compaction::kInvalidLevel, comp2->GetProximalLevel());
+    ASSERT_NE(Compaction::kInvalidLevel, comp2->GetPenultimateLevel());
  } else {
-    ASSERT_EQ(Compaction::kInvalidLevel, comp2->GetProximalLevel());
+    ASSERT_EQ(Compaction::kInvalidLevel, comp2->GetPenultimateLevel());
  }
 }

@@ -4716,53 +4624,6 @@ TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, UniversalMaxReadAmpSmallDB) {
  }
 }

-TEST_F(CompactionPickerTest, StandaloneRangeDeletionOnlyPicksOlderFiles) {
-  NewVersionStorage(6, kCompactionStyleUniversal);
-
-  // Create L0 files with overlapping ranges
-  // File 1: newest regular file (epoch 5), keys [100, 200]
-  Add(0, 1U, "100", "200", 1U, 0, 100, 100, 0, false, Temperature::kUnknown,
-      kUnknownOldestAncesterTime, kUnknownNewestKeyTime, Slice(), Slice(), 5);
-
-  // File 2: standalone range deletion (epoch 4), keys [150, 250]
-  // This file should be marked as having only range deletions
-  Add(0, 2U, "150", "250", 1U, 0, 200, 200, 0, true, Temperature::kUnknown,
-      kUnknownOldestAncesterTime, kUnknownNewestKeyTime, Slice(), Slice(), 4);
-
-  // Manually set file 2 as standalone range deletion
-  FileMetaData* range_del_file = file_map_[2U].first;
-  range_del_file->num_entries = 1;
-  range_del_file->num_range_deletions = 1;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(range_del_file->FileIsStandAloneRangeTombstone());
-
-  Add(4, 10U, "000", "400", 1U);
-  Add(5, 20U, "000", "400", 100);
-
-  UpdateVersionStorageInfo();
-  UniversalCompactionPicker universal_compaction_picker(ioptions_, &icmp_);
-  ASSERT_TRUE(universal_compaction_picker.NeedsCompaction(vstorage_.get()));
-
-  std::unique_ptr<Compaction> compaction(
-      universal_compaction_picker.PickCompaction(
-          cf_name_, mutable_cf_options_, mutable_db_options_,
-          /*existing_snapshots=*/{}, /* snapshot_checker */ nullptr,
-          vstorage_.get(), &log_buffer_));
-
-  ASSERT_NE(nullptr, compaction);
-  ASSERT_EQ(2U, compaction->num_input_levels());
-  // First input level should be L0 with only the standalone range del file
-  // (file 2)
-  ASSERT_EQ(0, compaction->level(0));
-  ASSERT_EQ(1U, compaction->num_input_files(0));
-  ASSERT_EQ(2U, compaction->input(0, 0)->fd.GetNumber());
-  ASSERT_TRUE(compaction->input(0, 0)->FileIsStandAloneRangeTombstone());
-
-  // Second input level should be L4 with file 10
-  ASSERT_EQ(4, compaction->level(1));
-  ASSERT_EQ(1U, compaction->num_input_files(1));
-  ASSERT_EQ(10U, compaction->input(1, 0)->fd.GetNumber());
-}
-
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
@@ -38,8 +38,7 @@ class UniversalCompactionBuilder {
      const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options,
      const std::vector<SequenceNumber>& existing_snapshots,
      const SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker, VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
-      UniversalCompactionPicker* picker, LogBuffer* log_buffer,
-      bool require_max_output_level)
+      UniversalCompactionPicker* picker, LogBuffer* log_buffer)
      : ioptions_(ioptions),
        icmp_(icmp),
        cf_name_(cf_name),
@@ -47,10 +46,7 @@ class UniversalCompactionBuilder {
        mutable_db_options_(mutable_db_options),
        vstorage_(vstorage),
        picker_(picker),
-        log_buffer_(log_buffer),
-        require_max_output_level_(require_max_output_level),
-        allow_ingest_behind_(ioptions.cf_allow_ingest_behind ||
-                             ioptions.allow_ingest_behind) {
+        log_buffer_(log_buffer) {
    assert(icmp_);
    const auto* ucmp = icmp_->user_comparator();
    assert(ucmp);
@@ -106,174 +102,6 @@ class UniversalCompactionBuilder {
    bool level_has_marked_standalone_rangedel;
  };

-  unsigned int GetMaxNumFilesToCompactBasedOnMaxReadAmp(
-      const int file_num_compaction_trigger, const unsigned int ratio,
-      int* num_sr_not_compacted_output, int* max_num_runs_output) const {
-    assert(num_sr_not_compacted_output);
-    assert(max_num_runs_output);
-    int max_num_runs =
-        mutable_cf_options_.compaction_options_universal.max_read_amp;
-    if (max_num_runs < 0) {
-      // any value < -1 is not valid
-      assert(max_num_runs == -1);
-      // By default, fall back to `level0_file_num_compaction_trigger`
-      max_num_runs = file_num_compaction_trigger;
-    } else if (max_num_runs == 0) {
-      if (mutable_cf_options_.compaction_options_universal.stop_style ==
-          kCompactionStopStyleTotalSize) {
-        // 0 means auto-tuning by RocksDB. We estimate max num run based on
-        // max_run_size, size_ratio and write buffer size:
-        // Assume the size of the lowest level size is equal to
-        // write_buffer_size. Each subsequent level is the max size without
-        // triggering size_ratio compaction. `max_num_runs` is the minimum
-        // number of levels required such that the target size of the
-        // largest level is at least `max_run_size_`.
-        max_num_runs = 1;
-        double cur_level_max_size =
-            static_cast<double>(mutable_cf_options_.write_buffer_size);
-        double total_run_size = 0;
-        while (cur_level_max_size < static_cast<double>(max_run_size_)) {
-          // This loop should not take too many iterations since
-          // cur_level_max_size at least doubles each iteration.
-          total_run_size += cur_level_max_size;
-          cur_level_max_size = (100.0 + ratio) / 100.0 * total_run_size;
-          ++max_num_runs;
-        }
-      } else {
-        // TODO: implement the auto-tune logic for this stop style
-        max_num_runs = file_num_compaction_trigger;
-      }
-    } else {
-      // max_num_runs > 0, it's the limit on the number of sorted run
-    }
-
-    // Get the total number of sorted runs that are not being compacted
-    int num_sr_not_compacted = 0;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < sorted_runs_.size(); i++) {
-      if (sorted_runs_[i].being_compacted == false &&
-          !sorted_runs_[i].level_has_marked_standalone_rangedel) {
-        num_sr_not_compacted++;
-      }
-    }
-
-    *num_sr_not_compacted_output = num_sr_not_compacted;
-    *max_num_runs_output = max_num_runs;
-
-    if (num_sr_not_compacted > max_num_runs) {
-      return num_sr_not_compacted - max_num_runs + 1;
-    } else {
-      return 0;
-    }
-  }
-
-  Compaction* MaybePickPeriodicCompaction(Compaction* const prev_picked_c) {
-    if (prev_picked_c != nullptr ||
-        vstorage_->FilesMarkedForPeriodicCompaction().empty()) {
-      return prev_picked_c;
-    }
-    // Always need to do a full compaction for periodic compaction.
-    Compaction* c = PickPeriodicCompaction();
-    TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("PostPickPeriodicCompaction", c);
-    if (c != nullptr) {
-      ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer_,
-                       "[%s] Universal: picked for periodic compaction\n",
-                       cf_name_.c_str());
-    }
-    return c;
-  }
-
-  Compaction* MaybePickSizeAmpCompaction(Compaction* const prev_picked_c,
-                                         int file_num_compaction_trigger) {
-    if (prev_picked_c != nullptr ||
-        sorted_runs_.size() <
-            static_cast<size_t>(file_num_compaction_trigger)) {
-      return prev_picked_c;
-    }
-    Compaction* c = PickCompactionToReduceSizeAmp();
-    if (c != nullptr) {
-      TEST_SYNC_POINT("PickCompactionToReduceSizeAmpReturnNonnullptr");
-      ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer_,
-                       "[%s] Universal: picked for size amp compaction \n",
-                       cf_name_.c_str());
-    }
-    return c;
-  }
-
-  Compaction* MaybePickCompactionToReduceSortedRunsBasedFileRatio(
-      Compaction* const prev_picked_c, int file_num_compaction_trigger,
-      unsigned int ratio) {
-    if (prev_picked_c != nullptr ||
-        sorted_runs_.size() <
-            static_cast<size_t>(file_num_compaction_trigger)) {
-      return prev_picked_c;
-    }
-    Compaction* c = PickCompactionToReduceSortedRuns(ratio, UINT_MAX);
-    if (c != nullptr) {
-      TEST_SYNC_POINT("PickCompactionToReduceSortedRunsReturnNonnullptr");
-      ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer_,
-                       "[%s] Universal: picked for size ratio compaction to "
-                       "reduce sorted run\n",
-                       cf_name_.c_str());
-    }
-    return c;
-  }
-
-  Compaction* MaybePickCompactionToReduceSortedRuns(
-      Compaction* const prev_picked_c, int file_num_compaction_trigger,
-      unsigned int ratio) {
-    if (prev_picked_c != nullptr ||
-        sorted_runs_.size() <
-            static_cast<size_t>(file_num_compaction_trigger)) {
-      return prev_picked_c;
-    }
-
-    int num_sr_not_compacted = 0;
-    int max_num_runs = 0;
-    const unsigned int max_num_files_to_compact =
-        GetMaxNumFilesToCompactBasedOnMaxReadAmp(file_num_compaction_trigger,
-                                                 ratio, &num_sr_not_compacted,
-                                                 &max_num_runs);
-    if (max_num_files_to_compact == 0) {
-      ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(
-          log_buffer_,
-          "[%s] Universal: skipping compaction to reduce sorted run, num "
-          "sorted runs not "
-          "being compacted -- %u, max num runs allowed -- %d, max_run_size "
-          "-- %" PRIu64 "\n",
-          cf_name_.c_str(), num_sr_not_compacted, max_num_runs, max_run_size_);
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    Compaction* c =
-        PickCompactionToReduceSortedRuns(UINT_MAX, max_num_files_to_compact);
-    if (c != nullptr) {
-      ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer_,
-                       "[%s] Universal: picked for sorted run num compaction "
-                       "to reduce sorted run, to "
-                       "compact file num -- %u, max num runs allowed"
-                       "-- %d, max_run_size -- %" PRIu64 "\n",
-                       cf_name_.c_str(), max_num_files_to_compact, max_num_runs,
-                       max_run_size_);
-    }
-    return c;
-  }
-
-  Compaction* MaybePickDeleteTriggeredCompaction(
-      Compaction* const prev_picked_c) {
-    if (prev_picked_c != nullptr) {
-      return prev_picked_c;
-    }
-    Compaction* c = PickDeleteTriggeredCompaction();
-    if (c != nullptr) {
-      TEST_SYNC_POINT("PickDeleteTriggeredCompactionReturnNonnullptr");
-      ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(
-          log_buffer_,
-          "[%s] Universal: picked for delete triggered compaction\n",
-          cf_name_.c_str());
-    }
-    return c;
-  }
-
  // Pick Universal compaction to limit read amplification
  Compaction* PickCompactionToReduceSortedRuns(
      unsigned int ratio, unsigned int max_number_of_files_to_compact);
@@ -421,12 +249,6 @@ class UniversalCompactionBuilder {
    return num_l0_to_exclude;
  }

-  bool MeetsOutputLevelRequirements(int output_level) const {
-    return !require_max_output_level_ ||
-           Compaction::OutputToNonZeroMaxOutputLevel(
-               output_level, vstorage_->MaxOutputLevel(allow_ingest_behind_));
-  }
-
  const ImmutableOptions& ioptions_;
  const InternalKeyComparator* icmp_;
  double score_;
@@ -448,8 +270,6 @@ class UniversalCompactionBuilder {
  // marked for compaction. This is only populated when snapshot info is
  // populated.
  std::map<uint64_t, size_t> file_marked_for_compaction_to_sorted_run_index_;
-  bool require_max_output_level_;
-  bool allow_ingest_behind_;

  std::vector<UniversalCompactionBuilder::SortedRun> CalculateSortedRuns(
      const VersionStorageInfo& vstorage, int last_level,
@@ -468,9 +288,7 @@ class UniversalCompactionBuilder {
 // and the index of the file in that level

 struct InputFileInfo {
-  InputFileInfo() : InputFileInfo(nullptr, 0, 0) {}
-  InputFileInfo(FileMetaData* file_meta, size_t l, size_t i)
-      : f(file_meta), level(l), index(i) {}
+  InputFileInfo() : f(nullptr), level(0), index(0) {}

  FileMetaData* f;
  size_t level;
@@ -503,14 +321,22 @@ SmallestKeyHeap create_level_heap(Compaction* c, const Comparator* ucmp) {
  SmallestKeyHeap smallest_key_priority_q =
      SmallestKeyHeap(SmallestKeyHeapComparator(ucmp));

+  InputFileInfo input_file;
+
  for (size_t l = 0; l < c->num_input_levels(); l++) {
    if (c->num_input_files(l) != 0) {
      if (l == 0 && c->start_level() == 0) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < c->num_input_files(0); i++) {
-          smallest_key_priority_q.emplace(c->input(0, i), 0, i);
+          input_file.f = c->input(0, i);
+          input_file.level = 0;
+          input_file.index = i;
+          smallest_key_priority_q.push(std::move(input_file));
        }
      } else {
-        smallest_key_priority_q.emplace(c->input(l, 0), l, 0);
+        input_file.f = c->input(l, 0);
+        input_file.level = l;
+        input_file.index = 0;
+        smallest_key_priority_q.push(std::move(input_file));
      }
    }
  }
@@ -548,7 +374,7 @@ bool UniversalCompactionBuilder::IsInputFilesNonOverlapping(Compaction* c) {
  auto comparator = icmp_->user_comparator();
  int first_iter = 1;

-  InputFileInfo prev, curr;
+  InputFileInfo prev, curr, next;

  SmallestKeyHeap smallest_key_priority_q =
      create_level_heap(c, icmp_->user_comparator());
@@ -571,10 +397,17 @@ bool UniversalCompactionBuilder::IsInputFilesNonOverlapping(Compaction* c) {
      prev = curr;
    }

+    next.f = nullptr;
+
    if (c->level(curr.level) != 0 &&
        curr.index < c->num_input_files(curr.level) - 1) {
-      smallest_key_priority_q.emplace(c->input(curr.level, curr.index + 1),
-                                      curr.level, curr.index + 1);
+      next.f = c->input(curr.level, curr.index + 1);
+      next.level = curr.level;
+      next.index = curr.index + 1;
+    }
+
+    if (next.f) {
+      smallest_key_priority_q.push(std::move(next));
    }
  }
  return true;
@@ -600,11 +433,10 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionPicker::PickCompaction(
    const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options,
    const std::vector<SequenceNumber>& existing_snapshots,
    const SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker, VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
-    LogBuffer* log_buffer, bool require_max_output_level) {
+    LogBuffer* log_buffer) {
  UniversalCompactionBuilder builder(
      ioptions_, icmp_, cf_name, mutable_cf_options, mutable_db_options,
-      existing_snapshots, snapshot_checker, vstorage, this, log_buffer,
-      require_max_output_level);
+      existing_snapshots, snapshot_checker, vstorage, this, log_buffer);
  return builder.PickCompaction();
 }

@@ -735,20 +567,13 @@ bool UniversalCompactionBuilder::ShouldSkipMarkedFile(
 Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickCompaction() {
  const int kLevel0 = 0;
  score_ = vstorage_->CompactionScore(kLevel0);
-  const int max_output_level = vstorage_->MaxOutputLevel(allow_ingest_behind_);
-  const int file_num_compaction_trigger =
-      mutable_cf_options_.level0_file_num_compaction_trigger;
-  const unsigned int ratio =
-      mutable_cf_options_.compaction_options_universal.size_ratio;
-
-  if (max_output_level == 0 &&
-      !MeetsOutputLevelRequirements(0 /* output_level */)) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
+  int max_output_level =
+      vstorage_->MaxOutputLevel(ioptions_.allow_ingest_behind);
  max_run_size_ = 0;
  sorted_runs_ =
      CalculateSortedRuns(*vstorage_, max_output_level, &max_run_size_);
+  int file_num_compaction_trigger =
+      mutable_cf_options_.level0_file_num_compaction_trigger;

  if (sorted_runs_.size() == 0 ||
      (vstorage_->FilesMarkedForPeriodicCompaction().empty() &&
@@ -760,7 +585,6 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickCompaction() {
        "UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickCompaction:Return", nullptr);
    return nullptr;
  }
-
  VersionStorageInfo::LevelSummaryStorage tmp;
  ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER_MAX_SZ(
      log_buffer_, 3072,
@@ -768,22 +592,127 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickCompaction() {
      cf_name_.c_str(), sorted_runs_.size(), vstorage_->LevelSummary(&tmp));

  Compaction* c = nullptr;
+  // Periodic compaction has higher priority than other type of compaction
+  // because it's a hard requirement.
+  if (!vstorage_->FilesMarkedForPeriodicCompaction().empty()) {
+    // Always need to do a full compaction for periodic compaction.
+    c = PickPeriodicCompaction();
+    TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("PostPickPeriodicCompaction", c);
+  }

-  c = MaybePickPeriodicCompaction(c);
-  c = MaybePickSizeAmpCompaction(c, file_num_compaction_trigger);
-  c = MaybePickCompactionToReduceSortedRunsBasedFileRatio(
-      c, file_num_compaction_trigger, ratio);
-  c = MaybePickCompactionToReduceSortedRuns(c, file_num_compaction_trigger,
-                                            ratio);
-  c = MaybePickDeleteTriggeredCompaction(c);
+  if (c == nullptr &&
+      sorted_runs_.size() >= static_cast<size_t>(file_num_compaction_trigger)) {
+    // Check for size amplification.
+    if ((c = PickCompactionToReduceSizeAmp()) != nullptr) {
+      TEST_SYNC_POINT("PickCompactionToReduceSizeAmpReturnNonnullptr");
+      ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer_, "[%s] Universal: compacting for size amp\n",
+                       cf_name_.c_str());
+    } else {
+      // Size amplification is within limits. Try reducing read
+      // amplification while maintaining file size ratios.
+      unsigned int ratio =
+          mutable_cf_options_.compaction_options_universal.size_ratio;
+
+      if ((c = PickCompactionToReduceSortedRuns(ratio, UINT_MAX)) != nullptr) {
+        TEST_SYNC_POINT("PickCompactionToReduceSortedRunsReturnNonnullptr");
+        ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer_,
+                         "[%s] Universal: compacting for size ratio\n",
+                         cf_name_.c_str());
+      } else {
+        // Size amplification and file size ratios are within configured limits.
+        // If max read amplification exceeds configured limits, then force
+        // compaction to reduce the number sorted runs without looking at file
+        // size ratios.
+
+        // This is guaranteed by NeedsCompaction()
+        assert(sorted_runs_.size() >=
+               static_cast<size_t>(file_num_compaction_trigger));
+        int max_num_runs =
+            mutable_cf_options_.compaction_options_universal.max_read_amp;
+        if (max_num_runs < 0) {
+          // any value < -1 is not valid
+          assert(max_num_runs == -1);
+          // By default, fall back to `level0_file_num_compaction_trigger`
+          max_num_runs = file_num_compaction_trigger;
+        } else if (max_num_runs == 0) {
+          if (mutable_cf_options_.compaction_options_universal.stop_style ==
+              kCompactionStopStyleTotalSize) {
+            // 0 means auto-tuning by RocksDB. We estimate max num run based on
+            // max_run_size, size_ratio and write buffer size:
+            // Assume the size of the lowest level size is equal to
+            // write_buffer_size. Each subsequent level is the max size without
+            // triggering size_ratio compaction. `max_num_runs` is the minimum
+            // number of levels required such that the target size of the
+            // largest level is at least `max_run_size_`.
+            max_num_runs = 1;
+            double cur_level_max_size =
+                static_cast<double>(mutable_cf_options_.write_buffer_size);
+            double total_run_size = 0;
+            while (cur_level_max_size < static_cast<double>(max_run_size_)) {
+              // This loop should not take too many iterations since
+              // cur_level_max_size at least doubles each iteration.
+              total_run_size += cur_level_max_size;
+              cur_level_max_size = (100.0 + ratio) / 100.0 * total_run_size;
+              ++max_num_runs;
+            }
+          } else {
+            // TODO: implement the auto-tune logic for this stop style
+            max_num_runs = file_num_compaction_trigger;
+          }
+        } else {
+          // max_num_runs > 0, it's the limit on the number of sorted run
+        }
+        // Get the total number of sorted runs that are not being compacted
+        int num_sr_not_compacted = 0;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < sorted_runs_.size(); i++) {
+          if (sorted_runs_[i].being_compacted == false &&
+              !sorted_runs_[i].level_has_marked_standalone_rangedel) {
+            num_sr_not_compacted++;
+          }
+        }
+
+        // The number of sorted runs that are not being compacted is greater
+        // than the maximum allowed number of sorted runs
+        if (num_sr_not_compacted > max_num_runs) {
+          unsigned int num_files = num_sr_not_compacted - max_num_runs + 1;
+          if ((c = PickCompactionToReduceSortedRuns(UINT_MAX, num_files)) !=
+              nullptr) {
+            ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer_,
+                             "[%s] Universal: compacting for file num, to "
+                             "compact file num -- %u, max num runs allowed"
+                             "-- %d, max_run_size -- %" PRIu64 "\n",
+                             cf_name_.c_str(), num_files, max_num_runs,
+                             max_run_size_);
+          }
+        } else {
+          ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(
+              log_buffer_,
+              "[%s] Universal: skipping compaction for file num, num runs not "
+              "being compacted -- %u, max num runs allowed -- %d, max_run_size "
+              "-- %" PRIu64 "\n",
+              cf_name_.c_str(), num_sr_not_compacted, max_num_runs,
+              max_run_size_);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (c == nullptr) {
+    if ((c = PickDeleteTriggeredCompaction()) != nullptr) {
+      TEST_SYNC_POINT("PickDeleteTriggeredCompactionReturnNonnullptr");
+      ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer_,
+                       "[%s] Universal: delete triggered compaction\n",
+                       cf_name_.c_str());
+    }
+  }

  if (c == nullptr) {
    TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK(
        "UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickCompaction:Return", nullptr);
    return nullptr;
  }
-  assert(c->output_level() <= vstorage_->MaxOutputLevel(allow_ingest_behind_));
-  assert(MeetsOutputLevelRequirements(c->output_level()));
+  assert(c->output_level() <=
+         vstorage_->MaxOutputLevel(ioptions_.allow_ingest_behind));

  if (mutable_cf_options_.compaction_options_universal.allow_trivial_move ==
          true &&
@@ -909,16 +838,14 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickCompactionToReduceSortedRuns(
      if (sr->being_compacted) {
        ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer_,
                         "[%s] Universal: %s"
-                         "[%d] being compacted, skipping for compaction to "
-                         "reduce sorted runs",
+                         "[%d] being compacted, skipping",
                         cf_name_.c_str(), file_num_buf, loop);
      } else if (sr->level_has_marked_standalone_rangedel) {
-        ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(
-            log_buffer_,
-            "[%s] Universal: %s"
-            "[%d] has standalone range tombstone files marked for "
-            "compaction, skipping for compaction to reduce sorted runs",
-            cf_name_.c_str(), file_num_buf, loop);
+        ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer_,
+                         "[%s] Universal: %s"
+                         "[%d] has standalone range tombstone files marked for "
+                         "compaction, skipping",
+                         cf_name_.c_str(), file_num_buf, loop);
      }

      sr = nullptr;
@@ -931,8 +858,7 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickCompactionToReduceSortedRuns(
      char file_num_buf[kFormatFileNumberBufSize];
      sr->Dump(file_num_buf, sizeof(file_num_buf), true);
      ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer_,
-                       "[%s] Universal: Possible candidate for compaction to "
-                       "reduce sorted runs %s[%d].",
+                       "[%s] Universal: Possible candidate %s[%d].",
                       cf_name_.c_str(), file_num_buf, loop);
    }

@@ -1024,7 +950,8 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickCompactionToReduceSortedRuns(
  int start_level = sorted_runs_[start_index].level;
  int output_level;
  // last level is reserved for the files ingested behind
-  int max_output_level = vstorage_->MaxOutputLevel(allow_ingest_behind_);
+  int max_output_level =
+      vstorage_->MaxOutputLevel(ioptions_.allow_ingest_behind);
  if (first_index_after == sorted_runs_.size()) {
    output_level = max_output_level;
  } else if (sorted_runs_[first_index_after].level == 0) {
@@ -1033,10 +960,6 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickCompactionToReduceSortedRuns(
    output_level = sorted_runs_[first_index_after].level - 1;
  }

-  if (!MeetsOutputLevelRequirements(output_level)) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
  std::vector<CompactionInputFiles> inputs(max_output_level + 1);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < inputs.size(); ++i) {
    inputs[i].level = start_level + static_cast<int>(i);
@@ -1073,7 +996,7 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickCompactionToReduceSortedRuns(

  if (output_level != 0 && picker_->FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
                               inputs, output_level,
-                               Compaction::EvaluateProximalLevel(
+                               Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(
                                   vstorage_, mutable_cf_options_, ioptions_,
                                   start_level, output_level))) {
    return nullptr;
@@ -1093,12 +1016,13 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickCompactionToReduceSortedRuns(
                                           output_level, 1, enable_compression),
                        GetCompressionOptions(mutable_cf_options_, vstorage_,
                                              output_level, enable_compression),
-                        Temperature::kUnknown,
+                        mutable_cf_options_.default_write_temperature,
                        /* max_subcompactions */ 0, grandparents,
                        /* earliest_snapshot */ std::nullopt,
-                        /* snapshot_checker */ nullptr, compaction_reason,
-                        /* trim_ts */ "", score_,
-                        /* l0_files_might_overlap */ true);
+                        /* snapshot_checker */ nullptr,
+                        /* is manual */ false, /* trim_ts */ "", score_,
+                        false /* deletion_compaction */,
+                        /* l0_files_might_overlap */ true, compaction_reason);
 }

 // Look at overall size amplification. If size amplification
@@ -1128,19 +1052,18 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickCompactionToReduceSizeAmp() {
      char file_num_buf[kFormatFileNumberBufSize];
      sr->Dump(file_num_buf, sizeof(file_num_buf), true);
      if (sr->being_compacted) {
-        ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer_,
-                         "[%s] Universal: stopping for size amp compaction at "
-                         "sorted run undergoing compaction: "
-                         "%s[%" ROCKSDB_PRIszt "]",
-                         cf_name_.c_str(), file_num_buf, start_index - 1);
+        ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(
+            log_buffer_,
+            "[%s] Universal: stopping at sorted run undergoing compaction: "
+            "%s[%" ROCKSDB_PRIszt "]",
+            cf_name_.c_str(), file_num_buf, start_index - 1);
      } else if (sr->level_has_marked_standalone_rangedel) {
-        ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer_,
-                         "[%s] Universal: stopping for size amp compaction at "
-                         "sorted run that has "
-                         "standalone range "
-                         "tombstone files marked for compaction: "
-                         "%s[%" ROCKSDB_PRIszt "]",
-                         cf_name_.c_str(), file_num_buf, start_index - 1);
+        ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(
+            log_buffer_,
+            "[%s] Universal: stopping at sorted run that has standalone range "
+            "tombstone files marked for compaction: "
+            "%s[%" ROCKSDB_PRIszt "]",
+            cf_name_.c_str(), file_num_buf, start_index - 1);
      }
      break;
    }
@@ -1156,12 +1079,11 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickCompactionToReduceSizeAmp() {
  {
    const size_t num_l0_to_exclude = MightExcludeNewL0sToReduceWriteStop(
        num_l0_files, end_index, start_index, candidate_size);
-    ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(
-        log_buffer_,
-        "[%s] Universal: Excluding for size amp compaction %" ROCKSDB_PRIszt
-        " latest L0 files to reduce potential write stop "
-        "triggered by `level0_stop_writes_trigger`",
-        cf_name_.c_str(), num_l0_to_exclude);
+    ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer_,
+                     "[%s] Universal: Excluding %" ROCKSDB_PRIszt
+                     " latest L0 files to reduce potential write stop "
+                     "triggered by `level0_stop_writes_trigger`",
+                     cf_name_.c_str(), num_l0_to_exclude);
  }

  {
@@ -1179,18 +1101,18 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickCompactionToReduceSizeAmp() {

  // size amplification = percentage of additional size
  if (candidate_size * 100 < ratio * base_sr_size) {
-    ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer_,
-                     "[%s] Universal: size amp compction not needed. "
-                     "newer-files-total-size %" PRIu64
-                     " earliest-file-size %" PRIu64,
-                     cf_name_.c_str(), candidate_size, base_sr_size);
+    ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(
+        log_buffer_,
+        "[%s] Universal: size amp not needed. newer-files-total-size %" PRIu64
+        " earliest-file-size %" PRIu64,
+        cf_name_.c_str(), candidate_size, base_sr_size);
    return nullptr;
  } else {
-    ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer_,
-                     "[%s] Universal: size amp compaction needed. "
-                     "newer-files-total-size %" PRIu64
-                     " earliest-file-size %" PRIu64,
-                     cf_name_.c_str(), candidate_size, base_sr_size);
+    ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(
+        log_buffer_,
+        "[%s] Universal: size amp needed. newer-files-total-size %" PRIu64
+        " earliest-file-size %" PRIu64,
+        cf_name_.c_str(), candidate_size, base_sr_size);
  }
  // Since incremental compaction can't include more than second last
  // level, it can introduce penalty, compared to full compaction. We
@@ -1423,7 +1345,7 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickIncrementalForReduceSizeAmp(
  // intra L0 compactions outputs could have overlap
  if (output_level != 0 && picker_->FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
                               inputs, output_level,
-                               Compaction::EvaluateProximalLevel(
+                               Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(
                                   vstorage_, mutable_cf_options_, ioptions_,
                                   start_level, output_level))) {
    return nullptr;
@@ -1441,13 +1363,14 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickIncrementalForReduceSizeAmp(
                         true /* enable_compression */),
      GetCompressionOptions(mutable_cf_options_, vstorage_, output_level,
                            true /* enable_compression */),
-      Temperature::kUnknown,
+      mutable_cf_options_.default_write_temperature,
      /* max_subcompactions */ 0, /* grandparents */ {},
      /* earliest_snapshot */ std::nullopt,
      /* snapshot_checker */ nullptr,
-      CompactionReason::kUniversalSizeAmplification,
-      /* trim_ts */ "", score_,
-      /* l0_files_might_overlap */ true);
+      /* is manual */ false,
+      /* trim_ts */ "", score_, false /* deletion_compaction */,
+      /* l0_files_might_overlap */ true,
+      CompactionReason::kUniversalSizeAmplification);
 }

 // Pick files marked for compaction. Typically, files are marked by
@@ -1516,7 +1439,8 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickDeleteTriggeredCompaction() {
      return nullptr;
    }

-    int max_output_level = vstorage_->MaxOutputLevel(allow_ingest_behind_);
+    int max_output_level =
+        vstorage_->MaxOutputLevel(ioptions_.allow_ingest_behind);
    // Pick the first non-empty level after the start_level
    for (output_level = start_level + 1; output_level <= max_output_level;
         output_level++) {
@@ -1539,23 +1463,10 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickDeleteTriggeredCompaction() {
    }
    assert(output_level <= max_output_level);

-    if (!MeetsOutputLevelRequirements(output_level)) {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-
    if (output_level != 0) {
-      // For standalone range deletion, we don't want to compact it with newer
-      // L0 files that it doesn't cover.
-      const FileMetaData* starting_l0_file =
-          (start_level == 0 && start_level_inputs.size() == 1 &&
-           start_level_inputs.files[0]->FileIsStandAloneRangeTombstone())
-              ? start_level_inputs.files[0]
-              : nullptr;
-
      if (start_level == 0) {
        if (!picker_->GetOverlappingL0Files(vstorage_, &start_level_inputs,
-                                            output_level, nullptr,
-                                            starting_l0_file)) {
+                                            output_level, nullptr)) {
          return nullptr;
        }
      }
@@ -1566,8 +1477,7 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickDeleteTriggeredCompaction() {
      output_level_inputs.level = output_level;
      if (!picker_->SetupOtherInputs(cf_name_, mutable_cf_options_, vstorage_,
                                     &start_level_inputs, &output_level_inputs,
-                                     &parent_index, -1, false,
-                                     starting_l0_file)) {
+                                     &parent_index, -1)) {
        return nullptr;
      }
      inputs.push_back(start_level_inputs);
@@ -1576,9 +1486,9 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickDeleteTriggeredCompaction() {
      }
      if (picker_->FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
              inputs, output_level,
-              Compaction::EvaluateProximalLevel(vstorage_, mutable_cf_options_,
-                                                ioptions_, start_level,
-                                                output_level))) {
+              Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(
+                  vstorage_, mutable_cf_options_, ioptions_, start_level,
+                  output_level))) {
        return nullptr;
      }

@@ -1604,11 +1514,13 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickDeleteTriggeredCompaction() {
      /* max_grandparent_overlap_bytes */ GetMaxOverlappingBytes(), path_id,
      GetCompressionType(vstorage_, mutable_cf_options_, output_level, 1),
      GetCompressionOptions(mutable_cf_options_, vstorage_, output_level),
-      Temperature::kUnknown,
+      mutable_cf_options_.default_write_temperature,
      /* max_subcompactions */ 0, grandparents, earliest_snapshot_,
-      snapshot_checker_, CompactionReason::kFilesMarkedForCompaction,
-      /* trim_ts */ "", score_,
-      /* l0_files_might_overlap */ true);
+      snapshot_checker_,
+      /* is manual */ false,
+      /* trim_ts */ "", score_, false /* deletion_compaction */,
+      /* l0_files_might_overlap */ true,
+      CompactionReason::kFilesMarkedForCompaction);
 }

 Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickCompactionToOldest(
@@ -1629,7 +1541,8 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickCompactionWithSortedRunRange(
  uint32_t path_id =
      GetPathId(ioptions_, mutable_cf_options_, estimated_total_size);
  int start_level = sorted_runs_[start_index].level;
-  int max_output_level = vstorage_->MaxOutputLevel(allow_ingest_behind_);
+  int max_output_level =
+      vstorage_->MaxOutputLevel(ioptions_.allow_ingest_behind);
  std::vector<CompactionInputFiles> inputs(max_output_level + 1);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < inputs.size(); ++i) {
    inputs[i].level = start_level + static_cast<int>(i);
@@ -1674,14 +1587,10 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickCompactionWithSortedRunRange(
    output_level = sorted_runs_[end_index + 1].level - 1;
  }

-  if (!MeetsOutputLevelRequirements(output_level)) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
  // intra L0 compactions outputs could have overlap
  if (output_level != 0 && picker_->FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
                               inputs, output_level,
-                               Compaction::EvaluateProximalLevel(
+                               Compaction::EvaluatePenultimateLevel(
                                   vstorage_, mutable_cf_options_, ioptions_,
                                   start_level, output_level))) {
    return nullptr;
@@ -1700,12 +1609,13 @@ Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickCompactionWithSortedRunRange(
                         true /* enable_compression */),
      GetCompressionOptions(mutable_cf_options_, vstorage_, output_level,
                            true /* enable_compression */),
-      Temperature::kUnknown,
+      mutable_cf_options_.default_write_temperature,
      /* max_subcompactions */ 0, /* grandparents */ {},
      /* earliest_snapshot */ std::nullopt,
-      /* snapshot_checker */ nullptr, compaction_reason,
-      /* trim_ts */ "", score_,
-      /* l0_files_might_overlap */ true);
+      /* snapshot_checker */ nullptr,
+      /* is manual */ false,
+      /* trim_ts */ "", score_, false /* deletion_compaction */,
+      /* l0_files_might_overlap */ true, compaction_reason);
 }

 Compaction* UniversalCompactionBuilder::PickPeriodicCompaction() {
@@ -18,15 +18,12 @@ class UniversalCompactionPicker : public CompactionPicker {
  UniversalCompactionPicker(const ImmutableOptions& ioptions,
                            const InternalKeyComparator* icmp)
      : CompactionPicker(ioptions, icmp) {}
-
-  // If `require_max_output_level` is true, only pick compaction
-  // with max output level or return nullptr if no such compaction exists.
  Compaction* PickCompaction(
      const std::string& cf_name, const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
      const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options,
      const std::vector<SequenceNumber>& existing_snapshots,
      const SnapshotChecker* snapshot_checker, VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
-      LogBuffer* log_buffer, bool require_max_output_level = false) override;
+      LogBuffer* log_buffer) override;
  int MaxOutputLevel() const override { return NumberLevels() - 1; }

  bool NeedsCompaction(const VersionStorageInfo* vstorage) const override;
@@ -41,14 +41,17 @@ CompactionJob::ProcessKeyValueCompactionWithCompactionService(
  }

  compaction_input.cf_name = compaction->column_family_data()->GetName();
-  compaction_input.snapshots = job_context_->snapshot_seqs;
+  compaction_input.snapshots = existing_snapshots_;
  compaction_input.has_begin = sub_compact->start.has_value();
  compaction_input.begin =
      compaction_input.has_begin ? sub_compact->start->ToString() : "";
  compaction_input.has_end = sub_compact->end.has_value();
  compaction_input.end =
      compaction_input.has_end ? sub_compact->end->ToString() : "";
-  compaction_input.options_file_number = options_file_number_;
+  compaction_input.options_file_number =
+      sub_compact->compaction->input_version()
+          ->version_set()
+          ->options_file_number();

  TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK(
      "CompactionServiceJob::ProcessKeyValueCompactionWithCompactionService",
@@ -74,27 +77,15 @@ CompactionJob::ProcessKeyValueCompactionWithCompactionService(
      compaction->column_family_data()->GetName().c_str(), job_id_,
      compaction_input.output_level, input_files_oss.str().c_str());
  CompactionServiceJobInfo info(
-      dbname_, db_id_, db_session_id_,
-      compaction->column_family_data()->GetID(),
-      compaction->column_family_data()->GetName(), GetCompactionId(sub_compact),
+      dbname_, db_id_, db_session_id_, GetCompactionId(sub_compact),
      thread_pri_, compaction->compaction_reason(),
      compaction->is_full_compaction(), compaction->is_manual_compaction(),
-      compaction->bottommost_level(), compaction->start_level(),
-      compaction->output_level());
-
+      compaction->bottommost_level());
  CompactionServiceScheduleResponse response =
      db_options_.compaction_service->Schedule(info, compaction_input_binary);
  switch (response.status) {
    case CompactionServiceJobStatus::kSuccess:
      break;
-    case CompactionServiceJobStatus::kAborted:
-      sub_compact->status =
-          Status::Aborted("Scheduling a remote compaction job was aborted");
-      ROCKS_LOG_WARN(
-          db_options_.info_log,
-          "[%s] [JOB %d] Remote compaction was aborted at Schedule()",
-          compaction->column_family_data()->GetName().c_str(), job_id_);
-      return response.status;
    case CompactionServiceJobStatus::kFailure:
      sub_compact->status = Status::Incomplete(
          "CompactionService failed to schedule a remote compaction job.");
@@ -114,9 +105,6 @@ CompactionJob::ProcessKeyValueCompactionWithCompactionService(
      break;
  }

-  std::string debug_str_before_wait =
-      compaction->input_version()->DebugString(/*hex=*/true);
-
  ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log,
                 "[%s] [JOB %d] Waiting for remote compaction...",
                 compaction->column_family_data()->GetName().c_str(), job_id_);
@@ -125,17 +113,6 @@ CompactionJob::ProcessKeyValueCompactionWithCompactionService(
      db_options_.compaction_service->Wait(response.scheduled_job_id,
                                           &compaction_result_binary);

-  if (compaction_status != CompactionServiceJobStatus::kSuccess) {
-    ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(
-        db_options_.info_log,
-        "[%s] [JOB %d] Wait() status is not kSuccess. "
-        "\nDebugString Before Wait():\n%s"
-        "\nDebugString After Wait():\n%s",
-        compaction->column_family_data()->GetName().c_str(), job_id_,
-        debug_str_before_wait.c_str(),
-        compaction->input_version()->DebugString(/*hex=*/true).c_str());
-  }
-
  if (compaction_status == CompactionServiceJobStatus::kUseLocal) {
    ROCKS_LOG_INFO(
        db_options_.info_log,
@@ -144,16 +121,6 @@ CompactionJob::ProcessKeyValueCompactionWithCompactionService(
    return compaction_status;
  }

-  if (compaction_status == CompactionServiceJobStatus::kAborted) {
-    sub_compact->status =
-        Status::Aborted("Waiting a remote compaction job was aborted");
-    ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log,
-                   "[%s] [JOB %d] Remote compaction was aborted during Wait()",
-                   compaction->column_family_data()->GetName().c_str(),
-                   job_id_);
-    return compaction_status;
-  }
-
  CompactionServiceResult compaction_result;
  s = CompactionServiceResult::Read(compaction_result_binary,
                                    &compaction_result);
@@ -210,7 +177,7 @@ CompactionJob::ProcessKeyValueCompactionWithCompactionService(
  for (const auto& file : compaction_result.output_files) {
    uint64_t file_num = versions_->NewFileNumber();
    auto src_file = compaction_result.output_path + "/" + file.file_name;
-    auto tgt_file = TableFileName(compaction->immutable_options().cf_paths,
+    auto tgt_file = TableFileName(compaction->immutable_options()->cf_paths,
                                  file_num, compaction->output_path_id());
    s = fs_->RenameFile(src_file, tgt_file, IOOptions(), nullptr);
    if (!s.ok()) {
@@ -221,24 +188,14 @@ CompactionJob::ProcessKeyValueCompactionWithCompactionService(
    }

    FileMetaData meta;
-    uint64_t file_size = file.file_size;
-
-    // TODO - Clean this up in the next release.
-    // For backward compatibility - in case the remote worker does not populate
-    // the file_size yet. If missing, continue to populate this from the file
-    // system.
-    if (file_size == 0) {
-      s = fs_->GetFileSize(tgt_file, IOOptions(), &file_size, nullptr);
-    }
-
+    uint64_t file_size;
+    s = fs_->GetFileSize(tgt_file, IOOptions(), &file_size, nullptr);
    if (!s.ok()) {
      sub_compact->status = s;
      db_options_.compaction_service->OnInstallation(
          response.scheduled_job_id, CompactionServiceJobStatus::kFailure);
      return CompactionServiceJobStatus::kFailure;
    }
-    assert(file_size > 0);
-
    meta.fd = FileDescriptor(file_num, compaction->output_path_id(), file_size,
                             file.smallest_seqno, file.largest_seqno);
    meta.smallest.DecodeFrom(file.smallest_internal_key);
@@ -250,35 +207,19 @@ CompactionJob::ProcessKeyValueCompactionWithCompactionService(
    meta.file_checksum_func_name = file.file_checksum_func_name;
    meta.marked_for_compaction = file.marked_for_compaction;
    meta.unique_id = file.unique_id;
-    meta.temperature = file.file_temperature;
-    meta.tail_size =
-        FileMetaData::CalculateTailSize(file_size, file.table_properties);
+
    auto cfd = compaction->column_family_data();
-    CompactionOutputs* compaction_outputs =
-        sub_compact->Outputs(file.is_proximal_level_output);
-    assert(compaction_outputs);
-    compaction_outputs->AddOutput(std::move(meta), cfd->internal_comparator(),
-                                  false, true, file.paranoid_hash);
-    compaction_outputs->UpdateTableProperties(file.table_properties);
+    sub_compact->Current().AddOutput(std::move(meta),
+                                     cfd->internal_comparator(), false, true,
+                                     file.paranoid_hash);
+    sub_compact->Current().UpdateTableProperties(file.table_properties);
  }
-
-  // Set per-level stats
-  auto compaction_output_stats =
-      sub_compact->OutputStats(false /* is_proximal_level */);
-  assert(compaction_output_stats);
-  compaction_output_stats->Add(
-      compaction_result.internal_stats.output_level_stats);
-  if (compaction->SupportsPerKeyPlacement()) {
-    compaction_output_stats =
-        sub_compact->OutputStats(true /* is_proximal_level */);
-    assert(compaction_output_stats);
-    compaction_output_stats->Add(
-        compaction_result.internal_stats.proximal_level_stats);
-  }
-
-  // Set job stats
  sub_compact->compaction_job_stats = compaction_result.stats;
-
+  sub_compact->Current().SetNumOutputRecords(
+      compaction_result.stats.num_output_records);
+  sub_compact->Current().SetNumOutputFiles(
+      compaction_result.stats.num_output_files);
+  sub_compact->Current().AddBytesWritten(compaction_result.bytes_written);
  RecordTick(stats_, REMOTE_COMPACT_READ_BYTES, compaction_result.bytes_read);
  RecordTick(stats_, REMOTE_COMPACT_WRITE_BYTES,
             compaction_result.bytes_written);
@@ -298,54 +239,69 @@ void CompactionServiceCompactionJob::RecordCompactionIOStats() {
  CompactionJob::RecordCompactionIOStats();
 }

+void CompactionServiceCompactionJob::UpdateCompactionJobStats(
+    const InternalStats::CompactionStats& stats) const {
+  compaction_job_stats_->elapsed_micros = stats.micros;
+
+  // output information only in remote compaction
+  compaction_job_stats_->total_output_bytes = stats.bytes_written;
+  compaction_job_stats_->total_output_bytes_blob = stats.bytes_written_blob;
+  compaction_job_stats_->num_output_records = stats.num_output_records;
+  compaction_job_stats_->num_output_files = stats.num_output_files;
+  compaction_job_stats_->num_output_files_blob = stats.num_output_files_blob;
+}
+
 CompactionServiceCompactionJob::CompactionServiceCompactionJob(
    int job_id, Compaction* compaction, const ImmutableDBOptions& db_options,
    const MutableDBOptions& mutable_db_options, const FileOptions& file_options,
    VersionSet* versions, const std::atomic<bool>* shutting_down,
    LogBuffer* log_buffer, FSDirectory* output_directory, Statistics* stats,
    InstrumentedMutex* db_mutex, ErrorHandler* db_error_handler,
-    JobContext* job_context, std::shared_ptr<Cache> table_cache,
-    EventLogger* event_logger, const std::string& dbname,
-    const std::shared_ptr<IOTracer>& io_tracer,
+    std::vector<SequenceNumber> existing_snapshots,
+    std::shared_ptr<Cache> table_cache, EventLogger* event_logger,
+    const std::string& dbname, const std::shared_ptr<IOTracer>& io_tracer,
    const std::atomic<bool>& manual_compaction_canceled,
    const std::string& db_id, const std::string& db_session_id,
    std::string output_path,
    const CompactionServiceInput& compaction_service_input,
    CompactionServiceResult* compaction_service_result)
-    : CompactionJob(job_id, compaction, db_options, mutable_db_options,
-                    file_options, versions, shutting_down, log_buffer, nullptr,
-                    output_directory, nullptr, stats, db_mutex,
-                    db_error_handler, job_context, std::move(table_cache),
-                    event_logger,
-                    compaction->mutable_cf_options().paranoid_file_checks,
-                    compaction->mutable_cf_options().report_bg_io_stats, dbname,
-                    &(compaction_service_result->stats), Env::Priority::USER,
-                    io_tracer, manual_compaction_canceled, db_id, db_session_id,
-                    compaction->column_family_data()->GetFullHistoryTsLow()),
+    : CompactionJob(
+          job_id, compaction, db_options, mutable_db_options, file_options,
+          versions, shutting_down, log_buffer, nullptr, output_directory,
+          nullptr, stats, db_mutex, db_error_handler,
+          std::move(existing_snapshots), kMaxSequenceNumber, nullptr, nullptr,
+          std::move(table_cache), event_logger,
+          compaction->mutable_cf_options()->paranoid_file_checks,
+          compaction->mutable_cf_options()->report_bg_io_stats, dbname,
+          &(compaction_service_result->stats), Env::Priority::USER, io_tracer,
+          manual_compaction_canceled, db_id, db_session_id,
+          compaction->column_family_data()->GetFullHistoryTsLow()),
      output_path_(std::move(output_path)),
      compaction_input_(compaction_service_input),
      compaction_result_(compaction_service_result) {}

-void CompactionServiceCompactionJob::Prepare(
-    const CompactionProgress& compaction_progress,
-    log::Writer* compaction_progress_writer) {
-  std::optional<Slice> begin;
-  if (compaction_input_.has_begin) {
-    begin = compaction_input_.begin;
-  }
-  std::optional<Slice> end;
-  if (compaction_input_.has_end) {
-    end = compaction_input_.end;
-  }
-  CompactionJob::Prepare(std::make_pair(begin, end), compaction_progress,
-                         compaction_progress_writer);
-}
-
 Status CompactionServiceCompactionJob::Run() {
  AutoThreadOperationStageUpdater stage_updater(
      ThreadStatus::STAGE_COMPACTION_RUN);

  auto* c = compact_->compaction;
+  assert(c->column_family_data() != nullptr);
+  const VersionStorageInfo* storage_info = c->input_version()->storage_info();
+  assert(storage_info);
+  assert(storage_info->NumLevelFiles(compact_->compaction->level()) > 0);
+  write_hint_ = storage_info->CalculateSSTWriteHint(c->output_level());
+
+  bottommost_level_ = c->bottommost_level();
+
+  Slice begin = compaction_input_.begin;
+  Slice end = compaction_input_.end;
+  compact_->sub_compact_states.emplace_back(
+      c,
+      compaction_input_.has_begin ? std::optional<Slice>(begin)
+                                  : std::optional<Slice>(),
+      compaction_input_.has_end ? std::optional<Slice>(end)
+                                : std::optional<Slice>(),
+      /*sub_job_id*/ 0);

  log_buffer_->FlushBufferToLog();
  LogCompaction();
@@ -361,14 +317,15 @@ Status CompactionServiceCompactionJob::Run() {

  ProcessKeyValueCompaction(sub_compact);

-  uint64_t elapsed_micros = db_options_.clock->NowMicros() - start_micros;
-  internal_stats_.SetMicros(elapsed_micros);
-  internal_stats_.AddCpuMicros(elapsed_micros);
+  compaction_stats_.stats.micros =
+      db_options_.clock->NowMicros() - start_micros;
+  compaction_stats_.stats.cpu_micros =
+      sub_compact->compaction_job_stats.cpu_micros;

  RecordTimeToHistogram(stats_, COMPACTION_TIME,
-                        internal_stats_.output_level_stats.micros);
+                        compaction_stats_.stats.micros);
  RecordTimeToHistogram(stats_, COMPACTION_CPU_TIME,
-                        internal_stats_.output_level_stats.cpu_micros);
+                        compaction_stats_.stats.cpu_micros);

  Status status = sub_compact->status;
  IOStatus io_s = sub_compact->io_status;
@@ -398,45 +355,38 @@ Status CompactionServiceCompactionJob::Run() {

  // Build Compaction Job Stats

-  // 1. Aggregate internal stats and job stats for all subcompactions
-  // internal stats: sub_compact.proximal_level_outputs_.stats and
-  //                 sub_compact.compaction_outputs_.stats into
-  //                 internal_stats_.output_level_stats and
-  //                 internal_stats_.proximal_level_stats
-  // job-level stats: sub_compact.compaction_job_stats into compact.job_stats_
-  //
-  // For remote compaction, there's only one subcompaction.
-  compact_->AggregateCompactionStats(internal_stats_, *job_stats_);
+  // 1. Aggregate CompactionOutputStats into Internal Compaction Stats
+  // (compaction_stats_) and aggregate Compaction Job Stats
+  // (compaction_job_stats_) from the sub compactions
+  compact_->AggregateCompactionStats(compaction_stats_, *compaction_job_stats_);

-  // 2. Update job-level output stats with the aggregated internal_stats_
-  // Please note that input stats will be updated by primary host when all
-  // subcompactions are finished
-  UpdateCompactionJobOutputStatsFromInternalStats(status, internal_stats_);
-  // and set fields that are not propagated as part of the update
+  // 2. Update the Output information in the Compaction Job Stats with
+  // aggregated Internal Compaction Stats.
+  UpdateCompactionJobStats(compaction_stats_.stats);
+
+  // 3. Set fields that are not propagated as part of aggregations above
  compaction_result_->stats.is_manual_compaction = c->is_manual_compaction();
  compaction_result_->stats.is_full_compaction = c->is_full_compaction();
  compaction_result_->stats.is_remote_compaction = true;

-  // 3. Update IO Stats that are not part of the the update above
-  // (bytes_read, bytes_written)
+  // 4. Update IO Stats that are not part of the aggregations above (bytes_read,
+  // bytes_written)
  RecordCompactionIOStats();

  // Build Output
-  compaction_result_->internal_stats = internal_stats_;
  compaction_result_->output_level = compact_->compaction->output_level();
  compaction_result_->output_path = output_path_;
  if (status.ok()) {
    for (const auto& output_file : sub_compact->GetOutputs()) {
      auto& meta = output_file.meta;
      compaction_result_->output_files.emplace_back(
-          MakeTableFileName(meta.fd.GetNumber()), meta.fd.GetFileSize(),
-          meta.fd.smallest_seqno, meta.fd.largest_seqno,
-          meta.smallest.Encode().ToString(), meta.largest.Encode().ToString(),
-          meta.oldest_ancester_time, meta.file_creation_time, meta.epoch_number,
-          meta.file_checksum, meta.file_checksum_func_name,
-          output_file.validator.GetHash(), meta.marked_for_compaction,
-          meta.unique_id, *output_file.table_properties,
-          output_file.is_proximal_level, meta.temperature);
+          MakeTableFileName(meta.fd.GetNumber()), meta.fd.smallest_seqno,
+          meta.fd.largest_seqno, meta.smallest.Encode().ToString(),
+          meta.largest.Encode().ToString(), meta.oldest_ancester_time,
+          meta.file_creation_time, meta.epoch_number, meta.file_checksum,
+          meta.file_checksum_func_name, output_file.validator.GetHash(),
+          meta.marked_for_compaction, meta.unique_id,
+          *output_file.table_properties);
    }
  }

@@ -536,10 +486,6 @@ static std::unordered_map<std::string, OptionTypeInfo>
         {offsetof(struct CompactionServiceOutputFile, file_name),
          OptionType::kEncodedString, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"file_size",
-         {offsetof(struct CompactionServiceOutputFile, file_size),
-          OptionType::kUInt64T, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
        {"smallest_seqno",
         {offsetof(struct CompactionServiceOutputFile, smallest_seqno),
          OptionType::kUInt64T, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
@@ -612,16 +558,7 @@ static std::unordered_map<std::string, OptionTypeInfo>
            const auto this_one = static_cast<const TableProperties*>(addr1);
            const auto that_one = static_cast<const TableProperties*>(addr2);
            return this_one->AreEqual(opts, that_one, mismatch);
-          }}},
-        {"is_proximal_level_output",
-         {offsetof(struct CompactionServiceOutputFile,
-                   is_proximal_level_output),
-          OptionType::kBoolean, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"file_temperature",
-         {offsetof(struct CompactionServiceOutputFile, file_temperature),
-          OptionType::kTemperature, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}}};
+          }}}};

 static std::unordered_map<std::string, OptionTypeInfo>
    compaction_job_stats_type_info = {
@@ -746,125 +683,6 @@ static std::unordered_map<std::string, OptionTypeInfo>
          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
 };

-static std::unordered_map<std::string, OptionTypeInfo>
-    compaction_stats_type_info = {
-        {"micros",
-         {offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStats, micros),
-          OptionType::kUInt64T, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"cpu_micros",
-         {offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStats, cpu_micros),
-          OptionType::kUInt64T, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"bytes_read_non_output_levels",
-         {offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStats,
-                   bytes_read_non_output_levels),
-          OptionType::kUInt64T, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"bytes_read_output_level",
-         {offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStats,
-                   bytes_read_output_level),
-          OptionType::kUInt64T, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"bytes_skipped_non_output_levels",
-         {offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStats,
-                   bytes_skipped_non_output_levels),
-          OptionType::kUInt64T, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"bytes_skipped_output_level",
-         {offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStats,
-                   bytes_skipped_output_level),
-          OptionType::kUInt64T, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"bytes_read_blob",
-         {offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStats, bytes_read_blob),
-          OptionType::kUInt64T, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"bytes_written",
-         {offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStats, bytes_written),
-          OptionType::kUInt64T, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"bytes_written_blob",
-         {offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStats, bytes_written_blob),
-          OptionType::kUInt64T, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"bytes_moved",
-         {offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStats, bytes_moved),
-          OptionType::kUInt64T, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"num_input_files_in_non_output_levels",
-         {offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStats,
-                   num_input_files_in_non_output_levels),
-          OptionType::kInt, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"num_input_files_in_output_level",
-         {offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStats,
-                   num_input_files_in_output_level),
-          OptionType::kInt, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"num_filtered_input_files_in_non_output_levels",
-         {offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStats,
-                   num_filtered_input_files_in_non_output_levels),
-          OptionType::kInt, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"num_filtered_input_files_in_output_level",
-         {offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStats,
-                   num_filtered_input_files_in_output_level),
-          OptionType::kInt, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"num_output_files",
-         {offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStats, num_output_files),
-          OptionType::kInt, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"num_output_files_blob",
-         {offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStats,
-                   num_output_files_blob),
-          OptionType::kInt, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"num_input_records",
-         {offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStats, num_input_records),
-          OptionType::kUInt64T, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"num_dropped_records",
-         {offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStats, num_dropped_records),
-          OptionType::kUInt64T, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"num_output_records",
-         {offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStats, num_output_records),
-          OptionType::kUInt64T, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"count",
-         {offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStats, count),
-          OptionType::kUInt64T, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"counts", OptionTypeInfo::Array<
-                       int, static_cast<int>(CompactionReason::kNumOfReasons)>(
-                       offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStats, counts),
-                       OptionVerificationType::kNormal, OptionTypeFlags::kNone,
-                       {0, OptionType::kInt})},
-};
-
-static std::unordered_map<std::string, OptionTypeInfo>
-    compaction_internal_stats_type_info = {
-        {"output_level_stats",
-         OptionTypeInfo::Struct(
-             "output_level_stats", &compaction_stats_type_info,
-             offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStatsFull,
-                      output_level_stats),
-             OptionVerificationType::kNormal, OptionTypeFlags::kNone)},
-        {"has_proximal_level_output",
-         {offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStatsFull,
-                   has_proximal_level_output),
-          OptionType::kBoolean, OptionVerificationType::kNormal,
-          OptionTypeFlags::kNone}},
-        {"proximal_level_stats",
-         OptionTypeInfo::Struct(
-             "proximal_level_stats", &compaction_stats_type_info,
-             offsetof(struct InternalStats::CompactionStatsFull,
-                      proximal_level_stats),
-             OptionVerificationType::kNormal, OptionTypeFlags::kNone)},
-};
-
 namespace {
 // this is a helper struct to serialize and deserialize class Status, because
 // Status's members are not public.
@@ -971,11 +789,6 @@ static std::unordered_map<std::string, OptionTypeInfo> cs_result_type_info = {
                  "stats", &compaction_job_stats_type_info,
                  offsetof(struct CompactionServiceResult, stats),
                  OptionVerificationType::kNormal, OptionTypeFlags::kNone)},
-    {"internal_stats",
-     OptionTypeInfo::Struct(
-         "internal_stats", &compaction_internal_stats_type_info,
-         offsetof(struct CompactionServiceResult, internal_stats),
-         OptionVerificationType::kNormal, OptionTypeFlags::kNone)},
 };

 Status CompactionServiceInput::Read(const std::string& data_str,
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ Slice CompactionState::LargestUserKey() {
 }

 void CompactionState::AggregateCompactionStats(
-    InternalStats::CompactionStatsFull& internal_stats,
-    CompactionJobStats& job_stats) {
+    InternalStats::CompactionStatsFull& compaction_stats,
+    CompactionJobStats& compaction_job_stats) {
  for (const auto& sc : sub_compact_states) {
-    sc.AggregateCompactionOutputStats(internal_stats);
-    job_stats.Add(sc.compaction_job_stats);
+    sc.AggregateCompactionOutputStats(compaction_stats);
+    compaction_job_stats.Add(sc.compaction_job_stats);
  }
 }
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ class CompactionState {
  Status status;

  void AggregateCompactionStats(
-      InternalStats::CompactionStatsFull& internal_stats,
-      CompactionJobStats& job_stats);
+      InternalStats::CompactionStatsFull& compaction_stats,
+      CompactionJobStats& compaction_job_stats);

  explicit CompactionState(Compaction* c) : compaction(c) {}

@@ -14,32 +14,22 @@

 namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
 void SubcompactionState::AggregateCompactionOutputStats(
-    InternalStats::CompactionStatsFull& internal_stats) const {
-  // Outputs should be closed. By extension, any files created just for
-  // range deletes have already been written also.
-  assert(compaction_outputs_.HasBuilder() == false);
-  assert(proximal_level_outputs_.HasBuilder() == false);
-
-  // FIXME: These stats currently include abandonned output files
-  // assert(compaction_outputs_.stats_.num_output_files ==
-  //        compaction_outputs_.outputs_.size());
-  // assert(proximal_level_outputs_.stats_.num_output_files ==
-  //        proximal_level_outputs_.outputs_.size());
-
-  internal_stats.output_level_stats.Add(compaction_outputs_.stats_);
-  if (proximal_level_outputs_.HasOutput()) {
-    internal_stats.has_proximal_level_output = true;
-    internal_stats.proximal_level_stats.Add(proximal_level_outputs_.stats_);
+    InternalStats::CompactionStatsFull& compaction_stats) const {
+  compaction_stats.stats.Add(compaction_outputs_.stats_);
+  if (HasPenultimateLevelOutputs()) {
+    compaction_stats.has_penultimate_level_output = true;
+    compaction_stats.penultimate_level_stats.Add(
+        penultimate_level_outputs_.stats_);
  }
 }

 OutputIterator SubcompactionState::GetOutputs() const {
-  return OutputIterator(proximal_level_outputs_.outputs_,
+  return OutputIterator(penultimate_level_outputs_.outputs_,
                        compaction_outputs_.outputs_);
 }

 void SubcompactionState::Cleanup(Cache* cache) {
-  proximal_level_outputs_.Cleanup();
+  penultimate_level_outputs_.Cleanup();
  compaction_outputs_.Cleanup();

  if (!status.ok()) {
@@ -53,7 +43,7 @@ void SubcompactionState::Cleanup(Cache* cache) {
      // be picked up by scanning the DB directory.
      TableCache::ReleaseObsolete(
          cache, out.meta.fd.GetNumber(), nullptr /*handle*/,
-          compaction->mutable_cf_options().uncache_aggressiveness);
+          compaction->mutable_cf_options()->uncache_aggressiveness);
    }
  }
  // TODO: sub_compact.io_status is not checked like status. Not sure if thats
@@ -62,9 +52,9 @@ void SubcompactionState::Cleanup(Cache* cache) {
 }

 Slice SubcompactionState::SmallestUserKey() const {
-  if (proximal_level_outputs_.HasOutput()) {
+  if (has_penultimate_level_outputs_) {
    Slice a = compaction_outputs_.SmallestUserKey();
-    Slice b = proximal_level_outputs_.SmallestUserKey();
+    Slice b = penultimate_level_outputs_.SmallestUserKey();
    if (a.empty()) {
      return b;
    }
@@ -84,9 +74,9 @@ Slice SubcompactionState::SmallestUserKey() const {
 }

 Slice SubcompactionState::LargestUserKey() const {
-  if (proximal_level_outputs_.HasOutput()) {
+  if (has_penultimate_level_outputs_) {
    Slice a = compaction_outputs_.LargestUserKey();
-    Slice b = proximal_level_outputs_.LargestUserKey();
+    Slice b = penultimate_level_outputs_.LargestUserKey();
    if (a.empty()) {
      return b;
    }
@@ -106,15 +96,18 @@ Slice SubcompactionState::LargestUserKey() const {
 }

 Status SubcompactionState::AddToOutput(
-    const CompactionIterator& iter, bool use_proximal_output,
+    const CompactionIterator& iter,
    const CompactionFileOpenFunc& open_file_func,
-    const CompactionFileCloseFunc& close_file_func,
-    const ParsedInternalKey& prev_iter_output_internal_key) {
-  // update target output
-  current_outputs_ =
-      use_proximal_output ? &proximal_level_outputs_ : &compaction_outputs_;
-  return current_outputs_->AddToOutput(iter, open_file_func, close_file_func,
-                                       prev_iter_output_internal_key);
+    const CompactionFileCloseFunc& close_file_func) {
+  // update target output first
+  is_current_penultimate_level_ = iter.output_to_penultimate_level();
+  current_outputs_ = is_current_penultimate_level_ ? &penultimate_level_outputs_
+                                                   : &compaction_outputs_;
+  if (is_current_penultimate_level_) {
+    has_penultimate_level_outputs_ = true;
+  }
+
+  return Current().AddToOutput(iter, open_file_func, close_file_func);
 }

 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
@@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
 // Maintains state and outputs for each sub-compaction
 // It contains 2 `CompactionOutputs`:
 //  1. one for the normal output files
-//  2. another for the proximal level outputs
+//  2. another for the penultimate level outputs
 // a `current` pointer maintains the current output group, when calling
 // `AddToOutput()`, it checks the output of the current compaction_iterator key
 // and point `current` to the target output group. By default, it just points to
 // normal compaction_outputs, if the compaction_iterator key should be placed on
-// the proximal level, `current` is changed to point to
-// `proximal_level_outputs`.
+// the penultimate level, `current` is changed to point to
+// `penultimate_level_outputs`.
 // The later operations uses `Current()` to get the target group.
 //
 // +----------+          +-----------------------------+      +---------+
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
 //       |                                                    |  ...    |
 //       |
 //       |               +-----------------------------+      +---------+
-//       +-------------> | proximal_level_outputs      |----->| output  |
+//       +-------------> | penultimate_level_outputs   |----->| output  |
 //                       +-----------------------------+      +---------+
 //                                                            |  ...    |

@@ -78,21 +78,30 @@ class SubcompactionState {
  Slice LargestUserKey() const;

  // Get all outputs from the subcompaction. For per_key_placement compaction,
-  // it returns both the last level outputs and proximal level outputs.
+  // it returns both the last level outputs and penultimate level outputs.
  OutputIterator GetOutputs() const;

-  // Assign range dels aggregator. The various tombstones will potentially
-  // be filtered to different outputs.
+  // Assign range dels aggregator, for each range_del, it can only be assigned
+  // to one output level, for per_key_placement, it's going to be the
+  // penultimate level.
+  // TODO: This does not work for per_key_placement + user-defined timestamp +
+  //  DeleteRange() combo. If user-defined timestamp is enabled,
+  //  it is possible for a range tombstone to belong to bottommost level (
+  //  seqno < earliest snapshot) without being dropped (garbage collection
+  //  for user-defined timestamp).
  void AssignRangeDelAggregator(
      std::unique_ptr<CompactionRangeDelAggregator>&& range_del_agg) {
-    assert(range_del_agg_ == nullptr);
-    assert(range_del_agg);
-    range_del_agg_ = std::move(range_del_agg);
+    if (compaction->SupportsPerKeyPlacement()) {
+      penultimate_level_outputs_.AssignRangeDelAggregator(
+          std::move(range_del_agg));
+    } else {
+      compaction_outputs_.AssignRangeDelAggregator(std::move(range_del_agg));
+    }
  }

  void RemoveLastEmptyOutput() {
    compaction_outputs_.RemoveLastEmptyOutput();
-    proximal_level_outputs_.RemoveLastEmptyOutput();
+    penultimate_level_outputs_.RemoveLastEmptyOutput();
  }

  void BuildSubcompactionJobInfo(
@@ -106,11 +115,7 @@ class SubcompactionState {
    subcompaction_job_info.subcompaction_job_id = static_cast<int>(sub_job_id);
    subcompaction_job_info.base_input_level = c->start_level();
    subcompaction_job_info.output_level = c->output_level();
-    subcompaction_job_info.compaction_reason = c->compaction_reason();
-    subcompaction_job_info.compression = c->output_compression();
    subcompaction_job_info.stats = compaction_job_stats;
-    subcompaction_job_info.blob_compression_type =
-        c->mutable_cf_options().blob_compression_type;
  }

  SubcompactionState() = delete;
@@ -123,14 +128,14 @@ class SubcompactionState {
        start(_start),
        end(_end),
        sub_job_id(_sub_job_id),
-        compaction_outputs_(c, /*is_proximal_level=*/false),
-        proximal_level_outputs_(c, /*is_proximal_level=*/true) {
+        compaction_outputs_(c, /*is_penultimate_level=*/false),
+        penultimate_level_outputs_(c, /*is_penultimate_level=*/true) {
    assert(compaction != nullptr);
    // Set output split key (used for RoundRobin feature) only for normal
-    // compaction_outputs, output to proximal_level feature doesn't support
+    // compaction_outputs, output to penultimate_level feature doesn't support
    // RoundRobin feature (and may never going to be supported, because for
    // RoundRobin, the data time is mostly naturally sorted, no need to have
-    // per-key placement with output_to_proximal_level).
+    // per-key placement with output_to_penultimate_level).
    compaction_outputs_.SetOutputSlitKey(start, end);
  }

@@ -145,17 +150,27 @@ class SubcompactionState {
        compaction_job_stats(std::move(state.compaction_job_stats)),
        sub_job_id(state.sub_job_id),
        compaction_outputs_(std::move(state.compaction_outputs_)),
-        proximal_level_outputs_(std::move(state.proximal_level_outputs_)),
-        range_del_agg_(std::move(state.range_del_agg_)) {
-    current_outputs_ = state.current_outputs_ == &state.proximal_level_outputs_
-                           ? &proximal_level_outputs_
+        penultimate_level_outputs_(std::move(state.penultimate_level_outputs_)),
+        is_current_penultimate_level_(state.is_current_penultimate_level_),
+        has_penultimate_level_outputs_(state.has_penultimate_level_outputs_) {
+    current_outputs_ = is_current_penultimate_level_
+                           ? &penultimate_level_outputs_
                           : &compaction_outputs_;
  }

+  bool HasPenultimateLevelOutputs() const {
+    return has_penultimate_level_outputs_ ||
+           penultimate_level_outputs_.HasRangeDel();
+  }
+
+  bool IsCurrentPenultimateLevel() const {
+    return is_current_penultimate_level_;
+  }
+
  // Add all the new files from this compaction to version_edit
  void AddOutputsEdit(VersionEdit* out_edit) const {
-    for (const auto& file : proximal_level_outputs_.outputs_) {
-      out_edit->AddFile(compaction->GetProximalLevel(), file.meta);
+    for (const auto& file : penultimate_level_outputs_.outputs_) {
+      out_edit->AddFile(compaction->GetPenultimateLevel(), file.meta);
    }
    for (const auto& file : compaction_outputs_.outputs_) {
      out_edit->AddFile(compaction->output_level(), file.meta);
@@ -165,94 +180,41 @@ class SubcompactionState {
  void Cleanup(Cache* cache);

  void AggregateCompactionOutputStats(
-      InternalStats::CompactionStatsFull& internal_stats) const;
+      InternalStats::CompactionStatsFull& compaction_stats) const;

  CompactionOutputs& Current() const {
    assert(current_outputs_);
    return *current_outputs_;
  }

-  CompactionOutputs* Outputs(bool is_proximal_level) {
-    assert(compaction);
-    if (is_proximal_level) {
-      assert(compaction->SupportsPerKeyPlacement());
-      return &proximal_level_outputs_;
-    }
-    return &compaction_outputs_;
-  }
-
-  // Per-level stats for the output
-  InternalStats::CompactionStats* OutputStats(bool is_proximal_level) {
-    assert(compaction);
-    if (is_proximal_level) {
-      assert(compaction->SupportsPerKeyPlacement());
-      return &proximal_level_outputs_.stats_;
-    }
-    return &compaction_outputs_.stats_;
-  }
-
-  uint64_t GetWorkerCPUMicros() const {
-    uint64_t rv = compaction_outputs_.GetWorkerCPUMicros();
-    if (compaction->SupportsPerKeyPlacement()) {
-      rv += proximal_level_outputs_.GetWorkerCPUMicros();
-    }
-    return rv;
-  }
-
-  CompactionRangeDelAggregator* RangeDelAgg() const {
-    return range_del_agg_.get();
-  }
-
-  // if the outputs have range delete, range delete is also data
-  bool HasRangeDel() const {
-    return range_del_agg_ && !range_del_agg_->IsEmpty();
-  }
-
-  void SetSubcompactionProgress(
-      const SubcompactionProgress& subcompaction_progress) {
-    subcompaction_progress_ = subcompaction_progress;
-  }
-
-  SubcompactionProgress& GetSubcompactionProgressRef() {
-    return subcompaction_progress_;
-  }
-
  // Add compaction_iterator key/value to the `Current` output group.
-  Status AddToOutput(const CompactionIterator& iter, bool use_proximal_output,
+  Status AddToOutput(const CompactionIterator& iter,
                     const CompactionFileOpenFunc& open_file_func,
-                     const CompactionFileCloseFunc& close_file_func,
-                     const ParsedInternalKey& prev_iter_output_internal_key);
+                     const CompactionFileCloseFunc& close_file_func);

-  // Close all compaction output files, both output_to_proximal_level outputs
+  // Close all compaction output files, both output_to_penultimate_level outputs
  // and normal outputs.
  Status CloseCompactionFiles(const Status& curr_status,
                              const CompactionFileOpenFunc& open_file_func,
                              const CompactionFileCloseFunc& close_file_func) {
-    auto per_key = compaction->SupportsPerKeyPlacement();
    // Call FinishCompactionOutputFile() even if status is not ok: it needs to
    // close the output file.
    // CloseOutput() may open new compaction output files.
-    Status s = curr_status;
-    if (per_key) {
-      s = proximal_level_outputs_.CloseOutput(s, range_del_agg_.get(),
-                                              open_file_func, close_file_func);
-    } else {
-      assert(proximal_level_outputs_.HasBuilder() == false);
-      assert(proximal_level_outputs_.HasOutput() == false);
-    }
-    s = compaction_outputs_.CloseOutput(s, range_del_agg_.get(), open_file_func,
-                                        close_file_func);
+    is_current_penultimate_level_ = true;
+    Status s = penultimate_level_outputs_.CloseOutput(
+        curr_status, open_file_func, close_file_func);
+    is_current_penultimate_level_ = false;
+    s = compaction_outputs_.CloseOutput(s, open_file_func, close_file_func);
    return s;
  }

 private:
  // State kept for output being generated
  CompactionOutputs compaction_outputs_;
-  CompactionOutputs proximal_level_outputs_;
+  CompactionOutputs penultimate_level_outputs_;
  CompactionOutputs* current_outputs_ = &compaction_outputs_;
-  std::unique_ptr<CompactionRangeDelAggregator> range_del_agg_;
-
-  SubcompactionProgress subcompaction_progress_;
+  bool is_current_penultimate_level_ = false;
+  bool has_penultimate_level_outputs_ = false;
 };

 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 //  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
 //

+
 #include "rocksdb/convenience.h"

 #include "db/convenience_impl.h"
@@ -26,17 +27,6 @@ Status DeleteFilesInRange(DB* db, ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,

 Status DeleteFilesInRanges(DB* db, ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
                           const RangePtr* ranges, size_t n, bool include_end) {
-  std::vector<RangeOpt> range_opts(n);
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-    range_opts[i] = {OptSlice::CopyFromPtr(ranges[i].start),
-                     OptSlice::CopyFromPtr(ranges[i].limit)};
-  }
-  return DeleteFilesInRanges(db, column_family, range_opts.data(), n,
-                             include_end);
-}
-
-Status DeleteFilesInRanges(DB* db, ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
-                           const RangeOpt* ranges, size_t n, bool include_end) {
  return (static_cast_with_check<DBImpl>(db->GetRootDB()))
      ->DeleteFilesInRanges(column_family, ranges, n, include_end);
 }
@@ -93,10 +83,9 @@ Status VerifySstFileChecksumInternal(const Options& options,
          nullptr /* file_read_hist */, ioptions.rate_limiter.get()));
  const bool kImmortal = true;
  auto reader_options = TableReaderOptions(
-      ioptions, options.prefix_extractor, options.compression_manager.get(),
-      env_options, internal_comparator, options.block_protection_bytes_per_key,
-      false /* skip_filters */, !kImmortal, false /* force_direct_prefetch */,
-      -1 /* level */);
+      ioptions, options.prefix_extractor, env_options, internal_comparator,
+      options.block_protection_bytes_per_key, false /* skip_filters */,
+      !kImmortal, false /* force_direct_prefetch */, -1 /* level */);
  reader_options.largest_seqno = largest_seqno;
  s = options.table_factory->NewTableReader(
      read_options, reader_options, std::move(file_reader), file_size,
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
 // found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.

+#include "rocksdb/options.h"
+
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
@@ -23,7 +25,6 @@
 #include "rocksdb/convenience.h"
 #include "rocksdb/db.h"
 #include "rocksdb/env.h"
-#include "rocksdb/options.h"
 #include "rocksdb/table.h"
 #include "rocksdb/utilities/transaction_db.h"
 #include "rocksdb/write_batch.h"
@@ -556,74 +557,6 @@ TEST_F(CorruptionTest, TableFileFooterNotMagic) {
  ASSERT_TRUE(s.ToString().find(".sst") != std::string::npos);
 }

-TEST_F(CorruptionTest, DBOpenWithWrongFileSize) {
-  // Validate that when paranoid flag is true, DB::Open() fails if one of the
-  // file corrupted. Validate that when paranoid flag is false, DB::Open()
-  // succeed if one of the file corrupted, and the healthy file is readable.
-  CloseDb();
-
-  const std::string test_cf_name = "test_cf";
-  std::vector<ColumnFamilyDescriptor> cf_descs;
-  cf_descs.emplace_back(kDefaultColumnFamilyName, ColumnFamilyOptions());
-  cf_descs.emplace_back(test_cf_name, ColumnFamilyOptions());
-
-  {
-    options_.create_missing_column_families = true;
-    std::vector<ColumnFamilyHandle*> cfhs;
-    ASSERT_OK(DB::Open(options_, dbname_, cf_descs, &cfhs, &db_));
-    assert(db_ != nullptr);  // suppress false clang-analyze report
-
-    ASSERT_OK(db_->Put(WriteOptions(), cfhs[0], "k", "v"));
-    ASSERT_OK(db_->Put(WriteOptions(), cfhs[1], "k1", "v1"));
-    ASSERT_OK(db_->Put(WriteOptions(), cfhs[0], "k2", "v2"));
-    for (auto* cfh : cfhs) {
-      delete cfh;
-    }
-    DBImpl* dbi = static_cast_with_check<DBImpl>(db_);
-    ASSERT_OK(dbi->TEST_FlushMemTable());
-
-    // ********************************************
-    // Corrupt the file by making the file bigger
-    std::vector<LiveFileMetaData> metadata;
-    db_->GetLiveFilesMetaData(&metadata);
-    std::string filename = dbname_ + metadata[0].name;
-    const auto& fs = options_.env->GetFileSystem();
-    {
-      std::unique_ptr<FSWritableFile> f;
-      ASSERT_OK(fs->ReopenWritableFile(filename, FileOptions(), &f, nullptr));
-      ASSERT_OK(f->Append("blahblah", IOOptions(), nullptr));
-      ASSERT_OK(f->Close(IOOptions(), nullptr));
-    }
-    CloseDb();
-  }
-
-  // DB failed to open due to one of the file is corrupted, as paranoid flag is
-  // true
-  options_.paranoid_checks = true;
-  std::vector<ColumnFamilyHandle*> cfhs;
-  auto s = DB::Open(options_, dbname_, cf_descs, &cfhs, &db_);
-  ASSERT_TRUE(s.IsCorruption());
-  ASSERT_TRUE(s.ToString().find("file size mismatch") != std::string::npos);
-
-  // DB opened successfully, as paranoid flag is false, validate the one that is
-  // healthy is still accessible
-  options_.paranoid_checks = false;
-  ASSERT_OK(DB::Open(options_, dbname_, cf_descs, &cfhs, &db_));
-  assert(db_ != nullptr);  // suppress false clang-analyze report
-
-  std::string v;
-  ASSERT_OK(db_->Get(ReadOptions(), cfhs[1], "k1", &v));
-  ASSERT_EQ(v, "v1");
-
-  // Validate the default column family is corrupted
-  Check(0, 0);
-  s = db_->Get(ReadOptions(), cfhs[0], "k1", &v);
-  ASSERT_TRUE(s.IsCorruption());
-
-  delete cfhs[1];
-  delete cfhs[0];
-}
-
 TEST_F(CorruptionTest, TableFileWrongSize) {
  Build(100);
  DBImpl* dbi = static_cast_with_check<DBImpl>(db_);
@@ -647,16 +580,13 @@ TEST_F(CorruptionTest, TableFileWrongSize) {
  // DB actually accepts this without paranoid checks, relying on size
  // recorded in manifest to locate the SST footer.
  options_.paranoid_checks = false;
+  options_.skip_checking_sst_file_sizes_on_db_open = false;
  Reopen();
-  // As footer could not be extraced, file is completely unreadable
-  Check(0, 0);
-  std::string v;
-  auto s = db_->Get(ReadOptions(), "k1", &v);
-  ASSERT_TRUE(s.IsCorruption());
+  Check(100, 100);

  // But reports the issue with paranoid checks
  options_.paranoid_checks = true;
-  s = TryReopen();
+  Status s = TryReopen();
  ASSERT_TRUE(s.IsCorruption());
  ASSERT_TRUE(s.ToString().find("file size mismatch") != std::string::npos);

@@ -934,6 +864,7 @@ TEST_F(CorruptionTest, ParanoidFileChecksOnCompact) {
    ASSERT_OK(DB::Open(options, dbname_, &db_));
    assert(db_ != nullptr);  // suppress false clang-analyze report
    Build(100, 2);
+    // ASSERT_OK(db_->Flush(FlushOptions()));
    DBImpl* dbi = static_cast_with_check<DBImpl>(db_);
    ASSERT_OK(dbi->TEST_FlushMemTable());
    mock->SetCorruptionMode(mode);
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 //  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
 //  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).

+
 #include "db/db_impl/db_impl.h"
 #include "db/db_test_util.h"
 #include "rocksdb/db.h"
@@ -348,3 +349,4 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    return 0;
  }
 }
+
@@ -161,7 +161,6 @@ TEST_F(DBBasicTest, UniqueSession) {

  ASSERT_EQ(sid2, sid3);

-  DestroyAndReopen(options);
  CreateAndReopenWithCF({"goku"}, options);
  ASSERT_OK(db_->GetDbSessionId(sid1));
  ASSERT_OK(Put("bar", "e1"));
@@ -180,7 +179,6 @@ TEST_F(DBBasicTest, UniqueSession) {
 TEST_F(DBBasicTest, ReadOnlyDB) {
  ASSERT_OK(Put("foo", "v1"));
  ASSERT_OK(Put("bar", "v2"));
-  ASSERT_OK(Flush());
  ASSERT_OK(Put("foo", "v3"));
  Close();

@@ -210,11 +208,10 @@ TEST_F(DBBasicTest, ReadOnlyDB) {

  auto options = CurrentOptions();
  assert(options.env == env_);
-  ASSERT_OK(EnforcedReadOnlyReopen(options));
+  ASSERT_OK(ReadOnlyReopen(options));
  ASSERT_EQ("v3", Get("foo"));
  ASSERT_EQ("v2", Get("bar"));
  verify_all_iters();
-  ASSERT_EQ(Flush().code(), Status::Code::kNotSupported);
  Close();

  // Reopen and flush memtable.
@@ -222,38 +219,26 @@ TEST_F(DBBasicTest, ReadOnlyDB) {
  ASSERT_OK(Flush());
  Close();
  // Now check keys in read only mode.
-  ASSERT_OK(EnforcedReadOnlyReopen(options));
+  ASSERT_OK(ReadOnlyReopen(options));
  ASSERT_EQ("v3", Get("foo"));
  ASSERT_EQ("v2", Get("bar"));
  verify_all_iters();
-  ASSERT_EQ(db_->SyncWAL().code(), Status::Code::kNotSupported);
-
-  // More ops that should fail
-  std::vector<ColumnFamilyHandle*> cfhs{{}};
-  ASSERT_EQ(db_->CreateColumnFamily(options, "blah", &cfhs[0]).code(),
-            Status::Code::kNotSupported);
-
-  ASSERT_EQ(db_->CreateColumnFamilies(options, {"blah"}, &cfhs).code(),
-            Status::Code::kNotSupported);
-
-  std::vector<ColumnFamilyDescriptor> cfds;
-  cfds.push_back({"blah", options});
-  ASSERT_EQ(db_->CreateColumnFamilies(cfds, &cfhs).code(),
-            Status::Code::kNotSupported);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(db_->SyncWAL().IsNotSupported());
 }

-TEST_F(DBBasicTest, ReadOnlyDBWithWriteDBIdToManifestSet) {
-  auto options = CurrentOptions();
-  options.write_dbid_to_manifest = false;
-  DestroyAndReopen(options);
+// TODO akanksha: Update the test to check that combination
+// does not actually write to FS (use open read-only with
+// CompositeEnvWrapper+ReadOnlyFileSystem).
+TEST_F(DBBasicTest, DISABLED_ReadOnlyDBWithWriteDBIdToManifestSet) {
  ASSERT_OK(Put("foo", "v1"));
  ASSERT_OK(Put("bar", "v2"));
  ASSERT_OK(Put("foo", "v3"));
  Close();

+  auto options = CurrentOptions();
  options.write_dbid_to_manifest = true;
  assert(options.env == env_);
-  ASSERT_OK(EnforcedReadOnlyReopen(options));
+  ASSERT_OK(ReadOnlyReopen(options));
  std::string db_id1;
  ASSERT_OK(db_->GetDbIdentity(db_id1));
  ASSERT_EQ("v3", Get("foo"));
@@ -273,7 +258,7 @@ TEST_F(DBBasicTest, ReadOnlyDBWithWriteDBIdToManifestSet) {
  ASSERT_OK(Flush());
  Close();
  // Now check keys in read only mode.
-  ASSERT_OK(EnforcedReadOnlyReopen(options));
+  ASSERT_OK(ReadOnlyReopen(options));
  ASSERT_EQ("v3", Get("foo"));
  ASSERT_EQ("v2", Get("bar"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(db_->SyncWAL().IsNotSupported());
@@ -675,6 +660,30 @@ TEST_F(DBBasicTest, Flush) {
  } while (ChangeCompactOptions());
 }

+TEST_F(DBBasicTest, ManifestRollOver) {
+  do {
+    Options options;
+    options.max_manifest_file_size = 10;  // 10 bytes
+    options = CurrentOptions(options);
+    CreateAndReopenWithCF({"pikachu"}, options);
+    {
+      ASSERT_OK(Put(1, "manifest_key1", std::string(1000, '1')));
+      ASSERT_OK(Put(1, "manifest_key2", std::string(1000, '2')));
+      ASSERT_OK(Put(1, "manifest_key3", std::string(1000, '3')));
+      uint64_t manifest_before_flush = dbfull()->TEST_Current_Manifest_FileNo();
+      ASSERT_OK(Flush(1));  // This should trigger LogAndApply.
+      uint64_t manifest_after_flush = dbfull()->TEST_Current_Manifest_FileNo();
+      ASSERT_GT(manifest_after_flush, manifest_before_flush);
+      ReopenWithColumnFamilies({"default", "pikachu"}, options);
+      ASSERT_GT(dbfull()->TEST_Current_Manifest_FileNo(), manifest_after_flush);
+      // check if a new manifest file got inserted or not.
+      ASSERT_EQ(std::string(1000, '1'), Get(1, "manifest_key1"));
+      ASSERT_EQ(std::string(1000, '2'), Get(1, "manifest_key2"));
+      ASSERT_EQ(std::string(1000, '3'), Get(1, "manifest_key3"));
+    }
+  } while (ChangeCompactOptions());
+}
+
 TEST_F(DBBasicTest, IdentityAcrossRestarts) {
  constexpr size_t kMinIdSize = 10;
  do {
@@ -869,6 +878,7 @@ TEST_F(DBBasicTest, Snapshot) {
  } while (ChangeOptions());
 }

+
 class DBBasicMultiConfigs : public DBBasicTest,
                            public ::testing::WithParamInterface<int> {
 public:
@@ -2594,7 +2604,8 @@ class DBMultiGetAsyncIOTest : public DBBasicTest,
    // Warm up the block cache so we don't need to use the IO uring
    Iterator* iter = dbfull()->NewIterator(ReadOptions());
    for (iter->SeekToFirst(); iter->Valid() && iter->status().ok();
-         iter->Next());
+         iter->Next())
+      ;
    EXPECT_OK(iter->status());
    delete iter;
 #endif  // ROCKSDB_IOURING_PRESENT
@@ -3264,7 +3275,8 @@ TEST_F(DBBasicTest, GetAllKeyVersions) {
    ASSERT_OK(Delete(std::to_string(i)));
  }
  std::vector<KeyVersion> key_versions;
-  ASSERT_OK(GetAllKeyVersions(db_, {}, {}, std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(),
+  ASSERT_OK(GetAllKeyVersions(db_, Slice(), Slice(),
+                              std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(),
                              &key_versions));
  ASSERT_EQ(kNumInserts + kNumDeletes + kNumUpdates, key_versions.size());
  for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumInserts + kNumDeletes + kNumUpdates; i++) {
@@ -3274,7 +3286,7 @@ TEST_F(DBBasicTest, GetAllKeyVersions) {
      ASSERT_EQ(key_versions[i].GetTypeName(), "TypeValue");
    }
  }
-  ASSERT_OK(GetAllKeyVersions(db_, handles_[0], {}, {},
+  ASSERT_OK(GetAllKeyVersions(db_, handles_[0], Slice(), Slice(),
                              std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(),
                              &key_versions));
  ASSERT_EQ(kNumInserts + kNumDeletes + kNumUpdates, key_versions.size());
@@ -3289,17 +3301,10 @@ TEST_F(DBBasicTest, GetAllKeyVersions) {
  for (size_t i = 0; i + 1 != kNumDeletes; ++i) {
    ASSERT_OK(Delete(1, std::to_string(i)));
  }
-  ASSERT_OK(GetAllKeyVersions(db_, handles_[1], {}, {},
-                              std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(),
-                              &key_versions));
-  ASSERT_EQ(kNumInserts + kNumDeletes + kNumUpdates - 3, key_versions.size());
-
-  // Change from historical behavior: empty key is now interpreted literally as
-  // a legal key (rather than as a "not present" key)
  ASSERT_OK(GetAllKeyVersions(db_, handles_[1], Slice(), Slice(),
                              std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(),
                              &key_versions));
-  ASSERT_EQ(key_versions.size(), 0);
+  ASSERT_EQ(kNumInserts + kNumDeletes + kNumUpdates - 3, key_versions.size());
 }

 TEST_F(DBBasicTest, ValueTypeString) {
@@ -3351,69 +3356,6 @@ TEST_F(DBBasicTest, MultiGetIOBufferOverrun) {
                     keys.data(), values.data(), statuses.data(), true);
 }

-TEST_F(DBBasicTest, MultiGetWithSnapshotsAndPersistedTier) {
-  Options options = CurrentOptions();
-  options.create_if_missing = true;
-  options.atomic_flush = true;
-  DestroyAndReopen(options);
-  CreateAndReopenWithCF({"cf1", "cf2"}, options);
-
-  // Insert initial data
-  ASSERT_OK(Put(0, "key1", "value1_cf0"));
-  ASSERT_OK(Put(1, "key1", "value1_cf1"));
-  ASSERT_OK(Put(2, "key1", "value1_cf2"));
-  ASSERT_OK(Flush({0, 1, 2}));
-  for (auto cf : {0, 1, 2}) {
-    ASSERT_EQ(1, NumTableFilesAtLevel(0, cf));
-  }
-
-  ASSERT_OK(Put(0, "key1", "value2_cf0"));
-  ASSERT_OK(Put(1, "key1", "value2_cf1"));
-  ASSERT_OK(Put(2, "key1", "value2_cf2"));
-
-  // Prepare for concurrent atomic flush
-  std::atomic<bool> flush_done(false);
-  std::thread flush_thread([&]() {
-    ASSERT_OK(Flush({0, 1, 2}));
-    flush_done.store(true);
-  });
-
-  // Perform MultiGet with snapshot and read_tier = kPersistentTier
-  ReadOptions ro;
-  const Snapshot* snapshot = db_->GetSnapshot();
-  ro.snapshot = snapshot;
-  ro.read_tier = kPersistedTier;
-
-  std::string k = "key1";
-  std::vector<Slice> keys(3, Slice(k));
-  std::vector<Status> statuses(keys.size());
-  std::vector<ColumnFamilyHandle*> cfs(keys.size());
-  std::vector<Slice> new_keys(keys.size());
-  std::vector<PinnableSlice> pin_values(keys.size());
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < keys.size(); ++i) {
-    cfs[i] = handles_[i];
-  }
-  db_->MultiGet(ro, cfs.size(), cfs.data(), keys.data(), pin_values.data(),
-                statuses.data());
-  for (const auto& s : statuses) {
-    ASSERT_OK(s);
-  }
-
-  if (pin_values[0] == "value1_cf0") {
-    // Check if the first value matches expected value
-    ASSERT_EQ(pin_values[1], "value1_cf1");
-    ASSERT_EQ(pin_values[2], "value1_cf2");
-  } else {
-    // If first value doesn't match, check if we got the updated values
-    ASSERT_EQ(pin_values[0], "value2_cf0");
-    ASSERT_EQ(pin_values[1], "value2_cf1");
-    ASSERT_EQ(pin_values[2], "value2_cf2");
-  }
-
-  flush_thread.join();
-  db_->ReleaseSnapshot(snapshot);
-}
-
 TEST_F(DBBasicTest, IncrementalRecoveryNoCorrupt) {
  Options options = CurrentOptions();
  DestroyAndReopen(options);
@@ -5054,104 +4996,6 @@ TEST_F(DBBasicTest, VerifyFileChecksumsReadahead) {
            (sst_size + alignment - 1) / (alignment));
 }

-TEST_F(DBBasicTest, DisallowMemtableWrite) {
-  // This test is mostly about what you can't do with memtable writes
-  // disallowed. For what you can do, see
-  // ExternalSSTFileBasicTest.FailIfNotBottommostLevelAndDisallowMemtable
-  Options options_allow = GetDefaultOptions();
-  options_allow.create_if_missing = true;
-  Options options_disallow = options_allow;
-  options_disallow.disallow_memtable_writes = true;
-  options_disallow.paranoid_memory_checks = true;
-  options_disallow.memtable_veirfy_per_key_checksum_on_seek = true;
-
-  DestroyAndReopen(options_allow);
-  // CFs allowing and disallowing memtable write
-  CreateColumnFamilies({"cf1", "cf2"}, options_allow);
-  CreateColumnFamilies({"cf3"}, options_disallow);
-  // XXX: needed to get consistent handles_ mappings
-  ReopenWithColumnFamilies(
-      {"default", "cf1", "cf2", "cf3"},
-      {options_allow, options_allow, options_allow, options_disallow});
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(Put(0, "a0", "1").code(), Status::Code::kOk);
-  EXPECT_EQ(Put(1, "a1", "1").code(), Status::Code::kOk);
-  EXPECT_EQ(Put(2, "a2", "1").code(), Status::Code::kOk);
-  EXPECT_EQ(Put(3, "a3", "1").code(), Status::Code::kInvalidArgument);
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(Get(0, "a0"), "1");
-  EXPECT_EQ(Get(1, "a1"), "1");
-  EXPECT_EQ(Get(2, "a2"), "1");
-  EXPECT_EQ(Get(3, "a3"), "NOT_FOUND");
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(Delete(0, "z0").code(), Status::Code::kOk);
-  EXPECT_EQ(Delete(1, "z1").code(), Status::Code::kOk);
-  EXPECT_EQ(Delete(2, "z2").code(), Status::Code::kOk);
-  EXPECT_EQ(Delete(3, "z3").code(), Status::Code::kInvalidArgument);
-
-  WriteBatch wb;
-  EXPECT_EQ(wb.Put(handles_[0], "b0", "2").code(), Status::Code::kOk);
-  EXPECT_EQ(wb.Put(handles_[1], "b1", "2").code(), Status::Code::kOk);
-  EXPECT_EQ(wb.Put(handles_[2], "b2", "2").code(), Status::Code::kOk);
-  EXPECT_EQ(wb.Put(handles_[3], "b3", "2").code(),
-            Status::Code::kInvalidArgument);
-  ASSERT_OK(db_->Write({}, &wb));
-  wb.Clear();
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(Get(0, "b0"), "2");
-  EXPECT_EQ(Get(1, "b1"), "2");
-  EXPECT_EQ(Get(2, "b2"), "2");
-  EXPECT_EQ(Get(3, "b3"), "NOT_FOUND");
-
-  std::unique_ptr<Iterator> iter(
-      dbfull()->NewIterator(ReadOptions(), handles_[3]));
-  iter->Seek("a3");
-  ASSERT_OK(iter->status());
-  iter.reset();
-  // When the DB is re-opened with WAL entries for a CF that is newly setting
-  // disallow_memtable_writes, we detect that and fail the open gracefully.
-  ASSERT_EQ(TryReopenWithColumnFamilies(
-                {"default", "cf1", "cf2", "cf3"},
-                {options_allow, options_allow, options_disallow, options_allow})
-                .code(),
-            Status::Code::kInvalidArgument);
-
-  // Successfully opening with allow creates L0 files from the WAL
-  ReopenWithColumnFamilies({"default", "cf1", "cf2", "cf3"}, options_allow);
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(Get(0, "a0"), "1");
-  EXPECT_EQ(Get(1, "a1"), "1");
-  EXPECT_EQ(Get(2, "a2"), "1");
-  EXPECT_EQ(Get(3, "a3"), "NOT_FOUND");
-
-  // Now able to disallow on CF2 because no relevant WAL entries
-  ReopenWithColumnFamilies(
-      {"default", "cf1", "cf2", "cf3"},
-      {options_allow, options_allow, options_disallow, options_allow});
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(Get(0, "a0"), "1");
-  EXPECT_EQ(Get(1, "a1"), "1");
-  EXPECT_EQ(Get(2, "a2"), "1");
-  EXPECT_EQ(Get(3, "a3"), "NOT_FOUND");
-
-  // Now able to write to CF 3 but not CF 2
-  EXPECT_EQ(Put(0, "c0", "3").code(), Status::Code::kOk);
-  EXPECT_EQ(Put(1, "c1", "3").code(), Status::Code::kOk);
-  EXPECT_EQ(Put(2, "c2", "3").code(), Status::Code::kInvalidArgument);
-  EXPECT_EQ(Put(3, "c3", "3").code(), Status::Code::kOk);
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(Get(0, "c0"), "3");
-  EXPECT_EQ(Get(1, "c1"), "3");
-  EXPECT_EQ(Get(2, "c2"), "NOT_FOUND");
-  EXPECT_EQ(Get(3, "c3"), "3");
-
-  // disallow_memtable_writes not supported on default column family.
-  // (Would be complicated to make a WriteBatch aware of the setting in order
-  // to reject the write before entering the write path.)
-  Destroy(options_allow);
-  EXPECT_EQ(TryReopen(options_disallow).code(), Status::Code::kInvalidArgument);
-}
-
 // TODO: re-enable after we provide finer-grained control for WAL tracking to
 // meet the needs of different use cases, durability levels and recovery modes.
 TEST_F(DBBasicTest, DISABLED_ManualWalSync) {
@@ -305,6 +305,7 @@ class ReadOnlyCacheWrapper : public CacheWrapper {
 }  // anonymous namespace
 #endif  // SNAPPY

+
 // Make sure that when options.block_cache is set, after a new table is
 // created its index/filter blocks are added to block cache.
 TEST_F(DBBlockCacheTest, IndexAndFilterBlocksOfNewTableAddedToCache) {
@@ -506,8 +507,6 @@ TEST_P(DBBlockCacheTest1, WarmCacheWithBlocksDuringFlush) {
  table_options.prepopulate_block_cache =
      BlockBasedTableOptions::PrepopulateBlockCache::kFlushOnly;
  options.table_factory.reset(NewBlockBasedTableFactory(table_options));
-  // Include a compression dictionary block
-  options.compression_opts.max_dict_bytes = 123;
  DestroyAndReopen(options);

  std::string value(kValueSize, 'a');
@@ -539,9 +538,6 @@ TEST_P(DBBlockCacheTest1, WarmCacheWithBlocksDuringFlush) {
                options.statistics->getTickerCount(BLOCK_CACHE_FILTER_HIT));
    }
    ASSERT_EQ(0, options.statistics->getTickerCount(BLOCK_CACHE_FILTER_MISS));
-
-    // Including compression dict
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, options.statistics->getTickerCount(BLOCK_CACHE_MISS));
  }

  // Verify compaction not counted
@@ -829,78 +825,70 @@ TEST_F(DBBlockCacheTest, CacheCompressionDict) {
  const int kNumEntriesPerFile = 128;
  const int kNumBytesPerEntry = 1024;

-  std::vector<CompressionType> dict_compressions =
-      GetSupportedDictCompressions();
+  // Try all the available libraries that support dictionary compression
+  std::vector<CompressionType> compression_types;
+  if (Zlib_Supported()) {
+    compression_types.push_back(kZlibCompression);
+  }
+  if (LZ4_Supported()) {
+    compression_types.push_back(kLZ4Compression);
+    compression_types.push_back(kLZ4HCCompression);
+  }
+  if (ZSTD_Supported()) {
+    compression_types.push_back(kZSTD);
+  } else if (ZSTDNotFinal_Supported()) {
+    compression_types.push_back(kZSTDNotFinalCompression);
+  }
  Random rnd(301);
-  // Format version before and after compression handling changes
-  for (int format_version : {6, 7}) {
-    // Test all supported compression types because (at least historically)
-    // dictionary compression could be enabled and a dictionary block saved
-    // but ignored by some compression types. Ensure we at least don't crash
-    // or return corruption for those.
-    for (auto compression_type : GetSupportedCompressions()) {
-      // Extra handling checks only for types actually supporting dictionary
-      // compression.
-      bool dict_supported =
-          std::count(dict_compressions.begin(), dict_compressions.end(),
-                     compression_type) > 0;
+  for (auto compression_type : compression_types) {
+    Options options = CurrentOptions();
+    options.bottommost_compression = compression_type;
+    options.bottommost_compression_opts.max_dict_bytes = 4096;
+    options.bottommost_compression_opts.enabled = true;
+    options.create_if_missing = true;
+    options.num_levels = 2;
+    options.statistics = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CreateDBStatistics();
+    options.target_file_size_base = kNumEntriesPerFile * kNumBytesPerEntry;
+    BlockBasedTableOptions table_options;
+    table_options.cache_index_and_filter_blocks = true;
+    table_options.block_cache.reset(new MockCache());
+    options.table_factory.reset(NewBlockBasedTableFactory(table_options));
+    DestroyAndReopen(options);

-      Options options = CurrentOptions();
-      options.bottommost_compression = compression_type;
-      options.bottommost_compression_opts.max_dict_bytes = 4096;
-      options.bottommost_compression_opts.enabled = true;
-      options.create_if_missing = true;
-      options.num_levels = 2;
-      options.statistics = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CreateDBStatistics();
-      options.target_file_size_base = kNumEntriesPerFile * kNumBytesPerEntry;
-      BlockBasedTableOptions table_options;
-      table_options.cache_index_and_filter_blocks = true;
-      table_options.block_cache.reset(new MockCache());
-      table_options.format_version = format_version;
-      options.table_factory.reset(NewBlockBasedTableFactory(table_options));
-      DestroyAndReopen(options);
+    RecordCacheCountersForCompressionDict(options);

-      RecordCacheCountersForCompressionDict(options);
-
-      for (int i = 0; i < kNumFiles; ++i) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(i, NumTableFilesAtLevel(0, 0));
-        for (int j = 0; j < kNumEntriesPerFile; ++j) {
-          std::string value = rnd.RandomString(kNumBytesPerEntry);
-          ASSERT_OK(Put(Key(j * kNumFiles + i), value.c_str()));
-        }
-        ASSERT_OK(Flush());
-      }
-      ASSERT_OK(dbfull()->TEST_WaitForCompact());
-      ASSERT_EQ(0, NumTableFilesAtLevel(0));
-      ASSERT_EQ(kNumFiles, NumTableFilesAtLevel(1));
-
-      if (dict_supported) {
-        // Compression dictionary blocks are preloaded.
-        CheckCacheCountersForCompressionDict(
-            options, kNumFiles /* expected_compression_dict_misses */,
-            0 /* expected_compression_dict_hits */,
-            kNumFiles /* expected_compression_dict_inserts */);
-      }
-
-      // Seek to a key in a file. It should cause the SST's dictionary
-      // meta-block to be read.
-      RecordCacheCounters(options);
-      RecordCacheCountersForCompressionDict(options);
-      ReadOptions read_options;
-      ASSERT_NE("NOT_FOUND", Get(Key(kNumFiles * kNumEntriesPerFile - 1)));
-
-      if (dict_supported) {
-        // Two block hits: index and dictionary since they are prefetched
-        // One block missed/added: data block
-        CheckCacheCounters(options, 1 /* expected_misses */,
-                           2 /* expected_hits */, 1 /* expected_inserts */,
-                           0 /* expected_failures */);
-        CheckCacheCountersForCompressionDict(
-            options, 0 /* expected_compression_dict_misses */,
-            1 /* expected_compression_dict_hits */,
-            0 /* expected_compression_dict_inserts */);
+    for (int i = 0; i < kNumFiles; ++i) {
+      ASSERT_EQ(i, NumTableFilesAtLevel(0, 0));
+      for (int j = 0; j < kNumEntriesPerFile; ++j) {
+        std::string value = rnd.RandomString(kNumBytesPerEntry);
+        ASSERT_OK(Put(Key(j * kNumFiles + i), value.c_str()));
      }
+      ASSERT_OK(Flush());
    }
+    ASSERT_OK(dbfull()->TEST_WaitForCompact());
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, NumTableFilesAtLevel(0));
+    ASSERT_EQ(kNumFiles, NumTableFilesAtLevel(1));
+
+    // Compression dictionary blocks are preloaded.
+    CheckCacheCountersForCompressionDict(
+        options, kNumFiles /* expected_compression_dict_misses */,
+        0 /* expected_compression_dict_hits */,
+        kNumFiles /* expected_compression_dict_inserts */);
+
+    // Seek to a key in a file. It should cause the SST's dictionary meta-block
+    // to be read.
+    RecordCacheCounters(options);
+    RecordCacheCountersForCompressionDict(options);
+    ReadOptions read_options;
+    ASSERT_NE("NOT_FOUND", Get(Key(kNumFiles * kNumEntriesPerFile - 1)));
+    // Two block hits: index and dictionary since they are prefetched
+    // One block missed/added: data block
+    CheckCacheCounters(options, 1 /* expected_misses */, 2 /* expected_hits */,
+                       1 /* expected_inserts */, 0 /* expected_failures */);
+    CheckCacheCountersForCompressionDict(
+        options, 0 /* expected_compression_dict_misses */,
+        1 /* expected_compression_dict_hits */,
+        0 /* expected_compression_dict_inserts */);
  }
 }

@@ -1770,8 +1758,8 @@ class CacheKeyTest : public testing::Test {
    tp_.db_id = std::to_string(db_id_);
    tp_.orig_file_number = file_number;
    bool is_stable;
-    std::string cur_session_id;     // ignored
-    uint64_t cur_file_number = 42;  // ignored
+    std::string cur_session_id;       // ignored
+    uint64_t cur_file_number = 42;    // ignored
    OffsetableCacheKey rv;
    BlockBasedTable::SetupBaseCacheKey(&tp_, cur_session_id, cur_file_number,
                                       &rv, &is_stable);
@@ -710,20 +710,12 @@ class AlwaysTrueBitsBuilder : public FilterBitsBuilder {
    count_ = 0;
    // Interpreted as "always true" filter (0 probes over 1 byte of
    // payload, 5 bytes metadata)
-    return Slice("\0\0\0\0\0\0", kAlwaysTrueFilterBytes);
+    return Slice("\0\0\0\0\0\0", 6);
  }
  using FilterBitsBuilder::Finish;
  size_t ApproximateNumEntries(size_t) override { return SIZE_MAX; }
-  size_t CalculateSpace(size_t /* num_entries */) override {
-    return kAlwaysTrueFilterBytes;
-  }
-  double EstimatedFpRate(size_t /* num_entries */,
-                         size_t /* bytes */) override {
-    return 1.0;
-  }

 private:
-  static constexpr size_t kAlwaysTrueFilterBytes = 6;
  size_t count_ = 0;
 };

@@ -2252,54 +2244,6 @@ TEST_F(DBBloomFilterTest, MemtableWholeKeyBloomFilterMultiGet) {

  db_->ReleaseSnapshot(snapshot);
 }
-
-TEST_F(DBBloomFilterTest, TestMemtableBloomAndWBM) {
-  Options options = CurrentOptions();
-  options.arena_block_size = 4096;
-  options.write_buffer_size = 4000000;
-  std::shared_ptr<Cache> cache = NewLRUCache(LRUCacheOptions(
-      options.write_buffer_size * 3 /* capacity */, 1 /* num_shard_bits */,
-      false /* strict_capacity_limit */, 0.0 /* high_pri_pool_ratio */,
-      nullptr /* memory_allocator */, kDefaultToAdaptiveMutex,
-      kDontChargeCacheMetadata));
-
-  options.write_buffer_manager.reset(
-      new WriteBufferManager(options.write_buffer_size, cache));
-  Reopen(options);
-  ASSERT_OK(Put("foo", "bar"));
-
-  const auto kDummyEntrySize =
-      CacheReservationManagerImpl<CacheEntryRole::kMisc>::GetDummyEntrySize();
-
-  // Just the start of a memtable, no Bloom
-  ASSERT_GE(cache->GetUsage(), options.arena_block_size);
-  ASSERT_LE(cache->GetUsage(), kDummyEntrySize);
-
-  // Now enable memtable bloom filter
-  const double kRatio = 0.25;
-  options.memtable_prefix_bloom_size_ratio = kRatio;
-  options.memtable_whole_key_filtering = true;
-  Reopen(options);
-  ASSERT_OK(Put("foo2", "bar2"));
-
-  // Expecting a memtable Bloom of ratio times write_buffer_size, memory tracked
-  auto bloom_size = static_cast<size_t>(kRatio * options.write_buffer_size);
-  ASSERT_GE(cache->GetUsage(), bloom_size);
-  ASSERT_LE(cache->GetUsage(), bloom_size + 2U * kDummyEntrySize);
-
-  // Now get another memtable and test
-  // Pin this memtable with an iterator
-  std::unique_ptr<Iterator> iter{db_->NewIterator({})};
-  iter->Seek("foo2");
-  ASSERT_TRUE(iter->Valid());
-  ASSERT_OK(Flush());
-  ASSERT_OK(Put("foo2", "bar2"));
-
-  // Expecting twice as much
-  ASSERT_GE(cache->GetUsage(), 2U * bloom_size);
-  ASSERT_LE(cache->GetUsage(), 2U * bloom_size + 2U * kDummyEntrySize);
-}
-
 namespace {
 std::pair<uint64_t, uint64_t> GetBloomStat(const Options& options, bool sst) {
  if (sst) {
@@ -491,6 +491,7 @@ TEST_F(DBTestDynamicLevel, DISABLED_MigrateToDynamicLevelMaxBytesBase) {
 }
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

+
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::port::InstallStackTraceHandler();
  ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
@@ -3,13 +3,12 @@
 //  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
 //  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
 //
-#include <iostream>
-#include <string>
-
 #include "db/db_test_util.h"
 #include "port/stack_trace.h"
 #include "rocksdb/perf_context.h"
 #include "test_util/sync_point.h"
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>

 namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {

@@ -17,16 +16,16 @@ class DBEncryptionTest : public DBTestBase {
 public:
  DBEncryptionTest()
      : DBTestBase("db_encryption_test", /*env_do_fsync=*/true) {}
-  Env* GetNonEncryptedEnv() {
+  Env* GetTargetEnv() {
    if (encrypted_env_ != nullptr) {
-      return (static_cast_with_check<CompositeEnvWrapper>(encrypted_env_))
-          ->env_target();
+      return (static_cast<EnvWrapper*>(encrypted_env_))->target();
    } else {
      return env_;
    }
  }
 };

+
 TEST_F(DBEncryptionTest, CheckEncrypted) {
  ASSERT_OK(Put("foo567", "v1.fetdq"));
  ASSERT_OK(Put("bar123", "v2.dfgkjdfghsd"));
@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ TEST_F(DBEncryptionTest, CheckEncrypted) {
  auto status = env_->GetChildren(dbname_, &fileNames);
  ASSERT_OK(status);

-  Env* target = GetNonEncryptedEnv();
+  Env* target = GetTargetEnv();
  int hits = 0;
  for (auto it = fileNames.begin(); it != fileNames.end(); ++it) {
    if (*it == "LOCK") {
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ TEST_F(DBEncryptionTest, CheckEncrypted) {
 }

 TEST_F(DBEncryptionTest, ReadEmptyFile) {
-  auto defaultEnv = GetNonEncryptedEnv();
+  auto defaultEnv = GetTargetEnv();

  // create empty file for reading it back in later
  auto envOptions = EnvOptions(CurrentOptions());
@@ -117,39 +116,6 @@ TEST_F(DBEncryptionTest, ReadEmptyFile) {
  ASSERT_TRUE(data.empty());
 }

-TEST_F(DBEncryptionTest, NotSupportedGetFileSize) {
-  // Validate envrypted env does not support GetFileSize.
-  // The goal of the test is to validate the encrypted env/fs does not support
-  // GetFileSize API on FSRandomAccessFile interface.
-  // This test combined with the rest of the integration tests validate that
-  // the new API GetFileSize on FSRandomAccessFile interface is not required to
-  // be supported for database to work properly.
-  // The GetFileSize API is used in ReadFooterFromFile() API to get the file
-  // size. When GetFileSize API is not supported, the ReadFooterFromFile() API
-  // will use FileSystem GetFileSize API as fallback. Refer to the
-  // EncryptedRandomAccessFile class definition for more details.
-  if (!encrypted_env_) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  auto fs = encrypted_env_->GetFileSystem();
-
-  // create empty file for reading it back in later
-  auto filePath = dbname_ + "/empty.empty";
-
-  // Create empty file
-  CreateFile(fs.get(), filePath, "", false);
-
-  // Open it for reading footer
-  std::unique_ptr<FSRandomAccessFile> randomAccessFile;
-  auto status = fs->NewRandomAccessFile(filePath, FileOptions(),
-                                        &randomAccessFile, nullptr);
-  ASSERT_OK(status);
-
-  uint64_t fileSize;
-  status = randomAccessFile->GetFileSize(&fileSize);
-  ASSERT_TRUE(status.IsNotSupported());
-}

 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

@@ -1,161 +0,0 @@
-//  Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
-//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
-//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
-//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
-
-#include "db/db_test_util.h"
-
-namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
-
-class DBEtc3Test : public DBTestBase {
- public:
-  DBEtc3Test() : DBTestBase("db_etc3_test", /*env_do_fsync=*/true) {}
-};
-
-TEST_F(DBEtc3Test, ManifestRollOver) {
-  do {
-    Options options;
-    // Force new manifest on each manifest write
-    options.max_manifest_file_size = 0;
-    options.max_manifest_space_amp_pct = 0;
-    options = CurrentOptions(options);
-    CreateAndReopenWithCF({"pikachu"}, options);
-    {
-      ASSERT_OK(Put(1, "key1", std::string(1000, '1')));
-      ASSERT_OK(Put(1, "key2", std::string(1000, '2')));
-      ASSERT_OK(Put(1, "key3", std::string(1000, '3')));
-      uint64_t manifest_before_flush = dbfull()->TEST_Current_Manifest_FileNo();
-      ASSERT_OK(Flush(1));  // This should trigger LogAndApply.
-      uint64_t manifest_after_flush = dbfull()->TEST_Current_Manifest_FileNo();
-      ASSERT_GT(manifest_after_flush, manifest_before_flush);
-      // Re-open should always re-create manifest file
-      ReopenWithColumnFamilies({"default", "pikachu"}, options);
-      ASSERT_GT(dbfull()->TEST_Current_Manifest_FileNo(), manifest_after_flush);
-      ASSERT_EQ(std::string(1000, '1'), Get(1, "key1"));
-      ASSERT_EQ(std::string(1000, '2'), Get(1, "key2"));
-      ASSERT_EQ(std::string(1000, '3'), Get(1, "key3"));
-    }
-  } while (ChangeCompactOptions());
-}
-
-TEST_F(DBEtc3Test, AutoTuneManifestSize) {
-  // Ensure we have auto-tuning beyond max_manifest_file_size by default
-  ASSERT_EQ(DBOptions{}.max_manifest_space_amp_pct, 500);
-
-  Options options = CurrentOptions();
-  ASSERT_OK(db_->SetOptions({{"level0_file_num_compaction_trigger", "20"}}));
-
-  // Use large column family names to essentially control the amount of payload
-  // data needed for the manifest file. Drop manifest entries don't include the
-  // CF name so are small.
-  uint64_t prev_manifest_num = 0, cur_manifest_num = 0;
-  std::deque<ColumnFamilyHandle*> handles;
-  int counter = 5;
-  auto AddCfFn = [&]() {
-    std::string name = "cf" + std::to_string(counter++);
-    name.resize(1000, 'a');
-    ASSERT_OK(db_->CreateColumnFamily(options, name, &handles.emplace_back()));
-    prev_manifest_num = cur_manifest_num;
-    cur_manifest_num = dbfull()->TEST_Current_Manifest_FileNo();
-  };
-  auto DropCfFn = [&]() {
-    ASSERT_OK(db_->DropColumnFamily(handles.front()));
-    ASSERT_OK(db_->DestroyColumnFamilyHandle(handles.front()));
-    handles.pop_front();
-    prev_manifest_num = cur_manifest_num;
-    cur_manifest_num = dbfull()->TEST_Current_Manifest_FileNo();
-  };
-  auto TrivialManifestWriteFn = [&]() {
-    ASSERT_OK(Put("x", std::to_string(counter++)));
-    ASSERT_OK(Flush());
-    prev_manifest_num = cur_manifest_num;
-    cur_manifest_num = dbfull()->TEST_Current_Manifest_FileNo();
-  };
-
-  options.max_manifest_file_size = 1000000;
-  options.max_manifest_space_amp_pct = 0;  // no auto-tuning yet
-  DestroyAndReopen(options);
-
-  // With the generous (minimum) maximum manifest size, should not be rotated
-  AddCfFn();
-  AddCfFn();
-  AddCfFn();
-  ASSERT_EQ(prev_manifest_num, cur_manifest_num);
-
-  // Change options for small max and (still) no auto-tuning
-  ASSERT_OK(db_->SetDBOptions({{"max_manifest_file_size", "3000"}}));
-
-  // Takes effect on the next manifest write
-  TrivialManifestWriteFn();
-  ASSERT_LT(prev_manifest_num, cur_manifest_num);
-
-  // Now we have to rewrite the whole manifest on each write because the
-  // compacted size exceeds the "max" size.
-  AddCfFn();
-  ASSERT_LT(prev_manifest_num, cur_manifest_num);
-  DropCfFn();
-  ASSERT_LT(prev_manifest_num, cur_manifest_num);
-  AddCfFn();
-  ASSERT_LT(prev_manifest_num, cur_manifest_num);
-  TrivialManifestWriteFn();
-  ASSERT_LT(prev_manifest_num, cur_manifest_num);
-
-  // Enabling auto-tuning should fix this, immediately for next manifest writes.
-  // This will allow up to double-ish the size of the compacted manifest,
-  // which last should have been 4000 + some bytes.
-  ASSERT_EQ(handles.size(), 4U);
-  ASSERT_OK(db_->SetDBOptions({{"max_manifest_space_amp_pct", "105"}}));
-
-  // After 9 CF names should be enough to rotate the manifest
-  for (int i = 1; i <= 5; ++i) {
-    if ((i % 2) == 1) {
-      DropCfFn();
-    }
-    AddCfFn();
-    ASSERT_EQ(prev_manifest_num, cur_manifest_num);
-  }
-  TrivialManifestWriteFn();
-  ASSERT_LT(prev_manifest_num, cur_manifest_num);
-
-  // We now have a different last compacted manifest size, should be
-  // able to go beyond 9 CFs named in manifest this time.
-  ASSERT_EQ(handles.size(), 6U);
-
-  DropCfFn();
-  DropCfFn();
-  for (int i = 1; i <= 4; ++i) {
-    DropCfFn();
-    AddCfFn();
-    ASSERT_EQ(prev_manifest_num, cur_manifest_num);
-  }
-  // We've written 10 named CFs to the manifest. We should be able to
-  // dynamically change the auto-tuning still based on the last "compacted"
-  // manifest size of 7000 + some bytes.
-  ASSERT_OK(db_->SetDBOptions({{"max_manifest_space_amp_pct", "51"}}));
-  TrivialManifestWriteFn();
-  ASSERT_LT(prev_manifest_num, cur_manifest_num);
-  // And the "compacted" manifest size has reset again, so should be changed
-  // again sooner.
-  ASSERT_EQ(handles.size(), 4U);
-  for (int i = 1; i <= 2; ++i) {
-    AddCfFn();
-    ASSERT_EQ(prev_manifest_num, cur_manifest_num);
-  }
-  // Enough for manifest change
-  AddCfFn();
-  ASSERT_LT(prev_manifest_num, cur_manifest_num);
-
-  // Wrap up
-  while (!handles.empty()) {
-    DropCfFn();
-  }
-}
-
-}  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::port::InstallStackTraceHandler();
-  ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-  RegisterCustomObjects(argc, argv);
-  return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-}
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 //  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
 //

+
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <memory>
@@ -75,9 +76,11 @@ Status DBImpl::GetLiveFiles(std::vector<std::string>& ret,

  ret.emplace_back(CurrentFileName(""));
  ret.emplace_back(DescriptorFileName("", versions_->manifest_file_number()));
-  // In read-only mode the OPTIONS file number is zero when no OPTIONS file
-  // exist at all. In this cases we do not record any OPTIONS file in the live
-  // file list.
+  // The OPTIONS file number is zero in read-write mode when OPTIONS file
+  // writing failed and the DB was configured with
+  // `fail_if_options_file_error == false`. In read-only mode the OPTIONS file
+  // number is zero when no OPTIONS file exist at all. In those cases we do not
+  // record any OPTIONS file in the live file list.
  if (versions_->options_file_number() != 0) {
    ret.emplace_back(OptionsFileName("", versions_->options_file_number()));
  }
@@ -109,7 +112,6 @@ Status DBImpl::GetSortedWalFilesImpl(VectorWalPtr& files, bool need_seqnos) {
  {
    InstrumentedMutexLock l(&mutex_);
    while (pending_purge_obsolete_files_ > 0 || bg_purge_scheduled_ > 0) {
-      TEST_SYNC_POINT("DBImpl::GetSortedWalFilesImpl:WaitPurge");
      bg_cv_.Wait();
    }

@@ -184,14 +186,14 @@ Status DBImpl::GetSortedWalFilesImpl(VectorWalPtr& files, bool need_seqnos) {
  return s;
 }

-Status DBImpl::GetCurrentWalFile(std::unique_ptr<WalFile>* current_wal_file) {
+Status DBImpl::GetCurrentWalFile(std::unique_ptr<WalFile>* current_log_file) {
  uint64_t current_logfile_number;
  {
    InstrumentedMutexLock l(&mutex_);
-    current_logfile_number = cur_wal_number_;
+    current_logfile_number = logfile_number_;
  }

-  return wal_manager_.GetLiveWalFile(current_logfile_number, current_wal_file);
+  return wal_manager_.GetLiveWalFile(current_logfile_number, current_log_file);
 }

 Status DBImpl::GetLiveFilesStorageInfo(
@@ -264,7 +266,7 @@ Status DBImpl::GetLiveFilesStorageInfo(
      continue;
    }
    VersionStorageInfo& vsi = *cfd->current()->storage_info();
-    auto& cf_paths = cfd->ioptions().cf_paths;
+    auto& cf_paths = cfd->ioptions()->cf_paths;

    auto GetDir = [&](size_t path_id) {
      // Matching TableFileName() behavior
@@ -331,7 +333,7 @@ Status DBImpl::GetLiveFilesStorageInfo(
  const uint64_t options_size = versions_->options_file_size_;
  const uint64_t min_log_num = MinLogNumberToKeep();
  // Ensure consistency with manifest for track_and_verify_wals_in_manifest
-  const uint64_t max_log_num = cur_wal_number_;
+  const uint64_t max_log_num = logfile_number_;

  mutex_.Unlock();

@@ -368,9 +370,11 @@ Status DBImpl::GetLiveFilesStorageInfo(
    }
  }

-  // In read-only mode the OPTIONS file number is zero when no OPTIONS file
-  // exist at all. In this cases we do not record any OPTIONS file in the live
-  // file list.
+  // The OPTIONS file number is zero in read-write mode when OPTIONS file
+  // writing failed and the DB was configured with
+  // `fail_if_options_file_error == false`. In read-only mode the OPTIONS file
+  // number is zero when no OPTIONS file exist at all. In those cases we do not
+  // record any OPTIONS file in the live file list.
  if (options_number != 0) {
    results.emplace_back();
    LiveFileStorageInfo& info = results.back();
@@ -3504,209 +3504,6 @@ TEST_F(DBFlushTest, DBStuckAfterAtomicFlushError) {
  ASSERT_OK(dbfull()->TEST_WaitForBackgroundWork());
  ASSERT_EQ(1, NumTableFilesAtLevel(0));
 }
-
-TEST_F(DBFlushTest, VerifyOutputRecordCount) {
-  for (bool use_plain_table : {false, true}) {
-    Options options = CurrentOptions();
-    options.flush_verify_memtable_count = true;
-    options.merge_operator = MergeOperators::CreateStringAppendOperator();
-    DestroyAndReopen(options);
-    // Verify flush output record count verification in different table
-    // formats
-    if (use_plain_table) {
-      options.table_factory.reset(NewPlainTableFactory());
-    }
-
-    // Verify that flush output record count verification does not produce false
-    // positives.
-    ASSERT_OK(Merge("k0", "v1"));
-    ASSERT_OK(Put("k1", "v1"));
-    ASSERT_OK(Put("k2", "v1"));
-    ASSERT_OK(SingleDelete("k2"));
-    ASSERT_OK(Delete("k2"));
-    ASSERT_OK(Delete("k3"));
-    ASSERT_OK(db_->DeleteRange(WriteOptions(), "k1", "k3"));
-    ASSERT_OK(Flush());
-
-    // Verify that flush output record count verification catch corruption
-    DestroyAndReopen(options);
-    if (use_plain_table) {
-      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::SyncPoint::GetInstance()->SetCallBack(
-          "PlainTableBuilder::Add::skip",
-          [&](void* skip) { *(bool*)skip = true; });
-
-    } else {
-      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::SyncPoint::GetInstance()->SetCallBack(
-          "BlockBasedTableBuilder::Add::skip",
-          [&](void* skip) { *(bool*)skip = true; });
-    }
-    SyncPoint::GetInstance()->EnableProcessing();
-    const char* expect =
-        "Number of keys in flush output SST files does not match";
-
-    // 1. During DB open flush
-    ASSERT_OK(Put("k1", "v1"));
-    ASSERT_OK(Put("k2", "v1"));
-    Status s = TryReopen(options);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(s.IsCorruption());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(std::strstr(s.getState(), expect));
-
-    // 2. During regular flush
-    DestroyAndReopen(options);
-    ASSERT_OK(Put("k1", "v1"));
-    ASSERT_OK(Put("k2", "v1"));
-    s = Flush();
-    ASSERT_TRUE(s.IsCorruption());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(std::strstr(s.getState(), expect));
-    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::SyncPoint::GetInstance()->DisableProcessing();
-  }
-}
-
-class DBFlushSuperBlockTest
-    : public DBFlushTest,
-      public ::testing::WithParamInterface<std::tuple<bool, size_t, size_t>> {
- public:
-  DBFlushSuperBlockTest() : DBFlushTest() {}
-
-  std::string formatKey(int i) {
-    int desired_length = 10;
-    char buffer[64];
-    snprintf(buffer, 64, "%0*d", desired_length, i);
-    return buffer;
-  }
-
-  void VerifyReadWithGet(int key_count) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < key_count; ++i) {
-      PinnableSlice value;
-      ASSERT_OK(Get(formatKey(i), &value));
-      ASSERT_EQ(value.ToString(), added_data[formatKey(i)]);
-    }
-  }
-
-  void VerifyReadWithIterator(int key_count) {
-    {
-      std::unique_ptr<Iterator> it(db_->NewIterator(ReadOptions()));
-      int i = 0;
-      for (it->SeekToFirst(); it->Valid(); it->Next()) {
-        ASSERT_OK(it->status());
-        ASSERT_EQ((it->key()).ToString(), formatKey(i));
-        ASSERT_EQ((it->value()).ToString(), added_data[formatKey(i)]);
-        i++;
-      }
-      ASSERT_OK(it->status());
-      ASSERT_EQ(i, key_count);
-    }
-  }
-
- protected:
-  Random rnd{123};
-  std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> added_data;
-};
-
-constexpr size_t kLowSpaceOverheadRatio = 256;
-
-TEST_P(DBFlushSuperBlockTest, SuperBlock) {
-  constexpr int key_count = 12345;
-  Options options;
-  options.env = env_;
-  options.file_checksum_gen_factory = GetFileChecksumGenCrc32cFactory();
-  options.paranoid_file_checks = true;
-  options.write_buffer_size = 1024 * 1024;
-  BlockBasedTableOptions block_options;
-  block_options.block_align = get<0>(GetParam());
-  block_options.index_block_restart_interval = 3;
-  block_options.super_block_alignment_size = get<1>(GetParam());
-  block_options.super_block_alignment_space_overhead_ratio = get<2>(GetParam());
-  options.table_factory.reset(NewBlockBasedTableFactory(block_options));
-  if (block_options.block_align) {
-    // When block align is enabled, disable compression
-    options.compression = kNoCompression;
-  }
-
-  ASSERT_OK(options.table_factory->ValidateOptions(
-      DBOptions(options), ColumnFamilyOptions(options)));
-
-  Reopen(options);
-
-  int super_block_pad_count = 0;
-  int super_block_pad_exceed_limit_count = 0;
-  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->SetCallBack(
-      "BlockBasedTableBuilder::WriteMaybeCompressedBlock:"
-      "SuperBlockAlignment",
-      [&super_block_pad_count](void* /*arg*/) { super_block_pad_count++; });
-  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->SetCallBack(
-      "BlockBasedTableBuilder::WriteMaybeCompressedBlock:"
-      "SuperBlockAlignmentPaddingBytesExceedLimit",
-      [&super_block_pad_exceed_limit_count](void* /*arg*/) {
-        super_block_pad_exceed_limit_count++;
-      });
-  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->EnableProcessing();
-
-  // Add lots of keys
-  for (int i = 0; i < key_count; ++i) {
-    added_data[formatKey(i)] = std::string(rnd.RandomString(rnd.Next() % 1000));
-    ASSERT_OK(Put(formatKey(i), added_data[formatKey(i)]));
-  }
-
-  // flush the data in memory to disk to verify with super block alignment, the
-  // data could be read back properly
-  Reopen(options);
-
-  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->DisableProcessing();
-  SyncPoint::GetInstance()->ClearAllCallBacks();
-
-  // When block_align is enabled, super block is always aligned, so there should
-  // be 0 padding for super block alignment
-  if (block_options.super_block_alignment_size != 0 &&
-      !block_options.block_align) {
-    ASSERT_GT(super_block_pad_count, 0);
-  } else {
-    ASSERT_EQ(super_block_pad_count, 0);
-  }
-
-  if (!block_options.block_align &&
-      block_options.super_block_alignment_size != 0 &&
-      block_options.super_block_alignment_space_overhead_ratio ==
-          kLowSpaceOverheadRatio) {
-    ASSERT_GT(super_block_pad_exceed_limit_count, 0);
-  }
-
-  // verify the values are correct
-  VerifyReadWithGet(key_count);
-  Reopen(options);
-  VerifyReadWithIterator(key_count);
-
-  // verify checksum
-  ASSERT_OK(db_->VerifyFileChecksums(ReadOptions()));
-
-  // Reopen options and flip the option of super block configuration, read still
-  // works. This verifies the forward/backward compatibility
-  if (block_options.super_block_alignment_size == 0) {
-    block_options.super_block_alignment_size = 16 * 1024;
-  } else {
-    block_options.super_block_alignment_size = 0;
-  }
-  options.table_factory.reset(NewBlockBasedTableFactory(block_options));
-
-  Reopen(options);
-
-  // verify the values are correct
-  VerifyReadWithGet(key_count);
-  Reopen(options);
-  VerifyReadWithIterator(key_count);
-
-  // verify checksum
-  ASSERT_OK(db_->VerifyFileChecksums(ReadOptions()));
-}
-
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
-    SuperBlockTests, DBFlushSuperBlockTest,
-    testing::Combine(testing::Bool(), testing::Values(0, 32 * 1024, 16 * 1024),
-                     // Use very low space overhead ratio to test
-                     // the case where required padded bytes is
-                     // larger than the max allowed padding size
-                     testing::Values(4, kLowSpaceOverheadRatio)));
-
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
@@ -370,10 +370,10 @@ TEST_F(DBFollowerTest, RetryCatchupManifestRollover) {

 // This test creates 4 L0 files and compacts them. The follower, during catchup,
 // successfully instantiates 4 Versions corresponding to the 4 files (but
-// doesn't install them yet), followed by deleting those 4 and adding a new
+// donesn't install them yet), followed by deleting those 4 and adding a new
 // file from compaction. The test verifies that the 4 L0 files are deleted
 // correctly by the follower.
-// We use the Barrier* functions to ensure that the follower first sees the 4
+// We use teh Barrier* functions to ensure that the follower first sees the 4
 // L0 files and is able to link them, and then sees the compaction that
 // obsoletes those L0 files (so those L0 files are intermediates that it has
 // to explicitly delete). Suppose we don't have any barriers, its possible
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ Status CompactedDBImpl::Init(const Options& options) {
 }

 Status CompactedDBImpl::Open(const Options& options, const std::string& dbname,
-                             std::unique_ptr<DB>* dbptr) {
+                             DB** dbptr) {
  *dbptr = nullptr;

  if (options.max_open_files != -1) {
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ Status CompactedDBImpl::Open(const Options& options, const std::string& dbname,
    ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db->immutable_db_options_.info_log,
                   "Opened the db as fully compacted mode");
    LogFlush(db->immutable_db_options_.info_log);
-    *dbptr = std::move(db);
+    *dbptr = db.release();
  }
  return s;
 }
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class CompactedDBImpl : public DBImpl {
  ~CompactedDBImpl() override;

  static Status Open(const Options& options, const std::string& dbname,
-                     std::unique_ptr<DB>* dbptr);
+                     DB** dbptr);

  // Implementations of the DB interface
  using DB::Get;